托福写作强化班教学大纲
托福写作加强班教学大纲
托福写作加强班教学大纲
1. 课程目标
本课程旨在帮助学生全面提高托福写作能力，掌握托福写作技巧，提高写作素材积累和逻辑思维能力。
2. 课程安排
2.1 写作基础知识与技巧（第1-2周）
- 基本写作结构和要素
- 托福写作评分标准解析
- 多种写作题型解析
- 提升写作逻辑与连贯性的技巧
2.2 托福写作素材积累与扩展（第3-5周）
- 托福写作素材分类和整理方法
- 阅读与听力材料的提取和分析
- 编写写作主题句和支持句的技巧
- 提高写作表达的丰富性和准确性
2.3 托福写作实战演练（第6-8周）
- 模拟真实托福写作考试题目
- 分析和解答写作题目要求
- 实践写作时间管理技巧
- 评析学生作文，提供针对性的反馈和建议
2.4 写作策略讲解与技巧分享（第9-10周）- 提高写作速度和字数的方法
- 解读高分作文范文
- 大纲式写作框架构建技巧
- 避免常见写作错误和陷阱
3. 课程评估方式
- 每周课堂参与情况
- 模拟考试成绩
- 课后作业质量和参与度
4. 授课材料
- 托福写作教材
- 托福真题集
- 相关参考书籍和文章
以上为《托福写作加强班教学大纲》的大致内容和安排，希望能够帮助学生全面提高托福写作能力。
托福强化写作---学生讲义
托福阅读强化班学生讲义第一章：范文第二章：机经答案第三章：一般功能词汇第四章：特殊背景词汇第一章：范文(1)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habits.Many experts have warned us against some diseases caused by unhealthy eating habits, and then some people attribute those inappropriate habits to commercials. Although I concede that advertising is one of the factors accounting for people’s unhealthy eating habits, it’s too exaggerated to say that advertising is the only reason, because there are another two elements that can not be neglected.Admittedly, advertising may be a cause of unhealthy eating habits, for the advertisements of junk foods are often designed quite tempting in order to attract buyers. For example, the commercial of KFC is typically a combination of melodious music, fancy pictures and a slogan of “ We do chicken right”, luring people to purchase the unhealthy food. Howeve r, it is an overstatement to assert that advertising is the only reason since the two following reasons exist.Heavy workload keeps people from having their meals regularly, which is considered as one of unhealthy eating habits. Nowadays, people have to work really hard to survive in the highly competitive society, so they barely have time to sit at the table and have dinners. Take a businessman for example. He may keep working for over 8 hours a day to get all his work done and have no time for lunch. Consequently, he only has one meal a day. It is definitely an unhealthy eating habit, which result from too much business and a long working time.Besides, the so-called junk foods, such as fried chicken, cheese burgers and cola, are indeed more delicious, especially for children. Commonly, fried chicken wings are usually spicy and crispy compared with the blend and mild taste of steamed chicken wings, so it is easy to understand why those junk foods can soon become popular among young children. However, the fried wings, corns and chips are too oily, containing excessive fat and even some poisonous ingredients, all of which do harm to people’s health. So I believe the special taste and flavor explain why people love those unhealthy foods.In sum, it is inappropriate to reckon that advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habit because heavy workload and good taste of junk foods are another two reaons. I hope everyone can say no to the junk foods, reduce working hours and enjoy a more healthy life. (384 words)(Written by Liao Xin)(2)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions should always show audience that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished.The booming movie industry now offers us many choices when we stand at the counter of a cinema discussing which movie is worth watching and which is not. Some people argue that no matter how many movies are produced these years, movies should always show audience thatgood people are rewarded and bad people are punished. From my perspective, the disadvantages of stereotyped movies outweigh the only advantage.To begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry develops. It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot. Once the audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies boring. For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, who do you think will marry the elegant princess and who will be put into jail finally in those movies? The answer is quite obvious. In this case, people will be reluctant to buy movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may actually suffer.Plots in the stereotyped movies are sometimes contradictory to reality. In the real society, good people may end up living miserably and bad people may not be punished. Life abounds with such examples. An industrious worker may not be paid his wage after working for one year; in contrast, his boss may be awarded Top Entrepreneur by the government. Similarly, the man who sends an old lady seriously injured in a traffic accident to hospital may be wrongly fined. In this circumstance, children are not able to survive in the real world as the stereotyped movies prevent them from deeply knowing it.Admittedly, stereotyped movies may teach children virtues. Children are supposed to stick to be a good man no matter how hard their life might be. However, it is not necessary for all movies to deliver this principle to audience. What's more, the educational value in the stereotyped movies may fade as children grow up and know the brutal reality.As far as I am concerned, it is not advisable for movies to show audience good people are rewarded and bad people are punished at all time, because the two consequences surpass the sole benefit. (365 words)(Written by Liao Xin)(3)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers or business leaders. Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.In the literature, teachers are usually described as the gardeners or engineers of human souls. While in the real world, teaching is a profession typically characterized by high turnover rates and difficult recruitment. It is an essential role in a society, but a generally thankless one in terms of financial benefit and status. From my perspective of view, I fully agree with the title statement that teachers should be paid comparable to those of doctors, lawyers or business leaders.First of all, at the different stages of social divisions, the role that a teacher plays is never dispensable. Teachers make all other professions possible. A doctor, a lawyer, or a business leader, whoever you are, you cannot begin your career without school education. It was teachers that imparted us knowledge and cultivated us, in the course of our growth. Again, it is teachers that are commissioned with the significant task of educating our next generation. Thus, there is no doubt that teachers make immense contributions to our society. If people are paid distinctivelyby their contributions to the society, why are teachers not paid as well as doctors, lawyers, or business leaders?When examining the income of school teachers, one frequently cited fact is that teachers have summers off or work fewer hours and therefore deserve to be paid less. In fact, teaching is not an eight-hours-a-day job. Teachers put in tons of unpaid hours, making lesson plans, attending teacher-parent conferences, and helping students after class, etc. In short, teachers deserve to be paid more as the job is much more stressful and demanding.Furthermore, the teacher pay seems to coincide with teacher quality over the long run. Nowadays, though teaching generally requires a bachelor's degree or better, teachers' incomes are usually not considered comparable with other professionals of similar education, and offer little room for advancement or significant bonuses. Consequently, the highly educated people choose to take the well-paid jobs rather than becoming a teacher. In conclusion, to increase teacher pay so as to better the quality of teachers and improve the education system in the long term.To summarize, teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers, and business leaders, because teachers contribute to our society enormously, carry the great responsibility and frequently overwork. Besides, adequate payment for teachers is what a better education system calls for.(Written by Kang Hui)(4)It is more important for students to understand ideas and concepts than to learn facts.Learning is a complicate process, which consists of various aspects. For students, to understand ideas and concepts, or to learn facts, arouses controversy. Is to understand ideas more important than to learn facts? My answer is no. Ideas and facts are equally important aspects of learning.On the one hand, ideas and concepts can render innumerable facts and phenomenon to concise and elegant rules, principles and laws, which are easier to grasp. And ideas and concepts help people to understand the root causes for facts and phenomenon. For example, the Gravity Law helps students to understand the fact that apples fall down from the tree unto the ground. Likewise, the Kepler’s Laws helps students to understand the motions of the planets and the Earth rotating around the Sun. Thus, concept learning plays an essential role during the process of learning for students.On the other hand, facts can help students to validate or debunk ideas and concepts they learned in the classes. Facts are the most abundant direct materials for us to accept. By virtue of knowing various facts, students can have the sense of what they are learning. For instance, fossils of ancient species prove the theory of Evolution. The failure of the Qing Dynasty of China proved that isolation from the outside world would not work. As a consequence, it is facts that help learners to get the first feeling about what they are working on. Als0, it is facts that can prove a student’s knowledge right or wrong.Furthermore, concepts learning are closely related to facts learning, which makes the two aspects of learning hardly isolated. In reality, we usually start learning with recognizing and memorizing facts of different subjects. Only after we have learned enough facts, we are likely to understand the inner concepts. And a deep understanding of ideas is definitely crucial for us to well accept what we have learned. In order to fully master a knowledge point we get from the class, we need understand the ideas of it.In conclusion, it is facts and concepts combined together that contributes to a better understanding of knowledge. Only by attaching equal important to facts learning and concepts learning simultaneously can students benefit from the process of learning to the most extent.(Written by Kang Hui)(5)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for the public transportation.In this day and age, passengers are charged for their ridings. Since most of the mass transportation facilities are partially owned by the private businesses, the system generally aims at the maximization of profits. I strongly believe that people should pay for the public transportation, including city buses, highways and trains, for the following reasons.Firstly, people should pay for the city buses for better service quality. For one thing, the profits can act as a driven force for the bus companies to improve their service. They tend to increase the number of buses, optimize the driving courses and do well in maintaining the bus to attract more passengers and enlarge the profits. For another, profits will surely intensify the competition between bus companies, which will finally lead