8 Introduction 英语专业学术论文写作教程
教你学术论文 毕业论文的写作教程 3
IntroductionGenerally speaking, the purpose of an introduction is to introduce the topic of the writing and to create interest on the part of the readers. It can be as short as a sentence or a paragraph and as long as an entire chapter, depending on the length andcomplexity of the writing. The introduction chapter of your dissertation or thesis is theone in which you provide all of the basic information that the reader will need to understand the dissertation which is to follow. Such things as the background of your research, how you came to research your topic, what your topic is and how it relates to the world around it, and what kind of general principles and methodology you will be using to research your topic and evaluate your hypothesis, are all aspects of what you will cover in the introduction chapter.I General functions of introduction1. introducing the subject:The author is here to supply sufficient background information to relieve the readers who are not well informed in this field of troubles in understanding and evaluating the results of the given study without referring to previous publications on the topic. Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.2. limiting the research scope (Establish and Narrow the topic)Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope (the limits within which you treat the subject) can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly. Your introduction should direct the readers to a specific focus.There are a number of expressions used to limit the scope of work:The problem is within the scope of …The problem under discussion is within the scope of …Studies of these effects covered various aspects of …Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect …The problem described previously was directed to the example of…, which differsfrom …The subject is concerned chiefly with the study of …The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of …The approach under study is only applied to …The problem I have referred tofalls within thefield of …The theory cannot apply to other cases of …The emphasis of this paper is to survey …3. stating the general purposeThe task is to inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of his research. To start writing your introduction chapter, come up with a simple one sentence summary of the goal of your research. The reader will come to the first chapter of your thesis expecting a statement of purpose. This statement should tell the reader what the topic of the research paper is and what you hope to achieve.4. showing the writing arrangementThe logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary. The best place for this information can be found at the end of the introduction.It is supposed to give the reader a sense of how the dissertation will be organized. Provide some kind of chapter by chapter breakdown to tell the reader what can be expected so that the reader will be able to scan the paper at first and have a good sense of what ended up happening. Use solid principles of organization throughout your paper, in addition to hitting all the above topics in your introductory paragraph, to make your dissertation as readable as possible.Expressions used to indicate the organization of the information include:This paper is divided intofive major sections asfollows …Sections one of this paper opens with …Section three develops the second hypotheses on …In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of …Sectionfour shows (introduces, reveals, treats, deals with, develops, etc) …The result of… is given in the last sectio n.Thefifth section provides an exposition that places the primary emphasis on …In thefollowing, a wide range of test data are reported …II. Structural features of introduction and some idiomatic expressions 1. starting with the research background (Literature review)To orient the reader, the pertinent(related) literature(文献) should be reviewed in writing a professional paper. The research background is usually given in the section of introduction accompanied by the recent development in this field. That is to answer the question“what have been done? ”You can talk about the background of the project. How did you choose the project? What kind of greater historical context does the research that you are engaged in exist within? You may want to talk about any related experiments or research that specific people have done in the past, including landmark research cases which are related to the topic at hand. This gives the reader a sense of how your research fits into the greater scheme of things, and lets the reader compare what you are about to present to the research which they may or may not already be familiar with from leading figures in the history of the field.Some expressions used to introduce the background of the subject in an introduction are:Over the past several decades, …Somebody reported …The previous work on … has indicated tha t …Recent experiments by … have suggeste d …In most studies of…, … has been emphasized with attention being given to …Industrial use of… is becoming increasingly common.There have been afew studies highlighting …It is well known that …2. transiting to the existing problem (investigation needed/gap )Authors usually transit to the main problem to be discussed or weak points remaining in the previous work to be further studied and/or improved. That