1 Comparative Digestive Physiology (mod) 大学动物营养学课件 英文版

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Physiology 生理学重点

Physiology 生理学重点

Define the following terms and list the example1Internal environment: All cells live in the same environment ——the extracelluar fluid. In the extracellular fluid are the ions and nutrients needed by the cell to maintain cell life. For this reason, the environment fluid is also called the internal environment.2Homestasis: can maintain the internal environment stable which means the physical and chemical properties of extracelluar fluid only change in a limited range called normal physiological range.3 Negative feedback: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that change.4 Positive feedback:A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which amplifies.5 simple diffusion: lipid-soluble substances or small polar molecules diffusion directly through the interstices of the lipid bilayer.Example: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, alcohols, H2O, urea6 Facilitated diffusion via ion channel: the channel facilitates diffusion of ions to the other side, three types: voltage-gated channel, chemical-gated channel and mechanically-gated channel. Ions(Na+,K+, Cl+, Ca+), H2O.Voltage-gated Channel电压门控Chemical-gated Channel化学门控Mechanically-gated Channel机械门控7 Facilitated diffusion via carrier: the carrier (transporter) facilitates diffusion of some lipid-in soluble moleclues to the other side. Glucose, amino acid8 Primary active transport: making directly use of energy derived from ATP to transport the ions across the cell membrane against their concentration gradients. Na+-K+ pump, calcium pump, proton pump9 Secondary active transport: The ion gradients established by primary active transport permits the transport of other substances against their concentration gradients. Na+-glucose pump, Na+-amino pump.10 Resting potential: A potential difference across the membrane of the cell negative relative to the outside of the cell11 polarization: A state in which the resting potential is positive on the outside and negative on the inside12 K+ equilibrium potential: “balance” means that the electrical force that results form the build-up of ionic charge, and which impedes outward diffusion, increases until it is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the tendency for outward diffusive movement of potassium. This balance point is an equilibrium potential as the net transmembrane flux of K+ is zero.13 action potential: Some of the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their resting membrane potential from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is calledan action potential.14 Threshold potential:is the critical level to which the membrane potential must be depolarization in order to initiate an action potential. Threshold intensity/value: the minimal stimulus that produces excitation.15 saltatory conduction: the action potential are conducted from node to node16 excitability: the property of a cell that enables to react (generate AP) to stimulation, such as the ability of a nerve or muscle cell to react an electric stimulus.17 absolute refractory period: the period during which a second action potential cannot be elicited, even with a strong stimulus.18 end plate potential: the depolarizations of end plate membrane caused by Ach binding to N2-Ach receptors in the neuromuscular junction. It is a local potential.Ach门控通道阻断剂---α银环蛇毒Na+电压门控通道阻断剂---河豚毒TTX19 cross-bridge cycling: the muscle contractile process in which the cross-bridge binds to actin, twists and resets.20 excutation-contraction coupling: is the muscle physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus(action potential) to a mechanical response(muscle contraction).21 isometric contraction: tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a mucle contracts.22 isotonic contraction: tension remains constant but the muscle shortens whena mucle contracts.23 afterload: afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.24 preload: preload is the load that is given to the muscle before the beginning of the contraction. Preload=initial length25 hematocrit:the volume of red blood cell(erythrocytes) as a percentage of centrifuged whole blood.26 erythrocyte sedimentation rate:the distance that red blood cell settle in a tube of blood in one hour27 hemostasis: small damaged blood vessel stop bleeding after a few minute.28 blood coagulation: is the process that blood change from the sol to illiquid gel state.29 blood group: a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells30 extrinsic pathway: the coagulation pathway initiated by FII exposed to blood which comes from outside the blood.31 intrinsic pathway: gradually clot the blood completely depending on the coagulation factors in the blood.32 stroke volume:volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per beat. SV=EDV-ESV. At rest: SV:~70ml33 cardiac output:the total volume of blood pumped by each ventricle perminute. At rest: 5L/min(4.5-6.0L/min)34 ejection fraction (EF):Stroke volume as a percentage of end-diastolic ventricles. EF = SV/EDV╳100% . 60%35 cardiac index:cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.3.0~3.5L/(min·m2)36 cardiac reserve:the maximum percentage that the cardiac output can increase above the normal level.37 Frank-starling mechanism: The intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to increasing volumes of inflowing blood through increasing ventricular end-diastole volume.938 heterometric regulation: the regulation of stroke volume as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.39 homometric regulation::regulate the force of contraction without a change in muscle length40 cardiac cycle: The cardiac events that occur from beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.Systole, diastole.41 end-systolic volume:As the ventricles empty during systole, the volume decreases about 70ml.The remaining volume in each ventricle,about 50ml,is called the end-systolic volume.42 end-diastolic volume: During diastole, filling of the ventricles increases the volume of each ventricle to about 130ml.This volume is called the End-diastolicvolume.心动周期中的几个“最”心室容积最低:减慢射血期末,等容舒张期,心室容积最大:心房收缩期末,等容收缩期室内压最高:快速射血期末43 premature systole: a contraction of the heart prior to the time that normal contraction would have been expected44 compensatory pause:the pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.Premature systole is generally followed by a so-called conmpensatory pause, because the heart is still in the absolute refractory period of the extrasystole when the excitatory impulse from the SA node arrives.45 effective refractory period:the duration from the beining of phase 0 to -60mv of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In ERP, the excitability is almost zero.46 atrioventricular delay: The atrial muscle are separated from those of ventricles by a fibrous tissue ring. The AV node is normally the only conducting pathway between the atrial and ventricles. Because conduction in the AV node is slow, a delay of about 0.1s occours before excitation spread to the ventricles.47 Electrocardiogram (ECG) 心电图The electrocardiograph is a device to record the electrical signals produced bythe heart by placing electrodes on the surface of the skin. The recording obtained is called the electrocardiogram (ECG).48 systolic pressure:the maximum arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection.49 diastolic pressure:the minimum arterial pressure just before ventricular ejection begins.50 pulse pressure: the difference between SP(systolic pressure) and DP(diastolic pressure)51 mean arterial pressure: the average pressure in the cardiac cycle(=DP+1/3PP)52 central venous pressure(CVP)pressure of blood in the thoracic vena cava and the right atrium.正常值:4-12cmH2OCVP >16cmH2O⚫(1) heart failure⚫(2) massive transfusion of blood53 venous return:refers to the flow of blood from the periphery back to the right atrium54 mcrocirculation:capillary blood circulation between the arteriole and venule55 respiration:The gas exchange process between organization and environment is named respiration.56 surface tension:Tension of a liquid's surface. Due to the forces of attraction between moleculesAnswer the questions1 Regulation of body function:Nervous regulationHumoral regulationAutoregulation2 Describe the physiological role of sodium pump:1 maintaining the Na+ and K+ gradients across the cell membrane, which is the basi to form bioelectricity.2 maintain the high concentration of K+ inside the cell, which is needed by the cell metabolism.3 controlling cell volume and osmotic pressure4 providing energy for secondary active transport5 partly responsible for establishing a negative electrical potential inside the cell.3 Factors affecting resting potential1 K+ concentration gradient.K+ concentration outside the membrane↑→RP↓2 membrane permeability to K+ and Na+More permeable to K+ →RP↑More permeable to Na+ →the RP↓3 the activity of Na+—K+ pumpHypopotassemia血钾过低→RP上升hyperpotassemia 过高→RP下降4 All-or-nothing principle1 stimulus must exceed threshold stimulus to trigger AP2 the amplitude of an AP is independent of the intensity of stimulus that produced it.3 either they occur fully or they do not occur at all5 Describe the ionic mechanism of AP1 change in electrochemical driving force2 change in membrane permeability6 Compare the properties of action potential with the local potential7 second messenger: cAMP, DG(DAG), IP3 cGMP Ca2+8 properties of action potential (AP)1AP ia all-or-none2AP propagates without decrement3Discharge in form of impulse: unfused(because of refractory period)9 describe neuromuscular transmissionDepolarization of prejunctional membrane make the voltage-gated calciumchannel open. Then the calcium enter into motor nerve ending. Calcium can promote the exocytosis of synaptic vesicle and Ach release. The Ach can activate N2-Ach receptor channel which can make the N2-Ach receptor cation channel open. Endplate membrane increase the permeability for sodium and potassium.(mianly sodium internal flow). Then endplate membrane deploarize which activates voltage-gated sodium channel. Finally skeletal muscle generate action potential.10 describe excitation coupling proceeds1. Spread of the Action Potential to the Interior of the Muscle Fiber by Way of T Tubules2. This depolarisation activates L-type calcium channels3. This activates RyR (calcium release channel)via foot processes4. As the RyRs open, calcium is released from the SR into the cytoplasm.5. The calcium binds to Troponin C by the actin filaments, to allow cross-bridge cycling, producing force and motion6. The SR calcium pump actively pumps calcium back into the SR. As calcium declines back to resting levels, the force declines and relaxation occur11 影响肌肉收缩的四大因素1 preload2 afterload3 contractility4 summation12 Crystalloid Osmotic Pressure 晶体渗透压◼ Pressure generated by all crystal substances, particularly NaCl.◼ maintaining fluid balance across cell membranes and the normal cell volume ◼ =interstitial fluidColloid Osmotic Pressure 胶体渗透压◼ Osmotic pressure generated by plasma proteins, particularly albumin.◼ maintaining fluid balance across capillaries and the normal blood volume ◼>interstitial fluid13 physiological properties of RBC1 plastic deformation2 suspension stability : erythrocyte sedimentation rate(the distance that red blood cell3 osmotic fragility settle in a tube of blood in one hour)Rouleaux formation →ESR↑14function of RBC biconcave discs1 Transport of O2 (98.5%) and CO22 BufferingKHCO3/H2CO3、KHb/HHb、KHbO2/HHbO2、K2HPO4/KH2PO415 production of RBC (erythropoiesis)◼ Site: bone marrow◼ Nutritional Requirements for Erythropoiesis: Iron and protein◼ Maturation of Red Blood Cells: Vitamin B12 (requirement of intrinsic factor)and folic acid ◼ Regulation of Erythropoiesis:EPODeficiencies of these factors lead to characteristic anemias(贫血)红细胞生成的调节因子:1 Intrinsic factor, 分泌:由壁细胞分泌的糖蛋白。

physiology系列单词

physiology系列单词

physiology系列单词English Answer:Cardiovascular Physiology.The study of the heart and blood vessels.Includes the study of blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow.The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and removing waste products.Renal Physiology.The study of the kidneys.Includes the study of urine formation, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance.The renal system is responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products, and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.Respiratory Physiology.The study of the lungs and breathing.Includes the study of gas exchange, lung volumes, and respiratory mechanics.The respiratory system is responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air.Gastrointestinal Physiology.The study of the digestive system.Includes the study of food digestion, absorption, and excretion.The gastrointestinal system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.Endocrine Physiology.The study of the endocrine system.Includes the study of hormones, their secretion, and their effects on target tissues.The endocrine system is responsible for regulating a wide range of bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction.Neurophysiology.The study of the nervous system.Includes the study of neurons, synapses, and neural circuits.The nervous system is responsible for controlling movement, sensation, and thought.Neuromuscular Physiology.The study of the interaction between the nervoussystem and the muscular system.Includes the study of motor neurons, muscle fibers,and neuromuscular junctions.The neuromuscular system is responsible forcontrolling movement.Reproductive Physiology.The study of the reproductive systems.Includes the study of gamete production, fertilization, and pregnancy.The reproductive system is responsible for producingoffspring.Immunology.The study of the immune system.Includes the study of white blood cells, antibodies, and antigens.The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from infection.Physiology of Homeostasis.The study of how the body maintains a stable internal environment.Includes the study of thermoregulation, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance.The homeostatic mechanisms of the body work together to maintain a stable internal environment that is essentialfor survival.中文回答:生理学。

医学主题词表.doc

医学主题词表.doc

医学主题词表作者:jack11 日期:2007-12-18 02:56:20医学主题词表(Medical Subject Headings, 简称MeSH)MeSH词表是美国国立医学图书馆编制的用于对生物医学文献进行标引和检索的权威性术语控制工具。

中外著名医学数据库PubMed、Medline、CBM 等都采用该词表作为主题词检索。

了解MeSH词表的结构,掌握其使用方法,是进行医学文献检索的基础。

MeSH词表由字顺表(Alphabetic List)和树状结构表(Tree Structures)两部分组成。

一、字顺表1.收词数量:到2005年为止,该表共收医学主题词22,997个,入口词24,050个。

2.收词种类:主题词、款目词、类目词和副主题词。

主题词:构成主题词表的主体,由生物医学领域的经过规范化的名词术语所构成。

有独立检索意义。

例如,“心脏”、“脊髓灰质炎”等。

款目词:也称入口词,其作用是将自由词引见到主题词。

例如:弓形足见足畸形,其中“弓形足”是入口词,“足畸形”是主题词。

类目词:为保证分类表体系的完整性而设立的一类词汇,通常都是一些学科范围很大的词,它们不作为主题词使用。

例如:肌骨骼畸形(类目词)、身体部位(类目词)等。

副主题词:副主题词对文献主题起限定作用,构成主题的一些通用性概念,本身无独立检索意义。

例如链霉素/副作用;青光眼/病因学等。

在MeSH 中提供了83个副主题词(2006年),这些副主题词按英文字母顺序排列,同时给予每个词词义解释,还限定各个副主题词允许组配的主题词范围,即在副主题词后的括号内标出该词可以组配的主题词的类号。

MeSH的选词范围,包括生物医学文献中能表达与医学或生命科学有关的概念,并具有检索意义的常用词或词组。

大致可概括为以下十个方面:①解剖学名词,包括器官、组织、细胞等;②疾病名称;③药物、化学物质、内源性物质等;④操作技术,包括诊断、治疗、外科手术、麻醉等;⑤行为医学、心理学及精神病学;⑥有机体、微生物、动植物;⑦生理、生物学;⑧公共卫生、保健科学及事业;⑨与医学相关的自然科学、社会科学、人文科学、情报科学等;⑩地理区域(一)主题词增删表MeSH词表具有动态性,每年都有增删改变。

