英语论文中常用词汇和短语

英语论文中常用词汇和短语

差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference

No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this di fference failed to achieve statistical significance.

存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present

多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, h andful

方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools

发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence

In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high pre valence of mutations at A:T base pairs.

发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, est ablish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate,illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening，isolation

改变change, alteration,

高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced

各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tu mors

关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,

广泛的in an extensive survey

进行conducte，perform, carry out,

降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression,deficient, low, weak, fa int, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduc ed or completelyabsent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous andwea ker expression, completely negative, was not detectable ordramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barelydetectable, no expression was found,

角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic func

tions

可能性feasibility

密切地intimately

难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)

潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,

缩写abbreviations

识别，辨别discernment

事件

Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.

a putative tumor initiating event

a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,

a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction proce sses

a common event associated with the mechanisms of

a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapy

a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicants

a common event （that occurs）during apoptosis is……

acommon event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastictransformation that directly o r indirectly involves activation ofspecific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways

a common event through which

a common event in vivo

a rather common event of unknown biological significance

a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrations

a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative si gnificance

a common event contributing to

arare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation,stressful, critical, crucial, sec ondary, independent, regulatory,early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untowar d,upstream, irreversible, very frequent event

提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in 调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-

expression, down-expression, down-regulation,

推测presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)

无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously

显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong,striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential,prevalence, prevalent,

相关性

related, more relevant with ，the relevance of

no intergroup difference，irrespective of

There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.

Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.

No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, h istology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.

wedid not find any correlation between bax expression and anyclinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade,histological type).

相同，同等并列

The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itself

with a similar pattern to

协同，加强

synergize with

研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial,observations, assessme nt, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigationinto, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine,test, assess, evaluate, explore,

一致

which is in accord with the results

which corroborated the results

which supported the results

优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental

异常aberration, abnormality

重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance

相反

On the contrary,

In contrary,

but quite on the contrary

in sharp contrast,

contrary to what would be expected

Contrary to the expectation that

Contrary to previous beliefs,

Contrary to the hypothesis,

Contrary to current popular truisms

Contrary to current cognitive theories,

However, contrary to expectation,…….

Contrary to pre dictions,…

in contrast to previous observations…

Contrary to prediction,……

Contrary to most previous claims,

与一起in combination with, coupled with

由于、鉴于

In light of

In view that

常用翻译技巧

转自[译天下]

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以

运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

1. 增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或'There be…'结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：

（1）What about calling him right away?

马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）

（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.

要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）

(3) Indeed, the reverse is true

实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）

(4) 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了***。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词）

（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。

While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common p eople were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词）

（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two cou ntries.（增译介词）

（7）在***领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big o ppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mast ermind.（增译注释性词语）

2. 省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：

（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.

你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）

(2) I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）

（3）中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to en vironmental protection. (省译名词)

3. 转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：

(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。

Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)

（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the e yesight of children.

孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)

（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our com prehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)

(4) I'm all for you opinion.

我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）

（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chine

se people.

改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）

（6）In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward hi s environment.

作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）

（7）In some of the European countries, the people are given the bi ggest social benefits such as medical insurance.

在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）

（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！

We don't have much time left. Let's go back. (句型转换)

（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)

4.拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复

句相间的句法修辞原则。如：

(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.

同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译）

（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which th e Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译）

（3）This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, w ho see Britain's membership of the Community a guarantee that the polic ies of the community will take their interests into account

英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。（在定语从句前拆译）

（4）中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。

China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mo untains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）

5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：

（1）在美国，人人都能买到枪。

In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)

In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) （2）你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。

You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译）

This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译）（3）他突然想到了一个新主意。

Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)

He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)

A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译）

（4）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。

He still could not understand me. (正译)

Still he failed to understand me. (反译)

（5）无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。

She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)

She is anything but a bright student. (反译)

（6）Please withhold the document for the time being.

请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）

请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译

Unit 5 Translation Skill—Omission(减词法)

减词法与增词法相对。原文中有些词语在译文中不必显示出来，因为译文中虽无此词，但已有其意。换言之，减词法是减去一些可有可无的，或者有了反而啰嗦，或违背译文语言习惯的词语。减词法一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。

The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones.

I. 从语法角度进行减省

"由于英汉句法上的差异，英语句法上所必需的一些表达某种句法关系或语法功能的词语，其表意作用不大或无表意作用，译成汉语时往往省译。

1. 省略连词

1) If the rise of blood pressure occurs with some other diseases, it is called secon dary hypertension.

2) The most valuable advice which can be given to a patient with a cold is that h

e should keep warm and take much water and go to bed i

f the fever is high.

"注意当and连接句子时，不仅可翻译成汉语的并列句：并且、而且、还可翻译成汉语的偏正复句：因而、所以、虽然……但（是）等

1) The pulse is rapid, the temperature may be as high as 39℃, and there may be shortness of breath.

