高考英语题型之阅读简答题

高考英语题型之阅读简答题阅读简答题为湖南高考英语写作题的第二节，它要求考生阅读文章后，根据各小题的具体要求，简要回答问题。

主要考查考生用简单的句子对所读短文的主要信息进行转述的能力。

根据简答题给分的标准和扣分标准可以看出，简答题的答案不仅要求内容正确，而且要求语言无错，所以，在答题时最好先从原文中找到相应的答题依据，然后再根据试题的字数要求，用规定的字数将答案写出来。

写答案时，既要充分利用文章中的―原句‖，但又不能完全照搬，要注意抓住其中的关键信息，同时用自己的话将关键信息表达出来，使之成为一个语法正确、表意完整的句子或短语。

设题特点：该题型原设三个小题，自2010年高考开始改设四个小题。

为了考查考生获取与处理信息的能力以及用英语进行思维和表达的能力，设问考查方向有四种，即：词汇语义题(要求从文中找到一个与所给生词意义最近的代换词，考查考生联系上下文理解词义的能力)；细节考查题(针对文章某细节内容提问，要求用不超过所规定的词数回答问题)；主旨大意题(针对文章主旨提问，一般询问大意中心思想及文章标题，同样要求用不超过所规定的词数回答问题)；逻辑推理题(针对文章内容要求考生经逻辑推理后，用不超过规定的词数回答问题)。

四种题型在近四年湖南高考英语试题中的分布情况如下：二、答题步骤1．浏览试题，画出试题关键词通过读题，画出题目所需信息的关键词，一可预测文章内容，二便于在阅读文章时有的放矢查读有效信息，节省阅读时间。

可结合四个小题所涉及的内容来预测文章内容，如此带着预测，再结合寻找问题关键词的目的去阅读课文，自然就显得容易而且使之有的放矢，提高了阅读效率。

2．带着问题速读文章，根据试题关键词定位答题信息在浏览试题，预测文章内容的基础上速读文章，其主要目的是为了找到答题所需信息，而所需信息肯定与试题关键词有关，故可采用“skim”阅读法，即：紧扣关键词，浏览全文，找出信息句。

阅读时，与关键词无关的句子或段落要速读，而与关键词相关处要细读，因为试题关键词处不仅仅是答题的关键之处，也是揭示全文主题所在。

3．推敲理解信息句，遣词组句答问题做好阅读简答题此步是关键。

因为受词数限制，不能全部用原用信息句作答，而要深层次地推敲理解信息句，提炼概括出有针对性的语句作答。

其主要方法有三：一是采用转换词性、采用代词、单词代短语、语句转换、提炼主要信息舍弃次要信息等方法精简语句；二是用概括性的语句归纳信息句；三是采用文章上下文中的有关提示语或信息句中的关键词作答，即：尽量用短文中出现的词组或短语，句子的用词也应以短文中出现的关键词为先。

若非要用自己的语言组织、表达不可时，则要注意句子结构的精炼、完整和时态的正确。

探究点一词汇语义题词汇语义题目的在于考查考生转述(paraphrase)或解释(explain)某个词或短语在特定场合下的特定含义的能力。

其出题方式为：Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word “…”. 重点考查动词、名词、形容词、副词等实词或动词短语。

回答该题时所用词必须与问题中的原词在词性和词的形式上均要一致，如，要么都是动词，且都为动词过去式或动词现在分词形式；或要么都是名词，且都用名词复数形式。

解题时，要找出原词在文章中的同义词或近义代换词，一要注意理解原词在所在句的逻辑意义，如，解释什么与什么之间的关系，修饰什么事物等；二要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入句等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分，以此推敲猜测原词的意义，借此帮助寻找文中的代换词。

