科技英语阅读教程unit1A(张敏杨秀芬版)
《科技英语阅读教程》翻译章节提示
毛老师，我将《科技英语阅读教程》中要出翻译的地方上传到群文件里的，你告知学生自己去看就行了。
据我了解，有些老师也是让学生自己去看的。
我把那个范围再发一次给你。
2. 《科技英语阅读教程》里的句子翻译请老师让学生关注以下的内容：Unlocking the climate puzzle:Para 3, Para 5, Para 10, Para 12, Para 14, Para. 16, Para. 18, Para 20 The Greenhouse EffectPara 1, Para 5, Para 9Toyota’s story in EuropePara 1, Para 2, Para 5, Para 6why diesel-powered cars are in and electric cars are outPara 1, Para 2, Para 4, Para 6, Para 7executive forecastPara 1, Para 2, Para 4, Para 5, Para 7, Para 8, Para 9, Para 14post-modernism and urban planningPara 2, Para 3, Para 4, Para 5, Para 6, Para 7, Para 8, Para 11first view of nanotechniquePara 3, Para 7, Para 15the earth's oceansPara 4, Para 7, Para 8, Para 10, Para 13各位亲，研究生英语期末考试安排在19周周一（7月6日）上午，原则上每位任课教师都要监考，如不能监考请告知原因。
请按每个自然班20元交出卷费。
first view of nanotechniquePara 3,Today’s manufacturing methods are very crude at the molecular level. Casting, grinding, milling and even lithography move atoms in great thundering statistical herds. It`s like trying to make things out of LEGO blocks with boxing gloves in ur hands. Yes, u can push the LEGO blocks into ur great heaps and pile them up, but u can`t really snap them together the way u`d like.今天的制造工艺方法从原子水平来看是非常粗糙的。
科技英语阅读翻译(张敏)
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle解开气候之谜(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochs of steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished.Others adapted, faltered， or died. Now, many experts believe， humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporous by—products of civilization， in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0₂), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues， it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers， boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones。
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading Reading 1Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Who is Bertrand Russell? Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. 2. What is Russell’s Paradox? Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. 3. What effect did Russell’s Paradox have on Gottlob Fregg’s system? At first Frege observed that the consequences of Russell’s paradox are not immediately clear. For example, “Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept’s coinciding with that of a second, that every object which falls under the first concept also falls under the second? Because of these kinds of worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views. 4. What is Russell’s response to the paradox? Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level,1sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type." 5. Have you ever heard of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.? Can you give an account of it? Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle is eliminated in favour of several much more restrictive axioms: a. Axiom of extensionality. If two sets have the same members, then they are identical. b. Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. For any two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members a and b. c. Axiom of separation. For any well-formed property p and any set S, there is a set, S1, containing all and only the members of S that have this property. That is, already existing sets can be partitioned or separated into parts by well-formed properties. d. Power-set axiom. If S is a set, then there exists a set, S1, that contains all and only the subsets of S. e. Union axiom. If S is a set (of sets), then there is a set containing all and only the membersof the sets contained in S. f. Axiom of choice. If S is a nonempty set containing sets no two of which have common members, then there exists a set that contains exactly one member from each member of S. g. Axiom of infinity. There exists at least one set that contains an infinite number of members. With the exception of (b), all these axioms allow new sets to be constructed from already-constructed sets by carefully constrained operations; the method embodies what has come to be known as the “iterative” conception of a set. /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/entries/russell/ Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea. Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradox Part 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.2Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic. Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of sets Para. 4: Contradiction found in the set. Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it. Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradox Para. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradox Para. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics? Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradox 2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What is the basic idea of Russell’s paradox? 2) How to explain Russell’s paradox in terms of sets? 3) Can you explain the contradiction found in the sets related to Russell’s paradox 4) Is Russell’s own response to the paradox workable? 5) Do you know Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory? (open) 3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text. Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on. Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type."Vocabulary and Structure31. Word-building Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once. discover— (suffix) logic— (suffix) correspond—(suffix) describe—(suffix) contradict— (suffix) symbol—(suffix) form—(suffix) develop—(suffix) able—(prefix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got to work collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery) 2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of the package.( correspondence) 3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numeric representations .( symbolic) 4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then compared with a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act took effect.( equality) 5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocity of light?( contradiction) 6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________ order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical) 7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, and determining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationally straightforward.( description) 8) The proof we now know required the_________ unknown in Fermat's time.( development) of an entire field of mathematics that was9) Williams adds that many courses in geometry, “the one high school class that demands _________ reasoning,” have already been “gutted” and are no longer proof-based.( formal) 10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditional trade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable) 2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base) 42) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition) 3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow) 4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term) 5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead) 6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way) 7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form) 8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve) 9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become) 10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace) 3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence. 1) A simpleway to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed. 2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead. 3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented. 4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal5sense. 5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways. 4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones. 1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars. 2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers. 3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period. 4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red. 5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change.Reading 2 (/doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990-hor gan) Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990 1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set? This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery. 2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot? The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. 3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?6Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim. 4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery? Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them 5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim? Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage. C A B D2. Complete the sentences based on the text. 1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of_________________ and to a particular instance of such a set. （fractal sets） 2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that the corresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane） 3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c with z_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation） does not4) Setting z_0 equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result. （periodic point） 5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard and A. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（ molecule） /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/11901033_d.html Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 迭代函数 iterative function 优先权之争 priority battle 分形特征 fractal properties7有意义 make sense 以越来越⼩的规模重复同⼀模式 patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales 混沌理论chaos theory 季刊 a quarterly journal 数学界 the mathematics community 波纹线 crisp lines 会议公报 proceedings of a conference 2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones. e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape . b. The shape can be subdivided in parts. c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity. e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmentedgeometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity. 1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c. 2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia 3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns. 4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。
科技英语原文翻译
新疆农业大学科学技术学院课程翻译题目:一心可二用Polychromic Versus Monochromic。
课程: 科技英语姓名: 马静专业: 英语班级: 092班学号: 095237226 座位号: 指导教师: 张洁老师职称:2011 年12月11 日题目:一心不可二用指导教师：张洁姓名：马静摘要：文化还规定个人在社会进程的信息，确定优先事项、管理时间和与他人的交往。
与亚洲人相比，美国人喜欢一心一意的做事，。
对于那些可以一边打电话，一边写备忘录给同事一边又能听着来访商人的叙述，并且一项也不错过的中国行政官员来说，他们自己才是可以一心多用的人，即他们可以同时执行多个任务。
关键词：单一文化社会，多元文化，高语境，低语境Polychromic Versus MonochromicName: Ma JingAbstract：Culture also dictates how individuals within a society process information, set priorities, manage time and interact with other individuals. When you compare Americans to people from Asian cultures, it is the Americans who like to do things one at a time .Compare that attitude with a Chinese executive who can talk on the telephone, write a memo to a colleague and continue to listen to a visiting businessperson all at the same time without appearing to miss a beat .The Chinese are considered highly polychromic that is ,they can—and refer to –do multiple tasks simultaneously.Key words:Monochromic polychromic low-context high-contextPolychromic Versus Monochromic正文：(1)Culture also dictates how individuals within a society process information, set priorities, manage time and interact with other individuals. Americans, for example, will refer to someone who is less than bright as an individual who “cannot walk and chew gum at the same time”—implying that someone who is unable to handle two tasks at once is deficient, Oddly enough, when you compare Americans to people from Asian cultures, it is the Americans who like to do things one at a time .Compare that attitude with a Chinese executive who can talk on the telephone, write a memo to a colleague and continue to listen to a visiting businessperson all at the same time without appearing to miss a beat .The Chinese are considered highly polychromic that is ,they can—and refer to –do multiple tasks simultaneously.（2）To an individual from a monochromic society ,time is used for ordering one’s life ,for setting priorities ,for making a step-by-step list for dongthings in sequence ,for dealing with one individual at a time .Americans—and most Western societies—are monochromic They believe in linear time that ,because it is limited ,must be used efficiently. They plan their work and work their plan.(3)Most polychromic societies believe that time is circular and therefore eternal. What does not get done in this life will be taken up in the next .Time is used to attempt to accomplish whatever presents itself in whatever order it appears. Efficiency is not as important as the process.(4)A diplomat from Norway recalls how during a visit to Thailand he became offended by what he thought was a rude brush-off by a government official during an informal lunch at a rather posh restaurant.(5)“My counterpart’s cell phone rang at least a half dozen times during the lunch and he engaged in several extended conversations. On one occasion, a man who introduced himself as the of ficial’s accountant came over to our table to discuss an outside business matter. It turns out he had been invited to drop by. Finally another business colleague of the official joined us for coffee. The invitation had been issued earlier in the day .I was offended .I really didn’t think heard a word I said during the lunch,”the diplomat says.(6)“It was only after several more trips to Thailand that I learned this is how the Thailand handle their business affairs. I have to admit that in the end it seemed a pleasantly social, if rather chaotic, way to do business .But what amazed me the most was that after first lunch, despite all the distractions, this man was able to restate my presentation almost verbatim. I was impressed. ”(7)People from different cultures process and disseminate information differently. Low-context cultures are much more precise in their communication, providing mountains of detail ,groping for the correct word or phrase to summarize an event .They assume a relatively low level of shared knowledge with the individual they are communicating with and thus feel a strong need to explain all in great detail .Low-context cultures ,such as the United States ,Britain and the Scandinavian countries focus more on what is being said ,rather than on who is saying it .Body language, hand and facial gestures are secondary ,if not entirely ignored, to the message itself. Business can be conducted successfully by letter, telephone, fax or email in such cultures .It is not necessary to meet face-to-face with a colleague to get things done.