211001970_不同体重四川白鹅消化生理、免疫和肠道微生物的比较分析

211001970_不同体重四川白鹅消化生理、免疫和肠道微生物的比较分析

畜牧兽医学报 2023,54(3):1124-1134A c t aV e t e r i n a r i a e tZ o o t e c h n i c aS i n i c ad o i :10.11843/j.i s s n .0366-6964.2023.03.024开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):不同体重四川白鹅消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物的比较分析袁岩聪1,何 航2,刘安芳1,万 堃1,章 杰1*(1.西南大学动物科学技术学院,重庆402460;2.重庆三峡职业学院动物科技学院,重庆404155)摘 要:旨在比较分析不同体重四川白鹅消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物的差异㊂随机选取400只70日龄四川白鹅的体重数据进行正态分布分析,筛选出高体重(HW )㊁低体重(L W )鹅各24只,然后测定免疫和消化相关指标,并利用16S r R N A 测序技术检测肠道微生物㊂结果显示:HW 组平均日增重显著高于L W 组(P <0.05),而初始体重无差异(P >0.05);HW 组淀粉酶活性㊁肌胃㊁腺胃㊁回肠指数㊁十二指肠和空肠黏膜厚度㊁空肠和回肠绒毛高度㊁绒隐比均显著高于L W 组(P <0.05),但回肠隐窝深度显著低于L W 组(P <0.05);HW 组I g A ㊁I g M ㊁I g G ㊁溶菌酶含量及胸腺㊁法氏囊指数显著高于L W 组(P <0.05);HW 和L W 组肠道微生物α多样性无显著差异(P >0.05),而β多样性组间差异显著(R 2=0.25,P =0.02);门水平上,主要由B a c t e r o i d e t e s (HW :43.50%;L W :53.69%)和F i r m -i c u t e s (HW :39.24%;L W :26.47%)组成;属水平上,相对丰度占比1%以上的共有菌有B a c t e r o i d e s ㊁D e s u l f o v i b r i o ㊁O s c i l l i b a c t e r 等7种;共有25种(HW :18,L W :7)优势细菌标志物在HW 和L W 组之间存在显著差异(P <0.05),其中HW 组的优势菌为F u s o b a c t e r i a l e s ㊁C l o s t r i d i a l e s ㊁A c h o l e p l a s m a t a l e s ,而L W 组的优势菌为B a c t e r o i d a l e s ㊂结果提示:四川白鹅体重与其消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物密切相关,良好的消化和免疫功能能够提高营养物质的消化吸收和抵抗疾病的能力,有益菌丰度的升高促进体重的增加㊂关键词:体重;四川白鹅;消化生理;免疫;肠道微生物中图分类号:S 835.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:0366-6964(2023)03-1124-11收稿日期:2022-05-26基金项目:中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(X D J K 2019C 094);重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(K J Q N 202103507);重庆三峡职业学院重点科研项目(c qs x 202002)作者简介:袁岩聪(1997-),女,甘肃兰州人,硕士生,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E -m a i l :y 1400510152@163.c o m *通信作者:章 杰,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E -m a i l :z h a n g ji e 813@163.c o m C o m p a r a t i v eA n a l y s i s o fD i g e s t i v eP h y s i o l o g y ,I m m u n i t y an dG u tM i c r o b i o t a o f S i c h u a n W h i t eG o o s ew i t hD i f f e r e n t B o d y W e i gh t Y U A N Y a n c o n g 1,H E H a n g 2,L I U A n f a n g 1,WA N Ku n 1,Z H A N GJ i e 1*(1.C o l l e g e o f A n i m a lS c i e n c e a n dT e c h n o l o g y ,S o u t h w e s t U n i v e r s i t y ,C h o n g q i n g 402460,C h i n a ;2.C o l l e g e o f A n i m a lS c i e n c e a n dT e c h n o l o g y ,C h o n g q i n g T h r e eG o r ge s V o c a t i o n a lC o l l e g e ,C h o n g q i n g 404155,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :T h e a i mo f t h i s s t u d y w a s t o c o m p a r a t i v e l y a n a l y z e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n d i g e s t i v e p h ys i o l o -g y ,i m m u n i t y a n d g u tm i c r o b i o t a i nS i c h u a nw h i t e g o o s ew i t hd i f f e r e n t b o d y w e i gh t .N o r m a l d i s -t r i b u t i o na n a l y s i sw a s p e r f o r m e do nt h eb o d y w e i g h to f 400S i c h u a nw h i t e g e e s ea t 70-d a y-o l d ,a n d 24h i g hw e i g h t (HW )a n d 24l o w w e i g h t (L W )g e e s ew e r e s e l e c t e d .T h e i m m u n e a n dd i g e s -t i v e i n d e x e sw e r e d e t e r m i n e d ,a n d t h e g u tm i c r o b i o t aw a s d e t e c t e d b y 16S r R N As e q u e n c i n g t e c h -n o l o g y .T h e r e s u l t ss h o w e dt h a t t h ea v e r a g ed a i l yg a i n (A D G )o fHW g r o u p w a ss i g n i f i c a n t l yCopyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.3期袁岩聪等:不同体重四川白鹅消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物的比较分析h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o fL W g r o u p(P<0.05),w h i l e t h e r ew a sn od i f f e r e n c e i n i n i t i a lb o d y w e i g h t (P>0.05).T h e a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y,o r g a n i n d e x e s o fm u s c l e s t o m a c h,g l a n d u l a r s t o m a c h a n d i l e a l, m u c o s a l t h i c k n e s s o f d u o d e n u ma n d j e j u n u m,v i l l u sh e i g h t a n dv i l l u sh e i g h t/c r y p t d e p t ho f j e j u-n u ma n d i l e u m w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n HW g r o u p t h a n t h o s eo f t h eL W g r o u p(P<0.05), b u t c r y p t d e p t ho f i l e u m w a ss i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a nt h a to fL W g r o u p(P<0.05).T h e I g A, I g M,I g G,l y s o z y m e c o n t e n t,o r g a n i n d e x e s o f t h y m u s a n d b u r s aw e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i nHW g r o u p t h a n t h o s e o f t h eL W g r o u p(P<0.05).T h e r ew a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n g u tm i c r o b i a l α-d i v e r s i t y b e t w e e nHW a n dL W g r o u p s(P>0.05),w h i l eβ-d i v e r s i t y d i f f e r e ds i g n i f i c a n t l y b e-t w e e n t h e t w o g r o u p s(R2=0.25,P=0.02).A t t h e p h y l u ml e v e l,i tw a sm a i n l y c o m p o s e do f B a c t e r o i d e t e s(HW:43.50%;L W:53.69%)a n dF i r m i c u t e s(HW:39.24%;L W:26.47%).A t t h e g e n u s l e v e l,s e v e nk i n d so f c o m m o nb a c t e r i a,i n c l u d i n gB a c t e r o i d e s,D e s u l f o v i b r i o a n d O s c i l l i b a c t e r e t c.,r e s p e c t i v e l y a c c o u n t e d f o rm o r e t h a n1%o f t h e r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e.At o t a l o f 25(HW:18,L W:7)d o m i n a n tb a c t e r i a lm a r k e r sw e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n tb e t w e e nt h eHW a n dL W g r o u p s(P<0.05).T h e d o m i n a n t b a c t e r i a i n t h eHW g r o u p w e r eF u s o b a c t e r i a l e s,C l o s-t r i d i a l e s a n d A c h o l e p l a s m a t a l e s,w h i l et h ed o m i n a n tb a c t e r i a i nt h eL W g r o u p w e r eB a c t e r o i d-a l e s.T h e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e b o d y w e i g h t o f S i c h u a nw h i t e g e e s ew a s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o i t s d i g e s t i o n,i m m u n e p e r f o r m a n c e a n d g u tm i c r o b i o t a.G o o dd i g e s t i o n a n d i m m u n e f u n c t i o n c a n i m-p r o v e t h e d i g e s t i o na n d a b s o r p t i o no f n u t r i e n t s a n d t h e a b i l i t y t o r e s i s t d i s e a s e s,a sw e l l a s e l e v a t e d a b u n d a n c e o f b e n e f i c i a l b a c t e r i a t o p r o m o t ew e i g h t g a i n.K e y w o r d s:b o d y w e i g h t;S i c h u a nw h i t e g o o s e;d i g e s t i v e p h y s i o l o g y;i m m u n i t y;g u tm i c r o b i o t a *C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r:Z H A N GJ i e,E-m a i l:z h a n g j i e813@163.c o m畜禽体重反映了动物机体生长发育和健康状况,是用来间接衡量饲养管理效果的重要指标㊂目前,通过对畜禽体重的监测来评估个体和群体的生长性能㊁生理机能㊁抗病性能㊁环境适应能力等,对育种工作具有重要意义,与经济效益的高低有直接关系㊂研究表明,不同体重状态下畜禽动物的生长㊁繁殖㊁屠宰㊁胴体和肉品质等性状存在明显差异㊂比如,G a l i o t等[1]指出,与低出生重相比,高出生重仔猪日增重显著升高,且料重比㊁腹泻率和死亡率显著降低㊂高体重育肥猪屠宰率㊁瘦肉率㊁背膘厚㊁板油重㊁眼肌面积㊁肌纤维面积㊁消化器官指数均显著高于低体重者[2-4],对山羊㊁绵羊羔羊等的研究也得到类似结果[5-6]㊂在新西兰白雄兔上的研究表明,高体重雄兔精液量㊁繁殖力低于低体重组[7],在牛上的研究结果与之类似[8]㊂此外,高体重猪的肌肉脂肪含量㊁红度㊁滴水损失㊁不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于低体重猪,但总氨基酸㊁必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量却显著低于后者[9-10]㊂在荷斯坦公牛上的研究也表明,高体重者肌肉脂肪㊁灰分和胆固醇含量较高[11]㊂家禽上,C h e n等[12]研究指出,高孵化重雏鸡血液总蛋白㊁球蛋白㊁白蛋白㊁肝谷胱甘肽和氧化型谷胱甘肽含量显著高于低孵化重雏鸡㊂与低体重育成鸡相比,高体重的鸡采食量好㊁蛋重高㊁鸡蛋质量更高[13]㊂高体重鸡比低体重鸡的精液量高,但精子活力㊁精子浓度和活精子数低于低体重鸡[14]㊂综上所述,前人研究主要集中于对不同体重背景下畜禽动物宏观经济性状的分析,但对引起体重差异的潜在原因鲜有报道㊂2020年,世界肉鹅出栏量约7.4亿只,与2019年相比增长约17.5%,作为世界肉鹅出栏量最多的国家,中国商品鹅2020年出栏6.39亿只,较2019年增长5.34%[15]㊂四川白鹅作为我国地方优良的保护品种,具有生长快㊁繁殖性能好㊁适应性好等特点,不仅具有较高的产蛋产绒性能,而且是理想的育种素材[16]㊂因此,本研究从群体中筛选出不同体重状态的四川白鹅,分析其消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物的差异㊂1材料与方法1.1试验动物选取7日龄体况健康的四川白鹅,采用网上平养方式饲养,按照常规免疫程序进行免疫接种,自由5211Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.畜 牧 兽 医 学 报54卷采食和饮水,每日饲喂3次(7:30㊁14:30㊁20:30)㊂70日龄时,空腹(8h )称重并记录数据㊂试验期饲养环境平均温度为(27.92ʃ0.17)ħ,相对湿度为(84.47ʃ0.49)%㊂参照美国N C R (1994)鹅的营养需要配置基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1㊂表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)T a b l e 1 C o m p o s i t i o na n dn u t r i e n t l e v e l s o f t h e b a s a l d i e t (a i r -d r y b a s i s )%项目I t e m 含量C o n t e n t8~28日龄A g e o f 8-28d a ys 29~70日龄A g e o f 29-70d a ys 原料I n g r e d i e n t 玉米C o r n63.8053.60 豆粕S o y b e a nm e a l 20.0014.50 麦麸W h e a t b r a n 2.9911.50 菜籽粕R a p e s e e dm e a l 4.00/米糠R i c eb r a n /13.40 蚕蛹S i l k w o r mc h r y s a l i s 4.301.79 食盐N a C l0.200.20 磷酸氢钙C a H P O 41.590.90 石粉L i m e s t o n e 0.870.75 L -赖氨酸L -L y s (98%)0.150.18 D L -蛋氨酸D L -M e t0.050.06 氯化胆碱C h o l i n e c h l o r i d e 0.050.07 预混料P r e m i x12.002.00 合计T o t a l100100营养水平N u t r i e n t l e v e l2 代谢能/(M J ㊃k g -1)M E11.9711.21 粗蛋白C r u d e p r o t e i n 20.4314.81 粗纤维C r u d e f i b e r 4.128.04 总钙T o t a l c a l c i u m 0.870.80 有效磷A v a i l a b l e p h o s p h o r o u s 0.430.40 赖氨酸L ys i n e 1.140.85 蛋氨酸M e t h i o n i n e0.360.301.预混料为每千克饲粮提供:维生素A40000I U ,维生素D 32000I U ,维生素E60m g ,维生素K 32m g ,维生素B 14m g ,维生素B 224m g ,维生素B 64m g ,维生素B 1250μg ,烟酸12m g ,泛酸36m g ,叶酸4m g ,生物素0.4m g ,铁120m g ,铜4m g ,锰300m g ,锌160m g ,碘0.2m g ,硒0.2m g㊂2.粗纤维和粗脂肪为实测值,其他营养水平为计算值1.T h e p r e m i x p r o v i d e d t h e f o l l o w i n gp e r k g o f d i e t :v i t a m i nA40000I U ,v i t a m i nD 32000I U ,v i t a m i nE60m g ,v i t a m i nK 32m g ,v i t a m i nB 14m g ,v i t a m i nB 224m g ,v i t a m i nB 64m g ,v i t a m i nB 1250μg ,n i c o t i n i c a c i d 12m g ,p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d 36m g ,f o l i c a c i d4m g ,b i o t i n0.4m g ,F e120m g ,C u4m g ,M n300m g ,Z n160m g ,I 0.2m g ,S e0.2m g .2.C Fa n dE Ea r e m e a s u r e dv a l u e s ,o t h e r n u t r i e n t s a r e c a l c u l a t e dv a l u e s1.2 鹅的筛选随机选取400只鹅的70日龄(公ʒ母ʈ1ʒ1)体重数据进行正态分布分析,根据结果分别筛选出高体重(HW )㊁低体重(L W )鹅24只,并追溯其7日6211Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.3期袁岩聪等:不同体重四川白鹅消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物的比较分析龄体重,计算平均日增重㊂1.3指标测定1.3.1血清免疫指标称重后,使用真空采血管(不含抗凝剂)采集颈静脉血液10m L,3500r㊃m i n-1离心10m i n后取上清液待测㊂溶菌酶活性采用比浊法测定,以溶酶小球菌体细胞为底物;免疫球蛋白A(I g A)㊁免疫球蛋白G(I g G)㊁免疫球蛋白M(I g M)活性采取单克隆抗体免疫比浊法测定㊂1.3.2器官指数屠宰后迅速分离出肝㊁胰腺㊁肌胃㊁腺胃㊁脾㊁胸腺和法氏囊,清除表面附着物并用滤纸吸干水分,称重计算器官指数(器官指数=器官鲜重/活体重ˑ100%);分离十二指肠㊁空肠和回肠后,轻轻挤出各肠段内容物,用生理盐水将肠段冲洗干净,滤纸吸干水分,称重并测量长度㊂1.3.3酶活性采集约5g十二指肠样本置于液氮中低温冷冻,带回实验室-80ħ保存待用㊂胰蛋白酶㊁淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性采用商业分析试剂盒(索莱宝,中国北京)进行测定㊂1.3.4肠道形态肠道形态采用经典苏木精&伊红染色法进行测定:用T r i s缓冲盐水冲洗采集的肠段,4%多聚甲醛中固定,包埋进石蜡,切成5μm 厚的切片,染色后在22倍放大镜下拍照,采用I m-a g eP r oP l u s6.0对绒毛高度㊁隐窝深度和黏膜厚度进行测量,并计算绒隐比㊂1.3.5肠道微生物屠宰后迅速取出盲肠并结扎,75%酒精擦拭外表后转移至无菌超净台,剪开盲肠后用无菌生理盐水冲洗内壁,冲洗干净后,用灭菌手术刀片轻轻刮取肠道黏膜,每4个样本再合并为一个样本,收集于冻存管中,-80ħ保存备用㊂使用Q I A a m p D N AS t o o lM i n iK i t(Q i a g e n,德国)提取微生物总D N A,扩增16S r R N A V3-V4区(338F:5'-A C T C C T A C G G G A G G C A G C A G-3',5'端带条形码标记;806R:5'-G G A C T A C H V G G G T-W T C T A A T-3')㊂P C R扩增产物用Q u a n t i F l u o r T M-S T蓝色荧光定量系统检测,根据测序量要求按比例混合构建文库进行M i s e q测序㊂对双端序列数据进行拼接㊁筛选㊁质控㊁过滤等一系列处理后,在97%相似度下利用U s e a r c h7.1对序列聚类,得到分类操作单元(O T U s),然后用R D PC l a s s i f e r将O T U s代表序列与数据库S i l v a进行比对(置信度阈值:0.6)㊂1.4统计分析α多样性以物种丰富度指数(C h a o和A c e)和多样性指数(S h a n n o n和S i m p s o n)表示;β多样性通过计算加权的U n i F r a c距离矩阵,用主坐标分析(P C o A)进行可视化;L E f S e分析首先采用非参数因子K r u s k a l-W a l l i s秩和检验检测组间丰度差异显著的物种,然后进行成对W i l c o x o n秩和检验,通过线性判别分析(L D A)进行降维和评估差异显著的物种㊂高㊁低体重组数据比较分析使用S P S S21.0(I B M,N Y,U S A)软件进行S t u d e n t s t-t e s t,以P<0.05作为差异显著性判断标准㊂数据以 平均值ʃ标准差 表示㊂2结果2.1体重分析如图1A所示,400只70日龄四川白鹅体重基本符合正态分布的规律㊂筛选出的HW和L W组四川白鹅的体重和平均日增重均差异显著(图1B㊁1C,P< 0.05)㊂此外,追溯HW和L W组四川白鹅7日龄体重,数据显示两者差异不显著(图1D,P>0.05)㊂A.400只70日龄四川白鹅体重分布;B.70日龄体重;C.