英汉习语翻译
汉译英 成语的翻译

Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。 Constant dropping wears the stone. 水滴石穿。 Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
成语翻译要注意的事项
汉语成语的语言特色,即形象鲜明、常用典故、
音韵和谐,翻译时应尽可能地保留这些特色。 然而由于汉英两种语言和文化的巨大差异,汉 语成语的这些特色很难全部在译文中得以再现, 此时译者必须有所舍弃,采取适当的翻译策略 以确保主要信息的传递。 现代翻译学认为,译文与原文在意义上应动态 对应,不要形式对等。因此,从原文的深层意 义出发,汉语句子当中的四字词组在译成英语 时都有可能与英语句中的单词、短语、习语甚 至整句相对应。
Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 不可过早乐观。 Every cloud has a silver lining. 天下没有绝对的坏事。 Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. 同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起,这位乡下 姑娘感到很不自在。 She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do what she likes. 她生长在富贵之家,认为凡事都可随心所欲。
TRANSLATION APPRECIATION
1.It is too late to grieve when the chance is past. 坐失良机,后悔已迟。 2.It’s never too late to learn. 活到老,学到老。 3.Joy at its height engenders sorrow. 乐极生悲。 4.Justice has long arms.
画蛇添足的习语英汉翻译

画蛇添足原文楚有祠者,赐其舍人卮酒,舍人相谓曰:“数人饮之不足,一人饮之有余,请画地为蛇,先成者饮酒。
”一人蛇先成,引酒且饮之,乃左手持卮,右手画蛇曰:“吾能为之足。
”未成,一人之蛇成,夺其卮曰:‘蛇固无足,子安能为之足?’遂饮其酒。
为蛇足者,终亡其酒。
译文楚国有个搞祭祀活动的人,祭祀完了以后,拿出一壶酒赏给门人们喝。
门客们互相商量说:“这壶酒大家都来喝则不足够,一个人喝则有剩余。
我们各自在地上比赛画蛇,先画好的人就喝这壶酒。
”有一个人先把蛇画好了,他拿起酒壶正要喝,却左手拿着酒壶,右手继续画蛇,说:“我能够给它画脚。
”没等他画完,另一个人已把蛇画成了,把壶抢过去说:“蛇本来是没有脚的,你怎么能给它画脚呢!”然后他便把壶中的酒喝了下去。
为蛇画脚的人,最终失去了酒。
成语寓意编辑以后人们根据这个故事引申出"画蛇添足"这句成语,比喻有的人自作聪明,常做多余的事,反而把事情办糟了。
比喻节外生枝,多此一举,反而坏事。
英译版本There was a man in the state of Chu who was engaged in sacrificial activities. After the sacrifice, take out a pot of wine for the door people to drink.When the door people saw that there was only one pot of wine, they agreed with each other, "this pot of wine is not enough for several people to drink together; if one person drinks it, there will be some surplus. We can draw snakes on the ground together. Whoever draws the snake first will drink the pot of wine. "So, we found branches and tiles and quickly drew them on the ground.A man drew a snake first, and was about to drink it when he picked up the wine. He found that no one else had finished the painting, so he held the wine pot in one hand, and then drew again in the other hand. While drawing, he said triumphantly, "I can also add some feet to the snake! "Before he had finished drawing the snake's feet, another man had finished drawing the snake. He grabbed the wine pot and said, "the snake has no feet. How can you draw feet for it? "After that, he raised his neck and gulped up the wine. The man who added feet to the snake stood beside him, looking blankly at the loss of a chance to drink。
英汉习语翻译

A wolf in sheep’s clothing 披着羊皮的狼. to be on the ice 如履薄冰. to sit on pins and needles 如坐针毡. An ass is known by his ears 见耳识驴it is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock()鸡司晨,家之不祥. it’s ill to waken sleeping dogs/ Let sleeping dogs lie 勿惹睡狗. A barking dog is better than a sleeping lion 吠犬不可怕,睡狮难提防. The great fish eat up the small 大鱼吃小鱼. He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount 骑虎难下. A good horse cannot be of a bad colour 好马无劣色. to be as mild as a lamb 驯如羔羊.合抱之木,生于毫末Great oaks from little acorns grow. 人靠衣服马靠鞍It’s the saddle that makes the horse and the tailor , the man. 旧瓶装新酒new wine in old bottles. 玩火者必自焚He who plays with fire gets burned. 羽毛丰满to become full-fledged. 