考研英语长难句课程讲义

考研英语长难句课程讲义

课程简介：

1．内容：考研真题长难句

2．原因：长难句贯穿完形，阅读，翻译，对写作也有借鉴作用

3．目标：看得懂长难句（阅读）?会翻译长难句（翻译）?会写长难句（写作）4．课时安排：8月份5次课

I．理论＋区分主从句

II．翻译技巧与定语从句专题

III．名词性从句专题

IV. 长难句中的并列专题

V. 特殊的长难句（倒装句省略句等）和综合练习

学习方法：

1.长“难”句难在哪儿？生词＋复杂结构（主从／修饰关系）

2.如何看懂长难句？

两步走：第一步（宏观）：分清主句从句

第二步（微观）：定位主句和从句内部的修饰成分（定／状语为主）

3.简单复习语法：

谓语与动词的区别：谓语是句子成分，动词是词性，谓语一定是动词。

定语与状语的区别：定语修饰主语和宾语（名／代），状语修饰动词，形容词和句子

什么是简单句？

一切复杂句（并列句／复合句／复杂复合句）都是由五种简单句而来：

i.主语＋谓语My skin burns.

ii.主语＋谓语（系动词）＋表语I am a teacher.／You l ook good.

iii.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语I l ove you.

iv.主语＋谓语＋间接宾语+直接宾语The firm gave Sam a watch.

v.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语＋宾语补足语You make me happy.

什么是并列句？

一般由并列连词and, but, so, yet连接，或者由“；”连接。各个并列句同等重要且独立存在。举例：I know you, and/but/so/yet I hate you.

什么是主从复合句？

形容词性从句（定语从句）：

从句作定语，修饰名词，代词或整个句子。先行词和关系代词（引导词）。定语从句常见引导词有which, that, who, whose, whom, when, where, as, whereby

例子：A d octor examined the astronauts who returned from space today.

名词性从句：

主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。名称由来根据该从句所做成分而定，从句做主语就叫主语从句，依此类推。名词性从句常见引导词：which, what, who, whom, that, when, where, how

I．表语从句：I am what I am.

II. 主语从句：Whether we find a joke funny or not largely d epends on where we have been brought up.

III. 宾语从句：Anthropologists wond ered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peopl es now living in the Pacific Islands came from.

IV. 同位语从句：Peopl e who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.

点播：

发现定语从句和名词性从句的区别了么？名词性从句在主句中做成分(是主句的一部分)，而定语从句修饰主句(与主句可以切割开)。

名词性从句中的that在从句中不做成分，只是起连接作用。但定语从句的that在从句中一定做成分。

副词性从句（状语从句）：

时间／地点／原因／目的／条件／让步／比较／方式状语从句。状语从句常见引导词：when, whil e, as, before, after, since, until, where, because, for, so that, in ord er to, so as to, if, unl ess, although, though, even if, than, the way等

例子：Four days after setting out, whil e the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was sudd enly spotted.

读懂长难句“两步走”

第一步：宏观——分清主句从句

关键：区分主从句关键在于找到谓语（动词），并区分主从句谓语（动词）

技巧：1. 需要学会区分谓语动词与动词的非谓语形式（i.e.不定式，动名词，尤其是过去分词）

2. 区分主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词：顺着该谓语动词往前找，先遇到引导词说明该谓语为从句谓语，先遇到其他谓语（或无谓语也无引导词），则该动词就是主句动词。尤其注意引导词that省略的情况。

3. 将从句圈起来，宏观上确定主句各种成分（五种基本句型之一：主谓宾／表／补语）

第二步：微观——定位句内修饰成分

关键：明确主句和从句各自内部的修饰关系（定语／状语／同位语／插入语）

定语：修饰主语／宾语（名词／代词），紧跟被修饰的中心词

1. 前置定语：形容词／名词e.g. a great/science book

翻译技巧：一般情况下，前置定语都很短，可以与所修饰的主语／宾语看做一体，翻译的时候也一般不涉及语序的调整。

2. 后置定语：紧跟所修饰的名词后出现，可以充当后置定语的词和结构包括：

1）形容词短语 a book useful for the future

2）现在分词短语（-ing）a leaf fl oating on the river

3）过去分词短语（-ed）a picture painted by Picasso；a presid ent privileged to receive the Nobel Peace Prize

4）to d o短语（不定式）a way to d eal with chronic hunger in Africa

5）介词短语：a plague beyond control/a scar on my heart

技巧：一定要加深对后置定语的理解，因为汉语中不喜欢把定语后置，所以在翻译的时候，一般的处理方法就是：后置定语较短，调结构甩到中心词前面；若定语太长，就将定语变成一个句子，适当地补充／重复主语。其实，所有的后置定语都可以改成一个定语从句，所以后置定语的翻译处理方法同定语从句。

状语：位置不固定，一般在修饰动词和形容词，有时候修饰整个句子。

可以充当状语的词和结构：

1）副词：看以下两个副词所修饰的对象是什么，翻译时又有什么区别。

I. She sings beautifully.

II. China’s l ong-term mod ernization program und erstandably and necessarily focuses on economic growth.

技巧：在翻译单个副词状语的时候，也常常会发现直接将副词翻译成汉语的“＊＊地”

加在动词前会很奇怪。这时需要将其以小句的形式补充出来。

Thanks to China’s reform and opening-up policy, millions upon millions of Chinese peopl e have been pull ed out of poverty in an unpreced entedly short time of 30 years.

思考下unpreced ented这个词怎么翻译比较合适？

2）介词短语

真题例句：In public, bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubl es.

3）过去分词短语：

Found ed in 1694, the Bank of England has centuries of experience in d ealing with financial troubl e.

