2009年教育学考研统考真题及答案解析
2009年教育学考研统考真题及答案解析一、选择题1、19世纪末20世纪初德国教育家梅伊曼和拉伊创立的教育学说是（）A．实验教育学 B.文化教育学 C. 批判教育学 D. 科学教育学2.人的发展总是受到社会的制约，这意味着A．教育要坚持社会本位的价值取向B．教育要充分考虑社会发展的需要C．教育目的的确定不应从个人出发D．教育要为社会生活做准备3.人力资本理论认为，人力资本是经济增长的关键，教育是形成人力资本的重要力量。
这一理论的主要缺陷是A．忽视了教育的其他社会功能B．有教育万能论的倾向C．忽视了劳动力市场中的其他筛选标准D．夸大了教育对人力资本的作用4.联合国教科文组织在《教育——财富蕴藏其中》中提出面向21世纪教育的四大支柱是学会认知、学会做事、学会共同生活和（）A. 学会关心B. 学会生存C. 学会创造D. 学会交往5．马克思主义经典作家关于人的全面发展的基本涵义是（）A．人的劳动能力的全面发展B．德智体全面发展C．人的独立个性全面发展D．人的身心全面发展6.小明的爷爷当年就读于半工半读学校，半天读书，半天劳动，既学到了系统的文化知识，又掌握了劳动技能。
他接受的教育属于（）A．正规教育B．半正规教育C．非正规教育D．业余教育7.18～l9世纪的西欧，在社会政治、经济发展及特定历史文化背景下，逐渐形成了带有等级特权痕迹的双轨学制。
其“双轨”是指（）。
A.公立学校系统与私立学校系统B.职业学校系统与普通学校系统C.大学一中学系统与小学一初等职业学校系统D.义务教育系统与非义务教育系统8.班主任在与小明谈话时说：“根据前段时间你的表现，虽然学习效果不很理想，但非常努力，如果注意改进学习方法，相信成绩会不断提高。
”其中的评价属于（）。
A.配置性评价B.形成性评价C.终结性评价D.鉴定性评价9.学科课程分科过细，偏重书本知识，同实际生活距离较远，不能照顾到儿童的需要和兴趣，难以发挥学生的主动性。
立足于克服这些缺陷的课程是（）。
A.综合课程B.核心课程C.选修课程D.活动课程10.发现并重视团体生活对个人道德思维方式深刻影响的德育模式是（）。
A.集体教育模式B.道德认知发展模式C.社会学习模式D.体谅模式11.泰勒的课程编制原理主要强调（）。
A.课程目标的主导作用B.教师对课程的再开发C.管理者对课程的监控D.学生对课程的评价12.按照布卢姆目标分类学的基本要求，下列选项中，不宜作为教学目标的表述是（）。
A.培养学生的思维能力B.培养学生区别事实与假设的能力C.培养学生运用特定信息检验假设一致性的能力D.培养学生领会一个段落中各种观念之间的相互关系的能力13.下列选项中，属于《中华人民共和国教师法》明确规定的教师专业权利的是（）。
A.指导学生学习与发展的权利B.对学校进行管理与领导的权利C.选择教材教法开展教学工作的权利D.检查与评价学生品行、学业、身体的权利14.对于先秦儒家学者所概括出的五种人伦关系，董仲舒最为强调的三种是（）。
A.君臣、父子、兄弟B.君臣、父子、夫妇C.君臣、父子、朋友D.父子、兄弟、夫妇15.魏晋南北朝时期，南朝宋在学校制度方面的一大改革是分科设学，设立（）。
A.玄儒文史四馆B.玄儒律算四馆C.文史律算四馆D.文史书算四馆16.“熙宁兴学”之后，宋代太学中曾经普遍实施的一种将学生平时品行、学业表现与考试成绩结合考察的教学评价和管理制度，称为（）。
A.“苏湖教法”B.“三舍法”C.“积分法”D.“六等黜陟法”17.王守仁的修养方法强调“事上磨炼”，其所谓“事”是指（）。
A.家事B.农事C.人事D.心事18.下列选项中，不属于清末“百日维新”中的教育改革措施是（）。
A.废除八股考试B.颁布近代学制C.设立京师大学堂D.书院改学堂19.在中国教育制度发展史上，中学阶段最早兼顾升学和就业双重需要的学制是（）。
A. “癸卯学制”B.“壬子癸丑学制”C. “壬戌学制”D.“戊辰学制”20.蔡元培对大学精神的解释是（）。
A. “大学者，非谓有大楼之谓也，有大师之谓也”B. “大学之道在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善”C. “大学者，‘囊括大典，网罗众家’之学府也”D. “学术独立，思想自由，政罗教纲无羁绊之学府也”21.抗日战争时期，为强化学校训育，国民政府规定在中等以上学校中推行（）。
A.专任制B.导生制C.导师制D.辅导制22.立足于文化传统来思考中国乡村改造和乡村教育的教育家是（）。