风驰电掣to pass swiftly like the wind or lighting.The ap ple of one’s eye 掌上明珠. as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠. as strong as a horse 大力如牛. as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗. Man proposes, God disposes 谋事在人,成事在天. Everyone for himself, God for us all 人人为自己, 老天为大家.A small bird wants but a small nest 燕雀无鸿鹄之志. Take notthe musket to kill a butterfly 杀鸡焉用牛刀. When the cat’s away, the mice will play 山中无老虎,猴子称霸王. You can’t sell the cow and drink the milk 鱼与熊掌不可兼得. Beat the dog before a lion 杀鸡给猴看Love me, love my dog 爱屋及乌. Better be the head of a dog than the tail of lion 宁为鸡口,不为牛后. He killed the goose that laid the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵.A baited cat may grow as fierce as a lion 狗急跳墙. Carrion crows bewail the dead sheep, and then eat them 猫哭耗子假慈悲. castle in the air 空中楼阁. a bolt from the blue 晴天霹雳. six of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两. after one’s own heart 正中下怀. kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕. show the cloven hoof 露出马脚. fish in the air 水中捞月. kick down the ladder 过河拆桥. between the devil and the deep sea 进退维谷.To draw one’s blood 伤人感情,惹人生气. to hang o n sb’s sleeve 依赖某人. to hang on one’s lips 对某人言听计从. to make a monkey of sb 愚弄某人. to bend an ear to 倾听,聚精会神地听. to bury one’s head in the sand 采取鸵鸟政策. to have an axe to grind 别有用心. to talk through one’s hat 胡言乱语. to leave no stone unturned 千方百计不遗余力. to call a spade a spade 直言不讳. to pull one’s leg 愚弄某人,开某人的玩笑. to eat one’s words 被迫收回前言,承认自己说了错话. to be full of beans 精力旺盛,精力充沛. to be like square pegs in round holes 格格不入. a skeleton in the feast 扫兴的人或事物. a fly in the ointment美中不足. with a grain of salt 半信半疑. with one’s tongue in the one’s cheek 说说而已,非诚心诚意.扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated. 灯红酒绿to be dissipated and luxurious. 开门见山to come straight to a point . 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth. 大张旗鼓on a large spectacular scale. 风雨飘摇(of a situation)being unstable. 胸有成竹to have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth. 海阔天空(to talk) at random.四面楚歌to be besieged on all sides. 毛遂自荐to volunteer one’s service. 初出茅庐at the beginning of one’s career. 倾城倾国to be exceedingly beautiful. 罄竹难书(of crimes )too numerous to mention.To spend money like water 花钱如流水/挥金如土. to spring up like mushrooms 如雨后春笋般出现. a stony heart 铁石心肠. at one’s fingertips 了如指掌. to have a hand like a foot 笨手笨脚. as mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉. to shut one’s eyes against to 视若无睹. return good for evil 以德报怨. to turn a deaf ear to充耳不闻. Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧. to face the music 临危不惧. plain sailing 一帆风顺. at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟. to be dead drunk 烂醉如泥. laugh and grow fat 心宽体胖. to fly into a rage 勃然大怒. to look for a needle in a haystack 海底捞针. a leap in the dark 轻举妄动. to show one’s colors 原形毕露. to make a noise in the world 名噪一时More haste, less speed 欲速则不达. neither fish nor flesh 不伦不类. to pick holes in 吹毛求疵. to mind one’s P’s and Q’s 谨言慎行. to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽. to log a dead horse 徒劳无益. to turn over a new deaf 改过自新to put all one’s egg in one basket 孤注一掷. to take French leave 擅自离开. Out of sight, out of mind 久离情疏. to hold the purse string 掌握经济大权. to have forty winks 迷糊了一会儿. to talk black into white 颠倒黑白. to give sb’s the green light 给某人开绿灯. to be armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿. to laugh off one’s head 笑掉牙齿. to be out at elbows 捉襟见肘. to be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth 生在富贵人家. A rolling stone gather no moss 滚石不生苔.