unit 3 The Plantagenet金雀花王朝
英美概况
I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:1. The highest mountain in Britain is _B. Ben Nevis___.2. The longest river in Britain is ___C. the Severn__.3. The largest lake in Britain is __A. the Lough Neage___.4. Which part of Britain is always fighting? D. Northem Ireland5. The immigrants coming to Britain are mainly from __D. the West Indies___.6. The first inhabitants in Britain were __C. the Iberians___.7. British Recorded history began with __A、_Roman invasion__.8. In 829, ___C. Egbert__ actually became the overlord of all the English.9. Christmas Day __ B. 1066__, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.10. Henry II was the first king of the ___D. Plantagenet金雀花王朝__ dynasty.11. In 1265 __D. Simon de Montfort__ summoned the Great Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.12. The Hundred Years’ war sta rted in __B. 1337, 1453, Calais__ and ended in __B. 1337, 1453, Calais__, in which the English had lost all the territories of France except the French port of __B. 1337, 1453, Calais__.13. The Wars of Roses lasted for ___A、30, Richard III, Henry Tudor__ years and king __A、30, Richard III, Henry Tudor___ was replaced by king __A、30, Richard III, Henry Tudor___.14. The Renaissance新民主思潮began in __C. Italy, 14__ in the early __C. Italy, 14__ century.15. The English Civil War is also called __D. the Puritan Revolution 清教徒16. In __ B. 1620, Plymouth普利茅斯___, a small group of Puritans sailed from __ B. 1620, Plymouth 普利茅斯___ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the North America.17. In the 18th century, there appeared __A. the Industrial Revolution__ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.18. English colonial 殖民地expansion began with the colonization of __D. Newfoundland ___ in 1583.19. __A. Edward VIII___ was famous for his abdication辞职because of his marriage with a divorced American:20. In January ___C. 1973__ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.21. soon after ___C. t he Second World War__, Britain not only gave up its econmic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership.22. In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest __B. growth, inflation 膨胀___ rate and the highest _____ rate.23. The following are all reasons of British decline of coal industry except __ D. the labour shortage ___.24. Britain’s foreign trade is mainly with ___C. other developed countrie s __.25. The House of Lords is presided over by __A. the Lord Chancellor大法官___.26. A General Election is held every __C. five, 651___ years and there are _____ members of Parliaments are elected.27. The Prime Minister is appointed by ___C. the Queen, the House of Commons__ and he or she always sits in _____.28. The ultimate 最终的authority权力for law-making resides in __D. the House of Commons 下议院___.29. The sources of British law include __A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Community law ___.30. In criminal trials by jury, ___A. the judge判官, the jury陪审团__ passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or innocence.31. __D. The Crown Court 英国形势法庭__ tries the most serious offences such as murder and robbery.32. London’s Metropolitan大都市的Police Force is under the control of ___D. the Home Secretary 部长大臣__.33. The National Health Service was established in the UK in ___A. 1948, Acts of Parliament__ and based at first on _____.34. The non-contributory social security 安全benefits include the following except __D. unemployment benefit ___.35. Except that __A. the lord Chancellor总理___ may not be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churchs or of none.36. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend __D. primary schools___.37. There are some __C. 90__ universities, including the Open University.38. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can ___A. receive completely free education__ by law.39. With regard to its size, the USA is the __D. fourth largest___ country in the world.40. In the following rivers, __D. the Ohio 俄亥俄州___ has been called the American Ruhr. 鲁尔区41.Among the following rivers, ___C. the Rio Grande River格兰德__ forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the U.S.42. All the following universities and colleges are located in New England, except __D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 麻省理工学院___.43. The nation’s capital city Washington D.C. and New York are located in ___D. the Middle Atlantic States大西洋中部__.44. The Midwest in America’s most important ___A. agricultural__ area.45. In the case of Brown versus Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that __D. separate educational facilities设施were inherently unequal 内在不平等的___.46. The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in __A. 1882___.47. The first immigrants 移民in American history came from ___D. England/Netherland_ and ____.48. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which give a vivid description of the miserable life of the ___D. black slaves__.49. According to American historians and specialists in demography人口统计学, there are __C. four___ great population movement in the history of the United States.50. Many early Chinese immigrants worked in the mining industry, especially in the __A. gold mines___.51. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by __B. Thomes Jefferson___.52. On July 4, 1776, ___B. the Second Continental Congress 第二次大陆会议__ adopted the Declaration of Independerce.53. The victory of ___A. Saratoga__ was the turning point of the War of Independence.54. Ten amendments introduced by James Madison in 1789 were added to the Constitution宪法. They are knows as ___B. the Bill of Right__.55. President Jefferson bought ___B. the Louisiana Territory__ from France and doubled the country’s t erritory.56. The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher __B. John Locke 洛克___.57. During the WWII, the Axis powers were mainly made up by _D. German, Italy and Japan _.58. The Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the __C. economy/social ___ and _____ conditions.59. As a result of WWI, ___D. Russia__ was not one of the defeated nations.60. The aim of President Roosevelt’s New Deal was to “save American __D. democracy 民主___.”II. Fill in the blanks:1. Ceographically speaking, the north and west of Britain are __highlands_____, while the east and south-east are mostly____lowlands__.2. Welsh is located in the __west____ of Great Britain.3. The ancestors of the English ___Anglo-saxons___, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish the ______.celts4. In the mid-5th century, three Teuronic tribes _Jutes_____, Saxons_____, and _Angles____ invaded Britain. Among them, the _Angles____ gave their name to English people.5. The battle of ____Hastings___ witnessed the death of Harold in October, 1066.6. Under William, the ___feudal___封建制度的system in England was completely established. 确立的7. The property record in William’s time is known as _Domesday Book_____,土地志which was compiled in __1806___.8. _Thomas Becket____’s grave became a place of pilgrimage 朝拜in and beyond chaucer’s time after he was murdered.9. __Black Death____ was the deadly bubonic plague, which reduced England’s population from four million to ___two___ million by the end of the 14th century.10. One of the consequences of the Uprising of 1381 was the emergence 出现of a new class of __yeomen____ farmers自耕农11. James I and his son Charles I both believed firmly in __the Divine Right of Kings____. 君权神授12. During the Civil War, the Cavaliers 骑士supported _____the king___, while the Roundheads 国颅党supported _the Parliament______.13. After the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell克伦威尔declared England a _commonwealth_____, later, he became ___Lords__Proctector____. 护国公14. In 1707, the Act of ___Union____ united England and ___Scotland___.15. The two parties originated with the Glorious Revolution were _Whigs_辉格党___ and __Tories___托利党__. The former were the forerunners先驱者of the __Liberal____ Party自由党, the latter were of the __Conservative____ party. 保守党16. In 1765, the Scottish inventor _James watt____ produced a very efficient __steam engine___蒸汽机that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. After the Industrial Revolution, Britain became the “__workship____” of the world.18. During the Second World War ___Winston churchill_____ led Britain to final victory in 1945.19. In 1974 and 1977, the two __oil____ shock caused inflation to rise dramatically. 引人注目的20. Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea_______.21. __Scotland_____ has Europe’s largest collection of foreign owned chip factories.22. New industries in Britain include___microprocessors___, __computer__and biotechnology__ and other high-tech industries.23. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition______, with its own leader and “___shadow___ cabinet”.影子内阁24. The Prime Minister is appointed by __the QUEEN____, and his/her official residence is ____NO 10 Downing_.25. There are two tiers of local government throughout England and Wales:country councils _____ and _district councils_____.26. The criminal law in Britain presumes the _innocence____ of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt.27. The jury usually consists of ___12____ persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and ___15__ persons in Scotland.28. The ultimate court of appeal in civil cases throughout the UK is ___the HOUSE of Lords____.29. In Britain the welfare 福利state applies mainly to _the National heathy service____, national insurance and social security______. 