A.晏阳初B.梁漱溟C.黄炎培D.陶行知23.在教育本质的问题上，杨贤江认为教育是（）。
A.社会的经济基础B.劳动力再生产手段C.不偏不倚的公正事业D.观念形态的劳动领域之一24.在公元前8世纪以后出现于古印度的婆罗门学校中，教师被称为（）。
A. “拉比”B. “古儒”C. “书吏”D. “校父”25.在吉希腊教育史上，首次将算术、几何、天文、音乐四门课程（即“四艺”）列入教学科目的教育家是（）。
A.毕达格拉斯B.苏格拉底C.柏拉图D.亚里士多德26.赫尔巴特提出教学形式阶段理论，认为任何教学活动都必须经历的四个阶段是（）。
A.注意、期待、要求、行动B.明了、联合、系统、方法C.注意、期待、相关、集中D.明了、联合、提示、巩固27.下列选项中，不属于法国大革命时期教育改革计划所体现的教育观念是（）。
A.建立国家教育制度B.人人享有接受教育的机会和权利C.教育内容的世俗化D.教育实施的终身化28.提出“把一切事物教给一切人”、“一切儿童都可以教育成人”、“一切男女青年都应该进学校”的欧洲近代教育家是（）。
A.卢梭B.夸美纽斯C.乌申斯基D.福禄培尔29.1886年，日本明治政府颁布的《中学校令》中，将中学分为（）。
A.职业中学和普通中学B.私立中学和公立中学C.文科中学和实科中学D.寻常中学和高等中学30.1944年，英国政府通过的决定战后英国教育发展基本方针和政策的教育改革法案是（）。
A.《巴特勒法案》B.《巴尔福教育祛》C.《费舍教育法》D.《福斯特教育法》31.在进步教育运动中，美国教育家克伯屈的主要贡献在予创立了（）。
A.葛雷制B.昆西教学法C.道尔顿制D.设计教学法32.20世纪五六十年代，苏联教育家赞科夫在教学与发展实验中，提出教学过程就是促进学生的（）。
A.一般发展B.特殊发展C.全面发展D.个性发展33.在现代欧美教育思潮中，主张传授学科的基本概念和原理、提倡发现学习的是（）。
A.改造主义教育B.要素主义教育C.永恒主义教育D.结构主义教育34.首先提出“教育的心理学化”主张的学者是（）。
A.裴斯泰洛齐B.夸美纽斯C.詹姆斯D.赫尔巴特35.若问小明“为什么偷东西是不对的?”他的回答是“抓住了会挨打”。
据此可以判断小明的道德认知发展处于（）。
A.前习俗水平B.习俗水平C.后习俗水平D.准习俗水平36.下列各种个别差异中，不属于认知方式差异的是（）。
A.场依存性与场独立性B.冲动型与沉思型C.内控型与外控型D.分析型与综合型37.下列术语中，含义不同于“认知结构”的是（）。
A.统觉团B.认知地图C.学科基本结构D.编码系统38.某生上课害怕被点名回答问题，当他发现坐在教室后排并趴在桌上时，就不大可能被提问，于是后来就越来越多地表现出类似行为。
从行为主义的观点来看，这是由于该生曾受到（）。
A.正强化B.负强化C.惩罚D.塑造39.主张“知识是外部现实在人脑中的表征”的学习理论派别是（）。
A.社会建构主义B.激进建构主义C.皮亚杰理论D.信息加工理论40.在多次遇到众邻居家的狗之后，儿童形成了对“狗”的基本理解，包括狗的一般体型特征、生活习性、典型行为等。
此时儿童关于狗的知识的表征方式是（）。
A.图式B.命题C.表象D.产生式41.形式训练说所涉及的迁移本质上是（）。
A.水平迁移B.垂直迁移C.特殊迁移D.一般迁移42.学生在了解了长方形面积公式、三角形面积公式及面积的可加性原则后，生成了梯形面积的计算公式。
按照加涅的学习分类标准，这种学习属于（）。
A.辨别学习B.概念学习C.规则学习D.高级规则学习43.“学会如何学习”的实质是（）。
A.学会在适当条件下使用适当策略B.掌握科学概念与原理C.掌握大量言语信息D.形成学习兴趣44.研究表明，专家棋手在扫视实战棋局5秒之后，能准确再现20多个棋位，而新手仅能记住4到5个棋位。
对于这一事实的合理解释是（）。
A.专家的观察力敏锐B.专家的记忆力敏捷C.专家有较高的智力水平D.专家贮存了大量有关棋局的知觉模式45.一个经常违纪的学生被调到一个风气良好的班级后，在周围学生严格守纪行为的影响下，其违纪行为暂时很少表现出来。
这体现了观察学习的（）。
A.习得效应B.情绪唤起效应C.抑制效应D.反应促进效应二、辨析题：46.人是教育的产物47.学校教育应注重学生思维能力和解决实际问题的能力，而不应该注重学生学科基础和基本技能的培养48.在教育科研方法中，样本容量越大越好三、简答题49.简述建构主义教学理论的基本主张50.简述教育的个体个性化功能51.简述墨家教育的特色52.简述20世纪二三十年代中国科学教育运动发展的主要表现53.列举教育研究资料定量分析中数据描述的三种量数并简要解释其含义。
