北京外国语大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for eachnumbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)In the United States,the first day nursery was opened in1854.Nurseries were established in various areas during the1half of the19th century;most of2were charitable.Both in Europe and in the U.S.,the day nursery movement received great3during the First World War,when4of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedentednumbers of women.In some European countries nurseries were Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi established5in munitions(军火)plants,under direct government sponsorship.6the number of nurseries in the U.S.also rose7,this rise wasaccomplished without government aid of any kind.During the yearsfollowing the First World War,8,Federal State and local governmentsgradually began to exercise a measure of control9the day nurseries,chiefly by10them and by inspecting and regulating the conditionswithin the nurseries.The11of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increasein the number of day nurseries in almost all countries,as women were12called up on to replace men in the factories.On this13the U.S.government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, 14$6000000in July,1942,for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers.Many states and local communities15this Federal aid.By the end of the war,in August,1945,more than1000000 children were being cared16in daycare centers receiving Federal17. Soon afterward,the Federal government18cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later19them,causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation.However,the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their20at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.1.[A]latter[B]other[C]late[D]first2.[A]those[B]them[C]whose[D]which3.[A]impetus[B]input[C]imitation[D]initiative4.[A]sources[B]abundance[C]shortage[D]reduction5.[A]hardly[B]entirely[C]only[D]even6.[A]Because[B]As[C]Since[D]Although7.[A]unanimously[B]sharply[C]predominantly[D]militantly8.[A]therefore[B]consequently[C]however[D]moreover9.[A]over[B]in[C]at[D]about10.[A]formulating[B]labeling[C]patenting[D]licensing11.[A]outset[B]outbreak[C]breakthrough[D]breakdown12.[A]again[B]thus[C]repeatedly[D]yet13.[A]circumstance[B]occasion[C]case[D]situation14.[A]regulating[B]summoning[C]allocating[D]transferring15.[A]compensated[B]facilitated[C]supplemented[D]expanded16.[A]about[B]after[C]of[D]for17.[A]pensions[B]subsidies[C]revenues[D]budgets18.[A]prevalently[B]furiously[C]statistically[D] drastically19.[A]abolished[B]diminished[C]jeopardized[D]precluded20.[A]nurseries[B]homes[C]jobs[D]childrenSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on Answer Sheet1. (40points)Text1Sloth(怠惰,懒惰)may be seen as a sin,but some of history’s most accomplished men were fond of lounging around.Leonardo da Vinci enjoyed napping.So did Albert Einstein and Winston Churchill. Richard Buckminster Fuller advocated taking30minute naps every six hours.No one has yet proved a correlation between napping and artistic brilliance or professional success,but an intriguing study published this week claims to find a link between daytime siestas and good health.A team of researchers led by Androniki Naska and Dimitrios Trichopoulos of Harvard’s School of Public Health followed over23000Greek patients with no history of cancer or stroke,foran average of six years.Their conclusion:napping just might save your life.The study found that the group of adults who took30minute siestas at least three times a week had a third fewer deaths from heart disease than an equivalent group who did not sleep at all during the day.The benefit was greater for men than for women.It was also greater for working males than for those who had retired.However, a number of previous studies done in the Mediterranean and in parts of Central America(where siestas remain common)have come up with conflicting results,but Dr.Naska and Dr.Trichopoulos argue that those studies have often been flawed.The subjects in some,for example,had survived heart attacks and may therefore have benefited more from napping than healthy individuals do.Given that all of the subjects of this new study were Greeks;could the much celebrated Mediterranean diet deserve credit,rather than the siestas?The firm answer from Dr Trichopoulos is“No”.And he is in a good position to say so,for it was he who did the pioneering research that put olive oil and a plant based diet on the scientific map in the first place.Unlike some other nap studies,his was controlled for diet,smoking,exercise and other relevant variables. The earlier findings about the benefits of the Mediterranean diet are confirmed,he says,and napping seems to help on top of that.Before buying a sofa for the office,however,it might be wise to consider the possibility of selection bias.Dr Trichopoulosconcludes that“Type A”personalities,whose hard working lives may make them prone to heart attacks,are also much less likely to take naps during the day.That bias might be distorting the study’s results.Even so,he advises,“Take a nap if you can.”21.The word“siesta”(Line5,Paragraph1)most probably denotes[A]laziness[B]silence[C]nap[D]labor22.Dr.Naska and Dr.Trichopoulos have concluded in their study that siestas[A]make scientists more brilliant.[B]may prolong people’s life.[C]help people become professionally successful.[D]can cure patients of some fatal diseases.23.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that[A]those taking naps regularly are less likely to die from heart diseases.[B]men are sure to survive heart attacks better than women.[C]the retired can enjoy a happier life than the employed.