英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 祸不单行Misfortunes never come alone. 隔篱有眼,隔墙有耳Hedges have eyes, andwalls have ears. 时不待我,岁月无情Time and tide wait for no man. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲A young idler, an old beggar. 健康胜于财富Health is better than wealth. 无官一身轻Out of office, out of danger. 居安思危In time of peace prepare for war. 前事不忘,后事之师/前车之覆,后车之鉴The remembrance of the past is the teacher of the future. 吃一堑,长一智 A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 新官上任三把火A new broom sweeps clean. 杀鸡儆猴beat the dog before the lion. 班门弄斧teach fish to swim. 一言既出,驷马难追 A word spoken is past recalling. 一朝怕蛇咬,十年怕井绳Once bit, twice shy . 物以类聚,人以群分Birds of a feather flock together. 无风不起浪There is no smoke without fire. 本末倒置put the cart before the horse. 佛要金装,人要衣装Fine feathers make fine birds. 得寸进尺Much will have more. 喧宾夺主The sauce is better than the fish. 挂羊头,卖狗肉He cries wine and sells vinegar 青出于蓝而胜于蓝The pupil outdoes the master. 天涯何处无芳草There are plenty of fish in the sea. 棋逢对手Diamond cut diamond. 拿了收短,吃了嘴软Gifts blind the eye 天下乌鸦一般黑Dogs bite in every country. 滴水穿石Little strokes fell great oaks. 条条大路通罗马All roads lead to Rome. 百川入海,殊途同归All rivers run into the sea. 口蜜腹剑Peace on the forehead and war in themind. 身正不怕影子斜 A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe. 宁为玉碎,不为瓦全It is better to die with honor than to live with shame. 醉翁之意不在酒Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子Nothing venture, nothing have. 入乡随俗Do in the Rome as the Romans do. 木已成舟/覆水难收Things done cannot be done. 为人不做亏心事,半夜不怕鬼敲门 A clear conscience is a sure card . 做贼心虚A bad conscience is a snake in one’s heart . 事与愿违All your swans are geese. 天网恢恢,疏而不漏Justice has long arms. 君子之交淡如水A hedge between friendship green. 大智若愚He knows most who speaks least/Still water runs deep. 自食其果As you make the bed, so you must lie in it. 盲目乐观count one’s chickens before they are hatched. 一失足成千古横Short pleasure, long lament. 若要人不知,除非己莫为What is done by night appears by day. 患难与共/有福同享,有难同当stick together through thick and thin. 江山易改,本性难移 A leopard(豹子)cannot change its spots/You cannot make a crab walk straight. 随遇而安Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福Accidents will happen/Every tide has its ebb. 智者千虑,必有一失The best horse stumbles. 罗马并不是一日建成Rome was not built in a day. 留得青山在,不愁没柴烧The shepherdwould rather lose the wool than the sheep. 小小漏洞沉默大船A little leak will sink a great ship. 心急吃不了热豆腐 A watched pot never boils.。
英语专业英译汉 第十章.习语的翻译

At breakfast, eat like a king. 早饭吃饱。 At lunch, eat like a prince. 中饭吃好。 At supper, eat like a pauper. 晚饭吃少。 Rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔(搬家不聚财)。 under the counter (table) 鬼鬼祟祟
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习语翻译
补充练习
14.I heard my master mounting the stairs —— the cold sweat ran from my forehead: I was horrified.