四、分析论述题54.评述下述案例中的教育内容、教育方法和师生关系。
某班有个名叫张亮的9岁小男孩，患有轻度小儿麻痹症，是全班捉弄的对象。
他松不开夹克衫拉链，课间休息在操场上做游戏动作不协调，诸如此类的事情常使他遭到同学的取消，每当张亮遭到嘲笑和捉弄，就会非常伤心，甚至上课时也会哭泣。
有一天，张亮没来上学，班主任华老师抓住这个机会，要求全班学生讨论一下班级里存在的这个严重问题。
学生们听到老师说这是一个“问题”时，都感到十分惊讶，但他们还是围在一起展开了讨论。
华老师解释说：“有的人得过某些病后，就不能像正常人那样行动自如。
我不知道，如果你们自己做不了一些事情，还被其他小朋友取笑，你们会是什么样子？”教室里一片安静，华老师说话的语气不温不火，充满了关爱。
有个女孩开始说话了：“小明和小刚取笑张亮的时候，我感到非常难过。
”小明马上应道：“我不是想伤害他呀。
”讨论继续进行着，几乎每个学生都发了言。
有些学生站在张亮的立场上看问题。
冬冬说：“如果有人那样取笑我，我会很生气，很难过。
”丽丽提出了“公平”问题：“那不公平——就像我们做游戏时那样，故意跑得那么快，而张亮没有办法跑快，我们是在作弊。
”这是一场充满感情的讨论，但华老师没有作任何总结就结束了。
第二天，张亮回到学校，有好几个学生主动上前帮他拉夹克拉链。
课间休息时，张亮和大家玩游戏，竟然赢了三回。
日子一天天过去，取笑人的现象再没有法发生。
55.试比较14-15世纪意大利人文主义教育与北欧人文主义教育的异同。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题解析——外国教育史部分
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题解析——外国教育史部分一、单项选择题：1—45小题，每小题2分，共90分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．19世纪末20世纪初德国教育家梅伊曼和拉伊创立的教育学说是A．实验教育学 B．文化教育学C．批判教育学 D．科学教育学分析：虽然这是一道教育学的考题，但是与外国教育史的知识联系非常密切。
一看题目所要回答的内容，就可以立即得出自己的推断，选择A。
因为这是一个非常经典的，大家一定会复习到的知识点。
7．18一19世纪的西欧，在社会政治、经济发展及特定历史文化背景下，逐渐形成了带有等级特权痕迹的双轨学制。
其“双轨”是指A．公立学校系统与私立学校系统B．职业学校系统与普通学校系统C．大学一中学系统与小学一初等职业学校系统D．义务教育系统与非义务教育系统，分析：“双轨制”是我们讲到近代西方教育中一个非常重要的内容。
这一题目的出现，实际上是让考生了解历史上的这一基本事实。
题目的几个选项反映了近代学校教育发展的许多特点，但是与双轨制联系最密切的应当是C，因为这一答案正是当时教育带有等级性和阶级性的体现。
其他的公立学校系统与私立学校系统，职业学校系统与普通学校系统，义务教育系统与非义务教育系统都是就一般意义上的教育系统来说的，不具有特殊性。
24．在公元前8世纪以后出现于古印度的婆罗门学校中，教师被称为A．“拉比” B．“古儒”C．“书吏” D．“校父”【答案】（略）分析：这是自2007年以来第一道关于古代东方国家教育的题目，出在《外国教育史教程》的第19页。
这里问的是教师，因此在复习时，同学们要对古代教师的称谓有所了解。
这里再解释下，“拉比” 是希伯来关于教师的称谓（注意：这是第一次突破研究生考试大纲的内容，因为大纲里没有关于“希伯来教育”的内容。
因此，这一变化要引起同学们的重视！）；“古儒”是对古印度婆罗门学校教师的称谓；“书吏”和“校父”不是指教师，“书吏”不是指教师，而是指从事某种专项工作的人，在古代巴比伦和古埃及都有这类专门的学校。
2009年教育硕士考试英语二试卷二B真题及答案解析
教育硕士英语二试卷二[供报考学科教学(英语)专业考生使用]Section ⅢTranslation (20 minutes,20%)Section Ⅳwriting (40 minutes,20%)考生须知1. 试卷二满分40分，考试时间为60分钟，16：00开始，17：00结束。
2. 请考生务必将本人考号最后两位数字填写在本页右上角方框内。
3. 试卷二的答案必须用蓝色或黑色墨水笔写在试卷二答题卡指定区域内，未写在指定区域内的答案一律无效。