(8)High-context cultures are the exact opposite .Communication tends to be imprecise and as much attention is paid to the person delivering to the message as to the message itself .In high-context cultures—most of Latin America, Asia ,the Middle East and Africa personal encounters are essential before business can begin .These people need as much ancillary informationas possible .They pay more attention to physical surrounding ,how a business colleague is dressed or coiffured---than individuals from low---context countries .Body language ,facial gestures and voice inflection are important methods of communication. The physical surroundings for a meeting or a business meal are just as important as the substance of the discussion.一心可二用译文：（1）文化还规定个人在社会进程的信息，确定优先事项、管理时间和与他人的交往。
科技英语阅读教程
科技英语阅读教程科技英语阅读教程简介本教程旨在帮助读者提高科技英语阅读能力，解读科技领域中常用的词汇和表达方式。
阅读技巧•确定阅读目的，提前对文章主题进行思考•浏览文章结构，阅读标题和副标题，获取整体意义•成熟运用上下文推测词义和短语含义•注重理解句子间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列等•掌握科技领域内常见的缩略语和术语词汇解析•使用词典、在线翻译工具等辅助工具•学习英语词根和词缀的含义和用法•注意固定搭配和惯用法•多进行词汇积累和复习阅读实践•选择合适的科技类文章进行阅读•初级阶段可以先阅读简化版科技报道•高级阶段可以挑战学术论文和专业报告•尝试写下自己的阅读感悟和理解学习资源•在线英语学习网站和应用程序•科技类杂志和报纸•学术期刊和研究论文•科技类电影和纪录片注意事项•持续学习，每天都进行英语阅读训练•建立单词和句子记忆的积累机制•与他人分享学习心得和经验，互相鼓励和监督以上是一份关于科技英语阅读教程的简要指南，希望对你的学习有所帮助！科技英语阅读教程简介本教程旨在帮助读者提高科技英语阅读能力，解读科技领域中常用的词汇和表达方式。
阅读技巧•确定阅读目的：提前对文章主题进行思考，明确自己想要获取的信息。
•浏览文章结构：阅读标题和副标题，获取整体意义，把握文章的逻辑结构。
•上下文推测：成熟运用上下文推测词义和短语含义，尤其是对于生僻词汇或专业术语。
•理解句子间逻辑关系：注重理解句子间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列等，推断作者的观点和态度。
•掌握常见缩略语和术语：积累科技领域内常见的缩略语和术语，提高阅读的流畅性。
词汇解析•辅助工具：使用词典、在线翻译工具等辅助工具，快速查找生词的意思和用法。
•学习词根和词缀：学习英语词根和词缀的含义和用法，帮助理解单词的构成和词义。
•关注固定搭配和惯用法：注意一些固定搭配和惯用法，学会正确地搭配和使用词汇。
•积累和复习：多进行词汇积累和复习，将常用的词汇变得熟练并能够正确运用。
01 Unit 1 Section A Reading and Thinking-2020-2021
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS1.1 Reading and ThinkingI.阅读理解1If you are a recent social science graduate who has had to listen to jokes about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech “Information Age” demands people who are flexible and who have good communication skills.There are many social science majors in large companies who fill important positions. For example, a number of research studies found that social science majors had achieved greater managerial success than those who had technical training or pre-professional courses. Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change, which is the leading feature (特点) of the kind of high speed, high-pressure, high-tech world we now live in.Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their long-term company jobs, but they are also finding jobs more easily. A study showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entry-level positions with social science graduates. The study also showed that the most sought-after quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills, noted as “very important” by 92 percent of the companies. Social science majors have these skills, often without knowing how important they are. It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions.Finally, although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they don’t regret their choice of study.1. By saying that “you may have had the last laugh” in the first paragraph, the author means that you may have _______.A. earned as much as computer majorsB. stopped joking about computer majorsC. shared the jokes with computer majorsD. found jobs more easily than computer majors2. Compared with graduates of other subjects, social science graduates ______.A. are likely to give others pressureB. are equally good at computer skillsC. are better able to deal with difficultiesD. are ready to change when situations change3. Which of the following is true about the communication skill?A. Social science majors do not know they have had these skills.B. Many companies prefer to employ those with good communication skills.C. These skills have been considered very important by social science majors.D. Computer majors have been offered a wide variety of positions because of these skills.4. According to the text, what has made it easy for social science graduates to find jobs?A. Part-time work experience.B. Skills in expressing themselves.C. Willingness to take low-paid jobs.D. Readiness to gain high-tech knowledge.5. The underlined word “land” in the last paragraph probably means _______.A. successfully getB. lose regretfullyC. immediately