to the entire improvement of the bus service system.Secondly, people should pay for the highway system since the government built the highways as investments. If people stop paying for their taking the subway, government may stop building more highways and it will result in the inconvenience and low efficiency of traffic system. For example, the citizens in my hometown have ever been reluctant to pay for the highway. What's more, some illegal long-distance transportation firms which used the highway frequently do not pay for the fees and beat the cashiers in the highway very seriously. Several Months later, the government had to close the highway because they were failed in investments. This phenomenon negatively influenced upon and set back the development of the local economy.Finally, people should pay for the trains. On one hand, there are different classes of train tickets such as hard-seat tickets, sleeper tickets and non-seat tickets. If passengers take it without paying, it will be difficult to reach an agreement among the passengers on the fair distribution of tickets and seats. The more you pay for, the better seat you should keep. Furthermore, it will be a heavy burden for the government to support the train system independently.Admittedly, some people hold the idea that we should not pay for the public transportation forsome reasons. Yet, I insist that we should do that. It is the right for everyone to benefit from the mass transportation, and it is also everyone's responsibility to support it.(Written by Liang Jianshi)(6)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.In this day and age, there is a heated discussion about the utilization of the money we earned. Some people support the idea of spending money on traveling and vacation, while others believe it is better to save money for the future. As far as I am concerned, the second choice is considerable.First and foremost, the money we saved can be used in an emergency. It is no doubt that we have to face different tough obstacles in our life, so money is of vital significance at that time. Facing diseases or personal financial crisis, we will endure and overcome it by the saving money. Fortunately, an increasing number of people have been accepted this idea. A recent poll conducted by government officials shows that seventy percent of university students would save money preparing for future use rather than spending money on traveling and vacations.In addition, the income for some people is so slender that they cannot afford the money for traveling. Those who do not have high income even worried about the consumption of house rent, food and clothing, so actually they haven’t g ot extra money to travel. My uncle is a case in point. He, who works in a factory, only has a salary of 600RMB per months. It is not difficult to figure out money left after paying the above-mentioned expenses of the family. Never had he spent money on traveling or vacation because of the lack of money.Admittedly, spending money on traveling and vacation has advantages as enjoying the beautiful scenery and releasing stress, and its disadvantages are apparent and unavoidable as well. For instance, I went to the National Park, which is a beautiful natural landscape in our country. When I stepped in that park, I felt the odor of Mother Nature strongly. However, traveling and vacation do costly and toilsome, and we can acquire happiness and relaxation from other kinds of ways without taking so much effort and energy.Base on the factors I mention above, a conclusion could be drawn that I prefer saving money for the future than spending money on traveling and vacation.(Written by Liang Jianshi)(7)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Younger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.Art and music are the greatest cultural inheritances from our ancestors and elites of our times. For children, starting to learn art and music can help them develop their ability better, communicate with others better and enjoy their life better. In this sense, I totally agree with thestatement for a number of reasons.To st art with, as is often pointed that art and music can enhance children’s ability of imagination, concentration and perseverance. Music is an expressive art of sound and the meaning of every musical note has unique profoundness which leaves our children unlimited scope of imagination. They could interpret the music they heard in their own way and that’s why even a baby would move its body to a piece of music. What’s more, in daily exercises, in order to perfect their skill and control every sound, children have to control themselves and attach more attention to the music. That’s where their concentration has been improved. Finally, after years’ unremitting efforts, they may attend some contests and, of course, if they really stick to music and are fond of it, some prizes will be given and more important, they learnt a priceless lesson that perseverance will pay off.Next, art and music can better children’s disposition and temperament. The process of learning art and music can improve the communication among the students and teachers. They may express their emotion freely and establish a special bridge of communication with others. When they play a piece of music or paint a picture skillfully and beautifully, self-achievement and activeness has been built up unconsciously. According to the recent survey made by Chinese Academy of Social Science, many children are becoming better-tempered, warm, generous, willing