4. 监考员宣布考试结束时，请立即停止答题，将试卷二和答题卡反扣在自己的桌面上，坐在原位，等待监考员收试卷二和答题卡。
等监考员全部收齐点清无误，宣布可以离场后，方可离开考场。
5. 监考员收卷过程中，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据），否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
Section ⅢTranslation (20 minutes,20%)Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2(答题纸).Are Teachers Responsible for Student Learning?The argument can be made that student learning is both the responsibility and choice of the individual student. Consider the following quote, which espouses this position:Because every person is accountable for his or her own behavior but not for what other people do, teachers must be held accountable for what they do as teachers but not for what their students do as learners. Students are responsible for their own learning.Ultimately, this position is quite accurate. As Elliot Eisner acknowledges, it is the students who must integrate and make sense of new knowledge or practice new skills. [46]Without their participation, it is possible that no actual learning will take place; and in fact, in many states in the U.S., high-stakes testing programs are holding students responsible for their learning by denying promotion, requiring summer school, and delaying graduation. But is learning solely the responsibility of students?Most of us would agree that learning is a partnership between teachers and students in which both hold responsibility. Indeed, many educators believe that teaching has not taken place if students have not learned. Research clearly suggests that teachers and the quality of their instruction directly affect student learning. [47] If teachers can influence learning, then is it not a professional obligation to promote the greatest amount of learning possible? The process-product research summarized by Brophy and Good and a host of others has supported the positive effects of certain teaching practices that enhance student achievement