社会安全30. The two established churches in Britain are _the Church of England___and _the Church of Scotland____.31. Education in the UK is compulsory for all between the ages of (__5,4____ in Northen Ireland) and __16___.32. In the past children in Britain were allocated to different secondary schools on the basis of selection tests known as__eleven-plus___升学考试__, which was replaced by __comprehensive schools____综合学校.33. Education after 16 in the UK is divided into further education_____继续进修and _high education_____.34. The most-known universities in Britain are _Oxford____ and __Cambridge___ which date from the _12th____ and __13th___ centuries.35. In _1959___, Alaska阿拉斯加州and Havaii became the 49th and 50th states.36. In the Great Lakes, only _Machigan____ belongs to U.S. completely while the other four are shared with Ganada.37. __Alaska_____ is separated from the main land by Canada.38. The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as __the continental Divide___. 美国大陆落基山脉分水岭39. _Texas____ is the largest continental state in area in the U.S. 德克萨斯州40. The West can be divided into three parts: the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains and _the Intermountain Basin盆地and plateau__高原__.41. The South is the headquarters 总部of a large segment划分of the __rocket____ and ____missile___导弹_ industry.42. New England is sometimes called the _birthplace_____ of America.43. __Mobility__迁移率___ is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people since one in five moves to a new home every year.44. The first blacks were brought to north America as slaves in 1619_____.45. The largest group of Asian-Americans are the _Chinese-Americans_____.III. Explain the following terms.3. William the Conqueror William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.7. the Hundred Years’ War It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The9. the Black Death It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of Roses They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism recei ved its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody Mary Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So sh e was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.14. the Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These limitations serve to protect the natural rights of liberty and property. They guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public.15. Whigs and Tories It referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.17. Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.19. the British Constitution There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.22. the Privy Council Formerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. common law A written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the jury A legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland,and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.26. comprehensive schools State secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schools Fee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’ public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.28. the Great Lakes The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. ——Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.29. New England New England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America.30. baby boom “baby boom” refers to the great increase of birth rate between 1946 and 1964. People born in this period are called baby bammers.34. the Constitutional Convention In 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convertion.38. the Marshall Plan On June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.40. checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.V. Write about 150 on the following topic.1. Why and how did the English Parliament come into being? —— After king John died in 1216, his son became Henry III. He filled the most important offices with foreigners, undertook an expensive war which ended in the loss of a large land and demanded more money to enable his son to be king of Sicily. So the barons rebelled. Under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, they defeated the king in 1264. In 1265, Simon de Montrort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster,together with two knights from each country and two citizens from each town. This meeting has been considered as the earliest parliament. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament. Both Houses were called to agree to taxation. The Commons could present petitions to the king which were the first parliamentary bills. But Parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions. The most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.2. How did the Civil Wars break out? What were the consequences of the Civil Wars? ——Charles I, also believed “the Divine Right of kings”. His prerogative rights should not be challenged by anyone. It encouraged confrontation with Parliament, whose members had become increasingly Puritan in sympathy. He managed to rule England for 11 years without Parliament. But in 1640, Charles needed money and feared the invasion of the Scots and had to call the Long Parliament. Then a whole series of measures were introduced by the Parliament limiting the authority of the Crown while increasing its own. Thus, by 1642, the