小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)
小学托福测评试题及答案
小学托福测评试题及答案一、听力部分（共30分）（一）听录音，选择正确的图片。
每个录音将播放两遍。
（共5小题，每小题1分）1. A. B. C.2. A. B. C.3. A. B. C.4. A. B. C.5. A. B. C.（二）听录音，选择正确的答案。
每个录音将播放两遍。
（共5小题，每小题1分）6. What does the boy want to be when he grows up?A. A doctor.B. A teacher.C. A scientist.7. What is the weather like today?A. Sunny.B. Rainy.C. Cloudy.8. Who is Tom's best friend?A. Peter.B. Lucy.C. Kate.9. Where did the girl go last weekend?A. To the park.B. To the zoo.C. To the museum.10. What time does the train leave?A. At 7:30.B. At 8:00.C. At 8:30.（三）听录音，填入所缺的单词或短语。
每个录音将播放两遍。
（共5小题，每小题1分）11. Sam _______ basketball on the playground every afternoon.12. Linda is _______ a storybook in the library now.13. There are _______ seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.14. The _______ is bigger than the moon.15. My father usually _______ the newspaper after dinner.（四）听问句，选择正确的答句。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(11)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（11）(1~12/共51题)阅读理解THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY 1 In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he rescues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.2 In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways. In Greek mythology, Prometheus steals fire from the gods and gives it to humans, a feat making him more of a hero than a trickster, and he is usually portrayed as an intellectual. In many Native American stories, Coyote also steals fire from the gods, but Coyote is usually more of a jokester or a prankster than an intellectual.3 The trickster is both creator and destroyer, giver and taker, one who tricks others and is tricked in return. The pranks of the trickster are compulsive and uncontrollable. He does not act consciously; he acts out of passion and impulse. He knows neither good nor evil, yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no morals, yet through his behavior morality comes into being. According to psychologist Carl Jung, the trickster is "a primitive cosmic being of divine-animal nature, on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his unreason and unconsciousness."4 In Native American mythology, the majority of trickster myths concern the creation or transformation of the earth. Such stories have a trickster who is always wandering, who is always hungry, who is not guided by normal ideas of good and evil, and who possesses some magical powers. In some stories he is a deity, and in others he is an animal or human that is subject to death. Several of these myths feature Raven or Coyote as the trickster-hero.5 In many creation myths of the Pacific Northwest, Raven illustrates the transformational nature of tricksters. Raven is the greatest shapeshifter of all and can change into anything to get what he wants. In one story, there is darkness at the beginning of the world, so Raven decides he will find light. He flies far from the earth, searching in the darkness, until he spots a glimmer of light coming from a window in the house of the gods. Raven knows the gods are protective of their possessions, so he devises a trick. He perches on a pine branch next to the house and watches each day as the chief god's daughter draws water from a nearby lake. He magically transforms himself into a pinyon seed and falls into the girl's drinking cup. The girl swallows the seed, which grows within her body, and she eventually gives birth to a boy. The child delights his grandparents, and his laughter tricks the elder gods into revealing where they hide a shining ball of light. The gods give the child the ball to play with, and then Raven transforms back to a bird and flies off carrying the ball of light in his beak. He hangs the ball—the sun—in the sky, thereby bringing light to the world.6 Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles. In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death. He often teaches through negativeexample by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world. Coyote shows us that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.Glossary:mischief: tendency to play tricks or cause minor troublethievery: the act of theft; stealingpinyon seed: the seed of a pine tree; pine nut第1题The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.destructivelyB.falselyC.bravelyD.mistakenly第2题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster's behavior.B.The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.C.When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.D.The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.第3题The author discusses Prometheus and Coyote in paragraph 2 in order toA.illustrate two different views of the trickster-heroB.explain how humans received the gift of fireC.argue that the trickster is an intellectual heroD.encourage readers to study world mythology第4题The word pranks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.funny storiesplex plansC.mischievous actsD.divine traits第5题All of the following are traits of the trickster EXCEPTA.a desire to break the rulesB.the ability to disguise himselfC.superhuman powersD.awareness of good and evil第6题Native American stories with a trickster-hero are usually aboutA.the victory of good over evilB.the creation or transformation of the worldC.the struggle to control one's natureD.the punishment of humans by the gods第7题The word spots in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imaginesB.transformsC.locatesD.destroys第8题The author tells a story about Raven in which the tricksterA.gives humans the gift of fireB.changes into a young girlC.steals the sun from the godsD.causes a destructive flood第9题The word savior in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.one who wants total powerB.one who rescues others from harmC.one who causes terrible sufferingD.one who cares about only himself第10题It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which statement about the trickster?A.The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.B.The trickster shows us that there is no difference between good and evil.C.The trickster serves as an explanation for creation, change and renewal.D.The trickster teaches children that lying and stealing are acceptable behavior.