is to answer the question“what have not been done? ”The following are expressions often used to present existing problems:Great progress has been made in thisfield, but (however, nevertheless, etc.) …Also, the consideration of … alone cannot explain the observedfact that …A part of the explanation could lie in … however, …The study of… gives rise to two main difficulties: one is …, the other i s …Despite the recent progress reviewed in …, there is no generally accepted theory concerning …From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither … nor … are known.Sofar there is not enough convincing evidence showing …The data available in literaturefailed to prove that …The theory of… did not explain how much modifications aros e.No direct outcome was then reported in …Until now, not any experiment in this area has suggested that …Until now, nofield experiments of … have been reported.No clear advancement has sofar been seen in …The methods we use differs greatlyfrom the one reported ten years ago.3. focusing on the present research (Purpose /value of your research)On the basis of reviewing the previous research, especially unfolding or displaying the weak points of the previous work to be overcome or existing problems to be solved, the author may gradually and naturally turn the reader’s attention to the present research, by stating his primary research objectives, novel ideas, advanced methods, new materials, fresh factors, etc. that is to answer the question“what am I going to d o? ”Now tell the reader what your hypothesis is, as well as your basic reasons for believing in the hypothesis. How does your knowledge of the reality of the field make you lean towards one hypothesis or another? Explain to the reader how you will be able to prove or disprove the hypothesis that you set out with through the course of your research. Talk about any particular relevant issues that could affect the course of the research, or any basic questions or problems that people might have regarding the topic and how you will go about your research process. Try to anticipate how people will react to your hypothesis and make sure that you are able to start your project on a strong heading. It may be best to have the opening paragraph of your thesis reviewed before you embark on the research process, to make sure that you are on the right track (or at least that the track makes sense to others) before you set off and put a lot of effort into collecting data.Expressions to be used to introduce the present work:In this paper, … is investigated(studied, discussed, presented, etc.)The present work deals mainly with …We repot here … in the presence of…This paper reports on …On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to …The present study will thereforefocus on …The primary goal of this research is …The purpose of this paper is …In this paper, we aim at …III. ways to begin an introductionnarrative: to begin with an anecdote or a brief story that somehow illuminates the thesis, effective in catching the reader ’s attentio n descriptive: to provide an effective lead to the discussion of the subject by explaining ,illustrating or giving a bit of backgroundpreparatory: to begin with an explanation or definition of the subject to prepare for a discussion in detail in the body of the essay inquisitive: pose provocative questions to simulate the reader ’s interestcorrective: to put a common belief or show how the subject has been misunderstoods tating a problem: begin with the statement of the problem and proceed to discuss the solutiongiving a surprising fact or statistics: to grab the reader ’s attentionusing a striking quote: to use surprising quote from a well-known book or person and lead to the discussion of the topic。
英语学术论文写作教程-Unit 2
Unit 2 Introduction
Overview
A good beginning is half done, so is a research paper. One is to arouse the readers’ interest, and the other is to offer adequate information to prepare readers for understanding the paper and evaluating the worth of the study. In terms of structure, a well-organized Introduction presents a funnel shape, or in other words, it begins with stating general research scope and then narrows down to the research focus. In order to write an effective Introduction, Swales & Feak (2012) proposes a widely used discourse pattern, known as the Create-a-Research-Space (or CARS) model.
Information Convention
❶With the rapid development of chemical industry, heavy metals in environment increase rapidly and go beyond the normal range, which has seriously polluted the soil. ❷ Such soil contamination leads to deterioration of environmental quality and does harm to human’s health. ❸ So, it is important to control soil pollution caused by heavy metals.
英语专业毕业论文写作
2) Be specific Computer Control
Computer Control: Software Safeguards and Computer Theft
6. Avoid too many short sentences and simple sentences. 7. Avoid conversational structures, e.g. “I think,” “you will”,
etc.
Ex 1-3: We carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.
Ex.1-2 The paper indicates the reason for the weakness of the
competitive abilit of the national firms. Since the nonnational firms can obtain very cheap labor, under the same technical and economic conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does. Therefore it can achieve much more profit, and the competive ability of the non-national firm is stonger than that of the national firm.