king and the commons were at each other’s throats, war was inevitable. In 1642, the first Civil War broke out. By autumn 1646, Parliament held most of England and next year Charles was captured but escaped. He made a deal with the Scots who invaded England but were defeated by Cromwell. Thus was the beginning of the Second Civil War. In November 1648, the king was captured again and condemned to death. The English Civil Wars have been seen a conflict between Parliament and the king, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown. The English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.4. What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812? —— The causes leading to the war were the following: (1) A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe. First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both countries. Later the U.S. government changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S. world lift the prohibition. In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban. This angered the British. (2) The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects. (3) The U.S. wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests of the British. —— The war had great impact on the development of the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the devlopment of the western part of the continent. Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be slove through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.5. What role does the community college play? What functions does it perform? What is it important in American higher education? What is the guiding principle of such a college? ——The community college as an institution is one of the most important innovations in the history of American higher education more accessible and in meeting the needs of educated adults, employees of local business, professional requiring certification as well as community organizations. It performs five main functions. First, it prepares students for transferring to a BA program at a four-yearinstitution. Second, it provides vocational training for people who are already working or expect to be working in the future. Third, it gives remedial instruction to higher school students who are underprepared for college academically and adults who did not learn basic skills in elementary or secondary school. Fourth, it offers recreational, cultural activities for adults who are not seeking regular vocational or academic skill. Fifth, it absorbs students in a four-year program who are not qualified into a lower-status vocational program. The guiding principle of community college is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must mean equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual differences.。
英国历代国王一览表
英国历代国王一览表一英格兰王国 ENGLAND二大不列颠联合王国 GREAT BRITAIN注11 Anglo-Saxon 盎格鲁-撒克逊人：日耳曼民族,盎格鲁人,撒克逊人和朱特人的一支,5世纪和6世纪居住在英国2 Normandy诺曼底：英吉利海峡的历史地区,以前为法国西北一个省;古代高卢的一部分,这一地区相继被罗马人、弗兰克人和诺斯人征服,诺曼人征服1066年后和英法百年战争期间1337-1453年归属英格兰,于1450年归还法国;二战中联军登陆1944年6月6日地点即为诺曼底海滩3 Plantagenet 1.金雀花王朝：从亨利二世到理查德三世1154-1485年的一系列英王的家族名称 2.英史金雀花王朝的, 安茹王朝的, 不兰他日奈王朝的指由12世纪亨利二世即位至15世纪查理三世死的王朝4 Lancaster兰开斯特王朝：从1399年至1461年的英格兰王朝,产生过三位英格兰国王,亨利四世、亨利五世和亨利六世;在玫瑰战争期间它的标志是一朵红玫瑰5 York约克王朝：英国统治王朝1461—1485年,包括爱德华四世、爱德华五世和理查德三世,在玫瑰战争期间其标志是白玫瑰6 Tudor都铎王朝：英格兰统治王朝1485-1603年,包括亨利七世及其后代亨利八世、爱德华六世、玛丽一世和伊丽莎白一世7 Stuart斯图亚特王朝：统治苏格兰1371年-1603年及英格兰和苏格兰1603-1649年和1660年-1714年的王室8 Hanover汉诺威：英国统治家族1714-1901年;当1837年维多利亚登上王位时, 汉诺威与大不列颠的王权相分离9 Windsor温莎：英国的统治家族从1917年始,包括1917年采用这个名字的乔治五世及他的后继者,爱德华八世、乔治六世和伊丽莎白二世注21 盎格鲁-撒克逊王朝时期802 - 1066对应中国唐朝618 - 907至北宋960 - 1127时期2 诺曼底王朝时期1066 – 1154对应中国北宋960 - 1127至南宋1127 - 1279时期3 金雀花王朝时期1154 – 1359对应中国南宋1127 - 1279至元朝1271 - 1368时期4 兰开斯特王朝时期1399 – 1461对应中国明1356 - 1644初时期5 约克王朝时期1461 – 1485对应中国明1356 - 1644初时期6 都铎王朝时期1485 – 1603对应中国明朝1356 - 1644时期7 斯图亚特王朝时期1603 – 1714对应中国明末至清1636 - 1911初8 汉诺威王朝时期1714 – 1910对应中国清初至清晚期9 温莎王室时期1910 - 对应中国民国至今注31 Anglo-Saxon 盎格鲁-撒克逊人：日耳曼民族,盎格鲁人,撒克逊人和朱特人的一支,5世纪和6世纪居住在英国；Danish 丹麦的,Dane 丹麦人：9-11世纪入侵英格兰的北欧人维京人：Viking；Wessex 威塞克斯：古英格兰地名；Scotland 苏格兰,,在公元 5世纪后分裂成许多小的王国;到了9世纪,绝大部分苏格兰都被合并成一个国家,但是与英国人在南方的冲突很快就爆发了,从而导致了一系列血腥战争;当苏格兰王子詹姆斯六世即斯图亚特王朝的詹姆斯一世的玛丽女王在1603年继承了英国王位后,这两个国家合并了;通过1707的议会法案,苏格兰成为大英帝国的一部分2 The Great 伟大的,大帝；The Elder 长者；The Magnificent 宏伟华丽的,大帝；The Fair 美丽的,公正的；The Peaceful 和平的,平和的；The Martyr 烈士,殉教者；The Unready 迟钝的；Ironside 勇敢的,铁面的；Harefoot 兔脚；The Confessor 自白者,为信教而被迫害的教徒；The Conqueror 征服者征服者威廉；The Lion-Hearted 勇猛的狮心理查；Longshanks 长脚长脚爱德华；Earl of Richmond里士满伯爵；Sailor-King 海盗王；Duke of Windsor 温莎公爵即Edward3 descendant 后裔,血统；murdered 被谋杀的；beheaded 被斩首的；restored 恢复,复辟；deposed 废黜；elector选举人,选帝侯：有权参加选举神圣罗马帝国皇帝的日耳曼王侯。
金雀花王朝
Henry’s absence
Crusades
Walter defeated Richard and became the king
Crusades(1096Crusades(1096-1291) are a series of wars allowed by the Pope. They are religion military actions . Theses actions aimed at recovering lost territory . It also gave rise to religion disputes between the Christianity and Islam .And Jewess suffered a lot.