to help and communicate with others, after starting to learn art and music for a period of time.La st but not least, art and music can heighten children’s life quality and taste. An evaluation of high quality and taste is always given to the art students, who always have a unique perspective towards many issues. The simple reason is that art comes from life and higher than life. Student learning art definitely enjoy the life of higher quality than others. Besides, all masterpieces of famous musicians and painters should be the learning materials for the students. With the influence by those great people, the students’ horizon will be certainly broader.Obviously, all the evidence confirms an undoubted conclusion that children aged from 5 to 10 should start to learn music and art. It will surely benefit their school life and life after.(Written by Sun Wei)(8)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to improve education is to raise teachers’ salaries.How to improve education has always been one of the hottest social issues to be discussed. Some people would say that the best way to promote education is to provide teachers with high salaries, because teachers are of indispensable function in the education. But as for me, I don’t think that it is the best way to achieve the goal of education improvement, for there are still other factors need to be considered.First of all, scientific educational plan is fundamental for education improvement. A reasonable and well-organized plan will optimize the structure of students’ knowledge and ability andcultivate high quality talents with specialty. On the contrary, if the plan is in defective condition, it is almost a mission impossible to shape education superiority and development of talents cannot avoid be influenced. We may point out a common example of machinery manufacturing. In producing a beautiful machine, a systematic, detailed, and scientific plan of production must be elaborated and delivered carefully. Any flaw, no matter perceivable or not, will result in functional defect, ever worse, uselessness!Moreover, to improve the validity and reality relevance of learning materials that students are using will affect the education enhancement. Teachers, students and teaching contents are basic elements of educational activities and learning materials are the carrier of the contents, main source from which students acquire the knowledge, and basic principle for teachers’ activities. Correspondence among the objective students, the difficulty and the content coverage of the learning materials will work on the result and effectiveness of learning process. Good materials could definitely achieve the anticipated goal, while invalid, outdated materials could never work out. This is supported by a typical instance of English language education. Students are learning the platitude and cliché of last fifty years for spoken English in some countries. With those materials, the students could hardly perform effective communication, not to mention improve their language education in these places.However, we cannot deny the fact that the improvement of education is conditioned by teachers. The teachers are the playing the dominant roles in the teaching and they are hold the guiding position in the purpose, contents, process, methodology, pattern and means of instructions. Quality of education therefore, is inseparable with that of teachers. After all, the fact that an accomplished disciple owes his accomplishment to his great teacher is inarguable. So, providing them with incentive of higher salaries will arouse teachers’ enthusiasm and then achi eve the goal of education improvement to some extent.From what has been discussed above, we could safely draw the conclusion that many factors need to be considered and many methods can also be taken to improve education. Raising teachers’ salaries is on e of the available options, but not the best one.(Written by Sun Wei)(9) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing sports teaches people lessons about the life.Nowadays, a large group of people are crazy about doing sports with other zealous fellows. They always keep themselves occupied with all kinds of sports instead of lying in sofa, watching soap operas. I am a loyal advocator to this passionate life style. While possessing a good health, beneficial classes of life are extra gains of doing sports.Doing sports constantly can steel people’s willpower and teach them the lesson of persevering in everyday life no matter how tough the situations are. For instance, Lionel Messi, my favorite football player, no one could believe that he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency and we almost miss a superstar! However, his persistence and intense love for football kept himgoing on without hesitation and nothing could stop him from becoming an excellent player. Ultimately, the sporting director of Barcelona had been made aware of his talent and led him to a superiorly shining life. Now he has received FIFA World Player of the Year nomination in 2009 at the age of 21. This incident gives me a full understanding of the fact that how unbelievable results sports may bring to people.In addition, sports guide people to respect rivals regardless of the results. Also, no matter how strong you are and maybe your opponent has no chance to win at all, respecting opponents still remains its essential place. In 2010 Africa FIFA World Cup, when North Korea which at the bottom of the ranking list encountered Brazil, which ranks No.1 in