[D]people in Central America don’t sleep at all during the day.24.Dr.Trichopoulos firmly denies the advantages of the Mediterranean diet in his study because[A]the Mediterranean diet does more harm than good to people’s health.[B]he has done some studies to refute the benefits of Mediterranean diet.[C]the benefits of the Mediterranean diet are still waiting to be proved.[D]he has controlled such a related viable as diet in his research.25.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Most of the celebrities gain a great deal from taking naps.[B]Taking naps may reduce the incidence of heart attacks at work.[C]Dr.Trichopoulos’study of napping conflicts with his previous study on diet.[D]People should sacrifice napping in order to be successful in their career.Text2As Samuel Goldwyn so widely advised,never make predictions—especially about the future.But here is one:the analogy between20th century physics and21st century biology will continue,for both good and ill.Physics gave two things to the20th century.The most obvious gift was power over nature.That power was not always benign,as the atomic bomb showed.Physics also gave the20th century a more subtle boon than mere power.It also brought an understanding of the vastness ofthe universe and humanity’s insignificant place in it.But if the 20th century was distinguished by anything from its predecessors, that distinctive feature was physical technology,from motor cars and airplanes to computers and the internet.It is too early to be sure if the distinguishing feature of the 21st century will be biological technology,but there is a good chance that it will be.Simple genetic engineering is now routine;indeed, the first patent application for an artificial living organism has recently been filed.Both the idea of such an organism and the idea that someone might own the rights to it would have been science fiction even a decade ago.And it is not merely that such things are now possible.The other driving force of technological change—necessity—is also there.Many of the big problems facing humanity are biological, or are susceptible to biological intervention.The question of how to deal with an aging population is one example.Climate change,too, is intimately bound up with biology since it is the result of carbon dioxide going into the air faster than plants can remove it.And the risk of a new,lethal infection suddenly becoming pandemic as a result of modern transport links is as biological as it gets.Even the fact that such an infection might itself be the result of synthetic biology only emphasizes the biological nature of future risks.At the moment,policymakers have inadequate technological tools to deal with these questions.But it is not hard to imagine such tools.Aging is directly biological.It probably cannot be stopped,but knowing how cells work—really knowing—will allow the process to be transformed for the better.At least part of the answer to climate change is fuel that grows,rather than fuel that is dug up.Only biotechnology can create that.And infections,pandemic or otherwise, are best dealt with by vaccines,which take a long time to develop. If cells were truly understood,that process might speed up to the point where the vaccine was ready in time to do something useful.26.The word“benign”(Line2,Paragraph2)most probably means[A]harmful[B]beneficial[C]powerful[D]frightening27.According to the author,what distinguishes the21st century from the20th century?[A]biological technology[B]physical technology[C]computers and the internet[D]modern transport links28.According to the author,biological technology in the21st century will[A]speed up the aging population.[B]aggravate the climate change.[C]keep new fatal infections in check.[D]understand the vast universe.29.It can be inferred from the ending paragraph that[A]Biotechnology will find fuel that is dug up from underground.[B]Understanding of cells succeeded in preventing humans from aging.[C]The vaccines have been developed to curb pandemic infections.[D]There still lacks adequate technology to handle climate change.30.What is the author’s attitude towards the21st century?[A]carefree[B]detached[C]optimistic[D]dubiousText3The winner takes all,as is widely supposed in computing circles. Indeed,geeks have coined a word,“Googlearchy”,for the way in which search engines encourage web traffic towards the most popular sites.The belief that search engines make popular websites even more fashionable,at the expense of other pages,is now being challenged by research.The apparently magical ability of search engines such as Google to return relevant websites even when given the sketchiest of clues by the person entering a question relies on the use of mathematical recipes or algorithms(计算程序).Google works by analyzing thestructure of the web itself.Each of its billions of pages can link to other pages and can also,in turn,be linked to by others.If a page is linked to many other pages,it is flagged up as being important. Furthermore,if the pages that link to this page are also important, then that page is even more likely to be important.The algorithm has been made increasingly complex over the years,to deter those who would manipulate their pages to appear higher in their rankings,but it remains at the heart of Google’s success.Google is not alone in this.Many search engines take account of the number of links to a website when they return the results of a search.Because of this,there is a widespread belief among computer, social,and political scientists that search engines create a vicious circle that amplifies the dominance of established and already popular websites.Page returned by research engines are more likely to be discovered and consequently linked to by others.Not so,according to a controversial new paper that