startD. keep for some time2Jaye Gardiner loves comic books and she also loves science. Sensing an opportunity, she decided to combine the two.In 2015, she and her two friends, Khoa Tran and Kelly Montgomery, founded an online publishing company called JKX Comics. They decided to use a cartoon format and light humor to explain science to students. Their first comic book came out in 2016.In the book, a virus goes out with friends to a human cell. The colorful visuals help illustrate the science, explains Tran. Through comics, his JKX coworkers hope to inspire the next generation to pursue STEM. STEM is short for science, technology, engineering and math.A lot of research has suggested that comic books can introduce a variety of people to science subjects. Comics can also make information more accessible. Text, pictures and stories can help people understand scientific ideas more easily.Their latest comic is called “ Gilbert’s Glitch Switch. “ It is about a biochemist named Gilbert who gets sucked into a video game. Gilbert uses amino acids to get proteins to communicate with each other. Proteins are an essential part of all living organisms. They form the basis of living cells, muscle and tissues；they also do the work inside of cells.By understanding how proteins communicate, scientists can learn how to modify them to interact better. Certain diseases develop when proteins com municate incorrectly. Alzheimer’s, a disorder that causes brain cells to die，is one example-Translating a complex science topic into a comic can be challenging. The creators have to not only beaccurate but also tell a story that interests readers. The au thors hope to spark readers’ curiosity.There’s a lot of misinformation circulating around the internet. Some of it “scares people away from science, Montgomery says. The goal of the new comics is to limit some of those misunderstandings”.he adds.6. What caused Jaye Gardiner and her friends to create JKX Comics?A. Their love of comics and the difficulty of explaining science to students.B. The opportunity to earn a great deal of money while being creating.C. Their love of comics and the lack of good visual science resources.D. The opportunity to obtain better jobs after graduating from college.7. What is the paragraph 4 mainly about?A. Why science is hard.B. The advantages of comics.C. The purpose of JKX Comics.D. The people who began JKX Comics.8. Why did the author include the information about “Gilbert’s Glitch Switch”A. To describe JKX Comic’s most popular comic to date.B. To illustrate that science can help stop illness and diseases.C. To show how important amino acids and proteins are in biochemistry.D. To provide an example of how comics can convey scientific information.9. What can be the best title for this passage?A. Comics are Designed to Teach Children about ScienceB. Errors in Protein Communication Cause Certain DiseasesC. The Science Topics are being Explored by JKX ComicsD. Jaye Gardiner and Her Friends who Began JKX Comics3We have a real crisis in this country in the basic understanding of science. It affects our global competitiveness as a country, our national security, and the effectiveness of our social system. The misunderstanding about science is blinding our eyes.We know that an awful lot of teachers who are teaching science today have not been properly empowered to do so. School frequently isn’t testing whether you understand something but whether you’re familiar with it. What’s Newton’s second law? You say F=ma, and you get an A. That does not reflect a deep understanding of Newtonian mechanics. Science education is not just a body of facts; it’s a process. To pres ent it with appeal and excitement you need to picture it as a detective story—asking questions, making observations, and collectingevidence. You test and you fail but, you know, failure can lead to discovery.Another challenge we face is that science is o ften viewed as too hard, for experts only. But I don’t actually think it’s that difficult. People see science every day. They look outside and see weather and nature. They push a button in their house and the lights go on. Everybody’s dealing with science every day. They just don’t call it that. And it’s important they do. In fact, science is determining the quality and outcomes of their life.Science needs creativity. And one of the best ways to be creative is to think “out of the box”. However, we need more courage when we come to practice. Take me for example. Very early in my teens I decided to educate myself. I realized I would never be a very good student because I didn’t like teachers judging me by what I thought were arbitrary (主观臆断的) standards. I de cided I’d let the world judge me by whether I could do something of value—solve a problem or build something. That’s why I quit school early and risked everything to start a company. I risked everything I had because I had nothing to lose. I’d rather fail at trying to do something really big than succeed at being medium.