Two disputes
Quarrel with his sons :his sons mistrusted each other and resented their father’s policy of dividing land among them . Quarrel with Archbishop Becket: the key is how to use the law and court. At last Becket was assassinated .
Roses
VS
Contributions by HenryⅡ
---courts ---courts and law
Limit the power of barons (destroyed all the fortresses, let barons disband their hired foreign soldiers ) Sent out his own judges---circuit judges judges---circuit Jury system and trial by ordeal Two kinds of law ,Acts and Common Law
英美概况各章节重点知识点总结整理
Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。
甲骨文丛书金雀花王朝
目录中的每个章节都涉及到了金雀花王朝的重要事件和人物。从早期的开国 君主亨利二世，到最后的亡国之君理查三世，书中详细介绍了每位国王在位期间 的重大历史事件、政策变革和文化成就。这种全面而深入的描述方式，使得读者 能够更好地理解金雀花王朝在整个英国历史中的地位和作用。
这本书的目录还注重了历史背景的介绍。在每个章节的开头和结尾，作者都 提供了相关的历史背景和后续影响，帮助读者更好地理解当时的社会环境和历史 事件的相互关联。这种背景介绍使得读者能够更好地理解金雀花王朝时期的历史 事件和人物决策背后的原因。
金雀花王朝的初代国王从诺曼王朝手中接过的是一个四分五裂、流血漂橹的 残破国家。然而，他们并没有被困境所困，而是以非凡的智慧和勇气，将这个国 家发展成为一个帝国，其版图在巅峰时刻从苏格兰一直延伸到耶路撒冷。这其中， 不得不提的是那些英勇无畏、足智多谋的帝王们。他们以卓越的领导力，带领国 家度过了无数的危机，走向了繁荣昌盛。
摘录五：“尽管金雀花王朝经历了许多危机和困境，但它始终能够保持其强 大的凝聚力。这主要归功于君主们的智慧、贵族的支持以及人民的团结。”
这段文字总结了金雀花王朝能够长期稳定发展的关键因素。从上至下，各个 阶层人民的团结一致使得这个王朝得以应对各种挑战，最终走向辉煌。
阅读感受
《金雀花王朝》一书由英国历史学家丹·琼斯所著，他以独特的视角和引人 入胜的叙事方式，向我们展现了金雀花王朝这一英伦历史中辉煌而复杂的一页。 读完这本书，我仿佛穿越到了那个时代，亲眼目睹了那些英勇的帝王、刚烈的女 王以及他们背后的帝国兴衰。
这段文字揭示了金雀花王朝在发展过程中所面临的种种困境。尽管遭遇了种 种挫折，但这个王朝的君主们依然能够坚定地应对挑战，维护国家的统一与繁荣。
摘录四：“金雀花王朝时期的文化繁荣，尤其是在诗歌、音乐和艺术方面。 杰弗里·乔叟等文学巨匠的出现，标志着英国文学的诞生。”
英国历史
Major English-Speaking Countries: An Introduction
Major English-Speaking Countries: An Introduction
Influence of the Norman Conquest
A firmly established feudal system The beginning of Middle English. A much stronger control over the country by the Rome-backed Catholic Church French as the official language (coexistence of three languages: French, Latin and Old English) Numerous contacts between England and France
Major English-Speaking Countries: An Introduction
The Anglo-Saxon Invasion
Major English-Speaking Countries: An Introduction
Heptarchy （七国乱战）
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News of the Week
Major English-Speaking Countries: An Introduction
Presentation
Major English-Speaking Countries: An Introduction
Tasks of the Day
《帝国基业：从史前到金雀花王朝(英格兰史六部曲)》读书笔记模板
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 读书笔记 05 精彩摘录
目录
02 内容摘要 04 目录分析 06 作者介绍