has recently appeared on ArViv,an online collection of physics and related papers. In it,Santo Fortunato and his colleagues at Indiana University in America and Bielefeld University in Germany claim that search engines actually have an egalitarian effect that increases traffic to less popular sites.The researchers developed a model that described two extreme cases.In the first,people browsed the web only by surfing random links.In the second,people only visited pages that were returnedby search engines.The researchers then turned to the real world.To their amazement,they found that the relationship between the two did not lie between the extremes suggested by their model but somewhere completely different.It appears to show that the supposed bias in favor of popular pages is actually alleviated by the combination of search engines and people following random links.31.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A]Mathematical methods help search engines become more popular.[B]The web information seems to be dominated by Google alone.[C]Sociologists argue that search engines alleviate the inequality of websites.[D]The ability of search engines is dependent on using algorithms.32.According to the text,the importance of a page is determined by[A]controlling other pages.[B]the number of its links to other pages.[C]using mathematical methods.[D]the structure of the web itself.33.The foremost reason why Google is successful is no other than[A]its magical ability.[B]its higher page rankings.[C]complexity of its algorithms.[D]its heavy web traffic.34.Santo Fortunato and his colleagues seem to suggest that[A]fair effect is created by increasing traffic to less well known sites.[B]popular websites are made more fashionable by search engines.[C]the situation in favor of popular pages has become more serious.[D]Popular pages are more likely to be discovered by random links.35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with[A]prejudice against less popular websites.[B]equality of search engines.[C]key to Google’s success.[D]negative effects of search engines.Test4IT is a startling claim,but one that Congresswoman Deborah Pryce uses to good effect:the equivalent of two classrooms full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day.Mrs.Pryce lost her own9year old daughter to cancer in1999.Pediatric cancer remains a little understood issue in America,where the health care debate is consumed with the ills,pills and medical bills of the elderly.Cancer kills more children than any other diseases in America. Although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades,the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between1975and2001.Horrible though these statistics are,they are still tiny when set aside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer and lung cancer.Advocates for more money for child cancer prefer to look at life years lost.Robert Arceci,a pediatric cancer expert at Johns Hopkins,points out that in terms of total life years saved,the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast cancer.All the same,breast cancer has attracted the attention of publicity,private fund raising and money from government. Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash.Pediatric cancer,a term which covers people up to20years old,receives one twentieth of the federal research money doled out by the National Cancer Institute.Funding,moan pediatric researchers,has not kept pace with rising costs in the field,and NCI money for collaborative research will actually be cut by3%this year.There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult sufferers.A pilot childhood cancer registry is in the works.Groups like Mr.Reaman’s now get cash directly from Congress.But it is plainly a problem most politicians don’t know much about.The biggest problem could lie with1519year olds.Those diagnosed with cancer have not seen the same improvement in theirchances as younger children and older adults have done.There are some physical explanations for this:teenagers who have passed adolescence are more vulnerable to different sorts of cancer.But Archie Bleyer, a pediatric oncologist at the M.D.Anderson Cancer Center in Texas, has produced some data implying that lack of health insurance plays a role.Older teenagers and young adults are less likely to be covered and checked regularly.36.The case of Mrs.Pryce is mentioned to demonstrate that[A]children need more concern and care than the elderly.[B]more children are suffering from cancer nowadays.[C]students are more inclined to be diagnosed with cancer.[D]she is so unfortunate as to lose her daughter.37.According to Robert Arceci,child cancer patients[A]can also survive long like adult cancer patients.[B]suffer from a bigger probability of death after being cured.[C]need more money to be cured than breast cancer patients.[D]can have higher survival rates than lung cancer patients.38.Which of the following is Not true according to the text?[A]The government should allocate more capital to child cancer.[B]Children cancer should gain more attention from the public.[C]A child cancer sufferer should be registered for researchers to track.[D]Statesmen don’t support a national pilot child cancer registry.39.The text seems to suggest that those1519year olds diagnosed with cancer[A]have a higher rate to be cured than older adults.[B]are less likely to suffer different forms of cancer.[C]are short of necessary medical care.[D]are more often to be examined regularly.40.This passage is written mainly to[A]show the indignation against the government.[B]pay much attention to the well being of children.[C]explore the possible causes of child cancer.[D]arouse the public’s greater attention to child cancer. Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41—45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—G to fill in each numbered box.The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)[A]Is that what the American viewing public is getting?Perhaps 10%of prime time network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment.There used to be television movies rich in human values,but they have now become an endangered species.I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are,very concerned with taking careof No.1and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people.All too often it tells us the half truth we want to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear.[B]Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential?Is the creative community at fault?Partially.But not primarily.I have lived and worked in that community for32years, as both priest and producer.As a group,these people have values. In fact,in Hollywood in recent months,audience enrichment has become their thing.A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanitas Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it.[C]Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being.By so doing,it can help them grow into the deeply centered,sovereignty free,joyously loving human being God made them to be.Meaning, freedom and love are the supreme human values.And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment.[D]The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate.Television in the U.S.is a business.In the past,the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience,huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC’s abdication of its responsibility to protect the commongood to produce an almost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive.And that,the statistics seem to indicate,is mindless,heartless,escapist fare.If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences.When we tune in,are we ready to plunge into reality,so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion?And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country’s entertainment,they should forget about boycotts,production codes and censorship.They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers.[E]It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment.These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other.The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist.The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull.The story that does both is a delight.[F]That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America’s entertainment.[G]Despite questions of the motivation behind them,the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul.Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV.In our society onlythe human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values,provide role models,form consciences and motivate human behavior.Few educators,church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation’s entertainment.Order:[G]→41.→42.→43.→44.→45.→[F]Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Empirical and experimental philosophy has no quarrel with science, either in itself or in its application to education.On the contrary, scientific conclusions and methods are the chief ally of an empirical philosophy of education.For according to empirical philosophy, science provides the only means we have for learning about man and the world in which he lives.Some have thought that this fact makes philosophy unnecessary.They have supposed that the admission that science is supreme in the field of knowledge covers the whole ground of human experience.46.The elimination does rule out one kind of philosophy,namely,that which held that philosophy is a higher form of knowledge than the scientific kind,one which furnishes knowledge of ultimate higher reality.But it does not follow from the elimination of this particular type of philosophy that philosophyitself must go.It would follow if man were simply and only a knowing being.He is also an acting being,a creature with desires,hopes,fears, purposes and habits.To the average person knowledge itself is of importance because of its bearing upon what he needs to do.It helps him in clarifying his wants,in constructing his ends and in finding means for realizing them.47.There exist,in other words,values as well as known facts and principles,and philosophy is concerned primarily with values—with the ends for the sake of which man acts.48.Given the most extensive and accurate system of knowledge, man is still faced with the question of what he is going to do about it and what he is going to do with the knowledge in his possession.49.In this matter of the connection of what is known with values, science is an ally of an empirical philosophy against absolute philosophies which pretend that fixed and eternal truths are known by means of organs and methods that are independent of science.The objection to this position is not merely theoretical.The practical objections to it are that it strengthens appeal to authority and promotes controversies,which can’t be settled by the use of the methods of inquiry and proof that have been worked out in the sciences. There is no great danger that the present day revival in some quarters of Greek and medieval philosophies will make much headway as a theoretical philosophy.50.There is always danger that such philosophies will have practical influence in reinforcingestablished social authority that is exercised on behalf of the maintenance of the existing social situation.Against this danger, an experimental philosophy stands in firm alliance with the methods by which the natural sciences arrive at warranted truths.Section III Writing51.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1)describe the drawing2)interpret its meaning and3)give your own commentsYou should write about160words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)Section IUse of English【答案解析】1.答案为[A]，测试点为词语搭配。