(Emily Brontë Wuthering Heights) :
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1. 3 释义法 (Explanation Translation) 释义法是以忠实通顺地表达原习语的思想、内容、 意义为目的,采用解释说明手法,表达原习语在上下 文中的涵义。一般对原文中的习语,不逐字逐句地去 翻译,而是按语义、修辞或句法的需要,增加一些解 释说明的词,补充完善原习语的意思。释义法翻译一 般用在双语文化或语言的差异很大,译入语难以直接 表达的场合。
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习语翻译
补充练习
6) wash one’s hands of a thing 【译】洗手不干……;与……断绝关系 7) have a ball at one’s foot 【译】有成功的机会 8)to live a cat-and-dog life 【译】过着不和谐的生活(过着猫狗般的生活) 9)to keep one’s head above water 【译】奋力图存;勉强凑合过日 10)When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 【译】到什么山,唱什么歌。(入乡随俗)
英汉习语的翻译策略

英汉习语的翻译策略[摘要]本文主要阐明了习语的四种翻译策略即直译,意译,借用,注释。
总之,在翻译汉英习语时,只有了解中英两民族的文化特色,并掌握必要的翻译策略与技巧,才能准确地进行习语的翻译。
[关键词]习语直译借用注释习语是语言中形式和意义固定的词组和句子,是民族特色和各种修辞手段的集中表现,包括成语,谚语,典故,歇后语等。
习语是文化与语言的积累和结晶,它能充分体现出某一民族的历史和文化,是一种语言的核心和精华。
习语有着极强的表现力,且内涵十分丰富,故翻译起来难度极大。
翻译是两种语言之间的转换,而语言和文化的紧密关系要求在语言转换中必须进行文化的转换。
鉴于此,译者不能只作字面上的直译,必须深入了解字面背后的文化信息,用原作语言及文化知识理解原作,以自己的理解为依据,用另一种对等语言即译语进行各种转换,为译文读者传递原文精确信息,按“功能对等”原则让“读者同等反映”。
因此, 习语翻译一方面要尽量将原文的意思用“最贴切、最自然的对等语再现出来”, 用奈达的话说, 即是“the best translation does no t sound like a translation”; 另一方面, 还要尽力将原文的文化信息展现于译文读者面前, 使其了解到原文所包含的文化信息。
一般说来,习语的常见翻译法主要有4种:直译法、意译法、借用法、注释法。
下面我们分别谈谈每种译法的具体思路。
一、直译法直译,指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下,在译文中保留原习语的民族色彩、语言风格和比喻形象的方法。
例如:鱼目混珠—pass fish eye for pearls摊出最后一张牌—play one’s last card像狐狸一样狡猾—as cunning as a fox类似这样的习语译文,读者只要用心体会一下,就会明白其隐含意义,不但保留了原文的形象,而且增加了阅读的趣味二、意译法意译法指在充分理解原习语的基础上,舍弃其中陌生难懂的比喻形象而采用的一种方法。
习语等解释性翻译

中英习语解释性翻译或形象具体互译一、以《浮生六记》为例1.一灯如豆…The light of a rapeseed oil lamp was then burning as small as a pea.2. 但李诗宛如姑射仙子,有一种落花流水之趣,令人可爱。
…but Li Po’s poems have the wayward charm of a nymph. His lines come naturally like dropping petals and flowing waters, and are so much lovelier for their spontaneity.3. 兼之玉碎香埋,不堪回首矣。
… and the woman I loved is dead, like broken jade and buried incense. How sad indeed to look back upon these things.4. 芸初缄默,喜听余议论。
余调其言,如蟋蟀之用纤草,渐能发议。
Yun was at first very quiet and loved to hear me talk, but I gradually taught her the art of conversation as one leads a cricket with a blade of grass. She then learned the art of conversation.5.……有女名憨园。
亭亭玉立,真一泓秋水照人寒。
She had a girl by the name of Hanyuan, who was a very sweet young maiden, still in her teens. Her eyes looked“like an autumn lake that cooled one by its cold splendor”.【2】二、Double-way: literal translation; borrowing; paraphrase1.过街老鼠(直译)like a rat crossing the street(意译) the object of universal condemnation; a bad man hated by everybody2.门庭若市(直译) the courtyard is like a market.(意译)a much visited house; a busy town; bustling; crowded3.