英语专业毕业论文写作教学大纲简介
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教学方法及评估标准
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课堂面授、课堂讨论、网络资源利用和互动
教学方法:
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课堂出勤率8%，平时作业及课内外互动22%，毕业论文70%
教学评估：
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< 60（不及格）；60-69（及格）；70-84（中等）；85-92（良好）；93-100（优秀）
评分标准：
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毕业论文的基本概念
论文（Thesis） 选题（Subject） 论题（Thesis ） 主题（Theme） 话题（Topic） 提纲（Outline） 题目（Title）
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《英语专业毕业论文写作》 教学大纲简介
第一讲：概念与要求 2011年2月23日
汇报人姓名
教学目的
了解英语专业毕业论文的基本要求
了解英语论文写作的不同过程
了解、掌握英语论文的选题和开题
了解、掌握英语论文的撰写规范
了解英语论文的评价标准
完成一篇5000字符合规范要求的英语毕业论文
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03
02
04
05
选方向（Select a subject）
2
定题目（Choose a topic）
拟提纲（Write an outline） Weeks 2~3
写初稿（Draft） Weeks 5~7; 8~10; 11~13
复修改（Revise according to adviser）
定终稿（Finalize official copy） Week 14
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语 言 学 语言与文化
语法（Grammar） 句法（Syntax） 词汇（Idioms, proverbs, prepositions, slangs, euphemism, net language） 比较（Languages）
英语专业学术论文写作：摘要
英语专业学术论⽂写作：摘要学术论⽂写作：摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全⽂，就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是：(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；(2) 研究⽬的陈述（Purpose statement）；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；(5) 研究结论/启⽰（Conclusions/Implications）。
练习1：就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要（为判断⽅便，列汉语标题）Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞练习2：下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你（1）删掉⽆关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。
英语专业学术论文写作：引言
英语专业学术论文写作：引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言一、引言部分的作用和构成要素引言是开题报告的一个翻版开题报告成分分析引言结构分析一、选题:政治新闻翻译中的归化与异化1.IntroductionDomestication and Foreignization in Translating Political News1.1Rational/Significance/Background(1)从大的背景引出研究对象的重要性二、研究目的与意义 (2)研究对象的切入点研究很重要，是能够更好更及时地在国人眼前真实准确地展现英美等经济政治强国经济政治文化领研究的难点/亟待解决的问题域的最新情况，让关心国际时事大事的人们看到最原汁原味同时也是最精确真实的第一手(3)针对这个切入点的研究现状:成就新闻报道，是提高中国国人政治意识的一大法宝，因此在翻译政治新闻时，正确处理政治和问题各是怎样的(极其概括，否则和文新闻中的“外国风味”，同时加上适当“中国风味”让国人更好地理解原语作者的意图就献综述重合了，尽量控制在3-5句话内) 成了政治新闻翻译者亟待解决的一个问题。
而本文正是针对这一问题，从翻译中的归化异(4)本研究具有的实践意义和理论价值化原则出发，以批评语言学、翻译目的论等理论为指导，从像《经济学家》等报刊杂志中一般情况，实践意义指对研究对象的表达选取适当例子加以分析，试图找出政治新闻翻译时归化异化选择的一个平衡点。
和接受方都有好处:若是广告就对广告制本项目研究的理论意义表现在:从政治新闻角度出发，将批评语言学和翻译目的论的作和广告受众;若是教学则对教与学;若研究与翻译的归化异化手法的选择相结合，深化了翻译中归化异化理论的发展。
本项目研是翻译则是翻译和阅读翻译等等。
究的应用价值体现在:(1)为政治新闻翻译者翻译时提供理论帮助，在选择归化与异化手而理论价值，最简单的思路就是你在文献法上找到一个平衡点;(2)从政治新闻的意识形态出发作出的翻译选择，有利于帮助译文综述里讲的或者为研究对象提供新的视读者更好理解原文作者意图。
全国英语专业大学生学术论文写作教程
Search engines such aso search for academic resources both domestically and internationally.
Methods and Tools for Literature Retrieval
Analyze and interpret the results, compare with existing research, and discuss limitations and future research directions
Conclusion
Summarize the main points and implications of the research
Principles and steps of experimental design
Data collection methods
surveys, questions, interviews, observations, experiences
Data analysis methods
descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, content analysis, theoretical analysis
Objectively evaluate the research methods, data sources, and conclusions of the literature.
Extracting research questions
Based on reviewing literature, clarify one's own research questions and hypotheses.
硕士博士毕业论文写作教程课件Chapter8ResearchMethodology
Methodology vs. Methods
• In research papers and journal articles, “methods” is used to refer to the section containing the research procedures, data and participants, statistical treatments, materials, etc. Dissertations use “Methodology” to describe the 3rd chapter.