the world. Brazil showed the characteristic of a world-class team. They tried hard as their competitors were equally strong as them and spoke highly of North Korea’s presentation after the game. In sum, sports really enable people to own the quality of respecting opponents, which makes it unique compared to other things.Another vital class we can learn is accepting defeats or victories, it is a fundamental part of competition and it is unavoidable for each participant. That is just the most appealing part of sports. Team members should not blame their partners for anything as long as he puts all his heart into it. Facing failure calmly and embracing success modestly are the experiences of life that sports give us.Considering all the analysis above, we safely come to the conclusion that doing sports indeed benefit us a lot in varied ways. I insist that in the future a large range of people will participate in sports and obtain knowledge of life.(Written by Wang Pingfei)(10)Do agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people should take different kinds of jobs before they take a career in a long term.Generally, many young people take several different kinds of jobs when they first step into the society. However, some people argue that whether it is necessary to take numerous jobs before they take a career in a long time. Nevertheless, from my perspective, they should take various jobs before pursuing the long-term employment in order to find out their interests and potential, gain more knowledge as well as experience, and make more friends.Firstly, taking several jobs enables the young people to discover their real passion and potential. After the students have graduated from college, some of them have no clue about what career they should choose. However, only by trying numerous kinds of occupations can they figure out which field they will be interested in and do well. My uncle first worked as an accountant in a small company after he obtained his college degree. However, he soon realized the work was too dull for him. Then he changed his career to a HR manager in a national bank. Yet, he was totally overwhelmed by the heavy work load as well as the competitive working environment. He quitted his job and became a mathematics teacher in a high school. To his surprise, he eventually found out his passion in teaching the students and decided to take teacher as his long-termcareer. Therefore, young people should experience a variety of jobs to identify the job that most suits them.Secondly, young people can learn various sorts of skills and gain valuable experience which is useful for the whole career development. It is an undeniable fact that by taking several new jobs, people have to adapt to the new environment. In this way, they can learn many practical knowledge and techniques. For instance, if a young man changes his job and steps into another career, he has to get accustomed to this new place. By communicating with his colleagues, he can gradually improve his social skills. Spontaneously, he will have a quick adaptation to the environment.As far as I am concerned, taking various jobs make it possible for the young people to discover their interests and potential. They can also obtain valuable experience and knowledge that may be beneficial to their long-term career. Considering all the analysis above, we may safely come to the conclusion that young people should take different kinds of jobs before they identify and pursue their lifetime career.(Written by Wang Pingfei)(11) Do you agree or disagree: Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.In order to have a comparative edge in this globalized society, people today have to equip themselves with the latest news about other nations. To achieve this goal, some people put forward that the best way to grasp the information is to read newspapers and magazines. Personally, I disagree. Newspapers and magazines are born with limitations and other forms of media can play equally effective, if not more, role in it.First, neither newspapers nor magazines provide people with a thorough understanding of the complex culture of a new country. Due to the limited pages or space, it is impossible to illustrate the complexity of a culture to the readers in a number of lines. What readers get from news reports or pictures of the newspapers is always superficial and subje ct to the authors’ personal judgment. On the other hand, the classic books have withstanded the examination of time and can facilitate the readers’ learning. If you want to truly understand the West, for example, the newspapers and magazines may tell you what happened there, and the classic books like Holy Bible will tell you why it happened. Thus the attempt to truly understand a foreign country by the instant information of newspapers and magazines is due to fail.Moreover, the real experience in a new country may benefit people more than just reading newspapers and magazines. Although some magazines today embrace vivid pictures and even DVDs to better display a new nation, the readers are still both mentally and physically kept away from the strange place. It is because readers are just led by authors and they do not have the opportunity to explore in person. Many people have the experience that when traveling, what they finally find in the destinations differs dramatically from what they have read from the traveling magazines. Hence, without an exploration in person, the newspapers and magazines are。
托福写作冲刺课程电子讲义