第11题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Like Raven, Coyote is a master transformer whose mischievous power is responsible for events that benefit humanity.Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles.A In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death.B He often teaches through negative example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing.C His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world.D Coyote shows usthat at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.第12题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the trickster that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer ChoicesA. Introduces sickness, sorrow, and death to make life more interestingB. Transforms into various shapes to achieve his purposesC. Appears as an intellectual hero in stories of good and evilD. Creates a ball of silver light that becomes the moonE. Changes into a seed to gain entrance to the house of the godsF. Causes a great flood and then leads humans to a better worldG. Brings light to the world by playing a trick on the godsRaven●●●Coyote●●下一题(13~25/共51题)阅读理解DADA AND POP ART 1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality, disorder, and anarchy. Dada protested all forms of authority and convention. It rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. In Dada there was only one rule: Never follow any established rules. There was no predominant medium; however, assemblage, collage, and photomontage were techniques frequently employed. Dadaist art was nonsensical, impulsive, and often playful. The movement's founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 1916 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a hobby-horse, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art.2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first "ready-made," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—mades—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States themovement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead &rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between "high" and "low" art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Pop to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters—a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars. Pop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses.5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies of the least "arty" things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists' brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco.6 Andy Warhol, more than any other Pop artist, took on the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, same paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhol's work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this glut of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this and embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity—a famous brand name or the image of a famous person—had completely replaced sacredness in art.Glossary:aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic第13题According to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was toA.stimulate public interest in artB.change the goals of art educationC.destroy traditional standards of artD.make mass media the subject of art第14题The author mentions a hobby-horse in paragraph 1 in order toA.explain the origin of the name "Dada"B.illustrate how Dadaists created artpare art to a children's gameD.give an example of a "ready-made"第15题According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was byA.refusing to fight in the First World WarB.writing plays about social classing "found" objects in works of artD.criticizing the commercial media第16题The word forerunner in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.leading writerB.earliest artistC.main criticD.fastest runner第17题The passage gives all of the following as examples of "ready-mades" EXCEPTA.a bicycle wheelB.a bottle rackC.a soup canD.a comb第18题The word embraced in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.mockedB.ignoredC.welcomedD.defended第19题It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the Pop artistsA.reacted against the Dada movementB.were more popular than the DadaistsC.criticized art for being too commercialD.succeeded in changing ideas about art第20题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media.B.The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture.C.The mass media quickly reached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art.rge numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.第21题Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists?A.Marcel Duchampwrence AllowayC.Roy LichtensteinD.Andy Warhol第22题The phrase took on in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.hatedB.was afraid ofC.inventedD.responded to第23题The word glut in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.excessB.definitionC.fearD.absence第24题. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen.Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. A Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. B The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1 9 1 3 created his first "readymade," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—made—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. C The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. D In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.A.AB.BC.CD.D第25题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movement that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer ChoicesA. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and televisionB. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and musicC. Focused on transitory impressions and the changing effects of lightD. Depicted things that had already been produced in other mediaE. Originated as a protest against the First World WarF. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular cultureG. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of artH. Used "found" objects and "ready-mades" in works of artI. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous peopleDada●●●Pop Art●●●●上一题下一题(26~38/共51题)阅读理解DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion acres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of the nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained.2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River.3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North America's abundance of wood, as iron makers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until they were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton of iron. Thus, the toll on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry.4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of "wood hawks" along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion surged, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the "iron horses," which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and each additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties.6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. More than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century—from log cabins to clapboard cottages—were built mainly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles. All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year.7 Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact on the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第26题The word thick in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.flatB.denseC.humidD.open第27题What point does the author make about deforestation in North America?A.It occurred mostly within a single century.B.It changed how people thought about trees.C.It provided jobs in several related industries.D.It caused an economic crisis in two countries.第28题According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPTA.the expansion of agricultureB.an increase in forest firesC.the use of charcoal as a fuelD.steamboat transportation第29题Why does the author use the word toll in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3?A.To show that the process of smelting iron was expensiveB.To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industryC.To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxesD.To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated第30题The word voracious in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.varyingB.greedyC.strangeD.moderate第31题The phrase "wood hawks" in paragraph 4 describesA.a type of riverboatB.a species of treeC.people who sold woodrge woodland birds第32题The word surged in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.stoppedpetedC.fluctuatedD.increased第33题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that "iron horses" wereA.machines that made ties and fencingB.railroad company executivesC.steam engines that moved trainsD.animals that helped build railroads第34题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Most of the houses in the nineteenth century were log cabins or clapboard cottages with simple roofs.B.There were four or five main house styles in the early nineteenth century, and all were built of wood.C.In the nineteenth century, wood construction was popular because wood could be used in a number of ways.D.Wood was the primary construction material of the vast majority of houses built in the early nineteenth century.第35题It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that in the early nineteenth centuryA.wooden houses were more popular than they are todayB.the construction industry dominated the economyC.more people owned homes than they do todayD.home heating was a major reason for cutting trees第36题According to paragraph 7, the tremendous increase in the production of lumber was primarily due toA.the availability of landB.an increase in the labor supplyC.innovations in technologyD.timber industry leadership第37题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?No other industry or consumer of wood could match the timber industry itself for the exploitation of North America's forests.A Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet.B This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market.C These innovations had their greatest impact in the Great Lakes region.D By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第38题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors contributed to the deforestation of North America in the nineteenth century.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Dense forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory covered most of the eastern half of the continent.B. Several million acres of forest were cut to meet the growing population's demand for farmland and wood.C. The iron, steamboat, railroad, and construction industries required huge amounts of wood.D. Each mile of railroad required two miles of fencing and 2,500 ties, which were made of oak and locust.E. After 1890, the timber industry moved into the West and South, cutting another 125 million acres of forest.F. Innovations in the timber industry greatly increased wood production but led to the depletion of forests.上一题下一题(39~51/共51题)阅读理解THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work toohard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.2 Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject's brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment—thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual's physical and mental health.5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body's production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, setting the stage for diabetes and heart disease.。