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析(精)教学提纲
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.A new volcano was being born.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba ,huo jia zi xun qq: qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! 1 People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning.Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there.Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are "sleeping" volcanoes. Sometime they may "wake up".2Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were along time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. 3People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon's breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon's moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true. Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don't happen just anywhere. 4 Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know.There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple. 5One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse.[A]Othervolcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard.[B]Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out.[C]Smokepuffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground.[D]Avolcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities.[E]Beforea sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely.[F]Avolcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot meltedrock, or lava, is sometimes pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out.[G]Thereare certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.答案及详解1.B。
北外考博辅导班：2019北外英语学院考博难度解析及经验分享
北外考博辅导班：2019北外英语学院考博难度解析及经验分享北京外国语大学（以下简称“北外”）是首批双一流学科建设高校。
其前身是1941年成立于延安的抗日军政大学三分校俄文大队，距今已有77年办学历史，是我国办学历史最悠久、规模最大、开设语种最多的外国语大学。
经过几十年的创业与奋斗、几代人的不懈努力，北外目前已发展成为一所多语种、多学科、多层次，以培养高质量、创新型一流外语人才及外语类复合型优秀拔尖人才为目标的国际一流外国语大学。
下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京外国语大学英语学院考博相关内容。
一、院系简介北京外国语大学英语学院是目前全国范围内顶尖的学院。
拥有全国最早的两个英语语言文学博士学位点之一和英语语言文学国家重点学科，是北京市特色学科建设点。
英语学院下设英语系和翻译系，并设有十一个研究中心，以全人教育、跨文化取向、创造性学习和跨学科课程设置为特色和优势。
在半个多世纪的办学历史上，英语学院为国家培养了一大批驻外大使和高级外交官，为国内兄弟院校输送了一大批教学与学术领军人物，为中国改革开放与对外交流做出了突出贡献。
同时，优秀的校友也促进了学院的发展。
英语学院与10多所英语国家知名大学相关院系确立了全方位的合作关系；建立了本科生、研究生短期留学和夏令营机制；并推出了本、硕、博三层次的对外合作办学。
英语学院设立了计算机辅助翻译教室和同声传译教室。
同时配备了先进的计算机辅助翻译软件。
具有多间多媒体教室，每个教室都配备了投影仪。
毗邻图书馆，馆藏资源丰富，有很多的英文原版书籍。
附近交通发达，与民族大学、国家图书馆距离很近。
学院环境优美。
外研社、中国日报、英语世界、传神公司、同文世纪翻译、思必锐翻译公司作为学生的实习基地，为学生与社会之间的联系搭建良好的平台。
学生就业率及就业质量较高。
毕业生在外交、外事、国际经贸、对外文化交流、国际传播、英语教育等领域具有竞争优势和可持续发展的潜力；也可以顺利进入英语专业乃至所有相关人文社科领域进一步深造。
最新北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析(精)资料
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.A new volcano was being born.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba ,huo jia zi xun qq: qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! 1 People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning.Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there.Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are "sleeping" volcanoes. Sometime they may "wake up".2Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were along time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. 3People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon's breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon's moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true. Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don't happen just anywhere. 4 Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know.There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple. 5One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse.[A]Othervolcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard.[B]Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out.[C]Smokepuffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground.[D]Avolcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities.[E]Beforea sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely.[F]Avolcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot melted rock, or lava, is sometimes pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out.[G]Thereare certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.答案及详解1.B。
北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题精解
北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题精解In the early days of sea travel,seamen on long voyages livedexclusively on salted meat and biscuits.Many of them died of scurvy,a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums,livid white spotson the flesh and general exhaustion.On one occasion,in1535,anEnglish ship arrived in Newfound-land with its crew desperately ill.The men’s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi vegetable leavesto eat.Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused bysome lack in the sailors’diet and Captain Cook,on his long voyagesof discovery to Australia and New Zealand,established the fact thatscurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for thesailors.