gains. [48] Clearly, teachers are the school’s primary point of contact with students and in large part determine the outcomes of educational goals and learning results for students. A substantial body of research has supported the broader contention that teacher quality –as defined in numerous ways –directly affects student learning. In a sweeping meta-analysis of available studies on what variables impact school learning, Wang. Haertel, and Walberg found a “general agreement among experts” regarding these influences. [49] One of their major conclusions was that variables such as state, district, and even school-level policy have little direct influence on school learning; it is variables like psychological factors, instructional characteristics, and home environment that have more impact. Schools obviously have the greatest control over instructional characteristics as determined by classroom teachers.[50]Given this research base, we believe that teachers are responsible not only for teaching but also, to some extent, for learning outcomes. If this position is accepted, then there is the question of how to measure learning outcomes.Section IV Writing (40 minutes, 20%)In some schools students are streamed(分流) into different groups based on their existing levels. But some people criticize this as discrimination. Students put into the lower level groups may feel inferior and thus lose courage to learn. What’s your opinion on this issue? Please discuss this issue from theoretical as well practical points of view in about 300 words.。
2009年311教育学专业基础综合考研真题答案
50.
（1）促进人的主体意识的形成、主体能力的发展。
（2）促进个性的充分发展，形成人的独特性。
（3）开发人的创造性，促进个体价值的实现。
51.
（1）代表农民与小工商业者、注重社会和生产实践的教育团体。
（3）自我价值理论。自我价值理论认为自我价值需要是人最重要的需要。学生努力学习的动机是活的自我价值需要的满足，维护自尊。
小明进入高中后几次考试成绩不理想，很容易将其归因于自己能力水平低。此时如果继续努力学习而成绩仍然不能提高，小明就不得不因承认自己“无能|”，而面临丧失自尊的威胁；如果放弃学习，便可将学习失败归因于“没有学习”、“没有努力”，从而避免了自尊的丧失。因此，放弃学习是小明保护自我价值、避免自尊丧失的一种策略。
三、简答题
49.