探究点二细节设问题这类题所占比重最大，以how，what, why提问的问题为主。

一般说来考生在文章中找到答案出处并不太难，难的是如何处理、转换信息，从而归纳出问题的答案。

因为简答题要求考生既要用最简短的语言，又不能原封不动地照搬原文的整句话。

此外，在回答细节题时，一定要注意提问方式和答案的协调性。

不同类型的问题要求有不同形式的回答，不能仅仅为了答案的简洁而忽略了问题与回答在形式上的对应。

例如：就目的提问，就应该用表示目的的用语作答，例如使用for短语，不定式短语；就原因提问，答案就应当用because of短语或because从句，也可用不定式短语作答；就事件的可能性提问，答案通常用简短而完整的简单句；提问词是what，多能用名词或名词性短语、名词性从句来回答，提问词是how，则多用“by doing sth./by means of sth.”的形式回答。

探究点三主旨大意题此类题常见的提问方式有：What is the main idea of the passage/text? What is the passage /text mainly about? What is the best title for this passage/passage? 回答这类题的关键是要抓住文章的主旨句。

而文章的主旨句大多出现在三个位置：文章首句，一段末二段首转折后信息，文章末句。

但考生应注意不可照抄原句，而需重新归纳组织、概括(有的只需稍作归纳或略作改写主题句即可)。

主旨句为判断句式，具有高度概括性。

其答问形式有两种：简单句式和词组式(多为名词词组或动词词组)。

例如，2007年湖南高考英语卷第75题，全文主题句为首段中的“It has drifted across the Canadian Arctic and is now angling toward Siberia.”，由下文语义逻辑关系可以推断angling即为“移动”之意，再结合全文内容稍加归纳，可以判断答案为：The north magnetic pole is moving faster. 答题形式为简单句式。

再如：请根据某文首段“One thing Britain is famous for is pubs, and no trip to the UK would be complete without a visit to one of the thousands of pubs across the country.”回答问题：“What is the best title of the passage? (回答词数不超过5个)”。

问题明显是主旨题，直接对应首句，该句是由系动词is构成的判断句，具有高度概括性，告诉读者整篇文章在围绕英国的pub进行论述，由此判断最佳标题为：Pubs in the UK。

答题形式为名词词组式。

探究点四逻辑推理题逻辑推理题旨在考查考生根据已知信息进行合理推断的逻辑思维能力，要求根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节暗示，推敲作者态度，理解文章寓意后再作回答。

提问方式通常为：Why…？What can be inferred/concluded from…？What is the author’s attitude toward…？What does the author use the examples of…to show?逻辑推理题要求考生在理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵，进行合理的推断。

具体地说，要注意：①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理；③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据进行推断，切忌主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测；④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，把握作者的写作思路。

记叙文(含夹叙夹议文)是湖南高考阅读简答的主要体裁之一。

其主要特点是以记叙为主，辅以各种综合表达方法，包括描写、说明、议论和抒情等。

通过对人和事的描写表达作者的思想感情和中心思想。

记叙的要素包括时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果，即我们常说的五个w(who，what，when，where，why)。

记叙文的另一特点：就是有一定的叙事线索，如：人物线索(人物的经历、见闻、感受等)、事件线索(中心事件的来龙去脉)、感情线索(作者或作品中主要人物的思想感情变化)、时间线索、地点和空间线索等。

作者在叙述过程中往往会融入人物的语言、行为、心理的描写，这在一定程度上增加了考生理解文章的难度。

这时，考生必须理清上下文的脉络，对人物的语言、行为、心理等给出合理的想象和推理，并仔细揣摩作者的用意，从而透彻理解文意，达到对语境的准确理解，这样才能准确有效地快速找到答题所需的有效信息句。

说明文也是阅读简答题常见的体裁之一。

把握说明文的语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。

说明文的常见写作顺序有：时间顺序(指先后顺序)，空间顺序(从局部到整体，从上到下，从内到外)，逻辑顺序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次)，认识顺序(由此及彼，由浅入深，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质)。

文章通常层次清晰，整体性强，易读易懂。

时事新闻类阅读材料往往语言地道、内容时新。

新闻阅读材料都由标题(Headlines)、导语(Introductions)、背景(Background)、主体(Main body)和结尾(Ends)五部分构成。