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothingharmful may yet result in serious disease if certain importantelements are missing.These elements are called“vitamins”.Quitea number of such substances are known and they are given letters toidentify them,A,B,C,D,and so on.Different diseases are associatedwith deficiencies of particular vitamins.Even a slight lack ofVitamin C,for example,the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit andvegetable,is thought to increase significantly our susceptibilityto colds and influenza.The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet,including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet,say during extended periods of religious fasting,or when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins.Another example of the dangers of a restricted diet may suffer from‘beriberi’,which used to afflict large numbers of Eastern peoples who lived mainly on rice.In the early years of this century, a Dutch scientist called Eijkman was trying to discover the cause of beriberi.At first he thought it was transmitted by a germ.He was working in a Japanese hospital,where the patients were fed on rice which had had the outer husk removed from the grain.It was thought this would be easier for weak,sick people to digest.Eijkman thought his germ theory was confirmed when he noticed the chickens in the hospital yard,which were fed on scraps from the patients’plates,were also showing signs of the disease.He then tried to isolate the germ he thought was causing the disease,but his experiments were interrupted by a hospital official,who decreed that the huskless polished rice,even though left over by the patients, was too good for chickens.It should be recooked and the chickens fed on cheap,coarse rice with the outer covering still on the grain.Eijkman noticed that the chickens began to recover on the new diet. He began to consider the possibility that a lack of some ingredientin the husk might be the cause of the disease.Indeed this was the case.The element needed to prevent beriberi was shortly afterwards isolated from rice husks and is now known as vitamin B.The milled rice,though more expansive,was in fact perpetuating the disease the hospital was trying to cure.Nowadays,this terrible disease is much less common thanks to our knowledge of vitamins.(553words)36.From the passage,what can we learn about Captain Cook?A.He provided clothes for his sailors to avoid scurvy.B.He provided money for his sailors to avoid scurvy.C.He provided fresh fruit for his sailors to avoid scurvy.D.He provided blood for his sailors to avoid scurvy.37.The word‘beriberi’(in paragraph3)probably means_______.A.a germB.a natural phenomenonC.an epidemicD.a disease38.In the last paragraph,what does sentence“Indeed this was the case”mean?A.ReallyB.TrueC.FalseD.Eijkman’s considering was proved correct.39.Vitamin B can be got in—-A.riceB.rice husksC.noodleD.grain40.From the context,what do you think“perpetuating”means?A.deadB.happyC.keep freshD.keep aliveText836.C.Captain Cook在长途航行中由于为水手们提供了新鲜的水果以防止坏血病(scurvy)。
北外语言学考博试题四
北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心2008年博士生招生考试试卷（A卷）（刘润清）Directions: Answer any FOUR of the following questions, each bearing 25 points out of 100. Your answers will be evaluated in terms of both theircontent and Ian guage. Please write very clearly.I Define TEN of the followi ng terms and the n tran slate them into Chin ese.I.register 2. dialect 3. li nguistic pote ntial 4. critical period hypothesis5. displaceme nt6. duality of structure7. extrapositi on8. gradual adjective9. deducti on 10. idiolect 11. lateralizatio n 12. retrospect ion13. pho neme 14. right branching direct ion 15. rule-gover ned behavior16. speech syn thesis 17. behaviourism 18. null operator moveme nt19. story grammar 20. traditi onal grammarII.Read carefully the followi ng passage take n from Saussure ' Course in GeneralLinguistics and then discuss its importanee in exploring the nature of Ian guage.Lan guage is a system of sig ns that express ideas, and is therefore comparable to a system of writing, the alphabet of deaf-mutes, symbolic rites, polite formulas, military signals, etc. But it is the most importa nt of all these systems.A scie nce that studies the life of sig ns within society is con ceivable; it would be a part of social psychology and con seque ntly of gen eral psychology; I shall call it semiology. Semiologywould show what con stitutes sig ns, what laws gover n them. Since the scie nce does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to existence, a place staked out in advance. Linguistics is only a part of the general science of semiology; the laws discovered by semiology will be applicable to linguistics, and the latter will circumscribe a well-defined area within the mass of an thropological facts.To determine the exact place of semiology is the task of the psychologist. The task of the lin guist is to find out what makes Ian guage a special system with in the mass of semiological data. This issue will be taken up again later; here I wish merely to call attention to one thing: if I have succeeded in assigning linguistics a place among the science, it is because I have related it to semiology.III.The following passage is taken from Halliday ' An Introduction to FunctionalGrammar. Read it carefully, expla in what every sentence mea ns and the n comme nt on his theory of Ian guage.The basic oppositi on, in grammars of the sec ond half of the twen tieth cen tury, is not that betwee n 'structuralist' and 'generative' as set out the public debates of the 1960s.There are manyvariables in the way grammars are written, and any clustering of these is bound to distort the picture; but the more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily syntagmatic in orientation (by and large the formal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy) and those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography) The former interpret a language as a list of structures, among which, as a distinct second step, regular relationships may be established (hence the introduction of transformations); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence. The later