（1）在知识观上，建构主义认为知识是人对客观现实的一种（2）在学习观上，建构主义认为学习是在社会文化背景下，通过人与物、人与人的互动，主动建构意义的过程，而不是直接接受现成结论的过程。
（3）在学习观上，建构主义强调学生已有知识经验、认知结构、兴趣、需要等对意义建构的影响，因而主张学生是学习的主体。
48.
错误。
样本容量是指研究中所使用的样本数量的大小。一般来说，样本容量与样本的代表性呈正相关，大的样本更具有代表性，其研究结果更有一般性。但从实际操作来看，要考虑实际操作中收集资料的可能性。样本容量太大，会给研究带来许多困难与不便，也可能造成更大的研究误差。在取样研究中，应根据研究对精确程度的要求和研究者在实践、人力和物力上的可能性，确定合理的样本容量，而不是一味追求样本容量的增大。
2009
2009年中山大学教育学院645教育学(A)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2009年中山大学教育学院645教育学(A)考研真题及详解一、名词解释(每小题5分，共30分)1．智育答：智育亦称“智力教育”，是指使受教育者掌握系统科学文化知识与技能、发展智力的教育。
智育是教育的组成部分，与德育、体育、美育等密切联系，为受教育者思想品德、审美观点、良好身体素质等的形成与发展准备知识与能力的基础。
我国学校的智育任务是使学生系统地掌握自然、社会、思维等方面的现代科学基础知识，以及智力、操作等技能，奠定辩证唯物主义世界观基础，发展观察、记忆、思维、想象、创造能力，养成脑力劳动习惯，培养其学习兴趣与科学思维方法。
智育主要是通过教学过程实现，但是也可以通过其他活动间接实现。
智育在个体的全面发展中处于核心地位，发挥着重要的功能。
2．教学计划答：教学计划是课程设置的整体规划，是指根据教育目的和不同层次和类型学校的培养目标，由教育主管部门制定的有关学校教学教育工作的指导性文件。
教学计划对学校的教学、生产劳动、课外活动等方面做出全面的安排，其基本内容包括：①学科设置，开设哪些学科是教学计划的中心问题；②学科顺序，各个学科要按规定年限、学科内容、各门学科之间衔接、学生的发展水平，由易到难，由简到繁，合理安排；③课时分配，课时分配包括各学科的总时数，每一门学科各学年（或学期）的授课时数和周学时等；④学年编制和学周安排，指学年阶段的划分、各个学期的教学周数、学生参加生产劳动的时间、假期和节日的规定等，它是学校工作正常进行的保证。
3．班级上课制答：班级上课制即班级授课制，是指由一定数量、年龄、文化程度的学生组成教学班，教师根据规定的课程、教学进度、教学时间表，对学生进行集体教学的一种组织形式，它是我国学校教学的基本组织形式。
班级授课制的主要特征是学生固定、教师固定、内容固定、时间固定和场所固定。
班级授课制的优点是：①有利于提高教学工作的效率；②有利于发挥教师优势；③有利于发挥办集体的教育作用；④有利于师生身心健康发展；⑤有利于提高教学质量。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。
2009年研究生考试教育学考研统考真题解析
2009年研究生考试教育学考研统考真题解析（一）、人是教育的产物答：错误。
教育虽然在人的发展过程中，特别是对年轻一代的发展起着主要的作用，但是教育的这种主导作用是通过个人自身的积极主动性来实现的，而个体活动的是个体发展的决定性因素，教育对于人的发展而言只不过是一种外因。
并且，人的发展并不是仅受教育的影响，同时还受到遗传、环境等外在因素的影响。
所以，说认识教育的产物是片面的。
（二）、学校教育应注重学生思维能力和解决实际问题的能力，而不应该注重学生学科基础和基本技能的培养。
答：错误。
虽然学校教育要培养学生的创新能力，就必须注重培养学生的思维能力和解决实际问题的能力，但没学生的这种能力并不是凭空而起的，而是要建立在熟练掌握学科基础知识和基本技能的基础上，否则要培养学生的两种能力就无从谈起。
基础知识和基本技能是基础，思维能力和解决实际问题的能力是更高层次的要求，这两方面相辅相成、缺一不可，所以学校教育既要重视学生能力的培养，也要注重知识和技能的培养，不能偏重其一。
（三）、样本容量越大越好答：错误。
样本容量并非越大越好，要科学的确定样本的大小，既要满足统计学上的要求，又要考虑实际上收集资料的可能性，并使误差减少到最低限度。
样本容量一般与样本代表性呈现正相关，样本大小取决于多方面的因素，包括研究的类型、预定分析的精确程度、允许误差的大小、总体的同质性、取样的方法、研究条件等，而不能一概而论。