平均日增重;D.7日龄体重A.B o d y w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e40070-d a y-o l dS i c h u a nw h i t e g e e s e;B.B o d y w e i g h t a t70d a y s o l d;C.A v e r a g e d a i l y g a i n (A D G);D.B o d y w e i g h t a t7d a y s o l d图1四川白鹅体重分析F i g.1B o d y w e i g h t a n a l y s i s o f S i c h u a nw h i t e g e e s e2.2消化酶及消化器官指数比较由表2所示,HW组淀粉酶活性以及肌胃㊁腺胃和回肠指数显著高于L W组(P<0.05),其余消化性能指标两组间无显著差异(P>0.05)㊂7211Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.畜牧兽医学报54卷表2不同体重四川白鹅消化酶及器官指数比较T a b l e2C o m p a r i s o no f d i g e s t i v e e n z y m e s a n do r g a n i n d e x i nS i c h u a nw h i t e g e e s ew i t hd i f f e r e n t b o d y w e i g h t项目I t e m组别G r o u pL W HWP值P-v a l u e胰蛋白酶活性/(U㊃m g-1)A c t i v i t y o f t r y p s a s e3.04ʃ0.043.16ʃ0.090.27淀粉酶活性/(U㊃m g-1)A c t i v i t y o f a m y l a s e0.87ʃ0.021.19ʃ0.090.03脂肪酶活性/(U㊃m g-1)A c t i v i t y o f l i p a s e e n z y m e425.61ʃ6.69435.49ʃ7.620.39肝脏指数/%L i v e r i n d e x1.80ʃ0.041.94ʃ0.070.13胰腺指数/%P a n c r e a t i c i n d e x0.23ʃ0.01023ʃ0.010.94肌胃指数/%M u s c l e s t o m a c h i n d e x2.54ʃ0.143.04ʃ0.070.03腺胃指数/%G l a n d u l a r s t o m a c h i n d e x0.31ʃ0.020.41ʃ0.020.02十二指肠指数/%D u o d e n a l i n d e x0.33ʃ0.020.34ʃ0.020.91空肠指数/%J e j u n u mi n d e x0.57ʃ0.010.57ʃ0.020.73回肠指数/%I l e u mi n d e x0.64ʃ0.010.67ʃ0.010.04十二指肠长度/c m L e n g t ho f d u o d e n u m30.83ʃ1.6234.85ʃ0.410.07空肠长度/c m L e n g t ho f j e j u n u m61.69ʃ1.3563.07ʃ1.990.60回肠长度/c m L e n g t ho f i l e u m60.82ʃ0.7563.65ʃ2.530.342.3肠道形态比较如表3所示,HW组十二指肠和空肠黏膜厚度显著高于L W组(P<0.05);HW组空肠和回肠绒毛高度和绒隐比显著高于L W组(P<0.05);HW 组回肠隐窝深度显著低于L W组(P<0.05)㊂表3不同体重四川白鹅肠道形态比较T a b l e3C o m p a r i s o no f i n t e s t i n a lm o r p h o l o g y o f S i c h u a nw h i t e g e e s ew i t hd i f f e r e n t b o d y w e i g h t项目I t e m组别G r o u pL W HWP值P-v a l u e十二指肠D u o d e n u m绒毛高度/μm V i l l u sh e i g h t957ʃ114.021006.61ʃ122.350.12隐窝深度/μm C r y p t d e p t h275.67ʃ35.15285.87ʃ33.220.26绒隐比V/C3.51ʃ0.493.60ʃ0.790.60黏膜厚度/μm M u c o s a l t h i c k n e s s1212.48ʃ112.091283.21ʃ115.040.02空肠J e j u n u m绒毛高度/μm V i l l u sh e i g h t923.36ʃ75.111110.24ʃ80.23<0.001隐窝深度/μm C r y p t d e p t h229.58ʃ0.87235.02ʃ24.750.47绒隐比V/C4.13ʃ0.874.75ʃ0.41<0.001黏膜厚度/μm M u c o s a l t h i c k n e s s1151.16ʃ69.241346.81ʃ95.85<0.001回肠I l e u m绒毛高度/μm V i l l u sh e i g h t669.54ʃ114.09795.27ʃ44.94<0.001隐窝深度/μm C r y p t d e p t h244.66ʃ22.91226.44ʃ36.240.03绒隐比V/C2.77ʃ0.603.59ʃ0.55<0.001黏膜厚度/μm M u c o s a l t h i c k n e s s1009.13ʃ164.461034.50ʃ49.060.42 8211Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.3期袁岩聪等:不同体重四川白鹅消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物的比较分析2.4免疫球蛋白及免疫器官指数比较由表4所示,HW组I g A㊁I g M㊁I g G㊁溶菌酶含量及胸腺㊁法氏囊指数显著高于L W组(P<0.05)㊂表4不同体重四川白鹅血清免疫球蛋白及免疫器官指数比较T a b l e4C o m p a r i s o no f s e r u mi m m u n o g l o b u l i na n d i m m u n e o r g a n i n d e x i nS i c h u a nw h i t e g e e s ew i t hd i f f e r e n t b o d y w e i g h t项目I t e m组别G r o u pL W HWP值P-v a l u eI g A/(g㊃L-1)0.32ʃ0.0010.34ʃ0.0090.01 I g M/(g㊃L-1)0.22ʃ0.0070.31ʃ0.0070.001 I g G/(g㊃L-1)2.40ʃ0.052.63ʃ0.050.03溶菌酶/(μg㊃m L-1)L y s o z y m e e n z y m e0.43ʃ0.010.53ʃ0.180.01脾脏指数/%T h y m u s i n d e x0.13ʃ0.010.15ʃ0.010.26胸腺指数/%S p l e e n i n d e x0.19ʃ0.0050.21ʃ0.010.04法氏囊指数/%B u r s a l i n d e x0.25ʃ0.010.30ʃ0.010.004 2.5肠道微生物比较HW和L W组测序序列文库覆盖率均达到了99.85%,比对后分别得到642(485-536)和645 (438-498)个O T U s,其中共享588个(84.12%),特有54和57个(图2A)㊂α多样性分析表明HW和L W组无显著差异(P>0.05),但HW组A c e㊁C h a o 和S i m p s o n指数高于L W组(图2B)㊂β多样性分析显示肠道微生物群落结构根据体重明显聚类(80.95%,图2C),且组间差异显著(R2=0.25,P= 0.02)㊂分类结果显示,HW组有14门83属,L W 组有14门91属㊂门水平上,主要由B a c t e r o i d e t e s (HW:43.50%;L W:53.69%)㊁F i r m i c u t e s(HW: 39.24%;L W:26.47%)㊁P r o t e o b a c t e r i a(HW: 13.00%;L W:12.51%)㊁S y n e r g i s t e t e s(HW: 0.89%;L W:0.41%)㊁A c t i n o b a c t e r i a(HW: 0.76%;L W:0.23%)㊁F u s o b a c t e r i a(HW:0.44%; L W:0.002%)和L e n t i s p h a e r a e(HW:0.07%;L W: 0.03)组成;属水平上,不同处理组相对丰度占比1%以上的共有细菌有B a c t e r o i d e s㊁D e s u l f o v i b r i o㊁O s c i l l i b a c t e r㊁F l a v o n i f r a c t o r㊁C o p r o b a c t e r㊁F a e c a-l i b a c t e r i u m和A l i s t i p e s(图2D)㊂L E f S e结果表明,在五个不同分类水平上,共有25种(HW:18,L W: 7;图2F)优势细菌标志物在不同体重组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中HW组的优势菌为F u s o-b a c t e r i a l e s㊁C l o s t r i d i a l e s㊁A c h o l e p l a s m a t a l e s,而L W组的优势菌为B a c t e r o i d a l e s㊂3讨论3.1不同体重四川白鹅消化生理消化器官作为畜禽动物机体生长发育的重要组成,其生长发育指数在一定程度上能反映机体的消化性能和健康状况[17]㊂胃㊁肠道直接参与饲料摄入和消化吸收,而肝㊁胰腺则是在营养物质消化或代谢中起间接支持作用[18]㊂本试验中,HW组肌胃㊁腺胃和回肠指数显著高于L W组,表明直接参与饲料摄入和消化吸收的器官可能对体重有直接的影响作用㊂肌胃指数高意味着动物拥有强大的肌胃压力,在辅助型 消化器官 沙砾的协助下,可有效崩解㊁破坏植物细胞壁,加强细胞内营养物质与酶及微生物的有效结合,提高营养物质吸收利用率㊂腺胃指数的增加能提高其盐酸和酶的分泌量,也有助于营养物质分解利用㊂此外,本研究中不同体重组肝脏指数虽然无显著差异,但章杰等[19]研究指出,不同体重四川白鹅肝的分子调控模式存在显著差异,表明肝影响鹅体重并不是通过器官指数的增减来实现,而是从深层次的分子表达变化来进行调控㊂何余湧等[20]研究显示,不同体重哺乳仔猪的肝脏指数差异显著,而胃指数差异不显著,这可能与试验动物品种㊁年龄㊁遗传背景㊁饲料组成及环境等因素有关,具体机制有待进一步研究㊂消化酶是肠道化学屏障的一部分,能促进畜禽饲料的消化及营养物质的吸收[21]㊂淀粉酶㊁脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶可将碳水化合物㊁脂肪和蛋白质分解为9211Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.畜 牧 兽 医 学 报54卷A.基于O T U 的V e n n 图;B .α多样性分析;C .β多样性分析;D.菌群组成(门㊁属);E .L E f S e 分析;F .L D A 分析A.V e n nd i a g r a mb a s e do nO T U ;B .α-d i v e r s i t y a n a l y s i s ;C .β-d i v e r s i t y a n a l y s i s ;D.F l o r ac o m p o s i t i o n (p h y l u m ,g e n u s );E .L E f S e a n a l y s i s ;F .L D Aa n a l ys i s 图2 不同体重四川白鹅肠道微生物分析:F i g .2 G u tm i c r o b i o t a a n a l y s i s o f S i c h u a nw h i t e g e e s ew i t hd i f f e r e n t b o d y w e i gh t 小分子物质进入体内循环,维持新陈代谢运行[22]㊂酶活性高低取决于水解底物的种类和含量[23]㊂本试验中HW 组十二指肠淀粉酶含量显著高于L W组,可能是由于HW 组肠道形态结构发育更完善㊁健康,酶分泌能力更强,如HW 组空肠和回肠绒毛高度显著高于L W 组,导致HW 组能更有效的水解淀粉,吸收和氧化衍生的葡萄糖,促进胰岛素分泌和脂肪积累,最终影响体重㊂马雪连等[24]研究也指出,高体重组羔羊十二指肠麦芽糖酶㊁乳糖酶㊁蔗糖酶和淀粉酶均显著高于低体重组㊂3.2 不同体重四川白鹅肠道形态肠道作为重要的消化器官,其形态结构决定了畜禽动物对营养物质的消化与吸收情况㊂绒毛高度和隐窝深度是衡量小肠消化吸收能力的重要指标,其中绒毛是营养物质与消化系统的重要媒介,不仅决定了营养物质的吸收面积,也与酶分泌紧密相关,其高度反映了肠细胞到达顶端的时间和酶分泌能力[25]㊂本研究发现,HW 组空肠和回肠绒毛高度显著高于L W 组,说明HW 组肠道绒毛表面积大,绒毛肠细胞更能有效地主动或被动转运吸收蛋白质㊁碳水化合物和脂肪[22]㊂此外,较大的肠道绒毛高度能分泌更多的消化酶,进而提升营养物质的消化和吸收效率㊂隐窝深度代表肠上皮细胞的分裂增殖能力,隐窝浅表明隐窝细胞向绒毛处分化,替代补充脱落和损伤的绒毛细胞,使绒毛细胞成熟率升高,增强消化吸收能力[26]㊂同时,隐窝深度还反映肠上皮细胞的迁移率,隐窝深度低表明肠上皮细胞迁移率低,有助于降低能量损失[27]㊂绒隐比是反映小肠营养消化和吸收能力的标准[28],与消化性能呈正相关关系[29]㊂本研究显示,HW 组回肠隐窝深度显著低于L W 组,且空肠和回肠绒隐比前者显著高于后者,说明与L W 组相比,HW 组从根本上具有对营养物质更强的消化和吸收能力㊂黏膜厚度增加提示表面积升高,利于对营养物质的消化吸收,且促进黏膜和免疫细胞的生成,使s I gA 分泌增加,提高肠道免疫屏障能力[30]㊂HW 组十二指肠和空肠黏膜厚度显著高于L W 组,说明HW 组具有更好的肠道消化和免疫功能㊂3.3 不同体重四川白鹅机体免疫免疫球蛋白是机体介导体液免疫的主要抗体,能在一定水平反映机体对疾病的抵抗能力[31]㊂I gA 主要由肠㊁胃淋巴组织合成,是防止病原体侵入的第311Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.3期袁岩聪等:不同体重四川白鹅消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物的比较分析一道屏障[32],而淋巴组织与消化结构和功能的发育紧密相关[33]㊂本研究中,HW组I g A含量显著高于L W组,这与肠道形态的结果一致,表明HW组肠道淋巴组织发育较好㊂I g M主要由B细胞合成,是初次体液免疫应答时最先分泌㊁释放的抗体[34]㊂I g G主要由中枢免疫器官的浆细胞合成,具有抵抗病菌对机体侵袭的预防作用[35]㊂溶菌酶是机体内具有杀菌和免疫调节功能的非特异性免疫分子[36]㊂本试验结果显示,HW组I g M㊁I g G和溶菌酶含量显著高于L W组,表明体重与体液免疫密切正相关㊂钟翔[37]研究指出,低出生重的仔猪血浆中I g G含量显著降低,且I g M也有降低的趋势㊂免疫器官指数反映了免疫器官的发育情况,其大小代表免疫系统成熟度与免疫功能强弱,是目前利用器官重量评判机体免疫性能的常用方法之一㊂脾作为最大的外周免疫器官含有大量的淋巴和巨噬细胞,是细胞和体液免疫的中心[31]㊂本研究显示,体重对脾脏指数无显著影响,表明脾在维持基本的正常免疫功能上发挥着重要作用㊂胸腺是细胞免疫的中枢器官,法氏囊则是禽类特有的体液免疫器官㊂研究表明,胸腺和法氏囊指数的增加意味着机体免疫性能的提高[38]㊂本研究显示,HW组胸腺和法氏囊指数显著高于L W组,进一步证实高体重具有较强的免疫性能㊂C r o m i等[39]研究指出,低出生重的新生动物胸腺器官发生了萎缩现象㊂此外,研究也表明低出生重的动物体液㊁免疫和肠道免疫能力是有所下降的[40-42]㊂3.4不同体重四川白鹅肠道微生物动物肠道内栖息着数量庞大㊁种类繁多的微生物,通过其代谢产物参与宿主的消化分解㊁能量代谢㊁免疫等过程㊂研究表明,即使饮食和饲养环境完全相同的情况下,动物肠道微生物仍存在差异[43],表明肠道微生物与宿主生理状态密切相关㊂本试验证实了此结论,在相同条件下四川白鹅体重增长出现分化,比如F u s o b a c t e r i a l e s㊁C l o s t r i d i a l e s㊁A c h o l e-p l a s m a t a l e s㊁B a c t e r o i d a l e s等优势菌群产生差异,但对肠道微生物多样性无影响,表明四川白鹅盲肠微生物多样性均衡度㊁稳定性较高㊂肠道微生物是宿主选择和长期共同进化的结果,微生物之间互相制约,稳定共生,多样性的轻易改变实际上会降低肠道菌群的稳定性,进而影响机体健康[44]㊂一方面,宿主为了保持特定菌群的互利互动,倾向选择低多样性㊁高功能性的肠道微生物菌群;另一方面,宿主可能对多样性有一定限制,因为并非所有的微生物都是有益的[45]㊂研究表明,动物体重与其肠道微生物的相对丰度和均匀度有关,而与多样性无关[44]㊂同时,其他研究也指出肠道微生物多样性与宿主体重增长呈负相关[46-47],可能与试验动物品种㊁年龄㊁性别㊁生长环境和饮食营养等因素有关㊂本研究显示,门水平上拟杆菌和厚壁菌是四川白鹅盲肠的主要菌群,这与前人的研究结果一致[48]㊂厚壁菌产生的短链脂肪酸(S C F A)可为肠上皮细胞提供能量,并促进能量代谢来维持肠道健康,进而增加体重㊂T u r n b a u g h等[49]研究证实,体重的增加与厚壁菌相关,本研究结果与其相似,HW组厚壁菌丰度显著高于L W组㊂属水平上,HW组梭菌丰度最高,L W组拟杆菌丰度最高,这与L E f S e结果所产生的优势菌群结果一致㊂研究证实,拟杆菌是瘦肉鸡肠道内最丰富的菌,而梭菌与肥胖或体重增长有关[48,50]㊂梭菌能利用复杂的碳水化合物产生S C F A,除了是宿主的能量来源,还能增强上皮屏障功能,调节黏蛋白产生和肥胖相关基因的表达,促进脂肪沉积[51-52],进而增加体重㊂4结论不同体重四川白鹅的消化生理㊁免疫和肠道微生物存在显著差异,与低体重组相比,高体重组具有更好的消化和免疫性能,以及更高的有益菌丰度㊂参考文献(R e f e r e n c e s):[1] G A L I O TL,L A C HA N C EI,L A F O R E S TJP,e ta l.M o d e l l i n gp i g l e t g r o w t ha n dm o r t a l i t y o nc o m m e r c i a lh o g f a r m s u s i n g v a r i a b l e s d e s c r i b i n g i n d i v i d u a la n i m a l s,l i t t e r s,s o w sa n d m a n a g e m e n tf a c t o r s[J].A n i mR e p r o dS c i,2018,188:57-65.[2] L A T O R R E M A,LÁZ A R O R,V A L E N C I A D G,e ta l.T h e e f f e c t so f g e n d e r a n ds l a u g h t e rw e i g h t o nt h eg r o w t h p e r f o r m a n c e,c a r c a s st r a i t s,a n d m e a t q u a l i t yc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f h e a v yp i g s[J].JA n i mS c i,2004,82(2):526-533.[3] L A T O R R E M A,G A R CÍA-B E L E N G U E RE,A R IÑOL.T h e e f f e c t s o f s e xa n ds l a u g h t e rw e i g h t o n g r o w t hp e r f o r m a n c ea n dc a r c a s st r a i t so f p i g si n t e n d e df o rd r y-c u re dh a mf r o m T e r u e l(S p a i n)[J].JA n i m S c i,2008,86(8):1933-1942.[4] C H O IY M,O H H K.C a r c a s s p e r f o r m a n c e,m u s c l ef i b e r,m e a t q u a l i t y,a n ds e n s o r yq u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s1311Copyright©博看网. 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[35] P E N GP,G A O Y P,Z H O U Q F,e t a l.D e v e l o p m e n to f a n i n d i r e c t E L I S A f o r d e t e c t i n g s w i n e a c u t ed i a r r h oe a s y n d r o m e c o r o n a v i r u s I g Ga n t i b o d i e sb a s e do n a r e c o m b i n a n t s p i k e p r o t e i n[J].T r a n s b o u n dE m e r g D i s,2022,69(4):2065-2075.[36] R A G L A N DS A,C R I S S A K.F r o m b a c t e r i a lk i l l i n gt o i m m u n e m o d u l a t i o n:r e c e n t i n s i g h t s i n t o t h ef u n c t i o n s o f l y s o z y m e[J].P L o SP a t h o g,2017,13(9):e1006512.[37]钟翔.H s p70介导I U G R仔猪早期免疫功能损伤的机理及谷氨酰胺的营养调控研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2010.Z H O N G X.S t u d y o n t h e m e c h a n i s m s o fi m m u n ed e f i c i e n c y m e d i a t e db y H s p70i nn e o n a t a l I U G R p i g l e ta n dn u t r i o n a lr e g u l a t i o no f g l u t a m i n e[D].N a n j i n g:N a n j i n g A g r i c u l t u r a lU n i v e r s i t y,2010.(i nC h i n e s e) [38]从光雷,王强,肖蕴祺,等.饲粮添加橡椀单宁对肉鸡生长性能㊁屠宰性能㊁肉品质㊁抗氧化功能和肠道发育的影响[J].动物营养学报,2020,32(12):5948-5957.C O N G G L,WA N G Q,X I A O Y Q,e ta l.E f f e c t so fd ie t a r y Q u e r c u s a c u t i s s i m a c a r r u t ht a n n i no n g r o w t hp e r f o r m a n c e,s l a u g h t e r p e r f o r m a n c e,m e a t q u a l i t y,a n t i o x i d a n tf u n c t i o n a n d i n t e s t i n a l d e v e l o p m e n t o fb r o i l e r s[J].C h i n e s eJ o u r n a lo f A n i m a l N u t r i t i o n,2020,32(12):5948-5957.(i nC h i n e s e) [39] C R OM I A,G H E Z Z I F,R A F F A E L L I R,e t a l.U l t r a s o n o g r a p h i c m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h y m u s s i z e i nI U G R f e t u s e s:A m a r k e r o f t h e f e t a l i m m u n o e n d o c r i n er e s p o n s e t o m a l n u t r i t i o n[J].U l t r a s o u n d O b s t e tG y n e c o l,2009,33(4):421-426.[40] C O N T R E R A S Y M,Y U X,HA L E M A,e ta l.I n t r a u t e r i n e g r o w t h r e s t r i c t i o n a l t e r s T-l y m p h o c y t e3311Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.。