托福写作冲刺课程大纲一、独立写作二、综合写作独立写作考试形式一、考试时间：30分钟二、话题作文三、字数要求：300以上（400左右）题型分类一一、利弊类二、事实类利弊类一、标志词：should, …is better than…, …is more important than …, which would you prefer二、答题角度：该不该，好或坏三、同意与否：今天应该下雨吗？四、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students should play sports everyday.事实类一、标志词：无二、与利弊类题目非此即彼三、答题角度：是不是，存不存在四、同意与否：今天下雨了吗？五、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students now play sports everyday.分类意义一、避免跑题二、快速构思避免跑题一、经典错误：把事实题当做利弊题二、几个容易跑偏的题举例1、A or D? Advertisements are exaggerated.2、A or D? People now pay too much attention on their dressing and looking.3、A or D? Young people now are less dependent on their parents than they were in the past.快速构思一、利弊类：“万金由”二、事实类：“万金由”/拆分举例利弊类解题思路一、找出多个受益方与受损方二、“万金由”找出多个受益方与受损方一、对谁好？对谁不好？二、举例1、A or D? Parents should help their children do homework.2、A or D? Universities should offer students better job preparation before they start working.3、A or D? Working three days a week with longer hours is better than working five days a week with shorter hours.“万金由”一、起到提示思路作用的万能理由二、“便”“健”“安”“情”“成”“品”“环”“学”便利(convenience)一、节省时间(save time, not time-consuming)二、时间灵活(time is flexible)三、就近解决(short distance)四、提前完成(keep the schedule ahead)健康(health)一、充分休息(enough rest)二、营养均衡(balanced nutrition)三、体育锻炼(body exercise, sports)四、远离疾病(away from diseases)安全(safety)一、食品安全(food safety)二、人身安全(body safety)三、财产安全(property safety)四、生活稳定(stability, sustainability)情感(affection, love, feeling)一、亲情(family love, family accord)二、友情(friendship)三、爱情(love)四、人际关系/社会圈子(interpersonal relationship, social circle)成功(success)一、成就感(a sense of achievement)二、荣誉感(a sense of honor)三、自信(self-confidence)四、尊敬(respect)品格(virtue)一、诚实(honesty)二、勤奋(diligence)三、独立(independence)四、体贴(considerateness)五、团队精神(team spirit)六、坚韧不拔(persistence, tenacity)环保(environment protection)一、环境污染(environment pollution)二、全球变暖(global warming)三、滥砍滥发/植树造林(deforestation, afforestation)学习(learning)一、必修科目(compulsory course)二、选修科目(optional course)三、在线课程(on-line course)利弊类解题举例1、父母应该帮助孩子做作业吗？2、学校应该给毕业生更多就业指导吗？3、花钱旅游还是为了未来存钱？4、高薪离家远还是低薪离家近？5、高中应该要求所有学生都学习经济学吗？事实类一、“万金由”二、拆分举例“万金由”解事实类举例1、住大城市比住农村能够更好地照顾家庭成员吗？2、孩子现在比过去更独立于父母吗？3、运动员收入过高吗？拆分举例一、对题目中已有的关键名词进行拆分二、合理拆分到具体类别分别讨论拆分举例解题示范1、住大城市比住农村能够更好地照顾家庭成员吗？2、运动员收入过高吗？3、20年后学生还会使用打印书籍吗？抽象题目的拆分举例1、观察动物能够了解人性吗？2、人们工作是为了钱还是为了社会地位？3、现在社会中最严重的问题会在我们有生之年解决吗？4、人们过分关注衣着和长相了吗？5、人们穿衣服是为了美观吗？利弊类与事实类的解题总结一、“万金由”与拆分举例都适用；二、“万金由”提示观点，拆分举例细化讨论范围；三、理清思路，避免跑题。
托福强化写作讲义
写作提高：1. 中文思维——看到题目有话可说；2. 英文表达——正确恰当把中文思维体现成英文细节，结构，语言细节：清晰恰当的举例或“说明”能力；并不是一定出现for example，论据：why, what, how 结构：正常的逻辑说话顺序不重视语言。
语言：讲究用简单的话陈述深刻的道理；不是用复杂的话陈述简单的道理审题：1. 问法：which one, A & D （10-30 sec.）2. 思考什么现象导致出此题目（30-60 sec.）思考方式：1.过去和今天对比；2.以自身为背景; 3. 细化主题词写作：A 开头部分题目背景：1.通过现象 2.引出话题3-5mins 50字主题句（开头）用肯定的语言概括文章将来结构（理由，例子）B 论证部分1 （1）key words和题目相同（尽量保持题目语序）（2）概括此段大意（尽量概括论据）（3）简单准确2 解释1句3 解释2句论据：why / what / how4 解释3句C 结尾部分主题句（结尾）清晰明确递进A & D（含有绝对词）第1段：BI(Back Information)第2段：去掉绝对词（或把绝对词变限定词）肯定第3段：加上绝对词否定第4段：TS (Thesis Statement) + 递进(取决于&不得不)“含绝对词立论文”出题形式A is the most important. & A is more important than B.2. A is important.3. However, B is the same important.4. I disagree that A is the “most” important.(1) It depends on …… whether A or B isthe most important.(2) B is more important than A in that ……A is the best.A is only way.A is better than B.常见绝对词：最高级，唯一性，比较级best —— goodworst —— badalways —— sometime, often, usuallynever —— sometime not消失——减少必然——可能必须——可以● Nowadays, the ability to cooperate is more important than past?（2007-3-4）2. It is undeniable that the ability to cooperate nowadays is extremely important and inevitable.3. However, it is also indisputable that the ability to cooperate in past is genuinelyimportant and imperative.4. Judging from above evidence offered, I can hardly agree that the ability to cooperate nowadays is “more”important than past. From my perspective, since the undeveloped science and technology, the ability to cooperate in past is more important than nowadays.● It is more important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge?（2007-3-10）2. It is undeniable that it is extremely important and inevitable to help students gain self-confidence.（错）2. It is undeniable that a teacher to help students gain self-confidence is great important.（错）2. Admittedly, it is magically important and inevitable for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence in order to encouragestudents to face the troubles of study and daily routine easily.3. Nevertheless, it is also typically important and imperative for a teacher to teach students specific knowledge for their extensive essential knowledge to lay the foundation for the favorable career prospect.4. Consequently, I can hardly agree that it is “more”important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge. From my perspective, it depends mostly on the study period and personality of the students whether the teacher helps students gain self-confidence or teaches specific knowledge.introvertedextroverted写文章框架的规律：1. 题目语序为“主谓宾”结构，使用it is undeniable / indisputable / unavoidable /incontrovertible that2. 题目语序是it be adj，段首句语序不变，加形容词或副词3. 概括论据：why: in that, for, on account of, for the sake of, in order towhat: , especially4. 递进常用取决于，不要忘了whether, 常见取决于：发展，爱好，年龄，经济，习惯，背景（个性）5. 当对比的A和B是人必经阶段时，用不得不,即程度加深。
托福强化写作
well-organized 良好的组织
整体well-organized。要求：整篇文章分为 introduction、body和conclusion；Thesis statement位于introduction最后；Body分body paragraphs；transitional words或者repetition衔接 body paragraphs；conclusion重申thesis statement。
例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the modern society, the ability to speak well is more important than the ability to write well.