2) In the other two cases, operation was refused and it was impossible to decide whether cancer was the cause of death.

* They loved each other and there is no love lost between them.

* Anthrax was not known in the area a t the time, or if it was, wasn’t thought to be

of any consequence by the local tribes, and went unmentioned.

2. 省略代词

1) Dr. Stevenson resumed this experiment as soon as he came into the laboratory.

I washed my face.

2) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. * 汉语物主代词的使用往往有特殊的含义，可以表示其他所属关系，强调或不耐烦、不满情绪等。

她开他的车去。（其他所属关系）

让他们散布他们的谣言去。（不满情绪）

"当one、we、they、you用作泛指代词时infinitive pronoun，通常可以省略。

3) To really appreciate Italian painting, one should see it in Italy.

4) It is dead quiet and pitch dark in the outer space.

5) It was Pasteur who discovered that diseases are caused by living germs.

6) Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history bo oks are great conquerors and generals and soldiers.

3. 省略介词

"省略表示时间的介词

表示时间的英语介词译成汉语时，如果置于句首一般可以省略，若出现在句尾大多不省略。

1) The people’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

2) Rumor had it that hostilities were to begin on April 23.

3) Newton, theoretical physicist and mathematician, was born in 1642.

"省略表示地点的介词

同表示时间的介词类似，表示地点（包括位置、场所等）的介词译成汉语时若置于句首，也经常可以省略，若出现在句尾大多不省略。

1) Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.

2) She hid behind the door.

3) Mount the meter on that panel.

4. 省略同义词

有些同义词连用，表示强调，或对前词提供解释，可译出其中一个即可。

1) He is a man of culture and learning.

2) The liver, or hepar, is the largest of the glandular organ of the body.

II. 冗词赘语的省略

原文中有些词语是不言而喻的，如果将这些词语全盘照译往往会形成不必要的冗言赘语。因此，根据汉语的修辞规范常常需要将这些词省略，以便使译文更加简洁洗练。

1) Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.

2) Job hunters who worked at a job will receive preference over those who have n ot.

3) There was no snow. The leaves were gone from the trees. The grass was dea

d.

4) We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make p rompt shipment of the merchandise.

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Unit 6 Translation Skill----Translation Methods of Complex Sentences (难句长句

译法)

I. 定语从句的翻译方法

前置

通常把较短的定语从句译成带―的‖字的前置定语。

1) Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.

2) Body movements are due to the action of the muscles that are attached to the bones.

"后置

在英语中定语从句总是在所修饰的名词后面，而汉语中定语一般在所修饰的名词前面。如果英语的从句过于复杂、冗长，放在所修饰的名词前，汉语句子会显得臃肿，不通顺，这时就可以把定语从句放在所修饰的名词后面来翻译，译成汉语的并列分句。由于定语从句中的连接词通常在从句中充当句子成分，所以可用重复先行词，或用代词及―该、其、每‖等字样代替先行词的方法引出汉语的并列分句。

1) This is a medical university, the students of which are trained to be medical wo rkers.

2) One major concern is the rise of managed health care and its accompanying de creases in clinical earnings, which have traditionally helped to subsidize the coasts of medical education.

"融合

即把主句和从句融合成一个简单句，其中定语从句中的谓语变成了译文句子的谓语。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.

2）In recent years , many discoveries have been made which greatly facilitate the study of medicine.

"状译

有些定语从句在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等，这时需弄清其与主句的逻辑关系，将它们翻译成汉语各种相应的分句。

1) A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.

2) The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.

3) He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.

II. 同位语从句的翻译方法

一般来说，同位语从句可直接放在主句后面翻译，或将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的定语，但不一定使用定语的标志―的‖。还可通过增加―即、以为、这样、这个事实是‖等字样，或用冒号、破折号直接翻译。

Behaviorists say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whit es enjoy.

III. 状语从句的翻译方法"

时间状语从句

由于时间状语的引导词除了显示时间关系外，有时可以表示条件关系，所以还可以翻译成条件句。

1) Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.

2) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point w here the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to acce pt more ―unnatural food‖.

原因状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句"

大多数可放在主句前

1) The crops failed because the season was dry.

2) While we cannot see the air, we can feel it.

目的状语从句和结果状语从句大多数可按原文语序顺译"

Home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.