Methodology vs. Methods
• “Methodology refers to the theoretical paradigm or framework in which the student is working; to the stance he or she is taking as a researcher (e.g. choosing a quantitative or qualitative paradigm) and the argument that is built in the text to justify these assumptions, theoretical frameworks and/or approaches as well as the choice of research questions or hypotheses.” (Paltridge & Starfield, 2007: 118119)
• One of the key functions of the Methodology section is to enable other researchers to replicate the study.
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Universe (a general area of sta
Star a specific topic
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8.1 Tasks for Critical Thinking and Discussion 1. Complete the following table by indicating the IEs each text (read the handout) contains.
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Stylistic Variations in Science Lectures B. Most research on the lecture method has been conducted in a native-speaker context. D. A number of studies have so far examined
Lecture 8
Introduction
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Contents
8.1 Tasks for Critical Thinking and Discussion 8.2 Order of Citations 8.3 Verb Tense in Citation 8.4 Verb Tense in Other Parts of Introduction 8.5 Language Practice 8.6 Writing up Your Research 8.7 Language Support
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Stylistic Variations in Science Lectures
_____A. Pang and Wright (2005) broadened the linguistic focus to include some pedagogical and sociolinguistic aspects of lecturing, such as setting, level of formality, participant roles, and lecture topics. _____B. Most research on the lecture method has been conducted in a nativespeaker context. _____C. The role of vocabulary in mediating instruction has recently attracted the attention of applied linguists. _____D. A number of studies have so far examined the ways information is presented in lectures; and recommendations for improving the study skills of native speakers have been proposed (e.g., North et al., 2000; Murphy, 2002; Hall, 2005). ____ E. Lee (2006) has examined function of definitions in science lectures. ____ F. Only a few researchers have considered the special problems foreign students may have with lectures given in English (Ding, 1999; Young & Wilson, 2003; Richards & Flower, 2007). ____ G. Young and Wilson (2003) concentrated on the linguistic aspect: either on how messages were encoded, or on the aspects that might cause decoding problems for native speakers.
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Information elements (IE) of an introduction 1.Research background 2.Literature review (What have been done? What haven’t been done?) 3.Investigation needed 4.Research purpose (What am I going to do?) 5.Research value / findings / paper structure
the ways information is presented in lectures; and recommendations for improving the study skills of native speakers have been proposed (e.g., North et al., 2000; Murphy, 2002; Hall, 2005). F. Only a few researchers have considered the special problems foreign students may have with lectures given in English (Ding, 1999; Young & Wilson, 2003; Richards & Flower, 2007). G. Young and Wilson (2003) concentrated on the linguistic aspect: either on how messages were encoded, or on the aspects that might cause decoding problems for native speakers. A. Pang and Wright (2005) broadened the linguistic focus to include some pedagogical and sociolinguistic aspects of lecturing, such as setting, level of formality, participant roles, and lecture topics. C. The role of vocabulary in mediating instruction has recently attracted the attention of applied linguists. E. Lee (2006) has examined function of definitions in science lectures.
2
3
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2. Which information element is the longest? Is there any reason for this?
The part of literature review is often the longest since it includes specific information about different studies.
1One
of the important research fields for mobile robots is their smooth movement area: ____________ to destination. 2A 1 mobile robot must General area: sentence possess a map and must be able to move by evading obstacles Sub-area: ____________ sentence 2 not described Subthe map such as a person, another mobile in -area: robot or merely an object. :3To evade an obstacle, a mobile sentence 3 Author’ topic: Author’s topic ____________ robot has to be able to identify its position, detect the obstacle using a visual system, and operate a collision avoidance algorithm.
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4. Identify the part of IE 1 in Text 1, and indicate the sentences which correspond to the general area, a sub-area and the subauthor’s topic. General area: sentences 1-2; Sub-area: sentences 3-4; Author’s topic: sentence 5
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IE 1: Establishing a context
3. Read the following example of IE1 and indicate whether a sentence makes a statement about the general area, the sub-area, or the author’s topic. sube.g.
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Text 1
IE 1
IE 2
IE 3
IE 4
IE 5
S(s) 1-5 1S(s) 1-3 1S(s) 1
S(s) 6 S(s) 4-7 4S(s) /