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
制度
血鹰
金雀花
国家
尺度
革命
妖魔
基业
历史
帝国 国王
征服者
王朝
生活
大路
气候变迁
矛尖
王纲
名字
内容摘要
“英格兰史六部曲”是历史作家彼得•阿克罗伊德的代表作品，包含《帝国基业》《都铎王朝》《叛乱年代》 《革命世纪》《君临天下》《革故鼎新》共六卷。它以恢弘的笔触书写出这个传奇国家所经历的历史进程：这个 曾经封闭的岛国，如何借助宗教改革、议会制度、技术与思想的革命，以及贸易与殖民扩张，一步步成为一个领 土遍布全球的日不落帝国；以及在帝国衰微的今天，它又如何重新在战后的新秩序中定位自己，并且继续影响着 世界。阿克罗伊德的写作传达出他对这个曾在人类文明中居于顶点的国家的深刻眷恋，既铸就了一部大国崛起的 奋斗史和创新史，也成就了一部辉煌的民族史诗。《帝国基业》是阿克罗伊德“英格兰史六部曲”首卷，涵盖了 从英伦文明初始到金雀花王朝陨落的漫长历史时期。本卷既论及史前巨石阵，罗马统治，盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特 等部落的入侵与征服，英格兰王国的建立、诺曼征服、玫瑰战争和中世纪诸王的统治等政治与军事的历史，也探 究了英格兰民族的源起，宗教与精神的生活，习惯法的形成、议会制的创立和《大宪章》的签订等文化与制度的 历史。大英帝国正是通过这一时期的人民生活、政治事件和制度革新，为其兴盛打下了牢固的基础。
谢谢观看
目录分析
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《15世纪的世界》教案——中世纪英格兰
第十三讲 中世纪英格兰：封建制度与国家一、约翰王：文学与历史①莎士比亚的《约翰王》莎士比亚的10部英国历史剧是英格兰民族的史诗：序幕：《约翰王》争议作品：《爱德华三世》（至少部分为莎士比亚作品）玫瑰战争系列：第二四部曲：《理查二世》、《亨利四世》上下、《亨利五世》第一四部曲：《亨利六世》上中下、《理查三世》都铎王朝：《亨利八世》《约翰王》约作于1596年，从17世纪起广为流传。
约翰王(b.1166- r.1199- d.1216)，金雀花王朝（“金雀花”为该王室之先祖Geoffrey V of Anjou的别号）的第三位英格兰国王，史称“Lackland / Sans Terre”。
为金雀花王朝第一代国王亨利二世(b.1133- r.1154- d.1189)与阿奎丹女公爵艾莉诺（即下文中太后）之子。
亨利二世在位期间，金雀花王朝的土地横跨海峡两岸，达到鼎盛。
他共有5子3女：Geoffrey (1134-1158)，布列塔尼公爵；William (1152-1156)；Henry the Young (1155-1183)，诺曼底公爵；Richard I (b.1157- r.1189- k.b.1199)，英格兰国王（狮心王）；John，英格兰国王；Matilda，嫁给萨克森公爵；Eleanor，嫁给卡斯蒂尔国王；Joan，嫁给那不勒斯国王。
②《约翰王》故事梗概第一幕：法王腓力普（腓力二世·奥古斯都）遣使英王约翰，声称约翰是僭位的，要为其已故长兄吉弗雷之子亚瑟讨回海峡两侧的全部土地。
约翰王和太后艾莉诺严词拒绝。
骑士老罗伯特·福康勃立琪的私生长子腓力普与嫡子小罗伯特为争夺遗产而上诉约翰王。
私生子腓力普未能讨回遗产，但却被王室承认为狮心王理查的私生子，被封为骑士。
福康勃立琪夫人承认了自己曾与狮心王私通，私生子腓力普沾沾自喜。
第二幕：英法两国各自发兵，约翰王与腓力普王的军队在安茹公爵领的首邑安吉尔斯对阵。
英国皇室英语
Imperial War Museum
Imperial War Museum
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After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son.
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Greenwich Royal Observatory
Greenwich Royal Observatory
Definitely. Visitors to the Observatory can stand in both the eastern and western hemispheres simultaneously the Royal Observatory has been here since 1675, it’s a very old scientific institution. And it’s known throughout the world as the home of time. In fact the Prime Meridian of the world, which is the line from which all time is measured, passes through our courtyard. So we are very much the home of Greenwich Mean Time which is the basic time for the world.