4）现在分词短语：

真题例句：Science and technol ogy woul d cure all the ills of humanity, l eading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

5）to d o短语（不定式）：

真题例句：To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting

orchestral music.

6）独立主格：独立主格本身非句子，因为无谓语，形式上是为现在／过去分词短语增加名词“主语”，在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。

真题例句：Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubbl e peak, the US workforce was d erid ed as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor US economic performance. (with引导的独立主格，with可省略)

插入语：可跳读。难点就是亮点，建议作文中使用，会使句子错落有致。

例子：Parents, in a word, should never l ose sight of the sid e-effects of computer games on their children.

点播：一定要有意识地在作文中使用单个副词／（介词）短语组状语插入语。

China has been the fastest growing economy in the worl d for over a d ecad e.

Doubtl essly/Und oubtedly/Beyond question/Beyond d oubt, China…

注意积累可以做插入语的副词／（介词）短语

同位语：解释说明性名词结构，用于修饰名词。往往会提供更多关于主语／宾语的信息，在考研一新题型中尤为关键。

例子：The American Law Institute, a group of judges, lawyers and acad emies whose recommendations carry substantial weight, issued new guid elines for patent law.

点播：学会在作文中使用同位语，会使表达更多样化，行文更错落有致，也会增加使用高难词汇的机会。

例子：China, the biggest emerging economy in the worl d/the most popul ous country across the gl obe，is attaching more and more importance to shifting its growth model to make its growth sustainabl e.

翻译技巧与解题步骤

A.英汉语言差异

英语形合，名词多，长句多（树枝型）；汉语意合，动词多，小句多（竹节型）

点播：英译汉中，时常设计将英文中的非动词（假名词／介词／形容词居多）翻译成汉语的动词。

B.解题步骤

●通读句子

●断句：剥洋葱式拆分：切分主/从句，切主干/修饰成分（用到上面学的技巧）

（尤其注意连词，介词是切分标志）

●信息整合（添，减），调整语序（如，定语提前等）——学会“顺句驱动”（省时）

●下笔：想好了再下笔，力求工整

定语从句两种翻译方法：

1. 将定语从句甩到先行词前做前置定语

2. 将定语从句翻译成小句，补充在主句后，适当重复或者补充主语。

定语从句专题：

warm-up exercise:

试试用定语从句的两种译法翻译以下的句子：

The prosperity that had never appeared before took on in the countrysid e.

点播：将定语从句翻成小句时，时常要用“这”：“其”“该＊”“即”指代先行词，或重复主语，或添加主语

真题演练

1.Changes in the economy that l ead to fewer job opportunities for the youth and rising

unempl oyment in general mad e gainful empl oyment increasingly difficult to obtain. （that）主句是什么？increasingly你会用了么？“获得”你会几种说法？

2.The railroad industry as a whol e, d espite its brightening fortunes, still d oes not earn enough

to cover the cost of capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. （省略）

看出来哪里省掉了关联词that了么，that指代的先行词是什么?

3．Many consumers seem to have been influence by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. (which)

Which 指代什么？a necessary/indispensabl e ingredient to sth. 的表达你学会了么？

4. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowl edge and care. (whose) 从句存在一处并列，你找到了么？

5. Straitford(firm name)’s briefs d on’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic d eclarations on the chance (that) they might be wrong. Whereby这个关联词你认识么？(whereby)

6. A grandmotherly women staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged read er not to use any thing that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur , no medicine. (that)

这句话里有几层定语从句，引导词分别知道什么，你分得清么？

7. Other mod els exist that are hybrids of these three, such as d elayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it frees availabl e to everyone who wishes to see it. (where)

这句话的插入语管到哪里？before在这里是什么词，做什么成分？一共几个定语从句？

8. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergency of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an id eal but an id eol ogy.

it 指代什么（看emergence）

9. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-fund ed research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.

主句的主语是什么？你找对了么？by的动作发出者在哪儿？

10. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the l ower half of the alphabet.

As yet什么意思？本句话中有一个形容词后置定语，你找得到么？whose 前的those改称these 可以么？

11. The networked computer is an amazing d evice, the first media machine that serves as the mod e of production, means of distribution, site of reception and place of praise and critique.

看懂了，可是能翻译好么？media在这里怎么翻译好？mod e of production呢？哪些词得变化成动词翻？

12. Toyota Motor, for exampl e, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well orchestrated social media response campaign, which includ ed efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

这句话没看懂更多是因为词汇还是语法结构？

13. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors availabl e for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of life.

有没有发现这句话唯一的难点在单词？从句就那几种变化形式，但单词却成千上万啊。

14. Social science is that branch of intell ectual enquiry which seeks to study human and their end eavors, in the same reasoned, ord erly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon.

第一个that是引导词么？怎么断句翻译起来简单一些(顺句驱动)？

15. I shall d efine him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pl easure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems.

动词+A+as+B的用法你还熟悉么？找到AB了么？

16. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful, which bring together tel evision, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

翻译时试试将第二个定语从句前置后置两种译法

17. Of all the changes that have taken place in the English-language newpapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorabl e (unstoppabl e) d ecline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

开头的介词短语连接的定语从句怎么翻好？

18. On the other hand, oil importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted —have become more energy intensive, and so coul d be more seriously squeezed.

To which的定语从句与主句的逻辑你看懂了么？用上常识了么？

19. It (the report) id entifies the und ertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medial procedures that may prol ong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

Twin Problems指代什么你找到了吗？那些名词需要翻成动词？

20. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessor might be abl e to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by d ecad es if not centuries.

定语从句在哪儿？