望梅止渴(直译)to gaze at plums to quench one’s thirst(意译)to console oneself with false hopes; to feed on fancies (illusion); imagined satisfaction; a Barmecide (《一千零一夜》中一个口惠而实不至的人物)feast.4.危如累卵(直译)as dangerous as a pile of eggs(意译)hazardous in the extreme; great insecurity; in a precarious condition; at stake, at risk; at hazard; in peril; in danger; perilous; risky; critical...5.山雨欲来风满楼(直译)The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains.(意译)A turbulent situation foretells a big event; Coming events cast their shadows before.6.树倒猢狲散(直译)When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.(意译)Members run away when the family (constitution) falls; when an influential person fallsfrom power, his hangers-on disperse; Rats leave a sinking ship.7. 三个臭皮匠顶得上诸葛亮(直译)Three cobbers with their wits combined equal ZhuGeliang the master mind.(意译) eamwork; Brainstorming; Many hands make light work.; Two heads are better than one. (拙译) wits combined are wits of great mind; Wits combined are wits that satisfy;8. 螳螂捕蝉,黄雀在后(直译)The mantis stalks the cicada but behind them lurks the oriole (金莺;黄莺儿).(意译) Be careful about the hidden/implicit\potential risks; hazards;9. 比上不足,比下有余(直译)worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst; better off than the worst and worse off than the best;(意译)fairly well-off; fairly contented life;10. 不以物喜,不以己悲(直译)not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personal losses;(意译)take one’s personal gains lightly; to be philosophical about; be open-minded;11. 金无足赤,人无完人(直译) Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect;(意译)Human beings are human beings三、形象—具体1. 哭得泪人似的A.The child was in floods of tears.B.Be drenched in tearsC.He became a wretch of tearsD.While Mother was feeling so wrought, the slightest cross word or ill-judgedremark could reduce her to tears.当母亲感到过分劳累紧张时,哪怕是听到一点点令人生气的话或不妥之词,都会使她伤心得落下泪来。
英汉动物类习语比较及其翻译

英汉动物类习语比较及其翻译Ξ欧 忆 贾德江(南华大学大学外语部 衡阳市 421001)摘 要 动物习语在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。
英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的喻义也就会出现差异。
一方面,指称意义相同的动物形象,其喻义,即它在原语和译语中的语用含义可能相去甚远,甚至完全相悖。
另一方面,有些动物形象,在原语中含有丰富的语用意义,而在译语中却丢失,因而在译语中不能产生等值的意象联想。
关键词 英汉习语 动物名称 设喻比较 动物习语来源 翻译手法Abstract There are a lot of animal idioms in both English and Chinese.Their modes of thinking and cultural backgrounds are different,so the implied meanings of the same animal are possibly different.On the one hand, their conceptual meanings are the same but pragmatic implications are different.On the other hand,some animals’names have rich pragmatic implications in original language but not in target language,so they cannot produce e2 qual image association.K ey w ords English and Chinese idioms animals’names comparison of metaphors source of animal idioms translation techniques 人类与动物可以说在生态环境中结下了不解之缘。