金雀花王朝
1153 年，两派达成协议，斯蒂芬仍是英格兰国王，但死后由马蒂尔达皇后 的儿子亨利继承。
1154 年，斯蒂芬去世，亨利继位，是为英王亨利二世。 金雀花王朝（House of Plantagenet），又名普兰塔琪纳特王朝（金雀花拉丁 文直译就叫普兰塔琪纳特），在法国又名安茹王朝（House of Anjou）。 王室家族是一个源于法国安茹的贵族，从 12 世纪起统治英格兰，首任英格 兰国王是亨利二世。除家族原有世袭领地安茹伯国（1060 年–1203 年），该朝曾 统治过诺曼底公国（1144 年–1204 年及 1415 年–1450 年）、英格兰王国（1154 年–1485 年）、阿基坦公国（1153 年–1453 年），一度拥有从比利牛斯山到苏格 兰边境的广大统治版图，后世称此时期的英格兰王国为“安茹帝国”。 金雀花王朝的正式君王有八位，统治着 1154 年–1399 年的英格兰。1399 年理查二世逝世后的英格兰由该朝的两分支系——兰开斯特王朝和约克王朝先 后统治，而这两家族因为王位争夺而爆发了 15 世纪后半叶的玫瑰战争。 金雀花王朝期间，英国文化艺术逐渐成形，最能表现中世纪文学精神的诗人 杰弗里·乔叟便处于这个时代。 哥特式建筑在这时期盛行，著名的威斯敏斯特大教堂和约克大教堂正是根据 该建筑形式重修的。政治、社会形态也在发展，如宪法史上极具影响力的《大宪 章》便是约翰王签署的，英格兰议会、模范议会源于该朝。而较专门的教育机构 也建立起来了，包括牛津大学和剑桥大学。 而金雀花王朝时期政治气候多变，此间的“百年战争”便是一次代表性历史 事件。 安茹帝国 亨利二世继英格兰王位时，还拥有诺曼底公爵领、埃莉诺带来的的嫁妆阿基 坦公国和从父亲继承的安茹伯爵领，在英吉利海峡两岸都有大片土地，缔造了名 副其实的安茹帝国。亨利是个精力充沛的人，受过良好的教育经常和学者们商讨 问题。他鼓励城市的发展，并亲自督导经济的增长。亨利二世是现代的法律系学 生所熟知的中世纪英国国王：在他的统治下，英国习惯法的发展取得了长足的进 步。习惯法是由大法官法庭制定并执行的法律，它超越地方法庭和贵族法庭使用 的种种不同法律。国王的主要封臣及其各自的小封臣之间的矛盾和争执一并归大 法官法庭解决。9 世纪晚期，盎格鲁-撒克逊国王们就实现了政治统一，现代国家 实现了司法上的一致。12 世纪中期的教会与国家之间充满了各种矛盾和问题， 而亨利和时任坎特伯雷大主教的托马斯·贝克特在国王是否应该控制教会、国家 法庭与宗教法庭之间的关系上存在分歧。1170 年，亨利手下的骑士谋杀了坎特 伯雷大主教，震惊了基督教世界，教皇亚历山大三世威胁要对亨利二世处以绝罚。 亨利不得不屈服，他赤身表示悔罪，并表示要领导十字军去巴勒斯坦。此外，亨 利着手于挽回斯蒂芬王时期英格兰的丧失的疆土。1157 年，他施加外交压力， 迫使苏格兰王归还坎伯兰、威斯特摩兰和诺森伯利亚；然而 1157 年和 1165 年， 亨利无法对付圭内斯的欧文(Owain of Gwynedd)和德赫巴斯的里斯(Rhys of Deheubarth)的游击战术，对威尔士的征战无功而返；1169 年亨利二世的军队侵 入爱尔兰，1171 年他本人率领一支强大的舰队登上爱尔兰，成为第一个登上爱 尔兰的英格兰君主，并将征服的爱尔兰的土地分给盎格鲁-诺曼的伯爵们，1172 年亚历山大三世承认亨利在爱尔兰占领的领域。这些封地主要位于岛的东部，这 些伯爵们在这里建立了许多城堡来保护他们的封地。然而亨利的晚年遭到了儿子 们和王后埃莉诺的的反叛，其中理查王子与法兰西王腓力二世联合，击败亨利。
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Comments: a brilliant account of the age of chivalry with all its elaborate rituals and costumes and its values of honor and personal glory.