interpret a language as a network of relations, with structurescoming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variables among differentlanguages, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural) and so to be organized around the text, or discourse, There are many cross-currents, with insights borrowed from one to the other; but they are ideologically fairly different and it is often difficult to maintain a dialogue.IV.The following passage is take from Peter Barb's Word Play: What Happens When People Talk (1973). Read it carefully and then comment on linguistic relativity.Such a connection between language and thought is rooted in common-sense beliefs, but no one gave much attention to the matter before Wilhelm von Humboldt, the 19th century German philologist and diplomat. He statedthat the structure of a language expresses the inner life of its speakers: "Man lives with the world abut him, principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents it." In this century, the case for a close relationship between language and reality was stated by Edward Sapir: "Human beings d not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular Ianguage which has become the medium for their society. The fact of the matter is that the 'real world' is to a large extent built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached."About 1932 one of Sapir's students at Yale, Benjamin Lee Whorf, drew on Sapir's ideas and began an intensive study of the language of the Hopi Indians of Arizona. Whorf's brilliant analysis of Hopi places common-sense beliefs about language and thought on a scientific basis -- and it also seemed to support the view that man is a prisoner of his language. Whorf concluded that language "is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas. … we dissect nature along lines laid down by ourartive Ianguages."V.Please give the main content of Grice's Cooperative Principle with its four maxims explained and then discuss conversational implicatures of Group A (in which no maxim is violated), Group B (in which a maxim is violated), and Group C (in which a maxim is flouted by means ofa figure of speech).VI.The following is a passage by Chomsky. Read it carefully and then discuss th e difference between Chomsky's theory of linguistics and other approaches in linguistics.Generative grammar arose in the context of what is often called “the cognitive revolutionthe 1950s, and was an important factor in its development. Whether or not the term“ revol uappropriate, there was an important change of perspective: from the study of behavior and its products (such as texts), to the inner mechanisms that enter into thought and action. The cognitive perspective regards behavior and its products not as the object of inquiry, but as data that may provide evidence about the inner mechanisms of mind and the ways these mechanisms operate in executing actions and interpreting experience. The properties and patterns that were the focus of attention in structural linguistics find their place, but as phenomena to be explained along with innumerable others, in terms of the inner mechanisms that generate expressions. The approach is“ mentalistic, ” but in what should be an uncontroversial sense. It is concerned with “m of the world, ”which stand alongside its mechanical, chemical, optical, and other aspects. It undertakes to study a real object in the natural world —the brain, its states, and its functions —and thus to move the study of the mind toward eventual integration with the biological science.(Chomsky, N. 2000. New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind)VII.The following is taken from Bloomfield's Language about the famous story of Jack and Jill which is often quoted to illustrate Bloomfield's behaviorism inlinguistics. Read it carefully and discuss how Bloomfield explains the process of stimulus and response and point out where he is wrong.Suppose that Jack and Jill are walking down a lane. Jill is hungry. She sees an apple in a tree. She makes a noise with her larynx, tongue and lips. Jack vaults the fence, climbs the tree, take the apple, brings it to Jill, and places it in her hand. Jill eats the apple.This succession of events could be studies in many ways, but we, who are studying language, will naturally distinguish between the act of speech and the other occurrences, which we shall call practical events . Viewed in this way, the incident consists of three parts in order of time:A.Practical events preceding the act of speech.B.Speech.C.Practical events following the act of speech.We shall examine first the practical events: A and C. The events in A concern mainly the speaker, Jill. She was hungry; that is, some of her muscles were contracting, and some fluids were being secreted, especially in her stomach. Perhaps she was also thirsty; her tongue and throat were dry. The light-waves reflected from the red apple struck her eyes. She saw Jack by her side. Her past dealings with Jack should now enter into the picture; ket us suppose that they consisted in some ordinary relation, like that of brother and sister or that of husband and wife. All these events, which precede Jill's speech and concern her, we call the speaker's stimulus.We now turn to C, the practical events which came after Jill's speech. These concern mainly the hearer, Jack, and consist of his fetching the apple and giving it to Jill. The practical events which follow the speech and concern the hearer, we call the hearer's response. The events which follow the speech concern also Jill, and this in very important way: she gets the apple into hergrasp and eats it.。