习语翻译

1) He traveled to foundling homes, prisons and lunatic asylums in his search for people with extraordinary heads, and in time built up a huge catalogue of the relationship between particular mental characteristics and bumps on the skull. 他走访了育婴堂、监狱、精神病院,去寻找头 型特殊的人,同时积累起大批资料,记载特殊 的脑功能特点与颅骨凸起部分之间的关系。 2) I know you think I am talking nonsense, but in time you will realize that was right. 我知道你认为我在胡说八道,但你将来终究会 理解我说的话是对的。
此外,charge还有如下意义。如charge sb. to do sth.(责令某人做某事),charge oneself with a task (承担一项任务)等。
现代英国语言学派创始人弗斯(Furth)说过: “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”(每个词用在不同的句子中就 有不同的含义。)苏联翻译理论家巴尔胡达 罗夫也主张“多义词的意义通常是通过言 语的上下文来揭示的”。作者使用多义词 究竟指多义中的哪一义,只能从上下文中 去寻找。尤其是遇到常用词时,不要自以 为对它们已很熟悉,想当然地把自己已懂 得的词义放到译文中去。须知,译者自以 为懂了而实际又不懂的地方,往往最容易 译错。
其次,在英语中还存在着一个词的单数和 复数意义全然不同、前后搭配不同而意义 不同等情况。兹举例如下:
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除与动物相关的习语外,也有不少与植物相 关的习语。如Beat around the bush 拐弯抹角 该习语可追溯到1500年前,当时一些猎人 雇用一些人(被称为beaters)将小动物赶 出灌木丛,但这些人要小心地将动物在猎人 到来时赶到空地,以便猎人更好地射击。
三、习语的特征
英语习语是人们经过长时间使用提炼出来的 固定短语或短句, 是具有英语民族文化特征 的语言形式。其结构简单,内容丰富,意义 精深,源远流长,有浓厚的民族色彩,民间 广泛使用,约定俗成。 其特征为结构固定性、意义整体性、富于哲 理性,具有民族性。
其中hit below the belt 指攻击腰带以下的 部位。据说在1865年,英国的昆斯伯里伯 爵严格地规定了拳击比赛的规则。其中最严 格的比赛规则是选手不允许击对手腰带以下 的部位。 如今这种规则仍然在拳击比赛中存在,但这 种说法还用来指在其它各种不同的比赛、各 种关系或者活动中不能不择手段,不能暗中 伤人。
3. 源于圣经
《圣经》塑造了西方人的价值观和伦理,要 了解西方文明,就得去读《圣经》。有人统 计,当今世界大约有10亿人把圣经当成他们 的精神食粮。因此,英语语言中有不少习语 来自《圣经》。
(1)Separate the sheep from the goats
区别好坏,分清良莠。在《马太福音》中,对 sheep 与goat 描述为:前者比喻好人,后者比喻 坏人。英语中有关goat的成语,大多贬义。如:to play the goat(瞎胡闹);to get sb's goat (触动肝火)等等。《圣经》说牧羊人要分辨绵羊 和山羊,“把绵羊安置右边,山羊在左边”。据说 野山羊常混进羊群里,引诱绵羊,故牧羊人必须把 它们区分开来,以免混淆。现在,人们用to separate the sheep from the goats这个成语 来比喻to separate the good from the wicked 区别好坏,分清良莠。
两兄弟长大后,以扫好动,常外出打猎;雅各 则常在家里帮助料理家务。有一天,以扫打猎 回来,又饥又渴,看见弟弟雅各在熬豆汤,就 对他说:“我饿极了,给我喝点红豆汤吧!” 雅各说:“你要喝汤,就把你的长子权卖给 我。”以扫说:“你都要饿死了,要这长子权 有什么用呢?”于是,他便按雅各的要求,对 天起誓,把长子权卖给雅各,换来饼和红豆汤。 以扫吃饱喝足后,起身走了。他哪里想到,为 了这碗红豆汤,他的后裔便注定要服从雅各的 后裔。
6. 源于动物及植物
人类与自然总是在相互作用,相互影响。早 期的人类生存与发展与自然界动物、植物息 息相关。因此,与动物、植物相关的话语随 之产生、发展。随着社会的发展进步,这些 话语广泛地应用在人类生活各个方面,形成 了习惯用语,用来描述人的各种活动,其内 涵也不断延伸。
如He got two extra jobs just to keep the wolf from the door. 句中keep the wolf from the door 意思 是to keep from suffering poverty or starvation(免受贫困或饥饿之苦)。 古时英国常有狼群四处觅食,袭击人畜,所 以,在英国人眼中,狼往往是饥饿的象征, 贫困与饥饿总是与狼一样可怕。
5. 源于体育娱乐活动
有这样一个英语句子:In 1865 in England, the Marquis of Queensberry laid down strict rules for boxing. One of the strictest was that you were not permitted to hit anyone below the belt line.