此类文章主题突出，文章的第一句话或第一段往往就是对整篇文章的高度概括，因此读懂首句或首段至关重要。

阅读时，要善于捕捉新闻细节，根据问题善于找到相关句并能分析理解长难句，从而在归纳、概括、推理的基础上准确谴词组句作答。

2010湖南英语高考真题On Christmas morning, Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide-eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them. Linda has never met the children, but that’s all part of the joy of giving as secret Santas, she says."It's an amazing feeling to buy gifts on an anonymous (匿名的) basis," says Linda."It brings a whole new meaning to the holidays."Linda and Tony are an American couple living in Toronto, Canada, and Linda did charitable work as a member of the American Women's Club of Toronto. As the name suggests, members are U.S. citizens living in Toronto, who join together for fellowship and community service.To find her "adopted" family, Linda goes to the local schools and requests a wish list for a family that's struggling to survive. Last year she helped a single mother with three children. The mother works as a cleaning lady in a nursing home."The list is always heartbreaking. They have an opportunity to ask for anything and do just the opposite, asking for basic clothes or simple toys," she says. "We always buy the kids a new winter coat, hats, and gloves." She also buys gifts for the parents.Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list--one that didn't include the basics. "Every child should have a Christmas that sticks with them for a lifetime." She purchased iPods for the two older children and a video game system for the youngest."I have learned a very valuable lesson in all of this," says Linda. "Pay attention to what's going on in your own backyard--no matter where you live."The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.81. What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have?(No more than 5 words) (2 marks). Why did Linda join the American Women's Club of Toronto?(No more than 10 words) (2 marks)83. Why did Linda ask for a second wish list?(No more than 15 words) (3 marks)84. What kind of people does "secret Santas" in the passage refer to?(No more than 12 words)模拟题Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman.A man goes shopping because he needs something.His purpose is settled and decided in advance.He knows what he wants,and his objective is to find it and buy it;the price is a secondary consideration.All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want.If the shop has it in stock,the salesman promptly produces it,and the business of trying it on proceeds at once.All being well,the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes,with hardly any chat and toeveryone’s satisfaction.For a man,slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants,or does not have exactly what he wants.In that case the salesman,as the name implies,tries to sell the customer something else,he offers the nearest he can to the article required.No good salesman brings out such a substitute without least consideration;he does so with skill and polish,―I know this jacke t is not the style you want,sir,but would you like to try it for size?It happens to be the color you mentioned.‖ Few men have patience with this treatment,and the usual response is,―This is the right color and maybe the right size but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on.‖Now how does a woman go about buying clothes? In almost every respect she does so in the opposite way.Her shopping is not often based on need.She has never fully made up her mind what she wants,and she is only ―having a look round‖.She is always open to persuasion:indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her,even by what companions tell her.She will try on any number of things.Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her.Contrary to a lot of jokes,most women have an excellent sense of value when they buy clothes.They are always on the lookout for the unexpected bargain.Faced with a roomful of dresses,a woman may easily spend an hour going from one room to another,to and fro often retracing her steps,before selecting the dresses she wants to try on.It is a tiresome process,but apparently an enjoyable one.Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.1. What does a man usually do when he is buying clothes?（no more than 15 words）2.What does the passage tell us about women shoppers for clothes?（no more than 6 words）3. What does a man do when he can not get exactly what he wants?（no more than 6 words）4.What is the most obvious difference between men and women shoppers?