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析ectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）from each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.（10points）As former colonists of Great Britain，the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain.We have a“common law”，or law made by courts__1__a monarch or other central governmental__2__like a legislature.The jury，a__3__of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case，is an__4__part of our common-law system.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Use of juries to decide cases is a__5__feature of the American legal system.Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.__6__the centuries，many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result__7__would be obtained using a judge__8__，as many countries do.__9__a jury decides cases after“__10__”，or discussions among a group of people，the jury‘s decision is likely to have the__11__ from many different people from different backgrounds，who must as a group decide what is right.Juries are used in both civil cases，which decide__12__ among__13__citizens，and criminal cases，which decide cases brought by the government__14__that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S.citizens and__15__.Jurors，consisting of__16__numbers，are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge__17__to the case__18__the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case.In some states，__19__jurors are questioned by the judge；in others，they are questioned by the lawyers representing the__20__under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than[B]rather than[C]more than[D]or rather2.[A]agency[B]organization[C]institution[D]authority3.[A]panel[B]crew[C]band[D]flock4.[A]innate[B]intact[C]integral[D]integrated5.[A]discriminating[B]distinguishing[C]determining[D] diminishing6.[A]in[B]by[C]after[D]over7.[A]that[B]which[C]than[D]as本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)
北京大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．This book will show the readers_____can be used in other contexts.A．how that they have observedB．how what they have observedC．that how they have observedD．that they have observed正确答案：B解析：how what they have observed can be used in other contexts“如何将他们所观察到的应用于其它情况”，what they have observed作宾语从句的主语，how 引出宾语从句，其它三个答案不合句型。
2．Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it_____in Cuba.A．being cultivatedB．been cultivatedC．having cultivatedD．cultivating正确答案：A解析：find后面可以跟现在分词或过去分词的复合结构。
本题中的found it being cultivated是跟现在分词的被动态。
3．One of the requirements for a fire is that the material_____to its burning temperature.A．heatedB．be heatedC．to be heatedD．being heated正确答案：B解析：本题测试虚拟语气。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：62
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题We have been hearing ______ accounts of your work.问题1选项A.favoredB.favorableC.favoriteD.favoring【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。
favored“有利的；收到优待的”；favorable“有利的；赞许的”；favorite“最喜爱的”；favoring“顺利的；有帮助的”。
句意：我们一直在听……你工作的报道。
因此B选项符合题意。
2.单选题Some might consider it an ugly truth that attractive people are often more successful than those ________ blessed with looks.问题1选项A.lessB.moreC.mostD.least 【答案】A【解析】考查语法知识。
根据题干中more…than结构可知空格处应填写比较级与之对应，因此排除C和D。
而attractive与blessed with looks表达同义，无法比较，因此空格处应选择否定意义。
句意：有些人可能会认为这是一个丑陋的事实，有吸引力的人往往比那些颜值没那么高的人更成功。
因此A选项符合题意。
3.单选题Since no one could ( ) his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist.问题1选项A.encodeB.decipherC.clearD.identify【答案】B4.单选题Western man is himself being Westernized by his own speed-up, （）by industrial technology. 问题1选项A.as much the Africans are detribalizedB.the Africans are much being detribalizedC.as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD.as much as the Africans are detribalized【答案】C【解析】考查固定用法。
北京大学考博英语模拟试卷15(题后含答案及解析)
北京大学考博英语模拟试卷15(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Food is to the blood____reading is to the mind.A．thatB．whichC．whatD．so正确答案：C解析：本题考查的句型是：A is to B what X is to Y=A is to B just as X is to Y “A对于B正如X对于Y—样”。
2．____rich or poor, I will marry him all the same.A．Were heB．Be heC．May he beD．No matter he is正确答案：B解析：be he rich or poor“不论他家财万贯还是清贫如洗”，这是带有古风的让步状语从句，实际上是“Lethim be rich or poor”的省略句形式，省略let，把，宾格him变为主格，be动词提到句首。
3．He had more dictionaries than_____for his work.A．they are neededB．it was neededC．were necessaryD．necessary were they正确答案：C解析：than后的从句主语若是主句中提到的名词，谓语是动词be时，可以省略从句的主语，有时be也略而不用。
此句实际上是省略了主语they(the dictionaries)。
4．____yelling at me like this’? It’s you who are to blame for this affair.A．Where is the point ofB．What is the point forC．Where is the point as toD．What is the point of正确答案：D解析：What is the point of yelling at me?“冲着我嚷嚷有什么用?”(注意：What is the point of后面要求跟-ing形式。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：6
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A Survey has found that three quarters of men quite enjoy their food shopping experience and are happy to______their way around the aisles searching out products.问题1选项A.driveB.steerC.navigateD.voyage【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析与搭配。
drive“推动；驾驶；驱赶”；steer“控制；引导；驾驶”；navigate“操纵；导航；航行”；voyage “航行；渡过”。
四个选项虽都与驾驶、航行有关，但其中只有navigate可与one’s way around搭配。
句意：一项调查发现，四分之三的男性非常享受他们的食品购物体验，他们很乐意推车购物车来回寻找商品。
因此C选项符合题意。
2.单选题The（） British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview that heaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.问题1选项A.imposingB.loftyC.prominentD.eminent【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。
空格处应填入形容词修饰physicist。
imposing“壮观的，威风的”；lofty“崇高的，高傲的”；prominent“突出的，显著的”；eminent“杰出的，有名的”。
句意：英国杰出的理论物理学家斯蒂芬•霍金曾在一次采访中说，天堂是为害怕黑暗的人准备的童话故事。
因此D选项符合题意。
3.单选题It was（）to watch her condition deteriorate day by day.问题1选项A.sympatheticB.patheticC.empathicD.pathic【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。