[英语学习]运动医学词汇

[英语学习]运动医学词汇

运动医学词汇比哆醇 ( 维生素B6 ) pyroxidine ( vitamin B6 )α生育酚 ( 维生素E ) alpha tocopherol ( vitamin E )α波 ( 脑波 ) alpha wave( brainwave )β波 ( 脑波 ) beta wave( brainwave )δ波 ( 脑波 ) delta wave( brainwave )θ波 ( 脑波 ) theta wave( brainwave )ABO系统 ( 血型 ) ABO system( blood group )B细胞 B cellRh 系统 rhesus systemRh 阴性 ( Rh 系统 ) rhesus-negative ( rhesus system )Rh 阳性 ( Rh 系统 ) rhesus-positive ( rhesus system )T细胞 T cellX光 ( 放射线摄影术 ) X-ray( radiography )X染色体 ( 性染色体 ) X chromosome ( sex chromosome )Y染色体 ( 性染色体 ) Y chromosome ( sex chromosome )乙状结肠( 结肠 ) sigmoid colon ( colon )二尖瓣( 心瓣膜 ) bicuspid valve ( heart valve ) 二尖齿( 前臼齿 ) bicuspid( premolar )二倍体细胞 diploid cell二氧化碳( 无机化合物 ) carbon dioxidel / CO2 ( inorganie compound )人口( 死亡率 ) population( mortality rate )人工肾脏( 透析 ) artificial kidney ( dialysis )人工节律器( 窦房结 ) artificial pacemaker ( sinoatrial node )人工瓣膜( 心瓣膜 ) artificial valve ( heart valve )人工关节 artificial joint人字缝( 骨缝 ) lambdoid suture ( suture )人乳( 乳汁 ) human milk ( milk )人体生物学 human biology( biology )人类免疫不全病毒(人类免疫不全病毒) Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)人类基因组计画( 基因组 ) Human Genome Project ( gemone )人体系统 body system十二指肠 duodemun三甘油酯( 脂肪 ) triglyceride( fat )三尖瓣( 心瓣膜 ) tricuspid valve ( heart valve )三角肌 deltoid三角骨( 腕骨 ) triquetrum( carpal )1三胞胎( 多胎妊娠 ) triplets( multiple pregnancy )三级支气管( 支气管 ) tertiary bronchus ( bronchus )下位的 inferior下直肌( 眼直肌 ) inferior rectus ( rectus eye muscle )下肢 lower extremity下食道括约肌( 幽门括约肌 ) lower oesophageal sphincter ( pyloric sphincter )下唇降肌( 口轮匝肌 ) depressor labii inferioris ( orbicularis oris )下斜肌( 眼斜肌 ) inferior oblique ( oblique eye muscle )下腔静脉( 腔静脉 ) inferior vena cava ( vena cava )下视丘 hypothalamus下鼻甲( 颜面骨 ) inferior nasal coneha ( facial bone )下颌( 颌骨 ) lower jaw ( jaw )下颌骨( 颜面骨 ) mandible ( facial bone )下臂( 上肢 ) lower arm ( upper extremity )上皮( 上皮组织 ) epithelium( epithelial tissue )上皮组织 epithelial tissue上位的 superior上直肌( 眼直肌 ) superior rectus ( rectus eye muscle )上肢 upper extremity 上唇提肌( 口轮匝肌 ) levator labii superioris ( orbicularis oris )上斜肌( 眼斜肌 ) superior oblique ( sblique eye muscle )上腔静脉( 腔静脉 ) superior vena cave ( vena cave )上颌( 颌骨 ) upper jaw ( jaw )上颌骨( 颜面骨 ) maxilla / maxillae ( facial bone )上臂( 上肢 ) upper arm ( upper extremity)上颚犬齿( 犬齿 ) eye teeth( canine )上睑提肌( 眼轮匝肌 ) levator palpebrae superioris ( orbicularis oculi )丸,丸剂( 避孕用具 ) pill( contraceptive )千卡( 千焦耳 ) kilocalorie / kcal ( kilojoule )千焦耳( kj ) kilojoule ( kh )口 mouth口角降肌( 笑肌 ) depressor anguli oris ( risorius )口角提肌( 笑肌) levator angulioris ( risorius )口渴( 营养 ) thirst ( nutrition )口腔( 口 ) oral cavity ( mouth )口轮匝肌 orbicularis oris大分子( 分子 ) macromolecule( molecule )大阴唇( 阴道 ) labia majora2( vagina )大量营养素 macronutrient大肠 large intestine大脑 cerebrum大脑半球( 大脑 ) cerebral hemisphere ( cerebrum )大脑疲质( 大脑 ) cerebral cortex ( cerebrum )大腿( 下肢 ) thigh ( lower extremity )大腿( 下肢 ) upper leg ( lower cxtremity )大腿骨( 股骨 ) thighbone ( femur )大隐静脉( 股静脉 ) great saphenous vein ( femoral vein )子宫 uterus / womb子宫内膜( 月经周期 ) endometrium ( menstrual cycle )子宫颈( 子宫 ) cervix ( uterus )小动脉( 动脉 ) arteriole ( artery )小阴唇( 阴道 ) labia minora( vagina )小肠 small intestine小脑 cerebellum小叶( 肝细胞 ) lobule( hepatocyte )小叶( 肝 ) lobule ( lung )小腿( 下肢 ) lower leg ( lower extremity )小静脉( 静脉 ) venule ( vein ) 干扰素 interferon弓 arch不孕 infertility不表现的( 基因型 ) unexpressed ( genotype )不相容血液( 血型 ) incompatible blood ( blood group )不动关节( 关节 ) fixed joint( joint )不溶性纤维( 膳食纤维质 ) insoluble fibre ( dietary fibre )不随意肌( 平滑肌 ) involuntary muscle ( smooth muscle )不饱和的( 油 ) unsaturated ( oil )中子( 原子 ) neutron ( atom )中心粒( 纺锤体 ) centriole( spindle )中央窝( 视网膜 ) fovea ( retina )中央管( 脑脊髓液 ) central canal ( cerebrospinal fluid )中耳 middle ear中风( 栓塞 ) stroke ( thrombosis )中胚层( 分化 ) mesoderm( differentiation )中暑( 温度调节 ) heatstroke( thermoregulation )中轴 axis中轴骨胳 axial skeleton中脑( 脑干 ) midbrain ( brainstem )中隔( 心脏 ) septum ( heart )3中线( 中轴 ) midline ( axis )中枢神经系统( 神经系统 ) central nervous system / CNS ( nervous system )元素 element内分泌系统 endocrine system内分泌腺( 腺体 ) endocrine gland ( gland )内分泌学 endocrinology内出血( 出血 ) internal haemorrhage ( haemorrhage )内刺激( 刺激 ) internal stimulus ( stimulus )内在环境( 环境 ) internal environment ( enviromment )内收 adduction内收肌( 内收 ) adductor( adduction )内收大肌( 内收长肌 ) adductor magnus ( adductor longus )内收短肌( 内收长肌 ) adductor brevis ( adductor longus )内耳 inner ear内呼吸( 呼吸 ) internal respiration ( reapiration )内直肌( 眼直肌 ) medial rectus ( rectus eye muscle )内胚层( 分化 ) endoderm( differentiation )内侧的 medial内斜肌( 外斜肌 ) internal oblique ( external oblique ) 内视镜( 内视镜检查 ) endoscope ( endoscopy )内视镜检查 endoscopy内质网 endoplasmic reticulum / ER六零六( 艾希利 ) salvarsan ( Paul Ehrlich )分子 molecule分化 differentiation分泌( 腺体 ) secretion ( gland )分娩( 生产 ) parturition ( birth )分娩第一期( 阵痛 ) first stage of labour ( labour )分娩第二期( 分娩 ) second stage of labour ( laborur )分娩第三期( 分娩 ) third stage of labour ( labour )分裂球( 卵裂 ) blastomere( cleavage )分节 segmentation分叶( 肺 ) segment ( lung )分解代谢 catabolism分解代谢反应( 分解代谢 ) catabolic reaction ( catabolism )分解激素 hormone breaddown化学反应 chemical reaction化学抵抗 chemical resistance化合物 chemical compound化学能( 能量 ) chemical energy ( energy )4化学受器 chemoreceptor化学键 chemical bond升结肠( 结肠 ) ascending colon ( colon )反射 reflelx反射弧 reflex arc反应( 刺激 ) response ( stimulus )天花 smallpox尺神经 ulnar nerve尺骨 ulna尺侧屈腕肌( 手部屈肌 ) flexor carpi ulnaris ( flexor of the hand )巴托林 Bartholin , Csspar巴甫洛夫 Pavlov , Ivan巴斯德 Pasteur , Louis巴齐尼氏小体( 机械性受器 ) Pancinian corpuscle( mechanoreceptor )引起过敏的( 过敏原 ) allergenic ( allergen )心力衰竭( 心脏病发作 ) heart failure ( heart attack )心包囊( 心脏 ) pericardium( heart )心肌 cardiac muscle心肌梗塞( 心脏病发作 ) myocardial infarction ( heart attack )心房 atrium / atria心房收缩( 心抟 ) atrial systole ( heartbeat ) 心室( 心脏 ) ventricle ( heart )心室收缩( 心抟 ) ventricular systole ( heartbeat )心舒期( 心抟 ) diastole( heartbeat )心抟.心跳 heartbeat心抟周期( 心抟 ) heartbeat cycle ( heartbeat )心跳速率 heart rate心电图( 心电图仪 ) ECG / electrocardiogram( electrocardiograph )心电图仪 electrocardiograph心瓣膜 heart valve心脏 heart心脏血管系统( 循环系统 ) cardiovascular system( circulatory system )心脏病发作 heart attack心脏病学 cardiology手 hand手指( 指骨 ) finger / digit( phalanx of the hand )手部伸肌 extensor of the hand手部屈肌 flexor of the hand支气管 bronchus / bronchi支气管分支 bronchial tree月状骨( 腕骨 ) lunate ( carpal ) 月经 menstruation月经周期 menstrual cycle5止痛剂( 药物 ) analgesic ( drug )比目鱼肌( 跟腱 ) soleus ( Achilles tendon )比沙 Bichat , Marie Francois毛细胞 hair cell毛发 hair毛囊( 毛发 ) hair follicle ( hair )水 water / H2O水痘 chickenpox水溶性纤维生素 water-soluble vitamins水样波( 玻璃液 ) aqueous humour ( vitreous humour )牙痛( 龋齿 ) toothache ( tooth decay )牙齿 tooth生皮癣 psoriasis犬齿 canine丙酮酸( 糖解 ) pyruvic acid( glycolysis )主动免疫( 免疫 ) active immunization ( immunization )主动脉 aorta主动脉半月瓣( 心瓣膜 ) aortic semilunar valve ( heart valve )主动运动 active transport代谢 metabolism代谢脂肪 fat metabolism代谢蛋白质 protein metabolism 代谢率 metabolic rate代谢产物 metabolite代谢障碍 metabolic disorder充氧血( 动脉 ) oxygenated blood ( artery )出汗( 排汗 ) sweating( perspiration )出血 haemorrhage出生率( 死亡率 ) birth rate( mortality rate )加瓦尼 Galvani , Luigi加伦 Galen , Claudius ( Galenus )北里柴三郎 Kitasato , Shibasaburo半月板 meniscus / menisci半动关节( 关节 ) partially moveable joint ( joint )半球( 小脑 ) hemisphere( cerebellum )半规管 semicircular canal半透膜( 差异性渗透膜 ) semi-permeable membrane ( differentially )半腱肌( 腿后腱 ) semitendinosus ( hamstring )半膜肌( 腿后腱 ) semimembranosus ( hamstring )卡路里( 禾焦耳 ) calorie( kilojoule )卡尔梅特 Calmette , Albert去氧核糖核酸 DNA去氧核糖核酸( 去氧核糖核6酸 ) deoxyribonucleic ( DNA )去胺基作用 deamination可伦坡 Colombo , Matteo可溶性纤维( 膳食纤维质 ) soluble fibre ( dietary fibre )右肺动脉( 肺循环 ) right pulmonary artery ( pulmonary circulation )右肺静脉( 肺循环 ) right pulmonary vein ( pulmonary circulation )右淋巴导管( 淋巴管 ) right lymphatic duct ( lymph vessel )史密斯 Smith , Theobald史塔林( 高峰丈吉 ) Starling , Ernest ( Jokichi , Takamine )四分体( 交换 ) tetrad ( crossing over )四胞胎( 多胎妊娠 ) quadruplets ( multiple pregnancy )外分泌腺( 腺体 ) exocrine gland ( gland )外出血( 出血 ) external haemorrhage ( haemorrhage )外半规管( 半规管 ) lateral semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )外皮( 外皮系统 ) integument( integumentary system )外皮系统 integumentary system外在环境( 环境 ) external environment ( environment )外耳 outer ear外耳道( 外耳 ) auditory canal( outer ear ) 外呼吸( 呼吸 ) externalrespiration ( respiration )外刺激( 刺激 ) external stimulus ( stimulus )外直肌( 眼直肌 ) lateral rectus ( rectus eye muscle )外胚层( 分化 ) ectoderm( differentiation )外展 abduction外展肌( 外展 ) abductor( abduction )外侧的( 内侧的 ) lateral ( medial )外斜肌 external oblique巨人症( 生长激素 ) gigantism( growh hormone )左肺动脉( 肺循环 ) left pulmonary artery ( pulmonary circulation )左肺静脉( 肺循环 ) left pulmonary vein ( pulmonary circulation )平面关节( 滑动关节 ) plane joint ( gliding joint )平滑内质网( 内质网 ) smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( endoplasmic reticulum )平滑肌 smooth muscle平衡 balance平衡( 平衡 ) equilibrium( balance )弗拉卡斯托罗 Fuacastoro , Girolamo弗勒明 Flemming , Walther必需胺基酸 essential amino acid7本能( 行为 ) instinct ( behaviour )本能行为( 行为 ) instinctive behaviour ( behaviour )本体感受器( 机械性受器 ) proprioceptor( mechanoreceptor )正子发射断层( 正子发射断层摄影 ) PET / positron emission tomograph ( positron emission tomography )正子发射断层摄影 positron emission tomography正中神经( 桡神经 ) median nerve ( radial nerve )正回馈( 回馈系统 ) positive feedback ( feedback system )甘油( 脂肪 ) glycerol ( fat )甘农( 贝尔那 ) Cannon , Walter ( Claude Bernard )生化学家( 生物化学 ) biochemist ( biochemistry )生育控制 birth control生物化学 biochemistry生物时钟( 昼夜节律 ) biological clock ( circadian rhythm )生物素 biotin生物学 biology生长 growth生长激素 growth hormone生理学 physiology生理学家( 生理学 ) physiologist ( physiology ) 生产 birth生殖系统 reproductive system生殖周期 reproductive cycle生殖器( 生殖系统 ) genitals( reproductive system )用手习惯 handedness甲状软骨( 喉 ) thyroid cartilage ( larynx )甲状腺 thyroid gland甲状腺素( 甲状腺 ) thyroxine( thyroid gland )甲状腺机能亢进( 代谢障碍 ) hyperthyroidism ( metabolic disorder )白子( 黑色素 ) albinos ( melanin )白化症 albinism白血病 leukaemia白血球 white blood cell / leucocyte白喉 diphtheria白质 white matter布罗卡 Broca , Paul皮内尔 Pinel , Phillipe皮脂( 皮脂腺 ) sebum ( sebaceous gland )皮脂腺 sebaceous gland皮肤 skin皮肤病学 dermatology皮质( 肾上腺 ) cortex ( adrenal8gland )皮质( 肾 ) cortex ( kidney )皮质骨( 致密骨 ) cortical bone ( compact bone )皮质类固醇( 肾上腺 ) corticosteroid ( sdrenal gland )矢状缝( 骨缝 ) sagittal suture ( suture )石绵肺症 asbestosis交叉( 交换 ) chiasmata / chiasma ( crossing over )交换 crossing over交媾( 性交 ) copulation ( sexual intercourse )交感神经系统( 自律神经系统 ) sympathetic nervous system ( autonomic nervous system )亥姆霍兹 Helmhltz , Hermann休克 shock光受器 photoreceptor光学显微镜( 显微镜检查 ) light microscope ( microscopy )光学显微照片( 显微镜检查 ) light micrograph ( microscopy )先天性反射 inborn reflex先天性行为( 行为 ) innate behaviour ( behaviour )先天性缺陷 birth defect全身感觉( 感觉 ) general sense ( sense )共价键( 化学键) covalent bond ( chemical bond )再生( 组织 ) regeneration( tissue )列奥米尔 Reaumur , Rene Antoine同化作用 assimilation同卵双胞胎 identical twins同源染色体 homologous chromosome同质结合细胞 homozygous cell合子 zygote合成代谢 anabolism合成代谢反应( 合成代谢 ) anabolic reaction ( anabolism )回馈系统 feedback system多不饱和脂肪( 油 ) polyunsaturated fat ( oil )多伊西 Doisy , Edward多胎妊脤 multiple pregnancy多发性硬化 multiple sclerosis( MS )多醣( 碳水化合物) polysaccharide ( carbohydrate )字根 word root安.