（一）、建构主义学习理论答：建构主义学习理论是行为主义发展到认知主义以后的进一步发展，其思想来源于认知加工学说，以及维果斯基、皮亚杰和布鲁纳等人的思想，解释如何使客观的知识结构通过个体与之交互作用而内化为认知结构。
其主要观点是：1．根据建构主义理论的知识观，在学习过程中，学生不仅理解新知识，而且对新知识进行分析、检验和批判。
2．建构主义在学习观上认为，学习不是由教师把知识简单地传递给学生，而是由学生自己建构知识的过程。
学生不是简单被动地接收信息，而是主动地建构知识的意义，这种建构是无法由他人来代替的。
教育学、心理学真题答案(08年和09年的)
09年3月教育学一、BCCBD CADCB CCABD二、16．教育（狭义）：是指学校教育，是专门组织的教育，它是根据一定的社会现实和未来的需要，遵循年轻一代身心发展的规律，有目的、有计划、有组织地对受教育者获得知识技能，陶冶思想品德、发展智力和体力的一种活动，以便把受教育者培养成为适应一定社会（或一定阶段）的需要和促进社会发展的人。
17.教育目的：指社会对教育所要造就的社会个体的质量规格的总的设想或规定。
18.义务教育：是依照法律规定对适龄儿童和青少年实施一定年限的普及的、强迫的、免费的学校教育，也称普及义务教育或强迫教育。
19.研究性学习：指学生基于自身兴趣，在教师的指导下，从自然、社会和学生自身生活中选择和确定研究专题，主动获取知识、应用知识、解决问题的学习活动。
三、20.答：1.生产力对教育的制约作用首先，生产力的发展制约着教育事业发展的规模和速度。
其次，生产力的发展水平制约着人力培养的规格和教育结构第三，生产力的发燕尾服促进着教学内容、教学方法和教学组织形成的发展与改革。
2.教育对生产力的促进作用首先，教育能把可能的劳动力转化为现实的劳动力，是劳动力再生产的重要手段。
其次，教育是科学知识生产的手段。
第三，教育是发展科学的一个重要手段。
24.⑴目前我国德育工作在现实的教育效果、针对性、主动性和实效性上都存在问题，对青少年学生的说服力和吸引力不强。
要增强德育的实效性和感染力，注重方法的变革是十分重要的，学校德育工作应注重“以德育人”。
“以德育人”就是要求德育工作者不仅仅在口头上要求学生有思想品德，更重要的是要用行动把什么是道德展示出来。
⑵德育过程是在教师有目的有计划地教导下，学生主动地积极地进行道德认识和道德实践，逐步提高自我修养能力、形成社会主义的品德的过程。
教师对学生的德育影响，必须经过他们主体的选择、吸取与能动的实践活动，才能转化为他们的品德。
⑶德育过程是教师教导下学生能动的道德活动过程。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题及答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1-45小题，每小题2分，共90分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．19世纪末20世纪初德国教育家梅伊曼和拉伊创立的教育学说是A．实验教育学 B．文化教育学C．批判教育学 D．科学教育学2．人的发展总是受到社会的制约，这意味着A．教育要坚持社会本位的价值取向B．教育要充分考虑社会发展的需要C．教育目的的确定不应从个人出发D．教育要为社会生活做准备3．人力资本理论认为，人力资本是经济增长的关键，教育是形成人力资本的重要力量。
这一理论的主要缺陷是A．忽视了教育的其他社会功能B．有教育万能论的倾向C．忽视了劳动力市场中的其他筛选标准D．夸大了教育对人力资本的作用4．联合国教科文组织在《教育--财富蕴藏其中》中提出面向21世纪教育的四大支柱是学会认知、学会做事、学会共同生活和A．学会关心 B．学会生存 C．学会创造 D．学会交往5．马克思主义经典作家关于人的全面发展的基本涵义是A．人的劳动能力的全面发展 B．德智体全面发展C．人的独立个性全面发展 D．人的身心全面发展6．小明的爷爷当年就读于半工半读学校，半天读书，半天劳动，既学到了系统的文化知识，又掌握了劳动技能。
他接受的教育属于A．正规教育 B．半正规教育C．非正规教育 D．业余教育7．18一19世纪的西欧，在社会政治、经济发展及特定历史文化背景下，逐渐形成了带有等级特权痕迹的双轨学制。
其“双轨”是指A．公立学校系统与私立学校系统B．职业学校系统与普通学校系统C．大学一中学系统与小学一初等职业学校系统D．义务教育系统与非义务教育系统8．班主任在与小明谈话时说：“根据前段时间你的表现，虽然学习效果不很理想，但非常努力，如果注意改进学习方法，相信成绩会不断提高。