Address the topic: For most people, speaking ability is more important than writing ability.
Fail to address the topic：Speaking ability plays a vital role in a person’s success.
improve the quality of the education in a country is to increase teachers' salaries.
因果型 因果型题目是从GRE ISSUE题目演化而来。 [2006-09-15] Recently, we have so many sources of news and
following statement? University education is the most important factor in people’s success.
托福口语写作教学大纲
托福口语写作教学大纲托福口语写作教学大纲一、引言在当今全球化的时代，英语已经成为了一门必备的语言技能。
而在英语考试中，托福口语和写作部分无疑是最具挑战性的一项。
因此，制定一份科学合理的托福口语写作教学大纲，对于学生的学习和提高至关重要。
二、目标设定1. 提高学生的口语表达能力：培养学生流利、准确地表达自己的观点和想法的能力，提高口语流利度和语音语调的准确性。
2. 培养学生的写作能力：让学生掌握写作技巧，能够清晰、连贯地表达自己的观点，并能够进行合理的论证和举例支持。
3. 培养学生的批判思维能力：引导学生学会分析问题、提出观点，并能够进行合理的辩论和论证。
三、教学内容1. 口语表达能力的培养a. 提高口语流利度：通过大量的口语练习，培养学生的口语表达习惯，提高口语流利度。
b. 语音语调的准确性：通过练习发音、语调和语速，让学生掌握正确的口语表达方式。
c. 观点表达的准确性：培养学生清晰、准确地表达自己观点和想法的能力，让学生学会用简洁的语言表达复杂的观点。
2. 写作能力的培养a. 写作结构的学习：教授学生常用的写作结构，如五段式、四段式等，让学生能够清晰地组织自己的写作内容。
b. 论证和举例的技巧：教授学生如何进行合理的论证和举例支持，让学生的写作更有说服力和逻辑性。
c. 语言表达的准确性：培养学生的词汇量和语法运用能力，让学生能够用准确的语言表达自己的观点和想法。
3. 批判思维能力的培养a. 分析问题的能力：教授学生如何分析问题，找出问题的关键点，并能够从不同角度进行思考和分析。
b. 提出观点和论证的能力：培养学生提出自己观点的能力，并能够进行合理的辩论和论证。
c. 合作与交流的能力：通过小组讨论和合作项目，培养学生的合作与交流能力，让学生能够在团队中有效地表达自己的观点。
四、教学方法1. 多样化的口语练习：通过角色扮演、小组讨论、辩论等方式，让学生在不同场景中进行口语练习，提高口语表达能力。
2. 阅读与写作的结合：通过阅读材料，让学生学习和模仿优秀的写作范文，提高写作能力。
托福强化班写作讲义
❖工欲善其事，必先利其器 ❖写好托福大作文，先要了解
其评分标准和时间字数等要求
托福写作之“大作文”（独立写作）
❖托福大作文写作时间30mins ❖字数要求at least300单词 ❖分值从0-5分不等，然后转换成标准
大作文之体裁篇
❖Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in?