纳菲斯 An-Nafis , Ibn安德森 Anderson , Elizabeth Garrett成人 adult成年齿( 恒齿 ) adult teeth( permanent teeth )收缩压( 血压计 ) systolic blood pressur ( sphygmomanometer )9早产 premature birth有性生殖( 生殖系统 ) sexual reproduction ( reproductive system )有氧呼吸 aerobic respiration有丝分裂 mitosis有意识的( 意识 ) conscious( consciousness )有机化合物 organic compound次级支气管( 支气管 ) secondary ( bronchus )次级滤泡( 滤泡 ) secondaryfollicle ( follicle )死亡 death死亡率 mortality rate / deathrate汗( 汗线 ) sweat ( sweat gland )汗孔( 汗腺 ) sweat pore ( sweat gland )汗线 sweat gland汗管( 汗腺 ) sweat duct ( sweat gland )灰质 grey matter百日咳 whooping cough / pertussis米勒 Muller , Johannes米德 Mead , Margaret羊水( 羊膜 ) amniotic fluid( amnion )羊膜 amnion羊膜穿刺术( 羊膜 ) amniocentesis ( amnion ) 老化 ageing老花眼( 远视 ) presbyopia ( long sight )耳 ear耳石( 球囊 ) otolith ( saccule )耳咽管 eustachian tube耳廓( 外耳 ) pinna ( outer ear )耳鸣 tinnitus耳蜗 cochlea耳聋 deafness肋骨( 胸廓 ) rib ( ribcage )肋软骨( 胸廓 ) costal cartilage ( ribcage )肋间肌 intercostal muscle肌小束( 肌肉 ) sarcomere( muscle )肌肉 muscle肌肉收缩 muscle contraction肌肉疲劳 muscle fatigue肌肉组织 muscular tissue肌肉紧张( 肌肉收缩 ) muscle tone (muscle contraction )肌原纤维( 肌肉 ) myofibril( muscle )肌动蛋白( 肌肉 ) actin ( muscle )肌凝蛋白( 肌肉 ) myosin ( muscle )肌肉萎缩症 muscular dystrophy肌纤维( 肌肉 ) muscle fibre /10myofibre ( muscle )自律神经系统 autonomic nervous system自然免疫( 免疫系统 ) natural immunity ( immune system )自溶( 溶梅体 ) autolysis( lysosome )自体免疫 autoimmunity自体免疫疾病( 自体免疫 ) autoimmune disease( autoimmunity )臼齿 molar舌 tongue舌下腺( 唾液腺 ) sublingual gland ( salivary galnd )舌骨 hyoid bone舟状骨( 腕骨 ) scaphoid ( carpal )舟状骨( 跗骨 ) navicular ( tarsal )色盲 colour blindness色觉 colour vision艾克曼 Eijkman , Christiaan艾利希 Ehrlich , Paul血小板 platelet血小板栓子( 血小板 ) platelet plug ( platelet )血友病( 凝固 ) haemophilia( coagulation )血型 blood group血型系统( 血型 ) blood group system ( blood group ) 血红素 haemoglobin血栓( 栓塞 ) thrombus( thrombosis )血栓细胞( 血小板 ) thrombocyte ( platelet )血液 blood血液透析( 透析 ) haemodialysis ( dialysis )血液学 haematology血管 blood vessel血管加压素( 抗利尿激素 ) vasopressin ( antidiuretic hormone )血管收缩( 血管舒张 ) vasoconstriction( vasodilation )血管造影( 血管造影术 ) angiograph (angiography )血管造影片( 血管造影术 ) angiogram (angiography )血管造影术 angiography血管舒张 vasodilation血凝块( 凝固 ) blood clot( coagulation )血浆 blood plasma血浆蛋白( 血浆 ) plasma protein ( blood plasma )血糖( 葡萄糖 ) blood sugar( glucose )血压 blood pressure血压计 sphygmomanometer行为 behaviour囟门 fontanelle亨耳 Henle , Friedrich亨氏环( 肾小管 ) loop of Henle ( renal tubule )亨特 Hunter , John佛莱明爵士 Fleming , Sir Alexander佛罗瑞爵士 Florey , Sir Howard伸肌( 伸展 ) extensor ( extension )伸肌支带( 手部伸肌 ) extensor retinaculum ( extensor of the hand )伸肌支带( 足部伸肌 ) extensor retinaculum ( extensor of the foot )伸展 extension伸展感受器( 机械性受器 ) stretch receptor ( mechanoreceptor )低张的( 等张的 ) hypotonic( isotonic )佝偻病 rickets克里克 Crick , Francis克列伯氏循环 Krebs cycle克列伯斯 Krebs , Hans免疫反应 immune response免疫系统 immune system免疫法 immunization免疫( 免疫系统 ) immune ( immune system )免疫球蛋白( 抗体 ) immunoglobulin ( antibody )免疫学 immunology利斯特 Lister , Joseph利维–蒙塔西尼 Levi-Montalcini , Rita卵子 ovum / ova卵子发生( 卵子 ) oogenesis ( ovum )卵母细胞( 卵子 ) oocyte ( ovum )卵巢 ovary卵巢周期 ovarian cycle卵细胞( 卵子 ) egg cell ( ovum )卵裂 cleavage卵圆窗( 内耳 ) oval window ( inner ear )卵磷脂( 磷脂 ) lecithin( phospholipid )吞噬作用 phagocytosis吞噬细胞 phagocyte吞咽 swallowing呃逆 hiccup / hiccough吸入 inhalation吸入( 气体交换 ) inhale ( gas exchange )吸收 absorption吸气( 吸入 ) inspiration( inhalation )含氮废物( 排泄 ) nitrogenous waste ( excretion )均衡的饮食( 食物 ) balanced diet ( diet )坐骨( 骨盆带 ) ischium ( pelvic girdle )坐骨神经 sciatic nerve坐骨神经痛 sciatica妊娠 pregnancy尿素( 尿液 ) urea ( urine )尿液 urine尿道( 膀胱 ) urethra ( bladder )尿嘧啶( 盐基 ) uracil ( base )利尿剂( 抗利尿激素 ) diuretic( antidiuretic hormone )尾骨 coccyx尾椎( 尾骨 ) coccygeal vertebra ( coccyx )希波克拉底 Hippocrates希斯 His , Wilhelm快速动眼睡眠( 睡眠 ) rapid eye movement sleep / REM sleep ( sleep )抗生素( 药物 ) antibiotic ( drug )抗利尿激素 antidiuretic hormone / ADH抗原 antigen抗胰岛素 glucagon抗组织胺药物( 枯草热 ) antihistamine drug ( hay fever )抗坏血酸( 维生素C ) ascorbic acid ( vitamin C )抗体 antibody抗体间接免疫(体液免液) antibody-mediated immunity ( humoral immunity )扭伤 sprain折射( 调节 ) refracted( accommodation )杜维 Duve , Christian de杓状软骨( 喉 ) arytenoid cartilage ( larynx )沙克 Salk , Jonas狂犬病 rabies肝 liver肝炎 hepatitis肝门静脉( 肝动脉 ) hepatic portal vein ( hepatic artery )肝动脉 hepatic artery肝细胞 hepatocyte肝循环( 肝动脉 ) hepaticcirculation ( hepatic artery )肝糖 glycogen肘( 铰金关节 ) elbow ( hingejoint )肛门( 直肠 ) anus ( rectum )肛门内括约肌( 直肠 ) internal anal sphincter ( rectum )肛门外括约肌( 直肠 ) external anal sphincter ( rectum )肛道( 直肠 ) anal canal ( rectum )肚脐( 脐带 ) navel ( umbilical cord )角蛋白( 结构蛋白 ) keratin( atructural protein )角膜 cornea角质层( 表皮 ) cornified layer ( epidermis )贝尔 Baer , Karl von贝尔那 Benard , Claude贝尔爵士 Bell , Sir Charles足.脚 foot足部伸肌 extensor of the foot足部屈肌 flexor of the foot足趾( 趾骨 ) toe / digit ( phalanx of the foot )足跟( 跗骨 ) heel ( tarsal ) 防腐剂 antiseptic乳化( 胆汁 ) emulsify ( bile )乳汁 milk乳房( 泌乳 ) breast ( lactation )乳腺( 泌乳 ) mammary gland( lactation )乳管( 泌乳 ) milk duct( lactation )乳酸( 糖解 ) lactic acid( glycolysis )乳酸酦酵 lactic acid fermentation 乳齿 milk teeth乳糖 lactose乳糖梅( 乳糖 ) lactase ( lactose ) 乳头( 味蕾 ) papilla ( taste bud) 乳头( 泌乳 ) nipple ( lactation ) 乳糜管 lacteal供血者( 输血 ) blood donor ( blood transfusion )佩鲁茨 Perutz , Max侏儒症( 生长激素 ) dwarfism( growth hormone )两手同利的 ambidextrous( handedness )刺激 stimulus受孕 conception受精 fertilization受器( 感觉神经元 ) receptor( sensory neuron )受器位置( 激素 ) receptor site ( bormone )味孔( 味蕾 ) taste pore ( taste bud )味道( 味觉 ) flavour ( taste )味蕾 taste bud味觉 taste呼出 exhalation呼出( 气体交换 ) exhale ( gas exchange )呼吸 breathing呼吸 respiration呼吸中枢( 呼吸速率 ) respiratory centre ( breathing rate )呼吸系统 respiratory system呼吸控制 respiratory control呼吸速率 breathing rate呼吸道 respiratory tract呼吸膜 respiratory membrane呼气( 呼出 ) expiration( exhalation ) 周围的,末梢的 peripheral周围神经( 神经系统 ) peripheral nerve ( nervous system )周围神经系统( 神经系统 ) peripheral nervous system ( nervous system )固定巨噬细胞( 单核球 ) fixed macrophage ( monocyte )夜盲 night blindness孟德尔 Mendel , Gregor屈曲 flexion屈肌( 屈曲 ) flexor ( flexion )屈肌支带( 手部屈肌 ) flexor retinaculum ( flexor of the hand )屈趾长肌( 足部屈肌 ) flexor digitorum longus ( flexor of thefoot )屈拇长肌( 足部屈肌 ) flexor hallucis longus ( flexor of thefoot )屈拇短肌( 对掌拇肌 ) flexorpollicis brevis (opponens pollicis )屈指浅肌( 手部屈肌 ) flexor digitorum superficialis ( flexor of the hand )屈趾短肌 flexor digitorum brevis帕金森氏症Parkinson’s disease帕雷 Pare , Ambroise延髓( 脑干 ) medulla oblongata( brain stem )弧影( 指甲 ) lunula ( nail )性交 sexual intercourse性染色体 sex chromosome性细胞 sex cell性联对偶基因 sex-linked allele性激素 sex hormone拉瓦钖 Lavoisier , Antoine拉埃内克 Laennec , Rene Theophile拇指( 指骨 ) thumb / first digit ( phalanx of the hand )拇趾( 趾骨 ) big toe ( phalanx of the foot )拇囊肿 bunion抵抗力 resistance放射线照片( 放射线摄影术 ) radiograph ( radiography )放射线摄影术 radiography昏迷( 意识 ) coma ( consciousness )枕骨大孔( 颅 ) foramen magnum( cranium )枕骨( 颅 ) occipital bone( cranium )枕骨肌( 额肌 ) occipitalis( frontalis ) 果糖( 糖 ) fructose / fruit sugar ( sugar )林德 Lind , James杵臼关节 ball-and socket joint泌尿系统 urinary system泌乳 lactation柲乳反射( 泌乳 ) milk let-down reflex ( lactation )波特 Pott , Percival法布里休斯 Fabricius , Hieronymus法罗皮欧 Fallopio Gabriello油 oil治疗( 诊断 ) therapy ( diagnosis )泡( 胞饮作用 ) vesicle( pinocytosis )泛酸 pantothenic acid炎症 inflammation盲肠 caecum盲点 blind spot直肠 rectum空肠 jejunum肺 lung肺半月瓣( 心瓣膜 ) pulmonary semilunar valve ( heart valve )肺泡 alveolus / alveoli肺泡巨噬细胞( 尘细胞 ) alveolar macrophage ( dust cell )肺炎 pneumonia肺活量 vital capacity肺气肿 emphysema肺循环 pulmonary circulation肺叶( 肺 ) lobe ( lung )肥胖 obesity肢带 girdle肱二头肌 biceps brachii肱三头肌 triceps brachii肱肌 brachialis肱骨 humerus肱骨内髁( 尺神经 ) funny bone ( ulnar nerve )肱动脉 brachial artery肱静脉 brachial vein肱桡肌 brachioradialis股二头肌( 腿后腱 ) biceps femoris ( hamstring )股中间肌( 股四头肌 ) vastus intermedius ( quadriceps femoris )股内侧肌( 股四头肌 ) vastus medialis ( quadriceps femoris ) 股四头肌 quadriceps femoris股外侧肌( 股四头肌 ) vastus lateralis ( quadriceps femoris )股直肌( 股四头肌 ) rectus femoris ( quadriceps femoris )股骨 femur股动脉 femoral artery股静脉 femoral vein肩( 杵臼关节 ) shoulder ( ball-and-socket joint )肩胛骨( 胸带 ) shoulderblade / scapula ( pectoral girdle )肩带( 胸带 ) shoulder girdle( pectoral girdle )虎克 Hooke , Robert初乳 colostrum初级支气管( 支气管 ) primary bronchus ( bronhus )初级滤泡( 滤泡 ) primary follicle ( follicle )初经,月经初潮 menarche表皮 epidermis表皮山脊 epidermal ridge表皮角层( 指甲 ) cuticle ( nail )表面的 superficial表面活性剂 surfactant表面张力( 表面活性剂 ) surface tension ( surfactant )表现的( 基因型 ) expressed( genotype )表现型 phenotype近曲小管( 肾小管 ) proximal convoluted tubule ( renal tubule )近视 short sight / near sight / myopia近端的 proximal长出( 牙齿 ) erupt ( tooth )长拇趾伸肌( 足部伸肌 ) extensor hallucis longus (extensor of the foot )长趾伸肌( 足部伸肌 ) extensor digitorum longus (extensor of the foot )长期记忆( 记忆 ) long-term memory ( memory )门齿 incisor阿米巴病( 阿米巴痢疾 ) amoebiasis ( amoebic dysentery )阿米巴痢疾 amoebic dysentery阿滋海默症Alzheimer’s disease阿尔克迈翁 Alcmaeon阿维森纳 Avicenna , Idn Sina附肢( 附肢骨骼 ) appendage( appendicular skeleton ) 附肢骨骼 appendicular skeletom青少年期 adolescence青春期 puberty非快速动眼睡眠( 睡眠 ) non-rapid eye movement sleep / NREM sleep ( sleep)非专一性抵抗力( 抵抗力 ) non-specific resistance ( resistance )非传染性疾病 non-infectious非传染病( 传染病 ) non-communicable disease (communicable disease )保温箱( 早产 ) incubator( premature birth )保险箱( 避孕用具 ) condom( contraceptive )促毋状腺激素( 脑下垂体 ) thyroid-stimulating hormone ( pituitary gland )促甲状腺激素( 脑下垂体 ) thyrotropin ( pituitary gland )促肾上腺皮质激素( 脑下垂体 ) ACTH / adrenocorticotrophic hormone( pituitary gland )促进扩散( 扩散 ) facilitated diffusion ( diffusion )促滤泡成熟激素 follicle-stimulating hormone / FSH冠( 法琅质 ) crown ( enamel )冠状动脉 coronary artery冠状动脉栓塞( 冠状动脉 ) coronary thrombosis ( coronary artery )冠状循环( 冠状动脉 ) coronary circulation ( coronary artery )冠状缝( 骨缝 ) coronal suture( suture )冠状窦( 冠状动脉 ) coronary sinus ( coronary artery )前半规管( 半规管) anterior semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )前列腺,摄护腺 prostate gland前臼齿 premolar前囟( 囟门 ) anterior fontanelle ( fontanelle )前面的 anterior前庭( 球囊 ) vestibule ( saccule )前脑 forebrain前叶( 脑下垂体 ) anterior lobe ( pituitary gland )前锯肌 serratus anterior前臂( 上肢 ) forearm ( upper extremity )咳嗽 coughing咽 pharynx咽喉( 咽 ) throat ( pharynx ) 哈氏小管( 骨单元 ) Haversian canal ( osteon )哈氏系统( 骨单元 ) Haversian system ( osteon )哈弗斯 Havers , Clopton哈勒 Haller , Albrecht von哈维 Harvery , William垂体神部( 脑下垂体 ) neurohypophysis ( pituitary gland )垂体腺性部( 脑下垂体 ) adenohypophysis ( pituitary gland )姿势( 肌肉收缩 ) posture ( muscle contraction )威尔柯夫 Virchow , Rudolph封闭式骨折( 骨折 ) closed fracture ( fracture )幽门括约肌 pyloric sphincter后天性免疫下全征候群( 爱滋病 ) Acquired lmmune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS )后半规管( 半规管 ) posterior semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )后囟( 囟门 ) posterior fontanelle ( fontanelle )后面的 posterior后叶( 脑下垂体 ) posterior lobe ( pituitary gland )扁平足 flat foot扁桃腺 tonsil拮抗( 对掌拇肌 ) oppose ( opponens pollicis )拮抗组( 骨骼肌 ) antagonistic pair ( skeletal muscle )指甲 nail指纹( 表皮山脊 ) fingerprint( epidermal ridge )指骨 phalanx / phalanges of the hand指节 knuckle括约肌 sphincter染色分体( 染色体 ) chromatid( chromosome )染色体 chromosome染色体数( 染色体 ) chromosome number ( chromosome )柔毛( 毛发 ) vellus hair ( hair )枯草热 hay fever柯蒂氏器( 耳蜗 ) organ of Corti ( cochlea )柯霍 Doch , Robert毒素( 病原体 ) toxin ( pathogen )氟 fluorine流行性感冒 influenza / flu 流行性腮腺炎 mumps流行( 接触传染病 ) epidemic( contagious disease )流行病学家( 病理学 ) epidemiologist ( pathology )流产 miscarriage活体组织检查 biopsy洛尔 Lower, Richard玻璃液 vitreous humour玻璃软骨 hyaline cartilage玻璃体( 玻璃液 ) vitreous body ( vitreous humour )疫苗 vaccine疫苗接种( 疫苗 ) vaccination( vaccine )眉毛( 眼睑 ) eyebrow ( eyelid )科罗纳 Khorana , Hai Gobind穿孔( 鼓膜 ) perforated ( eardrum )突触 synapse突触小结( 突触 ) synaptic knob ( synapse )突变 mutation红血球 red blood cell / erythrocyte红骨髓( 骨髓 ) red marrow ( bonemarrow )红绿色盲( 色盲 ) red-green colour blindness ( colour blindness )耶尔森 Yersin , Alexandre胚胎 embryo胚胞 blastocyst胃 stomach胃小凹( 胃液 ) gastric pit( gastric juice )胃液 gastric juice胃蛋白梅( 胃液 ) pepsin ( gastric juice )胃肠病学 gastroenterology胃肠道( 消化系统 ) gastrointestinal tract( digestive system )胃腺( 胃液 ) gastric gland( gastric juice )背面的( 后面的 ) dorsal( posterior )背根( 神经根 ) dorsal root ( nerve root )背阔肌 latissimus dorsi胎毛( 毛发 ) lanugo ( hair)胎儿 fetus胎记( 先天性缺陷 ) birthmark( birth defeet ) 胎盘 placenta胞饮作用 pinocytosis胞嘧啶( 盐基 ) cytosine ( base )胞器 organelle致癌物质( 癌症 ) carcinogen( cancer )苯酮尿症 phenylketonuria / PKU虹膜 iris负回馈( 回馈系统 ) negative feedback ( feedback system )迪奥斯科里斯 Dioscorides , Pedanius重组( 交换 ) recombination (crossing over )降肌( 降肌 ) depressor( depression )降血钙素( 甲状腺 ) calcitonin ( thyroid gland )降低 depression降低毒性的( 疫苗 ) attenuated ( vaccine )降结肠( 结肠 ) descending colon ( colon )音箱( 喉 ) voice box ( larynx )音调( 听觉 ) pitch ( hearing )风湿症 rheumatism飞沬传递( 传染性疾病 ) droplettransmission ( infectious disease )食道 oesophagus食管( 食道 ) gullet ( oesophagus ) 食糜 chyme胜胎( 胺基酸 ) peptide ( amino acid )胜胎键( 胺基酸 ) peptide linkage / peptide bond ( amino acid )胜胎梅( 小肠 ) peptidase ( small intestine )恒齿 permanent teeth恒定性 homeostasis俯卧的( 旋前肌 ) prone ( pronator )伦琴 Roentgen , Wilhelm剖腹生产术 Caesarian section剖检( 活体组织检查 ) autopsy( biopsy )原子 atom原生动物( 病原体 ) protozoa( pathogen )原发性反应( 免疫反应 ) primary response ( immune response )唐氏征候群Down’s syndrome哮喘 asthma埃因托芬 Einthoven , Willem夏盖 Chargaff , Erwin 家庭计划( 生育控制 ) family planning ( birth control )射精( 性交 ) ejaculate ( sexual intercourse )展拇短肌( 对掌拇肌 ) abductor pollicis brevis ( opponens pollicis )差异成长( 发育 ) differential growth ( development )差异性渗透膜 differentially permeable membrane库希奥科病 kwashiorkor库弗氏细胞( 肝细胞 ) Kupffer cell ( hepatocyte )库纳 Kuhne , Wilhelm耻骨( 骨盆带 ) pubis ( pelvic girdle )耻骨肌( 内收长肌 ) pectineus( adductor longus )恩培多克勒 Empedocles捐赠者( 排斥反应 ) donor( rejection )旅行病 ( 半规管 ) travel sickness ( semicircular canal )朗格汉 Langerhans , Paul核孔( 核 ) nuclear pore ( nucleus )核型 karyotype核甘酸( 核酸 ) nucleotides( nucleic acid )。

