上海高考英语阅读理解简答题真题详解

上海高考英语阅读理解简答题真题详解2011年真题Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT ORDS.)81. What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?82. What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?83. After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation _____________.84. From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ______________ that make(s) anorganization more successful.【答案与解题思路】81. 【参考答案】An organization of more than 200 individuals.【解题思路】本题涉及的论点在第一段。

本题的提问方式需要考生对篇章中涉及的观点作“反向理解”，也就是说，我们从作者的观点中推断反向的意思。

本段中的第一句“Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members.”明确告诉我们二百人以内的机构可以保证员工之间自由的信息沟通。

反向理解则为：超过二百人的机构其员工之间的信息沟通会遇到障碍，也就是提干中的“lead to communication failures”。

本题在答题时如照抄“their size goes beyondthis figure”则不符合答案要求，因为句中的“this figure”在脱离上下文是不能明确表示具体数据。

如答成“a size goes beyond 200”则可接受。

82. 【参考答案】Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships.【解题思路】本题题干中明确要求考生写“两个解决方案(two solutions)”。

第二段的第一句“One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group.”中有一个“solution”, 即：“structure large organisations into smaller units of size that can act as a group”。

另一个“solution”是“the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships”。

由于答题要求字数不得超过8个字，考生就得对原文中提到的两种解决方案的表诉在文字上进行压缩。

我们可以考虑用两个动词统领，把句子中次要的成份去除，于是就留下了“structuring….and building…”。

这里考生需注意：答案部分其实是完整句子的主语部分，所以在行文时要用动名词来做主语。

完整的句子则是：“Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization.”，然后再这基础上进行改写。

83. 【参考答案】seemed to be more difficult / less satisfying【解题思路】本题涉及的内容在第三段，具体的句子是“The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.”。

关键词是：“smoothly, until, moved into, more difficult, less satisfying”。

这里需提醒考生，题干中的“operation”一词在原文中似乎没有，其实不然，倒数第二行的“the work”就是指题干中的“operation”。

弄清楚了这一点解题就比较方便了，考生回答“more difficult”或“less satisfying”皆可。

如回答“not smooth”也可接受。

84. 【参考答案】the close social networks / the free flow of information / the causal communication【解题思路】本题对考生的概括能力要求较高。