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers'attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone经历" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon'scraters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formedBCDAD CACDC。
托福考试阅读模拟试题
托福考试阅读模拟试题2017年托福考试阅读模拟试题做一个有实力的'人，不要让今天的懒惰成为明天的痛。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福阅读模拟试题，希望大家能有所收获，Questions 32-40Considered the most influential architect of his time, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) was born in the small rural community of Richland Center, Wisconsin. He entered the University of Wisconsin at the age of 15 as a special student, studying engineering because the school had no course in architecture. At the age of 20 he then went to work as a draughtsman in Chicago in order to learn the traditional, classical language of architecture. After marrying into a wealthy business family at the age of 21, Wright set up house in an exclusive neighborhood in Chicago, and after a few years of working for a number of architectural firms, set up his own architectural office.For twenty years he brought up a family of six children upstairs, and ran a thriving architectural practice of twelve or so draughtsmen downstairs. Here, in an idyllic American suburb, with giant oaks, sprawling lawns, and no fences, Wright built some sixty rambling homes by the year 1900. He became the leader of a style known as the "Prairie" school - houses with low-pitched roofs and extended lines that blended into the landscape and typified his style of "organic architecture".By the age of forty-one, in 1908, Wright had achieved extraordinary social and professional success. He gave countless lectures at major universities, and started his Taliesin Fellowship - a visionary social workshop in itself. In 1938 he appeared on the cover of Time magazine, and later, on a two cent stamp. The mostspectacular buildings of his mature period were based on forms borrowed from nature, and the intentions were clearly romantic, poetic, and intensely personal. Examples of these buildings are Tokyo's Imperial Hotel (1915-22: demolished 1968), and New York City's Guggenheim Museum (completed 1959). He continued working until his death in 1959, at the age of 92, although in his later years, he spent as much time giving interviews and being a celebrity, as he did in designing buildings. Wright can be considered an essentially idiosyncratic architect whose influence was immense but whose pupils were few.32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(a) the development of modern architecture in America(b) the contributions of the "Prairie" School to modern architecture(c) the life and achievements of a famous architect(d) the influence of the style of "organic architecture" in America33. Frank Lloyd Wright first worked as a draughtsman because(a) for twenty years he lived above his shop and employed draughtsmen(b) to learn the language of architecture(c) that is what he studied at the University of Wisconsin(d) that is the work of new employees in architectural firms34. The word "some" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(a) around(b) over(c) nearly(d) exactly35. According to the passage, an idyllic American suburb is(a) based on forms borrowed from nature(b) blended into the landscape(c) giant oaks, sprawling lawns, and no fences(d) houses with low-pitched reefs and extended lines36. The word "blended" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(a) dug(b) cut(c) imposed(d) merged37. The word "itself" in line 17 refers to(a) social workshop(b) Taliesin Fellowship(c) He(d) Major universities38. The word "idiosyncratic" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) idiotic(b) idealistic(c) individualistic(d) independent39. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a) the Taliesin Fellowship was a grant of money(b) many of Wright's architectural ideas have not been taken up by others(c) Wright used his wife's money to set up his own architectural office in an exclusive neighborhood in Chicago(d) Some of Wright's most notable buildings have been demolished because they were not popular40. All of the following about Frank Lloyd Wright are trueEXCEPT(a) he became the leader of a style known as "organic architecture"。
小托福考试阅读真题及阅读考试高频词汇分享
小托福考试阅读真题及阅读考试高频词汇分享随着小托福考试越来越火热，参加考试的人数也越来越多，因此阅读作为小托福考试的一部分不容忽视，其中多做一些小托福考试阅读的真题是对我们有帮助的。
特此，小编给同学们整理了小托福考试阅读真题，希望同学们赶快来看看吧！Passage Excerpt:段落摘录：“The Golden Gate Bridge is a famous bridge in San Francisco. The bridge has ared color, but gray clouds often surround it.On clear days people come to takepictures of the bridge. The pictures show the green hills next to the bredgeand the blue water under it.”“金门大桥是旧金山着名的桥梁。
这座桥是彩色的，但是灰色的云层经常包围它。
在晴朗的日子，人们来拍摄这座桥。
图片显示了旁边的绿色山丘和下面的蓝色水。
“What color is the Golden Gate Bridge?金门大桥是什么颜色？(A) Red红(B) Green绿色(C) Blue蓝色(D) Golden金色答案：A答案解析考生通过阅读短文，可以在文中直接找出答案“The bridge has a red color”因此正确答案选项为A。
细节题一般都可以在文章中找到现成的答案，不需要考生进行过多的推理，所以做细节题时要做到有据可依。
需要考生注意的事，不能因为桥的名字是“The Golden Gate Bridge”就理所当然的选择“Golden”，一定要在原文中找到选择的依据。
小托福阅读考试高频词汇：except除了.......之外summarize总结passage=article文章author=writer作者infer推断mention提及refer指main idea大意best title=headline标题describe描述explain解释appropriate适当的现在同学们明白小托福阅读真题了吧？可乐留学-TOEFLJ还为大家准备了更多小托福阅读预测题及答题技巧、TOEFLJunior小托福阅读词汇题考核要点，大家请点击阅读。
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里！小托福的词汇量和语法难度相当于大学英语四级的水平，如果考生想要考一个好成绩，一定要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福考试阅读模拟题，一起阅读下吧~在阅读部分，文章会涉及到人文学科、科学、社会科学等内容，学生要注意掌握文章主要内容，抓住关键点，了解作者意图并进行推理。
同时，阅读部分的文章形式也十分多样，如电子邮件、信件、新闻、学生写作、广告、日程表等，学生需要在平时积累一些关于习惯用语的表达。