The Crusades
Definition: The Crusades were a series of military campaigns during the time of Medieval England against the Muslims of the Middle East. Reason: 1076, Jerusalem captured by Muslims --Jerusalem-near Jesus' birthplace (Bethlehem), where Jesus spent most of his life and died, therefore called “City of God”. --Jerusalem-also extremely important for the Muslims as Muhammad had been there. A beautiful dome - called the Dome of the Rock - was built on the rock where Muhammad was said to have sat and prayed (not allowed to tread on and touch). Result: The Christian fought to get Jerusalem back while the Muslims fought to keep Jerusalem. These wars were to last nearly 200 years
returning Winning Tale = “good morality and general pleasure” Prize = Free dinner at Tabard Inn Pilgrim who breaks rules pays for whole trip
The pilgrims
II. Reforms of the courts and law
The Common Law
（普通法）
decisions were made based on precedents
no written law
1. In common law legal system, the law is created or refined by
Ivanhoe
Author: Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) Setting: the reign of Richard I Incidents: -The crown vs. barons
-Norman overlords vs. conquered Saxons -Richard vs. Prince John
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英美法系亦称普通法系或海洋法系，「普通法」是来自英
文「Common Law」，即「普遍通用」之意，与大陆法系 并称为当今世界最主要的两大法系。
范围包括英国（除苏格兰）、美国（除路易斯安那州）、
加拿大（除魁北克省）、澳洲、广大的英语国家和地区及 很多前英国殖民地，香港也包括在内。
与大陆法系相比，英美法系多不成文法，尤其是判例法，
Plantagenet was the family name of a line of kings ruled England from 1154 to 1399;
Geoffrey (Count of Anjou, France);
Matilda (daughter of Henry I)
Nicknamed Plantagenet because he wore a sprig of the broom plant.
The Normans (诺曼王朝)
Key points in unit 4
1. What is Plantagenet? 2. Henry II and his reforms of the courts and law; 3. Henry II and Thomas Becket;
I. The Plantagenet (金雀花王朝11541485)
Why Go?
Thomas Becket’s Shrine is there (merely an excuse for many of the pilgrims)
Harry Bailly’s contest Rules: Each pilgrim tells 4 tales--2 going, 2
What do you know about King Richard?
common law judges have the authority and duty to “make” law by creating precedent (先例). The body of precedent is called "common law" and it affects future decisions.
3. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is
bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision .
-- An Outline History of England --
The Prologue
Who’s There? Chaucer (narrator) 29 pilgrims
About the Pilgrimage:
From: The Tabard Inn (Southwark) > To: Canterbury Cathedral Appx 55 miles on horseback
强调“遵循先例”原则；法律制度和推动，即法 官实质上通过做出判决起到了立法的效果。
-- An Outline History of England --
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The Canterbury Tales
Written by Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400) the “father” of English poetry The Canterbury Tales is a poem about a PILGRIMAGE which has been translated from: MIDDLE ENGLISH. Containing two parts “The Prologue” and “The Pilgrims’ Tales” This story is a “snapshot” of life in the Middle Ages He tried to include the complete range of medieval society in the same “picture” by placing characters on a pilgrimage from many stages and stations in life.
Review
1. How did William I divide the land? How did he avoid troubles he had in Normandy? 2. What was the advisory body like? 3. What else did he do to secure his control over the new kingdom? 4. What was the situation like after William I died? 5. What was Henry I remembered for? 6. Explain Whitsun, The Doomsday Book, The Common Law and The London Tower.
-military group (knight, squire, yeoman) -clergy group (nun, monk, friar) -Middle class group (merchant, oxford cleric, lawyer, franklin, tradesmen, cook, skipper, doctor, wife) -pilgrims of humble virtue (parson, plowman) -low class group (miller, manciple, reeve, summoner, pardoner)
judges: a decision in the present case depends on decisions in former cases and this decision affects the law to be applied in future cases.
2.When there is no authoritative statement of the law,
II. Henry II and Reforms of the courts and law
1. General comments on Henry II 2. Limitation of barons’ power 3. Circuit judges; 4. The appearance of jury system 5. Trial by ordeal 6. The Acts and the Common Law 7. Henry’s problems