IV. 难句译法

拆分与组合法(Division and Combination)

英语的句子无论多么复杂，都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的。所以，在理解英语难句长句的时候，可以把主句和从句拆分出来，或者把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。也就是说可以通过寻找下面一些―信号词‖作为句子的拆分点来对英语难句长句进行拆分，进而更加有效地理解英语原文。拆分之后，分段理解，然后再根据汉语习惯，应用各种翻译技巧进行重新组合。

信号词：

1. 连词

并列连词：and, or but, yet for等连接并列句

连接副词：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, though, although, so that, how, why等连接状语从句。

连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等连接名词性从句和定语从句

2. 介词:on, in, with, at, of, to等介词常常引导介词短语作修饰语

3．不定式符号:to

4．分词

5．标点符号

以上列举的这些信号词只是在拆分英语原文的时候可能断开句子的地方,但不是绝对的。它们有助于译者看清句子结构，进而更好地理解英语原文。

改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文

Sample Analysis

1) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study human s and their endeavor in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. （后置）

社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图像科学家研究自然现象那样，以理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式来研究人类及其行为。

2) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be reje cted, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. （条件）

3) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively eas y nowadays by modern means of transport. （原因）

4) The onset of chronic leukemia is frequently so insidious that it is accidentally di scovered when a blood count is obtained for other reasons or when the patient re ports to his physician that he has noted a few enlarged lymph nodes or felt, while bathing, a firm left upper quadrant abdominal mass.

V. 长句译法

碰到复杂的长句不要畏难、急躁，无论什么复杂的长句都有固定的语法结构，经过分析，总是可以理出头绪。但在对语法结构没有理出头绪，对原文意思没有完全理解之前，不要急于动手翻译。

为了正确理解复杂长句，可先把句中各种次要成分(如分词短语，独立成分，同位语等)和各种从句暂时排除，让主句暴露出来，这样就可以了解这个长句的中心意思，然后再把从句和次要成分加上，就可以前后连贯地理解整个长句意思。在理解原文的基础上，即可着手翻译，要敢于打破原句结构，分清主次，考虑汉语表达习惯，重新组合。

Sample Analysis

Nevertheless, until additional knowledge becomes available it seems best to continu e to consider the clinical problems under the generic heading ―arteriosclerosis‖, rec ognizing that medial sclerosis appears to be a manifestation chiefly of either aging or of elevated blood pressure and is in the main asymptomatic; that medial sclerosi

s appears to predispose to the development of intimal sclerosis; and that intimal sc lerosis （atherosclerosis）, apparently closely connected with lipid and particularly, c holesterol metabolism, is chiefly responsible for the interference with blood supply a nd, therefore, the symptoms and signs attributable to arteriosclerosis. (92 words)

Unit 3 Translation Skill—Amplification (增词法)

英汉两种语言在词汇和句法等方面的差异显著，翻译时需采用各种弥合手段，其中重要的一个方法就是增词法。增词法指的是在英汉翻译中适当增加原文中无其形而有其意的词语，使译文自然通顺，完整。增词法一般用于以下两种情况：一是为了表意的需要，二是为了语法的需要。

Susceptibility to colds varies.

1.Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original (增加原文省略部分)

1) Enlargement of the spleen is said to occur in about one-third of cases and emb olization, in more than half of cases.

据说大约三分之一或一半以上的病例有栓塞和脾肿大。

大约三分之一的病例有脾肿大，半数以上的病例有栓塞。

2) …a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-chair-at –the -sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they have not.

年青的女士认为，女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则认为，今天的女性还没有取得这样的进步。

2. Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives or Transitions (增加必要的连接词或承上启下的词)

1) With your eyes shut you can recognize hundreds of things by their sound or th eir touch.

你就是闭上眼睛，也还能凭声音或触感辨认数百种东西。

2) Yes, I like Chinese food; lots of people do these days. Sort of fashion.

不错，我喜欢中国菜，这也算是赶时髦吧！

3) White surfaces reflect heat; dark surfaces absorb it.

白色的表面反射热量，而黑色的表面吸收热量。

3. Amplification by Supplying Category Words (增加范畴词)在汉语中，有一类词称为范畴词（category words ），如：……性（耐受性）、……局势（紧张局势）、……态度（冷漠态度）、……问题（***问题）、……情绪（自满情绪）等。在翻译时有时必须加上这些词才能符合汉语的表达习惯。

Dyspnea must be assessed in relation to age, obesity and physical fitness.

病人呼吸困难应考虑其年龄、肥胖程度及健康状况。

1) The pharmacologists are making a careful study of the allergy of the medicine. 药理学家正在认真研究这种药的过敏反应。

2) The drug is well tolerated and generally does not give rise to serious side effect s.

病人对该药有良好的耐受性，而且一般不引起严重副作用。

confusion 混乱局面

saturation 饱和状态

measurement 测量方法；测量结果

preparation 准备工作

management 管理部门

redundancy 多余信息

normalization 正常状态

remedies 补救措施

solution 解决方法

modification 修改方案

4. Amplification by Supplying Words of Generalization (增加概括性词汇):

1) The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satell ites and rockets.

该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。

2) The mother is 37,alive and well. The father is 45, alive and well, two sibs, one brother and one sister, alive and well.

母亲37岁、父亲45岁、一个兄弟和一个姐妹均健在。

3) He had become a master of evasion: his main response to criticism is to threat