与go to the dogs 意思相反的词是to put on the dog, 就是摆排场给别人看。 大概一百多年以前,一些有钱的人往往花很 多钱去买一只稀有品种的小狗来显示自己很 有钱。一些阔太太们经常在接待客人的时候 把一只小狗抱在腿上来眩耀自己的阔气。当 时耶鲁大学的学生就创造了to put on the Cast pearls before swine
对牛弹琴,白费好意。这个成语源自《新约.马太 福音》第7章。由于习语Cast pearls before swine比喻形象, 后来被著名作家莎士比亚、狄更 斯等不断引用, 常用来表示wasting something good on someone who won’t be thankful for it; to offer something valuable or beautiful to those who can't appreciate it; to give what is precious to those who are unable to understand its value等意思,含有轻蔑嘲笑色 彩
二、习语的来源
习语来自于普通百姓的生产劳动和生活经历, 相沿已久、约定俗成。其来源是多方面的。 有的源于历史故事和历史事件;有的源于寓 言故事,如希腊寓言、北欧神话;有的源于 圣经;有的源于风俗习惯,还有源于体育娱 乐活动以及源于动植物等等。
1. 源于历史故事和历史事件
英语中有不少习语出自历史故事或历史事件。 如:(1)burn one' s boats 原指古罗马朱力斯· 凯撒大军乘船越过 Rubicon后就把船烧掉,以此向士兵指明后 路已断,不可能后退。现借用来比喻“不留 后路,下定决心干到底”。同汉语的“破釜 沉舟”意义相似。类似的习语还有Burn your bridges behind you。
还有Thumbs up (down) 拇指向上或向下, 表示赞成或反对。古罗马的奴隶主贵族为了 取乐,雇佣奴隶做格斗士(gladiators),公 开在格斗场比武。比武结束后,请观众裁判 如何处置被击败的格斗士。如果观众的大拇 指向上(thumbs up)就释放败者,如果 观众的拇指向下(thumbs down)就处死败 者。现在人们用thumbs up表示赞成,而 thumbs down则表示反对。
(2)kill the goose to get the eggs 源于希腊寓言,说的是有一个乡下人,因为 发财心切杀了自己饲养的那只能下金蛋的鹅, 以为如此就可一次获得想象中的金块,但其 结果一无所获。现比喻贪图眼前利益,没有 长远打算。汉语中也有对应的翻译,但汉语 不说“杀鹅取卵”而说“杀鸡取卵”。
又比如说have a wolf in one's stomach(肚里有狼) 是指“饥肠辘辘”, have a wolfish appetite 是“有狼一般的食欲”, to wolf down one's food 是“狼吞虎咽地吃东西”
又如go to the dogs, 其意思是变得很穷,彻底破落。 在十九世纪的时候,美国西部发现金矿的地区出现 了一个又一个新的城镇。许多人到那里去淘金,都 想发家致富。可是后来等到金子都淘光了,这些城 镇一下子就被人遗弃,彻底完蛋了。那里所有的人 都走了,剩下的只有风在吹过空房子时发出的沙沙 声音。这种表达变得流行并扩展到包括任何最终变 坏,被毁坏或看起来很恐怖的人或东西。
1. 固定性
特征之一是结构固定性。它是“约定俗成” 的产物,一经定型就有了一个规范的固定的 形式,如果加以变更,只会造成语言使用上 的混乱。而且,改变了成分和结构关系,还 会造成词义上的混乱,其结构固定性表明英 语习语不可随意改变它的结构。
1) 不可随便在其中增加词或减少词,如 live from hand to mouth不能写成live from the hand to the mouth,fish out of water 不能写成fish out of the water, 它总是以固定形式出现。
4. 源于风俗
民间风俗是语言发展与不断丰富的重要因素, 也是习语的重要来源。某种习俗由于广泛传 播,反映出人们生活经验,形成了大家可接 受的一种概念,即固定的表达形式—习语。
几百年以前,英国的贵族以及其他身价很高 的人喜欢在帽子上插上羽毛,以显示自己的 重要性。于是,feather in your cap 表示 荣耀之事,广泛流行于亚洲和美洲印第安人 中的一种风俗。据说,那时的士兵每杀一个 敌人,就在头部的帽子上插一根羽毛以此显 示战绩与荣耀。当然,现在戴帽子的人少了, 但很少有人再在帽子上插上羽毛了。可是, 这个说法依然是经常用的。
(3)bury the hatchet 这种说法出自一些美洲土著民族,他们会通 过举办一场庆祝会与他们的敌人和解。他们 会埋掉他们的印第战斧、短柄的小斧和其他 的一些作战武器用来表示战争结束。如果战 争又爆发,他们则会挖出那些武器。在18世 纪末,“bury the hatchet”的意思已经延伸 到“解决任何争论”和“化敌为友”的意思 了
Translation of English Idioms
一、习语的概念 二、习语的来源 三、习语的特征 四、习语的翻译
一、习语的概念
习语是一种经过长期的劳动实践及社会交往所形成 的独特的固定短语或短句,是人们依据某种场合、 某种语境对某种语言现象表达的高度概括。这些习 语往往具有生动形象、喻义明显、富于哲理的语言 特征。一般来说,习语都具有深厚的历史文化渊源, 都能反映民族文化特点、风俗习惯,与本民族的风 土人情、历史文化有着千丝万缕的联系。 习语是语言的一部分,包括成语、俗语、谚语、格 言、惯用语、典故等,是一种在结构上与意义上都 比较稳定的语言结构,是语言的核心和精华。
(3) A dog in the manger 源于《伊索寓言》,说的是一条狗一天睡在 放有稻草的马槽里,狗是不吃草的动物,而 当马或牛一走进稻草时,这条狗却朝着马或 牛狂吠,不准食草动物享用。该习语用来讽 刺那些占据着职位却不做事的人或那些自私 的人占有某些东西,却不使用,又不肯与人 分享。