大作文之体裁篇
❖ 第二：判断题（要求对题目给定的观点表态， 是赞同还是反对，并给出理由支持你的表态）
托福写作之“大作文”（独立写作）
❖ 句式变化（中国考生弱项） ❖ 恰当的词汇选择（不一定要用难词，但要尽
量准确） ❖ 语言的合规性（合乎规范语言地道） ❖ 可以存在少量小错误
托福写作之“大作文”（独立写作）
❖ 中国考生大作文四大弱项总结 ❖ 语言连贯性 ❖ 句式变化 ❖ 词汇选择 ❖ 语言合贵性
❖ 中国同学由于受母语干扰，语言连贯性一直 不好，可以通过细节化或者连接词训练语言 连贯性
托福写作之“大作文”（独立写作）
❖ Displays consistent facility in the use of language，demonstrating syntactic variety，appropriate word choice，and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors（语言方面）
❖5分：an essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following（5 分文章要满足以下四项标准的大部分）
托福写作教案
托福写作教案教案标题：提高托福写作技巧一、教学目标：1. 了解托福写作的评分标准及要求。
2. 掌握托福写作的基本结构和写作技巧。
3. 提高学生的写作表达能力和语言素养。
4. 培养学生批判性思维和逻辑推理能力。
二、教学准备：1. 托福机经和写作样题。
2. 雅思写作评分标准。
3. PPT或黑板。
4. 合适的写作素材和范例。
三、教学过程：授课方式：小组合作探究、讲解与练习相结合。
1. 引入（5分钟）介绍托福写作的重要性及对学生未来出国留学的影响，激发学生学习的兴趣。
2. 讲解托福写作评分标准（10分钟）根据托福写作评分标准，讲解托福写作的检查要点，包括主题集中性、逻辑连贯性、语言运用等，并给予相应的范例解释。
3. 针对性指导写作结构（15分钟）根据托福写作的题型和要求，讲解不同类型写作的基本结构，如观点对比、问题解决、提供观点等，并结合具体样题进行分析。
4. 提供写作素材（10分钟）为学生提供相关的写作素材，包括观点、事实、统计数据等，帮助学生拓展思路和提升论证的有力性。
5. 练习和示范（20分钟）5.1 学生分组合作讨论给定写作题目，并确定论点。
5.2 每个小组选取一名代表进行现场示范写作，其他学生观摩并给予反馈。
5.3 分享优秀范文，讲解范文的亮点和写作思路。
6. 语言表达和修辞手法讲解（10分钟）分析和讲解一些常用的语言表达和修辞手法，如比喻、转折、举例、因果关系等，以提升学生写作的语言鲜活性和逻辑性。
7. 练习和反馈（15分钟）7.1 学生进行小组练习，互相修改和改进对方的作文。
7.2 教师逐组点评，指出学生在表达和结构方面的问题，并给予建议和改进方案。
8. 总结和作业布置（5分钟）总结当天的教学内容和要点，并布置托福写作模拟题作业。
鼓励学生继续练习和挖掘写作的潜力。
四、教学延伸：1. 鼓励学生自主查找托福写作素材，培养学生的信息获取和总结能力。
2. 引导学生多阅读托福写作范文，分析范文优点和不足之处，不断提升自己的写作水平。
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Curricular for TOEFL Writing
ⅠOutline
1.Course Introduction
Time:50 minutes
Question type:
a.Integrated writing (20 minutes)
Step 1: read a passage (3 minutes)
Step 2: listen to a passage related to the reading material (2 minutes)
Step 3: summarize a passage about 150 to 225 words based on the reading and listening passages. (without you own viewpoints)
b.Independent writing (30 minutes)
▲agree or disagree
▲comparison
Test evaluation
a.effectively addresses the writing topic and task
b.well organized and well developed
es specific details and examples to support your view
d.displays language facility by demonstrating syntactic variety, word choice and idiom
3.Principles of TOEFL writing
▲simplicity
▲equality
▲difference
4.Difference between English and Chinese writing
▲Structure vs. meaning
▲Long sentence vs. short sentence
▲Clause vs. individual sentence
▲Pronoun vs. noun
▲Passive voice vs. active voice
▲Variety vs. repetition
▲Abstract vs. specific
▲Extension vs. reasoning
▲Omission vs. complementary
▲Center in the beginning vs. center in the back
5.Appreciation and analysis of model composition with full mark.
▲ vocabulary
▲ grammar
▲ structure
▲ content
Mark Twain once said, “The human race has one really effective weapon, and that is laughter.”A smile will unconsciously pull short distance between hearts, which is the charm of a smile. So never stop smiling, even when you are sad, for someone might fall in love with your smile.
Undoubtedly, it is smile that keeps us continually shortening the distance among people. When you fall down, a smile from others will bring you the power to stand up. Besides, smile is a name card which will make the people around you feel comfortable and pave the way for you to make good friends. When you feel disappointed with the life and get heartbroken with the love, just smile, it's a good medicine for your hurt soul. Were there no smile, never would we taste a happy and healthy life.
Consequently, from what has been discussed above, it can be safely concluded that a smile is beneficial for us bridge gaps of social interaction and sweep disorders of human communication.。