physiological 翻译

physiological 翻译

physiological 翻译基本解释●physiological:生理的,生理学的●音标:/ˌfɪziəˈlɒdʒɪkl/●形容词(adj) 生理的,生理学的具体用法●形容词:o生理的,生理学的o同义词: biological, bodily, physical, organic, anatomicalo反义词: psychological, mental, emotional, spiritual, cognitiveo例句:●The physiological response to stress can include increasedheart rate and sweating. (对压力的生理反应可能包括心率加快和出汗。

)●Understanding the physiological processes of the humanbody is essential for medical professionals. (了解人体的生理过程对医学专业人员至关重要。

)●The physiological effects of exercise are beneficial for overallhealth and well-being. (锻炼的生理效应对整体健康和福祉有益。

)●Researchers are studying the physiological changes thatoccur during sleep. (研究人员正在研究睡眠期间发生的生理变化。

)●The drug has been shown to have significant physiologicalimpacts on the nervous system. (该药物已被证明对神经系统有显著的生理影响。

)●Physiological adaptations allow animals to survive in extremeenvironments. (生理适应使动物能够在极端环境中生存。

医学博士英语专业词汇

医学博士英语专业词汇

医学博士英语词汇专业英语Aalimentary /,aeli’menteri/a.营养的;消化器官的alkaline/’aelkalain/a.碱性的n.碱性,碱度allergic /e’le:d3ik/a.过敏的alleviate/e’li:vieit/v.减轻<痛苦>,缓和alveolus/ael’viales/n.小窝,牙槽;肺泡ambulant/’sem bjulant/ a.走动的;适宜于下床活动的ameliorate/ә’mi,"Uereit/v.改善,改良,转好ammonia/’aemaunjә/n.氨anatomy/e’naetemi/n.解剖学amputate/’aem pju,teit/V.切断,截<肢>anemia/e’ni:mie/n.贫血症anesthesia/aenes’ei:zie/n.感觉缺失;麻醉anesthetic/,aenis’Setik/a.麻木的n.麻醉剂anhydrous/aen’haidres/a.脱水的,无水的ankle/’aerjk<9>J/n.踝anorexia~,aerie<u>’reksia/n.食欲缺失;厌食anoxia lae’noksie/n.缺氧<症>antacid/aent’aesid/n.解酸药,抗酸剂antibiotics /aentibai’atiks/n.抗生素antibody/’aenti,bodi/n.抗体antifebrile/,aenti’fi:brailla .退热的n.退热药antigen/’aentid3an/n.抗原antiseptic/,aenti’septik/a.防腐的,抗菌的n.防腐剂;抗菌剂antitoxin^aenti’toksin/n.抗毒素antiviral/’aenti’vaiarel/a.抗病毒的antivirus/’aenti’vaieras/n.抗病毒素apparatus/epa’reites/n.器械,仪器,装置appendicitis/e,pendi’saitis/n.阑尾炎appendix/e’pendiks/n.附录;阑尾appetite/’aepitait/n.食欲,胃口,要求,欲望appliance/a’plaians/n.器具;用具;器械arrhythmia/a’riOmie/n.心率不齐;心率失常artery/’a:teri/n.动脉,干线arthritis/a:’Oraiti sln .关节炎articular/a"ti kjulala.关节的aseptic/ei’septik/a.无菌的;防腐的;冷漠的asphyxia/aes’fiksie/n.窒息aspirate/’aespereit/v.吸出;抽出aspirin/’aesperin/n.阿司匹林assay/e’sei/n.测定,鉴定;化验v.化验,分析;尝试’assimilate/e’simileit/v.吸收;同化asthma/’aesma/n.气喘,哮喘asymmetric<al>/aesi’metrik<kal>/a.不对称的;不匀称的;偏位的atrium/’eitriem/n.心房atropine /’aetrapi:n/n.阿托平attenuate/o’tenjueit/vt.使变稀薄,稀释atypical/’eitipik<a>I/a.非典型的;不规则的,不匀称的;不正常的audiometer/,o:di’omita/n.听度计,听力计augment /o :g’ment /V .扩大;增长aural/’a:ral/a.听觉器官的;耳的auscultate/a:skelteit|v.噘诊auspice/’ o:spis/n.预兆,先<前>兆;吉兆autoclave/’0:taukleiv/n.高压消毒锅autopsy/’o:topsi/n.尸体解剖,尸检axilla/aek’sile/n.腋<窝>Bbacillus/ba’silas/n.芽孢杆菌backache/’baekeik/n.背痛bacterial /baek’tieriel/a.细菌的bactericidal/baek’tiarisaidal/a.杀菌的bacteriology/baek,tieri’olad3i/n.细菌学的bacterium/baek’tieriem/n.细菌bandage/’baendid3/n.绷带barbiturate/ba:’bitluarit/n.巴比妥盐BCG 卡介苗bellyache/’belieik/n.腹痛beriberi/’beri’beri/n.脚气病bicarbonate/bai’ka:banit/n.碳酸氢盐bilateral/bai’laetaral/a.两边的,双侧的bile/bail/n.胆汁biliary/’biUari/a.胆汁的bioactive I,baia~aektiv/a.生物活性的biochemistry/’baieu’kemistri/n.生物化学biological/baie’lodsikal/a.生物的,生物学的biologist/bai’olad3ist/n.生物学家biology/bai’oled3i/a.生物学biomedical/,baiau’medikal/n.生物医学的biomedicine/,baieu’medisn/n.生物医学biopsy/’baiopsi/n.活组织检查biostatistics/,baiausta’t Jstiks/n.生物统计学biotic/bai’otik/a.生命的;生物的bladder/’blaeda/n.囊,膀胱blanch/bla:nt∫/v.漂白;使变白;使<植物> 不见}1光而变白bleach/bli:t∫/v.漂白n.漂白<剂>bleed/bii:d/v.出血,流血blend/blend/n.混合物v.混合blister/’bliste/n.水泡v.起泡bloat/bleut/v.肿胀;n.肿胀病人block/blow/ v.阻塞,封锁;<心传导>阻滞n.木块,块料;街区;障碍物bout/baut/n.一回;发作bowel/’baual/n.肠;内部bronchitis/broB’kaitis/n.支气管炎bronchus/’broqkes/n.支气管bruise/bru:z/’n.伤痕,青肿v.碰伤,使青肿buccal/’bAkal/a.颊的;口腔的buffer/’bAle/n.缓冲;缓冲剂;缓冲器v.缓冲Ccaffeine/’kaefi:n/n.咖啡因, 茶精calcify/’kaelsifai/v.钙化calcium/’kaelsiam/n.钙callous/’kaelas/a.起老茧的;无感觉的;冷淡的callus/‘koalas/n.胼胝;骨痂,接骨质calory/’kaelari/n.卡<热量单位>camphor/’kaemfe/n.樟脑cancellous/’kaensilas/a.网眼状的;海绵状的;网状骨质的cancer/’kaensa/n.癌canine/’keinain/n.犬齿canker /’kaerjkaln.溃疡;口疮cannula/’keeniula/n.套管,插管capillary/ka’pilari/n.毛细血管capsule/’keepsju:l/n.胶囊;封壳;密闭小舱carbohydrate/’ka:bau’haidreit/n.碳水化合物;糖类carbon/’ka:ban/n.碳carbonate/’ka:baneit/n.碳酸盐carcinogen/ka:’sinad3en/n.致癌物carcinogenesis/,ka:sinau 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l’kolare/n.霍乱cholesterol/ke’lestereul,一royn.胆固醇chromosome/’kreumaseum/n.染色体chronic/’kronik/a.慢性的,久病的,长期的chyme/kaim/n.食糜cilia/’silie/n.睫;纤毛cinerary/‘sinereri/a.灰的;骨灰的circadian/se:’keidien/a.生理节奏的circulate/’se:kjuleit/v.循环,流通,流传,传播circumscribe/’sa:kemskraib,,sa:kem’skraib/V.在…周围划线;限制,约束cirrhosis/si’reusis/n.硬变;肝硬化cleanse/klenz/v.使清洁,清洗cleavage/’kli:vid3/n.劈开;分裂;卵裂cleave/kli:v/V.<cleft;cleft or cloven> 劈开;把…分成几个小部分cleft/kleft/n.裂,裂口,豁嘴clog/klog/V.障碍,妨碍;阻塞,填塞clone/kleun/v.克隆closure/’klau3e/n.关闭罩子clot/klot/n.血凝;块;土块v.使凝块clump/klAmp/n.丛;簇;群;细菌凝块coagulate/keu’eegjuleit/v.凝结,凝固cocaine/ke’kein/n.可卡因COCCUS/’kokes/n.球菌colic/’kolik/n.绞痛;急腹痛a.绞痛的;结肠的colitis/keu’laitis/n.结肠炎collagen/’kole,d3an/n.胶原<蛋白>colloid/’koloid/n./a.胶体<的>,胶质<的>colon/ko’lon/n.结肠colony/‘kolani/n.殖民者,群体;菌落a/’keume/n.昏迷plexion/kem’plek∫an/n.肤色;情况,局面;气质,脾性plicated/’komplikeitid/a.错综复杂的,麻烦的plication/,kompli’kei,<e>n/n.复杂,混乱;复杂的情况;并发病,并发症pound/’kompaund/a.复合的n.混合物,化合物concentrate/’konsentreit/v.集中,集结;浓缩concentration/,konsen’trei,an/n.集中;专心;浓缩;浓度conception/kan’sep∫an/n.概念,想法;开始怀孕;胚胎condense/ken’dens/V.压缩,浓缩,精简;使冷凝condenser/ken’dense/n.冷凝器,凝结器;电容器conductivity/,kondAk’tiviti/n.传导率;传导性conduit/’kondit/n.管道;导管cone/keun/n.锥形物;锥体;球果v.使成锥形congenital/kon’d3enitl/a.先天的,天生的congest/ken’d3est/v.充满;拥挤;充血congestion/ken’d3est,en/n.充满;拥挤;充血conjuncture/ken’d3AOkUa/n.结合;紧要关头conscious/‘kon ∫as/a.有意识的,知觉的consensus/ken’senses/n.一致;舆论;同感.交感constipation/,konsti’pei∫an/n.便秘constitution/,konsti’lju:,an/n.构成,机构,成分;体格,体质;宪法constrict/ken’strikt/v.压缩,收缩;阻塞consult/ken’sAlt/v.商量,咨询;会诊consultant/ken’sAItant/n.请教者;商议者;顾问;会诊医生consumption/ken’sAmp∫an/n.消费,消耗;肺结核;结核病contagious/kan’teid3es/a.传染的contaminate/ken’teemineit/v.弄脏;污染;传染contamination/ken,teemi’nei,an/n.污染,沾染物continence/’kontinens/n.自制,节制;节欲contour/’kontue/n.轮廓,外形contraceptive/,kontra’septiv/a.避孕的n.避孕药物喃具contractile/ken’treektail/a.可收缩的contraindicate/kontra’indikeit/v.禁忌contralateral/,kontre’leetarel/a.对侧的convalescent/,konve’lesnt/a.恢复健康的,渐愈的;恢复期的n.恢复中的病人convex/’kon’veks/a.凸的,凸面的convulsion/ken’vAUan/n.震动;痉挛,惊厥cornea/’ko:nialn.角膜coronary/’koraneri/a.冠状的corpse/ko:ps/n.死尸,尸体corpuscle/’ko:pAS<9>l/n.小体,细胞,血细胞;微粒corrosion/ke’reu3an/n.腐蚀,侵蚀;锈cortex/’ko:teks/n.<植物的>皮层,树皮,<脑或肾的>皮层,皮质cosmetic/koz’metik/n.化妆品a.化妆用的,美容的costal/’kostl/a.肋骨的cough/ko:f/V.,n.咳嗽cramp/kraemp/n.夹,钳;<病性>痉挛,绞痛cranium/’kreinjam/v.头盖<骨>;颅crutch/kratf/n.拐杖;支柱v.支撑cryotherapy/kraiauOerepi/n.冷冻疗法cT计算机断层扫描cube/kju:b/n.立方体,立方形;立方、三次幂cure/kjua/n.治愈,痊愈;药;疗法v.治愈,矫正,纠正n.良药,疗法cusp/kAsp/n.尖,尖端cutaneous/kju<:>’teinjas/a.皮的cylinder/’silinde/n.圆柱体,圆筒;气缸cyst/sist/n.囊<肿>cvtogenetics/,saitaud3rnetiks/n.细胞遗传学cvtology/sartoled3i/n.细胞学Ddander/’daendeln.头皮屑;怒火dandruff/’daendrAf/n.头垢;头皮屑deactivate/di:’aektiveit/v.使不活动;使减少活性;使无效debilitate/drbiliteit/v.使衰弱debility/di’biliti/n.衰弱,虚弱decibel/’desibel/n.分贝deciliter<deciliter>/’desili:te<r>/n.分升,十分之一升decimal/‘desimal/a.小数的,十进制的decolourize/di:’k^laraiz/v.使…脱色;将…漂白depensate/di:’kompenseit/v.代偿失调depose/,di:kam’peuz/v.分解,使腐败,使腐烂decubitus/dr kju:bites/n.褥疮defecate/’defikeit/v.澄清,净化;排粪,通大便deferent/’deferent/a.输送的;输出的;输精的defervescence/,difa’vesns/n.退热deficiency/di’fiJansi/n.缺乏,不足;营养缺乏症deficit/’defisit/n.短缺;赤字deflate/drfleit/v.排放…<空>气;解除气胀deflection/di’flek∫an/n.偏离;偏转deform/di:’fo:m/v.损坏…的形状,使…变形deformation/,di:fo:’meifan/n.形状损坏;变形;畸形deformity/drfo:miti/n.变形,畸形;畸形的人degenerate/drd3enareit/V.蜕化;变质;变性degradation/,degra’dei,an/n.降级;低落;退化;降解;衰变degression/drgre∫an/n.下降;递减dehydration/,di:hai’drei f an/n.脱水deleterious/,delrtierias/a.<对身心>有害的;有毒的delitescence/,delrtesns/n.潜伏期;潜伏状态;<炎症>突然消退deliver 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4daleg’neusis/v.诊断;调查分析;判断diagram/’deiegraem/n.图解,图表dialysis/daraelisis/n.透析,渗析;分离,分解diameter/daraemita/n.直径diaper/’daiepa/n,尿布diaphoresis/’daiafa’ri:sis/n.发汗;出汗diaphragm/’daiafraem/n.膈,膈膜diarrhea/daie’ri:a/n.腹泻diastole/dai’aesteli/n.<心>舒张期diet/’daiet/n.饮食,食物differential/,dife’renJal/a.差别的,鉴别的;特异的;微分的n.微分;差速器diffuse/di’fju:z/v.扩散;渗出digest/di’d3est;dai’d3est/V.消化n.摘要digital/’did3itl/a.数字的dilate/darleit/v.膨胀,扩大dilute/dai’Uu:t,drl-/v.冲淡;稀释dioxide/daroksaid/n,二氧化物dip/djp/v./n.蘸,浸diphtheria/dif’Sierie,dip-/v.白喉disable/dis’eibl/v.使残疾discharge/dis’t,a:d3/V./n卸货;排出;释放;出院discrete/dis’krkt/a.分离的;稀疏的disgorge/dis’go:d3/V.吐出,呕吐dishonour/dis’one/n.不光彩,不名誉,耻辱v.使丢脸,凌辱disincentive/,disin’sentiv/a.阻止的,抑制的n.<在生产等方面>起抑制作用的行动<或措施> disinfect/,disin’fekt/v.杀菌,消毒disintegrate/dis’intigreit/V.崩溃,分裂;分解;蜕变;衰变dislocation~disle’keiJ an/n.关节脱位,脱臼disorder/dis’o:da/n.混乱,紊乱;骚乱,骚动;疾病,失调dispatch/dis’peatJ/v.派遣,发送;调度,调遣n.急件,快信dispatch/dis’peatS/n.药房dispensary/dis’penseri/v.分配;配<方>;发<药>dispense/dis’pens/v.分发,分配,配药;使分散,解散;散布,a.分散的,弥散的disposable/dis’peuzebl/a.可处理的;可随意使用的;用一次就丢掉的disrupt Idis’rApt/v.分裂;破坏dissect/drsekt/v.分割;解剖disseminate/di’semineit/v.散播;传播,散布dissipate/’disipeit/v.驱散;浪费,挥霍;放荡;酗酒dissolve/di’zolv/v.溶解,融化;解除,解散,取消.distal/‘distal/a.远侧的;末梢的;远中的distend/dis’tend/v.扩张;肿胀distil/’distiflv.蒸馏;滴下diverge/dai’vo:d3/V.分叉;分歧;离题;使…岔开,使转向dizzy/’dizi/a.眩晕的,头晕眼花的donate/deu’neit/v.捐赠,赠送donor/’deune/v.捐赠者;供血<输血>者.dorsum/’do:sam/n.背,背部;背侧部分,dose/deus/n.剂量,一服,一剂drench/drent,/v.浸透;淋透dropsy/’dropsi/n.水肿病,浮肿病drug/drAg/n.药品,麻醉品,毒品_drum/drAm/n.鼓,鼓状物;骨膜;耳膜dual/.dju<:>el/a.双重的;二元的.duct/dAkt/n.管;导管;渠道jdue/dju::<u s>du:/a.应付的,到期的;应有的,充分的n.应得物,当然权利duodenum/Jdju<:>eu’di:nem/n.十二指肠jdye/dailv./n.染,染色n.染料jdynamics/darnaemiks/n.力学,动力学;动力,0 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lin’aenimit/a.无生命的;无生气的,没精打采的inappetence/in、aepitans/a.食欲不振;欲望缺失inborn/in’bo:n/a.生来的;天生的;先天的incitant/in’saitant/n.兴奋剂a.兴奋的,刺激的incontinence/in’kontinans/n.失禁;无节制incoordinate~inkau’o:dinitla.不协调的;不对等的incubate/’in kjubeit/v.孵育;潜伏incurable/in’kjuarebl/a.医不好的;不可救药的;不能矫正的indication Lindi’kei∫an/n.指示;指出;表示;指征;暗示迹象;适应证indicator/indikeita/n.示指<伸肌>;指示器;指示剂;指示物indigestion findi’d3estJan/n.消化不良;难理解induce/in’dju:s/V.引诱,劝使;诱发,引起ineffective/,ini’fektiv/a.无效的;不起作用的inefficacious/,inefi’kei∫as/a.无效力的,疗效不好的inertia/i’ne:na/n.惯性;不活动;无力infarct/in’fa:kt/n.梗死infect/in’fekt/v.传染,感染infection/in’fekJan/n.传染,侵染;传染病;影响infectious/in’fe 时as/a.传染的;传染性的infertile/in’fa:tail/a.贫瘠的;不毛的;不生育的infest/in’fest/v.大批出没于;侵扰;寄生于infiltrate/in’filtreit/v.渗入;浸润inflammation/infla’mei,9n/n.炎症,发炎;燃烧;激动inflammatory/in’flaematari/a.使激怒的;炎性的;炎症的influenza/‘influ’enza/n.流行性感冒infrared/’infra’red/a.红外线的;产生红外辐射的infuse/infju:z/v.注入;灌输;浸渍;泡制<药>ingest/in’d3est/V.咽下;吸收;摄取,摄入ingredient/ing 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白蚁消化系统解剖构造及共生物研究进展_张新慰