小托福考试阅读模拟题：模拟题1：Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed. Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.答案：C解析：题干问的是原文关于“outflow channels”的描述。
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟试题及答案
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟试题及答案2016年托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题及答案Jazz has been called “the art of expression set to music”, and “america’s great contribution to music”. it has functioned as popular art and enjoyed periods of fairly widespread public response, in the “jazz age” of the 1920s, in the “swing era” of the late 1930s and in the peak popularity of modern jazz in the late 1950s. the standard legend about jazz is that it originated around the end of the 19th century in new orleans and moved up the mississippi river to memphis, st. louis, and finally to chicago. it welded together the elements of ragtime, marching band music, and the blues. however, the influences of what led to those early sounds goes back to tribal african drum beats and european musical structures. buddy bolden, a new orleans barber and cornet player, is generally considered to have been the first real jazz musician, around 1891.what made jazz significantly different from the other earlier forms of music was the use of improvisation. jazz displayed a break from traditional music where a composer wrote an entire piece of music on paper, leaving the musicians to break their backs playing exactly what was written on the score. in a jazz piece, however, the song is simply a starting point, or sort of skeletal guide for the jazz musicians to improvise around. actually, many of the early jazz musicians were bad sight readers and some couldn’t even read music at all. generally speaking, thes e early musicians couldn’t make very much money and were stuck working menial jobs to make a living. the second wave of new orleans jazz musicians included such memorable players as joe oliver, kid ory, and jelly roll morton. these men formed smallbands and took the music of earlier musicians, improved its complexity, and gained greater success. this music is known as “hot jazz” due to the enormously fast speeds and rhythmic drive.a young cornet player by the name of louis armstrong was discovered by joe oliver in new orleans. he soon grew up to become one of the greatest and most successful musicians of all time, and later one of the biggest stars in the world. the impact of armstrong and other talented early jazz musicians changed the way we look at music.1. the passage answers which of the following questions?(a) why did ragtime, marching band music, and the blues lose popularity after about 1900?(b) what were the origins of jazz and how did it differ from other forms of music?(c) what has been the greatest contribution of cornet players to music in the twentieth century?(d) which early jazz musicians most influenced the development of blues music?2. according to the passage, jazz originated in(a) chicago(b) st. louis(c) along the mississippi river(d) new orleans3. the word “welded” in line 6 is closest in meaning to(a) squeezed(b) bound(c) added(d) stirred4. which of the following distinguished jazz as a new form ofmusical expression?(a) the use of cornets(b) “hot jazz”(c) improvisation(d) new orleans5. the word “skeletal” in line 15 is closest in meaning to(a) framework(b) musical(c) basic(d) essential bsp;talented early jazz musicians changed the way we look at music.【参考答案：BCDAB】。
小托福阅读模拟测试题分享(附备考词汇)
小托福阅读模拟测试题分享（附备考词汇）阅读作为小托福不容忽视的一部分内容，考生需要多多练习来提高自己的阅读能力!下文提供的就是小托福阅读模拟测试题及词汇，考生们快来练习下吧~——小托福阅读模拟测试题阅读材料：A simple piece of clothesline hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and their neighbors.On one side stand those who see clothes dryers (干衣机) as a waste of energy and a major polluter of the environment. As a result, they are turning to clotheslines as part of the “what-I-can-do environmentalism (环境保护主义).”On the other side are people who are against drying clothes outside, arguing that clotheslines are unpleasant to look at. They have persuaded Homeowners Associations (HOAs) access the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, because clothesline drying also tends to lower home value in the neighborhood. This has led to a Right-to-Dry Movement that is calling for laws to be passed to protect people’s right to use clotheslines.So far, only three states have laws to protect clothesline. Right-to-Dry supporters argue that there should be more.Matt Reck, 37, is the kind of eco-conscious (有生态意识的) person who feeds his trees with bathwater and reuses water drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But on July 9, 2007, the HOA in Wake Forest, North Carolina, told him that a dissatisfied neighbor had telephoned them about his clothesline. The Recks paid no attention to the warning and still dried their clothes on a line in the yard. “Many people say they are environmentally friendly but they don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. The local HOA has decided not to take any action, unless more neighbors come to them.North Carolina lawmakers are saying that banning clotheslines is not the right thing to do. But HOAs and housing businesses believe that clothesline drying reminds people of poor neighborhoods. They worry that if buyers think their future neighbors can’t even afford dryers, housing prices will fall.Environmentalists say such worries are not necessary, and in view of global warming, that idea needs to change. As they say, “The clothesline is beautiful. Hanging clothes outside should be encouraged. We all have to do at least something to slow down the process of global warming.”阅读赏析：这篇阅读理解的主题非常有趣，切入角度很独特：我们是否应该立法禁止用晾衣绳来晾晒衣服。
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小托福阅读模拟测试练习题（附词汇难度解析）
小托福是中小学生留学美国必须参加的一项语言测试考试。
TOEFL Junior考试中，阅读题占的分值最大，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟测试练习题，一起阅读下文吧!