”其中的评价属于A．配置性评价 B．形成性评价C．终结性评价 D．鉴定性评价9．学科课程分科过细，偏重书本知识，同实际生活距离较远，不能照顾到儿童的需要和兴趣，难以发挥学生的主动性。
2009年中山大学教育学院644教育学(B)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2009年中山大学教育学院644教育学（B）考研真题及详解一、简要叙述教育是由哪几个要素组成的。
（15分）答：教育是一个复杂的社会现象，它既含有目的、内容、制度、方法等方面的因素，又具有学前教育、初等教育、中等教育、高等教育等不同的层次，它是一个多因素多层次的整体系统。
但构成教育活动的基本要素是：教育者、受教育者和教育措施，具体分析如下：（1）教育者凡是对受教育者在知识、技能、思想、品德等方面起到教育影响作用的人，都可称为教育者。
家庭是一个人受教育的重要场所，父母是子女最初和经常的教育者；社会教育中的师傅以及起到教育作用的其他人员，都是教育者。
但自学校教育产生以后，教育者主要是指学校中的教师和其他教育工作人员。
教育者是构成教育活动的一个基本要素。
（2）受教育者受教育者是指在各种教育活动中从事学习的人，既包括学校中学习的儿童、少年和青年，也包括各种形式的成人教育中的学生。
受教育者是教育的对象，是学习的主体，也是构成教育活动的基本要素，缺少这一要素，就无法构成教育活动。
教育活动是使受教育者将一定的外在的教育内容和活动方式内化为他自己的智慧、才能、思想、观点和品质的过程，如果没有受教育者的积极参加，发挥其主观能动性，教育活动是不会获得好的效果的。
（3）教育措施教育措施是实现教育目的所采取的办法，它包括教育的内容和手段。
①教育的内容是教育者用来作用于受教育者的影响物，它是根据教育目的，经过选择和加工的影响物。
人类积累了丰富的各种经验，教育内容是挑选那些符合教育目的、最有价值和适合受教育者身心发展水平的影响物。
②教育手段是指教育活动中所采用的方式和方法，它既包括教育者和受教育者在教育活动中所采用的教和学的方式和方法，如讲、读、演示、练习等等，也包括进行教育活动时所运用的一切物质条件，如教具、实验器材、电化教育器材等。
教育者和受教育者凭借着这些手段，才能完成教与学的任务。
总之，教育的三个基本要素是相互联系、相互作用的。
教育学--2009真题
教育学（中学）2009一、选择题：本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一个是符合题目要求的，把所选项的字母填写在答题卷的选择题栏内。
1、1972年，埃德加·富尔在（ C）一书中确定了“终身教育”思想，并提出未来社会是“学习化社会”。
A、《学会关心》B、《学会做事》C、《学会生存》D、《教育：财富蕴藏其中》2、我国最早的专科学校可以追溯到东汉末年的（ B ）。
A、弦琴学校B、鸿都门学C、国子监D、航海学校3、在教育思想史上第一次提出教育具有服务于社会与服务于个人闲暇生活的思想家是（B）。
A、柏拉图B、亚里士多德C、苏格拉底D、昆体良4、我国乃至人类历史上最早专门论述教育问题的著作是（A）。
A、《学记》B、《礼记》C、《史记》D、《左传》5、一个国家的教育制度是这个国家政治制度的具体体现。
以下实行中央与地方合作教育制度的国家是（D ）。
A、加拿大B、美国C、法国D、英国6、校园文化的核心是（C）。
A、学校的物质文化B、学校的组织和制度文化C、学校的精神和观念文化D、学生亚文化7、小学阶段的教学多运用直观形象方式，中学以后可增加抽象讲解，这体现了儿童身心发展具有（C）特点。
A、主体性B、个别差异性C、阶段性D、不平衡性8、遗传素质为人的发展提供（B）。
A、方向性B、可能性C、现实性D、必然性9、马克思主义认为，培养全面发展的人的根本途径是（C）。
A、理论联系实际B、因材施教C、教育与生产劳动相结合D、实现教育机会均等10、教师不得有谩骂、体罚、变相体罚或其他侮辱学生的行为，因为学生享有（C）。
A、身心健康权B、人身自由权C、人格尊严权D、隐私权11、注意培养学生的探究态度与能力的课程是（ B）。
A、基础型课程B、研究型课程C、拓展型课程D、发展型课程12、教学的首要任务是（ A ）。
A、传授基础知识和基本技能B、发展智力、体力和创造才能C、促进学生的个性发展D、培养品德和审美情操13、一个测验能测出它所要测量的属性或特点的程度，称为测验的（B）。