白蚁消化系统解剖构造及共生物研究进展_张新慰

第39卷㊀第1期2015年1月南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)JournalofNanjingForestryUniversity(NaturalSciencesEdition)Vol.39,No.1Jan.,2015/j.issn.1000-2006.2015.01.028㊀收稿日期:2013-11-10㊀㊀㊀㊀修回日期:2014-03-02㊀基金项目:江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK2012816);高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20123204110001);南京市建委中山陵园管理局资助项目(200409);江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD);南方现代林业协同创新中心科研项目㊀第一作者:张新慰,硕士生㊂∗通信作者:嵇保中,教授㊂E⁃mail:jbz9885@njfu.edu.cn㊂㊀引文格式:张新慰,嵇保中,刘曙雯,等.白蚁消化系统解剖构造及共生物研究进展[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2015,39(1):155-161.白蚁消化系统解剖构造及共生物研究进展张新慰1,嵇保中1∗,刘曙雯2,曹丹丹1,杨锦锦1,刘佳佳1,冀士琳1,SOLEYMANINEJADIANEhsan1,汪洪江1(1.南方现代林业协同创新中心,南京林业大学林学院,江苏㊀南京㊀210037;2.南京中山陵园管理局,江苏㊀南京㊀210014)摘要:对白蚁消化系统的解剖结构与功能㊁白蚁消化道内外共生生物区系及其消化机理等方面的研究进行了综述㊂大量研究表明,白蚁消化系统具有发达的唾腺和后肠,不同种类和品级个体间消化道各组成部分的发达程度和折叠方式存在明显差异,在结构上呈现由低等白蚁向高等白蚁渐变复杂的趋势㊂白蚁消化道内共生生物包括原生动物㊁螺旋体和细菌,蚁巢伞属真菌以菌圃的形式与高等培菌白蚁建立消化道外的共生关系㊂目前,消化营养已经成为白蚁取食引诱等防治技术开发的重要靶标㊂关键词:白蚁;消化系统;共生生物;蚁巢伞属真菌中图分类号:S763;Q965㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:A文章编号:1000-2006(2015)01-0155-07ResearchprogressinanatomicstructuresofdigestivesystemandsymbiotesintermitesZHANGXinwei1,JIBaozhong1∗,LIUShuwen2,CAODandan1,YANGJinjin1,LIUJiajia1,JIShilin1,SOLEYMANINEJADIANEhsan1,WANGHongjiang1(1.CollaborativeInnovationCenterofSustainableForestryinSouthernChina,CollegeofForestry,NanjingForestryUniversity,Nanjing210037,China;2.TheAdministrationBureauofDr.SunYat⁃sen sMausoleum,Nanjing210014,China)Abstract:Thisreviewsummarizedtheresearchprogressindigestivephysiologyintermites.Themaincontentsincludedtheanatomicstructuresandfunctionsofthedigestivesystem,thebiotaofinsideandoutsidesymbiotes,thedigestivetractandtheirdigestivemechanisms.Thedistinguishingfeaturesofdigestivesystemintermiteswereofthedevelopedsalivaryglandsandhindgut.Thereweredistinctdifferencesinthesizeandthefoldingwayincorrespondingpartsofdi⁃gestivesystemamongdifferentspeciesandcastes.Theanatomicstructureofthedigestivesysteminhighertermiteswasmorecomplicatedthanthatofinlowertermites.Thesymbiotesinsidedthedigestivetractoftermitesincludedprotozoa,spirochaeta,andbacteria,andthesymbiosisoutsidethedigestivetractwasestablishedbetweenTermitoycesspp.andfungus⁃growingtermitesbyfunguscomb.Atpresent,thedigestivenutrienthadbecomeatypeofimportanttargetforde⁃velopingtechniqueintermitecontrol,suchasthefood-attraction.Keywords:termites;digestivesystem;symbiotes;Termitoyces㊀㊀白蚁是较为古老的社会性昆虫,具有生存能力强㊁群体寿命长㊁生活隐蔽及危害范围广等特点,常对城市建筑㊁交通电讯㊁物资仓储㊁林木果树等造成严重危害㊂白蚁复杂的食性显然与特殊的消化生理有关,并且消化系统的构造㊁共生物区系及其在消化营养中的作用一直被广为关注㊂同时,白蚁消化营养对特殊生物类群的共生依存特性,也使消化营养成为取食引诱等防治技术开发的重要靶标㊂目前,关于消化道结构与功能㊁消化道内共生生物和消化道外共生真菌(白蚁培植真菌㊁菌圃)及其与白蚁的共生关系等已有研究[1-4],笔者拟从消化生理的角度,对白蚁消化系统结构与功能,消化道内㊁外共生生物类群及其作用机理,分子生物学技术的应用等方面展开讨论㊂南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)第39卷1㊀白蚁消化系统结构与功能1.1㊀研究概况1909年,Holmgren最早开展白蚁消化道解剖形态学研究,随后Noirot分别对低等和高等白蚁工蚁的消化道进行了较为系统的解剖比较学研究[5]㊂Bignell等[3]对白蚁消化道的形态学㊁生理学㊁生物化学以及消化道功能做了相关概述㊂目前,已进行过消化道特征解剖研究的种类约30种,其中包括澳白蚁科1种(达尔文澳白蚁(Mastotermesdarwiniensis)),草白蚁科2种(山林原白蚁(Hodotermopsissjoestedti)㊁东方原白蚁(H.ori⁃entalis)),木白蚁科3种(截头堆砂白蚁(Cryptotermesdomesticus)㊁Kalotermesflavicollis㊁胡氏边白蛾(Marginitermeshubbardi(Banks))),鼻白蚁科10种(扩头蔡白蚁(Tsaitermesampliceps)㊁台湾乳白蚁(Coptotermesformosanus)㊁普见家白蚁(C.communis)㊁扬子扭白蚁(Pericapritermesjangtsekian⁃gensis)㊁锥颚散白蚁(Reticulitermesconus)㊁黄肢散白蚁(R.flaviceps)㊁黑胸散白蚁(R.chinensis)㊁肖若散白蚁(R.affinis)㊁圆唇散白蚁(R.labralis)㊁黄胸散白蚁(R.speratus)),白蚁科14种(短角球白蚁(Globitermesbrachycerastes)㊁黑翅土白蚁(Odontotermesformosanus)㊁囟土白蚁(Odontotermesfontanellus)㊁天目奇象白蚁(Mironasutitermestian⁃muensi)㊁黄翅大白蚁(Macrotermesbarneyi)㊁长头大白蚁(M.longiceps)㊁M.subhyalinus㊁大鼻象白蚁(Na⁃sutitermesgrandinasus)㊁N.latifrons㊁Procubitermesaburiensis㊁M.fuscotibialis㊁Mimeutermesgiffardi㊁Allo⁃gnathotermeshypogeus㊁Syntermesdirus)[2,6-18]㊂白蚁消化道形态特征在分类和系统发育研究中已得到较广泛应用㊂如非洲的一些白蚁类群缺少兵蚁,根据消化道特征将其重新分为16个属[5]㊂Donovan等[19]根据工蚁消化道特征组建了白蚁科级阶元的系统学关系㊂同时,白蚁新分类单元发表时对消化道形态特征也有相应描述[20]㊂消化道特征在属的划分㊁科级阶元系统学关系的建立方面的应用,为白蚁资源调查㊁应用和研究提供了理论基础㊂1.2㊀基本结构与功能白蚁消化系统由消化道和唾腺组成,消化道是从口器后端后延至肛门的纵行不对称管状器官,唾腺1对,由下唇节的外胚层内陷形成,多位于胸部,有些种类两侧的腺管合并成一公共管道,开口于舌后壁褶叠而成的唾窦基部㊂唾腺呈葡萄串状,每侧常有大的储囊㊂种类不同,形状也有变化(图1)[15,18]㊂唾腺细胞较大,分泌的唾液用于润湿食物以及溶解和拌和固体颗粒,在食物初步消化和建造蚁巢过程中均具有重要作用㊂唾液中所含消化酶,以淀粉酶和转化酶最为常见[1]㊂图1㊀白蚁唾腺的一般结构Fig.1㊀Thegeneralstructureofsalivaryglandintermites白蚁的消化道分为前肠㊁中肠和后肠㊂前肠㊁后肠以及唾腺均起源于外胚层,中肠起源于内胚层㊂前肠开口于口器后端,经食道㊁嗉囊以及前胃,伸入中肠前端,以贲门瓣与中肠分界㊂食道呈粗细较均匀的狭管状,后端与嗉囊相接㊂嗉囊上覆盖着单层上皮细胞和肌肉结缔组织膜,可分辨出内部纵向肌纤维和外部环状肌纤维㊂嗉囊内膜较厚,空乏时囊壁收缩形成很多纵褶和横褶,充盈时伸展扩大㊂前胃较发达,也称为砂囊,是前肠的后端部分,通常略小于嗉囊,大部分种类其外围包裹强健肌肉层;内壁有内膜特化形成的齿状褶皱或板状突起,但不同种类形状变异较大[20]㊂白蚁前肠具有摄入食物㊁贮藏(主要由嗉囊担任)以及一定的机械性粉碎(主要由前胃承担)等功能㊂食物摄入时常伴有唾液,所以也具有一定的消化功能㊂中肠始于前胃,末端以马氏管着生部位和后肠分界㊂中肠两端粗细相近略弯曲,外部有较厚的肠壁细胞层,内含光滑透明且较薄的围食膜㊂中肠是食物消化和营养吸收的部位,主要负责食物中蛋白质和糖类的营养吸收㊂后肠异常发达,占据腹部的大部分空间,是白蚁消化道的重要组成部分㊂昆虫的后肠一般分为回肠㊁结肠和直肠,但是白蚁的回肠特化成肠道瓣前节㊁肠道瓣和囊形胃,因此其后肠分为5部分,即肠道瓣前节㊁肠道瓣㊁囊形胃㊁结肠和直肠[21]㊂肠道瓣前节位于后肠最前端,始于马氏管着生处,是与中肠粗细程度相近的短管状构造㊂肠道瓣是白蚁消化道的特有结构,常有褶皱或纵隆起,其表面具齿或刺,一般呈肌肉漏斗状陷入后部囊形胃内651㊀第1期张新慰,等:白蚁消化系统解剖构造及共生物研究进展腔㊂囊形胃入口由肠道瓣控制,是紧接肠道瓣的肾形扩展部分,内部常有丰富的共生生物㊂结肠位于囊形胃和直肠之间,前端较粗,末端有缢缩㊂直肠是后肠末端的膨大部分,具有强健的肌肉,末端有6条纵褶[2]㊂昆虫后肠的主要功能一般是吸收食物残渣中的水分和无机盐类,并与马氏管一起构成排泄系统,行使对固体代谢废物的排泄㊂白蚁后肠除上述功能外,由于存在丰富的共生生物,负责消化中肠无法分解的纤维素和半纤维素等,说明后肠存在消化吸收功能[21]㊂Li等[17]对高等培菌白蚁后肠物理化学和金属离子条件的研究表明,消化道微环境具有中性pH㊁较高氧化还原电位等特点,使后肠可降解木质纤维素,从而表明后肠具有消化吸收功能的可能性㊂1.3㊀不同类群消化道结构特点分析无论是同种不同品级个体还是不同种类之间,消化道不存在组成结构方面的本质差别,但不同组成部分的发达程度及折叠方式等方面存在差异,进而构成不同种类㊁品级个体的消化道特色㊂同时,在消化道结构发育进化方面,体现出高等白蚁较低等白蚁复杂的趋势(图2)[2,11]㊂一般兵蚁和有翅生殖蚁的消化道局部退化,最明显的是囊形胃不像工蚁的那样膨大㊂在白蚁由低等向高等演变的过程中,中㊁后肠之间出现混生节,混生节是共生生物的生活场所㊂但在白蚁科中大白蚁亚科种类中没有发现混生节㊂消化道存在形态结构及发育程度等方面的差异,其成因可能与环境条件㊁食物类型㊁生活方式以及不同品级的社会分工有关㊂图2㊀白蚁消化道一般构造Fig.2㊀Thegeneralstructureofdigestivetractintermites蒋家文等[15]对长头大白蚁不同品级的消化道进行比较研究,发现不同品级间中肠差异显著,蚁后中肠长度为小工蚁中肠长度的18倍㊁大工蚁的12倍㊂张健华等[22]通过解剖家白蚁兵蚁㊁若蚁的消化系统,发现它们的消化系统发育不完善,后肠囊没有形成明显的囊袋结构,与幼蚁的消化系统存在着很多相似性㊂高超等[7]比较8种白蚁的消化道形态,发现低等和高等白蚁的兵蚁和工蚁的消化道各部分差异呈增多趋势㊂如前㊁中㊁后肠所占消化道的比例,在山林原白蚁和截头堆砂白蚁无显著差异,但在圆唇散白蚁㊁台湾乳白蚁㊁黄翅大白蚁㊁黑翅土白蚁㊁短角球白蚁和天目奇象白蚁中,兵蚁前肠占消化道比例显著高于工蚁,中肠无明显差异,工蚁后肠显著高于兵蚁㊂天目奇象白蚁兵蚁食道短于工蚁,其他7种白蚁工蚁的食道均长于兵蚁㊂苏丽娟等[9]比较了低等白蚁扩头蔡白蚁与高等白蚁黑翅土白蚁的消化道形态,发现低等白蚁消化道发达,其总长度及有贮藏功能区段的长度和宽度均大于高等白蚁,这可能与低等白蚁直接取食的习性相适应㊂高等白蚁则具有更高的社会性和品级依赖性,培养菌圃,取食发酵过的菌圃基质,因此其中肠㊁结肠的长度均大于低等白蚁㊂2㊀白蚁消化道内共生生物白蚁是自然界中能够降解纤维素的少数昆虫之一,对纤维素的降解与其丰富的共生物密切相关,尤其是后肠的囊形胃内含有高密度㊁多种类的共生物㊂消化道共生物对其生命活动具有重要作用,白蚁生命活动所需营养物质多来自消化道共生物的酵解产物,如后肠共生微生物发酵纤维素产生的乙酸㊁丙酸以及其他有机酸是白蚁重要的能量以及合成碳架的物质来源㊂2.1㊀共生原生动物低等白蚁和一些高等白蚁的消化道内含有丰富的原生动物,多数属于鞭毛纲㊁肉足纲㊁孢子虫纲㊁纤毛纲㊂以鞭毛纲动物最常见,多属于毛滴虫目Trichomonadida㊁超鞭虫目Hypermastigida和锐滴虫目Oxymonadida㊂至20世纪中后期,已在205种低等白蚁消化道内发现434种鞭毛虫,Leidy最早报道在散白蚁消化道内有鞭毛虫存在[23]㊂Ma[24]从动原白蚁中分离到原白蚁毛丝虫(Trichomitopsistermopsidis)和球形披发虫(Trichonymphasphaerica)㊂类似的发现还有:散白蚁后肠存在至少12种鞭毛虫[23],栖北散白蚁消化道内至少存在11种鞭毛虫[25],在黑胸散白蚁体内主要有6种鞭毛虫,为锐滴虫目的Dinenymphaexili㊁D.parva㊁D.751南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)第39卷fimbriata㊁Pyrsonymphasp.和毛滴虫目的两种毛滴虫[26],台湾乳白蚁消化道内存在伪披发虫(Pseud⁃otrichonymphagrassi)㊁全鞭毛虫(Holomastigotoidesmirabile)和旋披发虫(Spirotrichonymphaleidyi)[27]㊂低等白蚁消化道内鞭毛虫存在于后肠内,特别是后肠的囊形胃内㊂白蚁消化道内的鞭毛虫多数具有吞噬木质颗粒的能力,可产生丰富的纤维素酶,与白蚁自身的纤维素酶系统相互合作,消化分解食物中的木质纤维类[23]㊂白蚁消化道内毛滴虫目和超鞭虫目的鞭毛虫体内存在氢化酶体可以底物水平磷酸化的形式产生三磷酸腺苷,供白蚁能量所需㊂不同种类鞭毛虫在降解纤维素过程中作用不同,如大鞭毛虫(Pseudotrichonymphagrassi)主要降解高度聚合的纤维素;较小的鞭毛虫(Holomas⁃tigotoideshartmanni)㊁Spirotrichonymphaleidyi则可消化低分子质量的纤维素等[23]㊂2.2㊀螺旋体1996年,Leadbetter首次从白蚁消化道中分离到螺旋体,并通过分子生物学方法鉴定,发现与密螺旋属较为相近[28]㊂Dröge等[29-30]先后从白蚁Incisitermestabogae的后肠中分离出螺旋体Treponemaisoptericolens和Spirochaetacoccoides[31]㊂白蚁消化道内的螺旋体自由存在,或黏附在原生动物体表,并随着原生动物一起运动㊂有研究报道它能够以H2和CO2为原料合成乙酸,有些螺旋体有参与降解木质纤维素的酶活性[28],但具体作用机理目前尚不清楚㊂2.3㊀共生细菌无论是低等白蚁还是高等白蚁,其消化道内均存在原核生物㊂白蚁消化道内共生原核生物不仅种类繁多且密度高㊂细菌一般分布于白蚁消化道中各个部位,游离在白蚁肠液中,或黏附于消化道上皮层的杯状结构内㊂古细菌只存在于后肠或伴随某些种类的鞭毛虫存在[31]㊂近年来具有降解木质纤维素作用的多种消化道细菌已被成功分离,如蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscerecus)㊁粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratiamarcescens)㊁葡萄球菌(Staphylococcussp.)㊁放线菌(Actinomycetes)㊁α-变形菌(α-pro⁃teobacteria)和拟杆菌门屈挠杆菌科Flexibacteriaceae的细菌等[23];具有固氮活性的内生细菌有弗氏柠檬酸菌(Citrobacterfreundic)和成团肠杆菌(Enterbacteragglomerans)等;产乙酸菌有白蚁鼠孢菌(Sporomusatermitida)㊁长醋丝菌(Ace⁃tonemalongum)㊁马犹姆贝梭菌(Clostridiummayo⁃mbei)[32];产甲烷菌有表皮甲烷短杆菌(Methnobre⁃vibactercuticularis)㊁弯曲甲烷短杆菌(M.curvatus);此外还有脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibriodesulfuricans)和巨大脱硫弧菌(M.giganteus),肠道脱硫弧菌(Desul⁃fovibriointestinalis)[33]㊂已有4科6属9种白蚁及其体内共生细菌的纤维素酶基因被克隆测序[34]㊂黑翅土白蚁消化道内存在链霉菌属放线菌,可产生葡聚糖外切酶㊁葡聚糖内切酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶,这些酶具备分解不溶性纤维素的能力[35]㊂从黑翅土白蚁消化道内分离到的放线菌(Streptomycesparvulus)具有抗菌活性,有开发微生物源杀菌剂的潜力[36]㊂此外还从黑翅土白蚁消化道内分离得到芽孢杆菌属腊状芽孢杆菌和类芽孢杆菌属多粘类芽孢杆菌,它们对于木质素和纤维素均具有较好的分解能力,并具有较高产酶活性[37]㊂黑胸散白蚁消化道内存在芽孢杆菌属地衣芽孢杆菌,该菌可降解木质素和分解纤维素,有利于提高木质纤维素的利用率[34]㊂台湾乳白蚁消化道内存在柠檬酸菌(Citrobactersp.),该菌在厌氧条件下均具有固氮活性[38]㊂另有报道认为,白蚁消化道内同型产乙酸细菌产生的乙酸可供白蚁呼吸[32]㊂近年来,分子生物学技术在白蚁消化道共生生物研究方面应用较多㊂Warnecke等[39]通过宏基因组学技术研究Nasutitermes属白蚁消化道内微生物,发现可水解木聚糖和纤维素的细菌基因数量庞大,种类繁多,消化道内存在螺旋菌㊁纤维素杆菌等微生物,并对木质纤维素具有一定降解作用㊂Nim⁃chua等[40]构建基因组DNA库研究食木白蚁消化道内微生物,并分析鸟枪克隆和焦磷酸测序所得数据,筛选获得纤维素酶,为白蚁消化道内微生物群落中木质纤维素酶的多样性及功能分析提供了有效证据,并且所得酶研究数据可以应用到纸浆漂白㊁牛仔酶洗等工业实践中㊂Tai等[41]应用单细胞DNA条码技术从细腰湿木白蚁(Zootermopsisan⁃gusticollis)后肠发现Trichonympha和Trichomitopsis属新种,为白蚁后肠内共生微生物群落多样性研究提供了新的参考方法㊂Liu等[42]利用焦磷酸测定法获得云南土白蚁消化道内宏基因组,发现消化道内存在编码纤维素酶以及几丁质酶等酶的基因或基因模块,这些基因的发现可增加对培菌白蚁消化道微生物功能的了解㊂He等[43]利用两种白蚁后肠囊形胃中微生物的16srRNA进行宏基因组和宏转录组比较,发现其厚壁菌门和螺旋体属原生动物数量存在差异,这些差异可反映寄主白蚁取食食物构成及其系统发育方面的差异,可用于白蚁系统学851㊀第1期张新慰,等:白蚁消化系统解剖构造及共生物研究进展的研究㊂3㊀高等培菌白蚁与蚁巢菌圃的协同消化3.1㊀高等白蚁与蚁巢伞属真菌的共生关系有些高等白蚁可在巢内培植菌圃作为食物,该类白蚁属于高等培菌白蚁,也称为白蚁中的 农夫 ㊂已发现的高等培菌白蚁属于白蚁科(Termiti⁃dae)大白蚁亚科(Macrotermitinae),广泛分布于亚洲和非洲的热带地区㊂高等培菌白蚁蚁巢内菌圃上真菌的种类丰富,但白蚁特别耕作培养的真菌种类,统称为蚁巢伞属(Termitomyces)真菌㊂有报道认为白蚁与蚁巢伞属真菌的共生关系起源于3100万年前的非洲,并且白蚁与蚁巢伞属真菌的共生关系是一次形成,无二次驯化和逆向发生的过程[4]㊂白蚁与蚁巢伞属真菌的共生关系在种间表现为高度专一型和低特异型两类,前者指1种真菌仅与1种白蚁共生,后者指多种真菌可与1种白蚁共生[4]㊂白蚁与蚁巢伞属真菌的共生机制尚未完全查明,大致的过程为工蚁取食蚁巢周边各种植物纤维碎屑后直接搬运回巢,然后用唾液等分泌物与植物碎屑混合构筑蚁巢菌圃,蚁巢伞属真菌在蚁巢内合适的环境条件(温度㊁相对湿度㊁CO2浓度和pH)下生长,分解吸收植物残体中的营养物质,合成菌体蛋白和多糖,菌丝大量繁殖,在蚁巢菌圃上形成小白球状菌丝[44]㊂同时,白蚁会排出含有氨基酸和其他可溶性氮化合物的粪便促进蚁巢伞属真菌丝的生长[45],并且分泌抑制其他菌物的化学物质,清除菌圃上的杂菌,保障蚁巢伞属真菌在竞争中占有利地位㊂在白蚁与蚁巢伞属真菌共生过程中,推测蚁巢伞属真菌繁殖存在两种可能的途径:垂直传递和水平传递㊂水平传递途径认为两性有翅繁殖蚁分飞时不携带分生孢子或菌丝体,在交配完成建立新巢后,第1批发育成熟的采食工蚁外出采食,采食蚁巢伞属真菌成熟子实体所散发出的担孢子,然后进行蚁巢伞属真菌的繁殖以及菌圃的构建形成新的共生关系㊂垂直传递途径认为两性有翅繁殖蚁从母巢中采集并携带分生孢子或菌丝体分飞,在交配完成建立新巢后,其携带的分生孢子或菌丝体便在新巢穴中萌发,在新巢中形成共生关系[4,44]㊂目前,已有研究发现在Microtermesspp.和M.belllicosus两种白蚁中存在垂直传递途径[45]㊂3.2㊀白蚁以及蚁巢伞属真菌共生种类与功能已知2600多种白蚁中,约有330种大白蚁亚科的白蚁以蚁巢伞真菌形成的菌丝节结为食㊂蚁巢伞属真菌已知约63种,包括48种㊁2变种和13个型,国内已记录32种蚁巢伞属真菌,但仅11种被确认有分布[4]㊂国内发现的与蚁巢伞属真菌共生的白蚁均属于白蚁科大白蚁亚科,分别为Odontotermesba⁃dius㊁黑翅土白蚁㊁胖土白蚁(O.obesus)㊁拟黑翅土白蚁(O.periformosanus)㊁五齿土白蚁(O.quinguedenta⁃tus)㊁O.transuaalensis㊁O.vulgaris㊁云南土白蚁(O.yunanesis)㊁Macrotermesorthognathus㊁黄翅大白蚁㊁M.auuandalei㊁Globitermesandexi以及歪白蚁属1种㊂在非洲,与蚁巢伞属真菌共生的白蚁有O.horni㊁O.gurdaspurensis㊁O.obscuriceps㊁O.sundaicus㊁M.inspe⁃ratus㊁Acanthotermesacanthothorax等[45]㊂白蚁通过采集培植等劳作为蚁巢伞属真菌生长提供合适的培养基,通过垂直或水平传播途径为其完成接种,在真菌生长过程中,不断去除杂菌以保证目标真菌的正常生长㊂而蚁巢伞属真菌则帮助白蚁完成对木质素㊁纤维素的消化,并为白蚁提供富含氮源的菌丝体以及外源酶和维生素等物质[4]㊂同时,蚁巢内菌圃可为白蚁生存提供适宜的温度㊁湿度以及合适的CO2浓度等㊂4㊀展㊀望目前全世界白蚁已知有7科14亚科281属2600多种,已经进行消化生理研究的种类仅几十种㊂虽然白蚁消化系统的形态解剖㊁消化道内共生物类群与功能㊁蚁巢共生菌类群等方面的研究取得了显著的成绩,但仍有许多问题需要进一步研究查明㊂在消化系统解剖方面,目前研究涉及的白蚁种类较少,尚缺少对白蚁不同类群消化系统内部细微结构的观察与描述㊂同时,对于白蚁特有结构与功能的研究也有待深入,如肠道瓣前节起源及其功能㊁白蚁后肠的功能以及中后肠划界等问题㊂与其他昆虫不同,白蚁后肠不仅是水和无机盐吸收场所,其囊形胃还存在与消化有关的丰富的共生物,对纤维素木质素有特殊的消化作用㊂因此,按照昆虫的一般情况表述后肠的功能显然不符合白蚁的实际㊂此外,虽然对消化道内共生物区系及功能有较多报道,但对共生物之间的相互关系,在纤维素㊁木质素消化和维生素等特殊营养物质形成过程中的作用和机制则知之甚少㊂高等培菌白蚁与蚁巢内菌圃共生现象也一直引起人们的兴趣,在共生真菌和白蚁种类方面的调951南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)第39卷查鉴定等方面不断取得进展,但关于协同消化的机理及其不同共生组合中真菌在菌圃中的传递机制仍不明晰,目前提出的水平和垂直传递假说均需要进一步研究证实㊂白蚁菌圃中的共生真菌在纤维素㊁木质素降解过程为白蚁提供获得性外源酶也是一个值得关注的问题,与取食菌圃直接获得营养比较,在白蚁消化营养中是否占有更加重要的地位,值得进一步探索㊂白蚁与其共生物之间的协同进化关系,由于存在白蚁及共生物种类繁多等因素,实验证明较为困难㊂随着分子系统发育和基础形态支系分析等技术的应用,提出了新的协同进化关系假说,认为白蚁消化道内共生的鞭毛虫以及蟑螂杆状体属细菌来源于白蚁与隐尾蠊属(Cryptocercus)共同的祖先[3],从而为进一步揭示白蚁与其共生物的协同进化关系提供了新的方向,但这些均有待进一步深入研究㊂参考文献(References):[1]黄远达.