——小托福阅读模拟测试练习题
材料分享：
CARDIFF, Wales Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling.
“It might seem strange that people still want to listen in age of watching television, but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again,” said David Ambrose, director of Beyond the Border, an international storytelling festival in Wales.
“Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old. So our storytellers have come from distant lands to connect us with the distance of time,” he said early this month.
Two Inuit women, both in their mid 60s, are among the few remaining who can do Kntadjait, or throat singing, which has few words and much sound. Their art is governed by the cold of their surroundings, forcing them to say little but listen attentively.
Ambrose started the festival in 1993, after several years of working with those reviving (coming back into use or existence) storytelling in Wales.
“It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions. and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said.
1. Ambrose believes that the art of storytelling _______.
A. will be more popular than TV
B. will be popular again
C. started in Wales
D. are in the hands of some old people
答案：B
解析：推断题。
根据…but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again 可以推断这种讲故事的传统会再度受到欢迎。
2. From the tales told by the Inuit, people can learn _______.
A. about their life as early as thousands of years ago
B. why they tell the stories in a throat-singing way
C. how cold it has been where the Inuit live
D. how difficult it is to understand the Inuit
答案：A
解析：细节题。
根据 Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old 可推知此题答案为 A。
3. According to the writer, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Storytelling once stopped in Wales.
B. Storytelling has a long history in Wales.
C. Storytelling is always well received in Wales.
D. Storytelling did not come back until 1993 in Wales.
答案： D
解析：细节题。
文中说Ambrose started the festival in 1993，Ambrose1993年创办了这个节，但并不等于说讲故事的传统1993年才恢复的，这是两码事。
故选D。
4. The underlined phrase in good hands means _______.
A. controlled by rich people
B. grasped by good storytellers
C. taken good care of
D. protected by kind people
答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。
从 as all the Welsh are storytellers 可以推断出 in good hands 是“照顾得好或举办得好”的意思，故选 C。
background information(背景信息)：
当昼短夜长，渐入深冬之时，还有什么比在听故事的时候来上一杯可可——或者更浓郁的饮料——更能够放松的呢?传统的说故事可以让你一下子从寒冷的黑夜来到另一个世界和时空。
神话和魔法、民间故事和传说、游记和冒险，或者仅仅是伴随几声大笑的喧闹嬉戏，都可以让人们尽情放松自我。
十月份的爱丁堡将迎来一年一度、为期十天的说故事节，这是延续口述故事传统和感受多元文化的盛事，为苏格兰人带来其他国家的故事讲述者和音乐家。
爱丁堡国际说故事节的主要举办场地是位于皇家英里大道的Netherbow剧场，这里是爱丁堡老城区的核心地带。
说故事节的活动给成年人和儿童提供许多参与机会，并受到苏格兰同乐会传统的影响，希望通过分享故事、音乐、歌曲和民谣的方式把人们团结在一起。
词汇：
govern ：管理，掌管
revive：复活，再生
——小托福词汇难度解析：
小托福的整体文章难度还是比较简单的，整篇文章不到100个词，其中绝大多数是初高中词汇，而在四级词汇表中出现的单词有gymnasium，feature，variety，professional，performer，permission，guardian共7个，约占7%。
可以看出，真正帮助考生理解文章内容的单词是这93%的中学词汇，这就说明了中学词汇对于Toefl Junior的重要性。
对于TOEFL Junior的考生而言，可能这93%中大部分单词都不认识，或者见过但不知道意思，所以词汇学习内容是先以中学词汇为主，打好基础后再学习其余分类学科单词。