（no more than 8 words）Scientists have determined it's not advisable to hurry marriage. But what’s the best age to wed?When Avril Lavigne announced she was splitting from her husband, comments from her friends suggested that she was only 21 when she tied the knot and later she said that she realizedshe'd been too young to make such a life-altering decision. Could fellow young celebrity divorcées(离婚者) Reese Witherspoon, Kate Hudson, and Britney Spears have also hit the same age-related issue?The Magic NumberThere are practical reasons for the mid-20s dividing line, and most of them boil down to two biggies: education and money.It turns out that the more years of higher education a woman has under her belt on her wedding day, the lower the chances that she'll get divorced ... and by 25, you're more likely to have earned a degree or two. Educated women tend to be more confident about who they are and less willing to settle for a man who doesn't meet their standards.Odds(可能性) are that by 25 you're also supporting yourself, so there's less incentive（刺激; 鼓励）for you to rush into marriage because you're seeking financial security from him. But the marriage-related benefits of working and having money of your own go beyond feeling secure. Learning to budget your cash carefully when you're single will help you avoid financial problems—one of the main causes of couple fights—for the rest of your life. Knowing the Real You At 25, you've had time for some crucial life experiences, including a relationship or two that may have improved your Mr. Right radar. You've probably dated enough to have a better idea of what you don't want in a man, which makes it easier to know what you can live with and can't live without.Perhaps the most important aspect of waiting is that you'll know what your goals and values really are. While you don't want to marry someone just like you, marriage is a lot easier if you two share a similar outlook on life.Twenty-four and already married to the man of your dreams? Don't worry: Many young marriages survive. But given the choice, you might consider putting off the big day until your mid-20s or later.81. What main factors influence the mid-20s dividing line? (No more than 3 words)_____________________________________________________________________82. According to the author, why does a couple probably fight？(No more than 4 words)_____________________________________________________________________83. How do you kno w what you don’t want in a man? (No more than 5 words) _____________________________________________________________________84. What suggestion does the passage mainly give? (No more than 10 words)_____________________________________________________________________ He could have been president of Israel or played the violin at Carnegie Hall, but he was too busy thinking. His thinking on God, love and the meaning of life grace our greeting cards and day-timers.Fifty years after his death, his shock of white hair and hanging mustache still symbolize genius. Einstein remains the foremost scientist of the modern time. Looking back 2,400 years, only Newton, Galileo and Aristotle were his equals.Around the world, universities and academies are celebrating the 100th anniversary of Einstein's "miracle year" when he published five scientific papers in 1905 that basically changed our grasp of space, time, light and matter. Only he could top himself about a decade later with his theory of relativity.Born in the age of horse-drawn carriages, his ideas launched a technological revolution that has made more change in a century than in the previous two thousand years. Computers, satellites, telecommunication, lasers, television and nuclear power all owe their invention to ways in which Einstein exposed a stranger and more complicated reality underneath the world．He escaped Hitler's Germany and devoted the rest of his life to human rights and peace with an authority unmatched by any scientist today, or even most politicians and religious leaders. He spoke out against fascism and racial prejudice. His FBI file ran 1,400 pages.His letters expose a disorderly personal life -- married twice and indifferent toward his children while absorbed in physics. Yet he charmed lovers and admirers with poetry and sailboat outings. Friends and neighbors fiercely protected his privacy.81．What is the passage about?(no more than 5 words)82．What gifts does the first paragraph imply that Einstein have?(no more that 10 words) 83．Why was 1905 called Einstein’s ―miracle year‖?(no more than 15 words)84．How do you describe Einstein when he was not buried himself in his research?(no more that15 words)答案81.They will be greatly surprised.82.She joined it for fellowship and community service.83.She want to give the children some other gifts rather than the basics.84.It refers to people who give away anonymous gifts on Christmas.答案1.He does not mind how much he has to pay for the right things.2.They welcome suggestions from anyone.3.He usually does not buy anything.4.The time they take over buying clothes.答案81. Money and education82. Because of financial problems83. By dating enough./You’ve pr obably dated enough./ Through some crucial lifeexperiences.84. It’s not advisable to get married before 25 years old. / You’d better not wed until mid-20s./ Put off marriage until your mid-20s or later.答案81. It’s about Einstein.82. He had the gifts for politics and music.83. Because he wrote five important articles to help people better understand the universe.84. He was easy – going and had a very good relationship with his friends and neighbors.。