中国白蚁学概论[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2001.HuangYD.AnintroductiontoChinesetermites[M].Wuhan:HubeiScienceandTechnologyPress,2001.[2]NoirotCH,Noirot⁃TimotheeC.白蚁的消化系统[J].姜克教,译.白蚁防治,2001(1):37-58.[3]BignellDE,RoisinYLoN.Biologyoftermite:amodernsynthe⁃sis[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,2011.[4]王鹏飞,何隽,周文,等.蚁巢伞属真菌研究进展[J].微生物学通报,2012,39(10):1487-1498.WangPF,HeJ,ZhouW,etal.AsurveyonthestudiesofTer⁃mitomyces[J].MicrobiologyChina,2012,39(10):1487-1498.[5]高超.白蚁消化道的形态比较及其系统学意义[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.GaoC.Comparativemorphologyoftermitegutanditsvalueonsystematics(Isoptera)[D].Yangling:NorthwestAgricultureandForestryUniversity,2011.[6]KönigH.Bacillusspeciesintheintestineoftermitesandothersoilinvertebrates[J].JournalofAppliedMicrobiology,2006,101(3):620-627.[7]高超,吴捷,尚素琴.八种白蚁的兵蚁和工蚁消化道形态比较研究(等翅目)[J].昆虫分类学报,2011,33(3):176-187.GaoC,WuJ,ShangSQ.Comparisonofgutmorphologybetweensoldierandworkerforeightspeciesoftermites(Isoptera)[J].Entomotaxonomia,2011,33(3):176-187.[8]张方耀,唐觉,李参.七种白蚁消化道解剖形态的比较研究[J].昆虫知识,1994,31(5):300-302.ZhangFY,TangJ,LiC.Comparativestudiesonanatomicmor⁃phologyofdigestivetubesofsevenspeciesoftermites[J].Ento⁃mologicalKnowledge,1994,31(5):300-302.[9]苏丽娟,陈明,刘国举,等.扩头蔡白蚁消化与生殖系统解剖及其与黑翅土白蚁的比较研究[J].应用昆虫学报,2011,48(4):1024-1032.SuLJ,ChenM,LiuGJ,etal.Anatomicstudiesondigestive,reproductivesystemofTsaitermesamplicepsandcomparingwithOdontotermesformosanus[J].ChineseJournalofAppliedEnto⁃mology,2011,48(4):1024-1032.[10]陈镈尧,施凤英,王可华.六种白蚁消化系统解剖比较研究[J].白蚁科技,1992,9(2):7-13.ChenBY,ShiFY,WangKH.Comparativelyanatomicstudiesondigestivesystemofsixspeciesoftermites[J].ScienceandTechnologyofTermites,1992,9(2):7-13.[11]陈镈尧,陈越,王可华,等.囟土白蚁内部器官解剖研究[J].白蚁科技,1989,6(1):14-17.ChenBY,ChenY,WangKH,etal.Anatomicstudiesoninter⁃nalorgansofOdontotermesfontanelluaKemner[J].ScienceandTechnologyofTermites,1989,6(1):14-17.[12]HongohY.Towardthefunctionalanalysisofuncultivable,symbi⁃oticmicroorganismsinthetermitegut[J].CellularandMolecularLifeSciences,2011,68:1311-1325.[13]BignellDE,OskarssonH,AndersonJM.Specializationofthehindgutwallfortheattachmentofsymbioticmicro-organismsinatermiteProcubitermesaburiensis(Isoptera,Termitidae,Termiti⁃nae)[J].Zoomorphology,1980,96:103-112.[14]BignellDE,EggletonR.OntheelevatedintestinalpHofhighertermites(Isoptera:Termitidae)[J].InsectesSociaux,1995,42:57-69.[15]蒋家文,韦成礼,林日钊.长头大白蚁消化系统的解剖[J].白蚁科技,1989,6(1):18-22.JiangJW,WeiCL,LinRZ.Anatomicstudiesondigestivesys⁃temofMacrotermeslongiceps[J].ScienceandTechnologyofTer⁃mites,1989,6(1):18-22.[16]曹迪,赵凯,平文祥,等.高等白蚁Macrotermessubhyalinus消化道的研究进展[J].高师理科学刊,2008,28(3):63-65.CaoD,ZhaoK,PingWX,etal.StudiesofthegutinthehighertermiteMacrotermessubhvalinus[J].JournalofScienceofTeach⁃ers,CollegeandUniversity,2008,28(3):63-65.[17]LiHJ,SunJZ,ZhaoJM,etal.Physicochemicalconditionsandmetalionprofilesinthegutofthefungus⁃growingtermiteOdontotermesformosanus[J].JournalofInsectPhysiology,2012,58(10):1368-1375.[18]卢宝廉.胡氏边白蚁消化系统的微细结构[J].昆虫学报,1991,34(2):155-160.LuBL.FinestructureofthedigestivesystemofMarginitermesHubbardi(Banks)[J].ActaEntomologicaSinica,1991,34(2):155-160.[19]DonovanSE,JonesDT,SandsWA,etal.Morphologicalphy⁃logeneticsoftermites(Isoptera)[J].BiologicalJournaloftheLinneanSociety,2000,70(3):467-513.[20]SandsWA.Newgeneraandspeciesofsoilfeedingtermites(Isoptera:Termitidae)fromAfricansavannas[J].JournalofNaturalHistory,1995,29(6):1483-1515.[21]李栋.白蚁的营养与消化[J].白蚁科技,1997,14(3):16-26.LiD.Nutritionanddigestionoftermites[J].ScienceandTech⁃nologyofTermites,1997,14(3):16-26.[22]张健华,王文龙,李文健,等.家白蚁消化系统发育与取食行为的分析[J].河北师范大学学报:自然科学版,2003,27(4):410-413.ZhangJH,WangWL,LiWJ,etal.Analysisofthegutdevel⁃opmentandforagingbehaviorofCoptotermesformosanusShiraki[J].JournalofHebeiNormalUniversity:NaturalScienceEdition,2003,27(4):410-413.[23]杨红,彭建新,刘凯于,等.低等白蚁肠道共生微生物的多样061㊀第1期张新慰,等:白蚁消化系统解剖构造及共生物研究进展性及其功能[J].微生物学报,2006,46(3):496-499.YangH,PengJX,LiuKY,etal.Diversityandfunctionofsymbioticmicrobesinthegutoflowertermites[J].ActaMicrobi⁃ologicaSinica,2006,46(3):496-499.[24]MaYM.CellulosemetabolismbyflagellateTrichonymphafromatermiteisindependentofendosymbioticbacteria[J].Science,1981,211(4477):58-59.[25]秦伟,王维平.白蚁消化道及肠道微生物研究简述[J].江西植保,2007,30(2):68-69.QinW,WangWP.Studiesondigestivesystemandintestinalmi⁃crofloraoftermites[J].JiangxiPlantProtection,2007,30(2):68-69.[26]杨红.黑胸散白蚁(ReticulitermeschineseSnyder)肠道共生微生物的多样性与功能[C]//2008年中国微生物学会学术年会.海口,2008.YangH.DiversityandfunctionofsymbioticmicrobesinthegutofReticulitermeschineseSnyder[C]//The2008AcademicAnnualConferenceofChineseSocietyforMicrobiology.Haikou,China,2008.[27]谢磊,刘宁,黄勇平,等.台湾乳白蚁肠道鞭毛虫群落结构及三种研究方法的比较[J].昆虫学报,2011,54(10):1140-1146.XieL,LiuN,HuangYP,etal.FlagellatecommunitystructureinCoptotermesformosanus(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)andacomparisonofthreestudymethods[J].ActaEntomologicaSinica,2011,54(10):1140-1146.[28]苏丽娟,李琰,王凤芹,等.白蚁肠道内的共生微生物区系[J].江西农业学报,2011(1):164-167.SuLJ,LiY,WangFQ,etal.Symbioticmicrobiotaingutofter⁃mite[J].ActaAgriculturaeJiangxi,2011(1):164-167.[29]DrögeS,FröhlichJ,RadekR,etal.Spirochaetacoccoidessp.nov.,anovelcoccoidspirochetefromthehindgutofthetermiteNeotermescastaneus[J].AppliedandEnvironmentalMicrobiology,2006,72(1):392-397.[30]DrögeS,RachelR,RadekR,etal.Treponemaisoptericolenssp.nov.,anovelspirochaetefromthehindgutofthetermiteIncisit⁃ermestabogae[J].InternationalJournalofSystematicandEvolu⁃tionaryMicrobiology,2008,58(5):1079-1083.[31]杨天赐,莫建初,程家安.白蚁消化纤维素机理研究进展[J].林业科学,2006,42(1):110-114.YangTC,MoJC,ChengJA.Advancesinthestudyonthedi⁃gestivemechanismofcelluloseintermites[J].ScientiaSilvaeSinicae,2006,42(1):110-114.[32]陈虹,梅建凤,闵航.白蚁肠道微生物[J].微生物学杂志,2005,25(2):75-79.ChenH,MeiJF,MinH.Microorganismsintermitegut[J].JournalofMicrobiology,2005,25(2):75-79.[33]ShinzatoN,MuramatsuM,MatsuiT,etal.Molecularphyloge⁃neticdiversityofthebacterialcommunityinthegutofthetermiteCoptotermesformosanus[J].Bioscience,BiotechnologyandBio⁃chemistry,2005,69(6):1145-1155.[34]高云航,王巍,李秋菊,等.白蚁肠道木质素及纤维素分解菌的分离鉴定及产酶条件优化[J].中山大学学报:自然科学版,2013,52(2):84-89.GaoYH,WangW,LiQJ,etal.Isolation,identificationandenzyme⁃producingconditionoptimizationoflignin⁃utilizingandcellulose⁃utilizingbacteriumfromthegutoftermite[J].ActaSci⁃entiarumNaturalumUniversitatisSunyatseni,2013,52(2):84-89.[35]霍光华,黄小晖,DillonShannon,等.白蚁肠道二株链霉菌株所产纤维素酶的分离㊁纯化及其特性[J].食品科学,2012,33(17):158-164.HuoGH,HuangXH,DillonShannon,etal.Isolation,purifi⁃cationandcharacterizationofcellulasesfromStreptomycesstrainsinthegutofthetermiteOdontotermesformosanus[J].FoodSci⁃ence,2012,33(17):158-164.[36]胡松英,张应烙,黄娟翠,等.白蚁共生放线菌的抗菌活性筛选及菌株BY02的初步鉴定[J].微生物杂志,2011,31(3):17-20.HuSY,ZhangYL,HuangJC,etal.ScreeningofantifungalsymbioticactinomycetefromtermiteandinitialidentificationofstrainBY02[J].JournalofMicrobiology,2011,31(3):17-20.[37]周刚.白蚁内生菌的分离及其纤维素酶木质素酶高产菌株的鉴定[D].哈尔滨:黑龙江大学,2006.ZhouG.Isolationoftermitesendophyteandidentificationofsomehigh⁃producingstrainofcelluloseandligninase[D].Haerbin:HeilongjiangUniversity,2006.[38]梅建凤,吕琴,闵航,等.白蚁及其肠道细菌的固氮作用研究[J].浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2002,28(6):625-628.MeiJF,LvQ,MinH,etal.Nitrogenfixationoftermiteandbacteriaisolatedfromitshindgut[J].JournalofZhejiangUniver⁃sity:AgriculturalandLifeSciences,2002,28(6):625-628.[39]WarneckeF,LuginbühlP,IvanovaN,etal.Metagenomicandfunctionalanalysisofhindgutmicrobiotaofawood-feedinghighertermite[J].Nature,2007,450(7169):560-565[40]Nimchua,Thidarat,ThongaramT,etal.Metagenomicanalysisofnovellignocellulose⁃degradingenzymesfromhighertermitegutsinhabitingmicrobes[J].JournalMicrobiolBiotechnol,2012,22(4):462-469.[41]TaiV,JamesER,PerlmanSJ,etal.Single⁃cellDNAbarcodingusingsequencesfromthesmallsubunitrRNAandin⁃ternaltranscribedspacerregionidentifiesnewspeciesofTricho⁃nymphaandTrichomitopsisfromthehindgutofthetermiteZooter⁃mopsisangusticollis[J].PlosONE,2013,8(3):1-12.[42]LiuN,ZhangL,ZhouHK,etal.Metagenomicinsightsintometaboliccapacitiesofthegutmicrobiotainafungus⁃cultivatingtermite(Odontotermesyunnanen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Prehensile upper lip for browsing
Consumes bushes and shrubs in forest
Mastication
Physical reduction of feed Especially important in non-ruminant
herbivores
Herbivores must chew continuously (4050,000 times a day) to increase surface area
Prehension
Seizing and conveying feed to mouth
Mechanisms vary with behavior and diet Forelimbs
Comparative Digestive Physiology
Why Do Animals Digest?
Food not ingested in suitable state
Physical nature of food determined by:
gathering apparatus for uptake type of digestive system
The Importance of Prehension in Diet Formulation
White Rhino (“wijd” = wide)
Squared off upper lip used to “crop” grass
Grazes on savannah
Black Rhino
Mastication or chewing
To crush the food, increase surface area and allow enzymes to act on molecules
Carnivores only to reduce the size of the particle to a size small enough to swallow
Pigs use snout to root in ground and pointed lower lip to convey feed into mouth
Birds use beak and tongue Drinking varies as well
Most mammals use suction Dogs and cats use tongue to form ladle
Mouth
Functions
Grasp food Taste Masticate food Mix with saliva
Digestion in the Mouth
Prehension
Bringing the food to the mouth
Upper limbs, head, beak, claws, mouth, teeth and lips
Relative importance varies by species Horses
lips when eating from manger teeth when grazing
Cows and sheep have limited use of lips
Use long rough tongue to grasp forage
Synthesis - true protein, FA, starch, vitamins Excretion – elimination of waste products
Via bile (toxins, microbes etc) Via rectum (Ca, Mg, P)
Species-Dependent Nutritional Adaptations
Includes involvement of:
Teeth Jaws and jaw musculature Alimentary canal
Stomach - May be simple or become sacculated to compartmentalize functions for prolonged storage of feed and utilization of bacterial fermentation (langures and ruminants)
Primates, raccoon
Snout
Elephant, tapir
Tongue
Anteater, cow, sheep
Lips
Horse, sheep, rhinoceros
Prehension
Domestic mammals use lips, teeth and tongue
Primary Functions of the Digestive Tract
Transport food – peristaltic contractions Digestion
Mechanical breakdown Chemical breakdown
Absorption
Passive diffusion and active transport
May also become voluminous for storage of large amounts of feed (vampire bats)
Large intestine - varies substantially in length, compartmentalization, and complexity among species
Adaptations with teeth
Carnivores Herbivores Edentates (sloths, armadilloes, anteater)
Relative toothlessness
Morphological Adaptations for Herbห้องสมุดไป่ตู้vory
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