“When’s the right age to think creatively?” you may ask. I’d say in the womb (母腹)! Kids don’t have anxieties about trying to avoid failure. They are full of imagination and much more willing to fail. Just watch a 3-year-old. They touch everything, and if it hurts they don’t touch it again. They learn everything at a breathtaking rate. Start to think out of the box as early as you can, because it’s more likely to take you to places that you can’t predict, schedule and budget for. Do all that when you can bear the insecurity.10. According to the passage, science teachers should ________.A. train students’ memory for right factsB. focus more on the learning processC. present interesting detective storiesD. abandon frequent science examinations11. Paragraph 3 indicates that _______.A. science is intended for experts onlyB. it’s important to see weather and natureC. people can determine the quality of lifeD. we should realize science is around us12. The author takes his own example to say ________.A. school education may do little good to studentsB. teachers sometimes judge their students unfairlyC. people need to take an unusual path to be creativeD. failure at a big thing is better than a small success13. What’s the tone of the passage?A. Questioning.B. Encouraging.C. Praising.D. Complaining.II.七选五Learning science involves knowledge and application. During your undergraduate years, applications start in the science laboratory. 14. The following are ways on how to handle and clean science equipment: Glass ware（器皿）. 15. If the glass has impurities, the experiment can fail. In general, there are four ways to clean the equipment:1. Completely cleaning the glass ware using flowing tap water.2. Using the cleaner that is specifically designed for laboratory glass ware.3. Boiling water in the ware to completely remove the solutions.4. Using chemical solvent and water-based soaking solutions.Plastic ware. Since this is more sensitive than glass, mild lab cleaner is enough to clean it. 16. Wash with clean, preferably distilled water. Use heat and chemical solutions for removing difficult grease, oil and other organic matter. However, not all types of plastics can bear heat and chemical application. 17.Stainless steel lab ware. Never use hydrochloric acid on steel products. A soft and clean cloth can be used. There are also stainless steel pads that can be used. 18. Usually these steel products have visible polishing grains or lines that must be followed as directions for cleaning. Filtered water is the recommended liquid for cleaning. Some unfiltered water can contain deposit built up that can protect the equipment.A. Note that each chemical is unique.B. Note that the cleaner doesn’t have strong PH.C. There are instances in which water is used for the last cleaning.D. It is still best that you check cleaning instructions in the packaging.E.However, the manner of cleaning or polishing must be correctly observed.F.This type of equipment is usually used as a holder for chemicals to be tested.G.You use different science equipment to help you produce conclusions on given problems.III.完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入的最佳选项。
科技英语课文翻译及课后答案
第一单元自动化第二部分阅读A自动化的含义“自动化”已经是，而且现在仍然是，一个被大量滥用的词。
但是，人们对其确切的意义以及所包括的内容，正在逐渐地有了较为正确的了解。
如果不是下一个定义的话，我也许可以尝试作些解释，把自动化说成是一个概念。
运用这个概念，人们通过对机器装置的性能进行充分的测量、观察和控制，从而使其以最高的效率运转。
这需要对这种装置的功能有一个详细而连贯性的了解，以便需要时便能运用最佳的矫正操作。
自动化按其确切的意义，只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分（“三C" )才能完全实现。
我认为，确保人们对合为一体的三个组成部分对我们的社会所蕴含着的某些意义有所认识和了解，是很有必要的。
首先，我们不妨考虑工业部门之一的炼钢工业。
在炼钢工业中，自动化已经开始成型。
到过钢厂的人都会知道从高炉开始的各种工艺流程的一些情况，成品条钢或板钢生产出来之后，再准备送往制造工艺车间或汽车厂，这些工艺流程是相互链接的。
为了使工厂中各个车间充分发挥效率，可以使用计算机来控制每个车间。
在此之前，计算机工作所需要的一切资料均输入机内。
就高炉来说，需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。
钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业，需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息，并迅速地做出判定选择，以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。
计算机对所有这一切都了解得很透彻，能够做出非常大量的中间判定，并且能够把全部信息立刻和不间断地提供给管理人员，以使他们做出高效管理这个工厂所需要的最后决定。
由此产生的信息数据和判定要进行处理，然后转送到下一个工序。
在这里，对操作的一些专门细节再次进行整理，提出最佳和最终的判定，然后对这些信息再一次进行处理并输送给下一道工序。
同时，当信息数据从生产单元的一道工序输送到下一工序并完全结合成为一项新的操作时，每次变化的结果反馈到最初阶段，而且，不断地做进一步的调整，结果是整个工厂的工艺流程便能够高效率地进行下去。
《英语科技文阅读》课件
Analyze sentence structure
Breaking down complex sentences into smaller parts can make them easier to understand.
Practice reading
Regular practice of reading different types of texts can improve reading speed and comprehension.
Scientific and technological articles
This course selects high-quality English-language scientific and technological articles, including articles from well-known journals, newspapers, and magazines.
被动语态
为了简化句子结构，科学和技术文献中经常使用名词化结构，如"the use of AI in healthcare"。
名词化结构
引言
介绍研究背景、目的和意义。
方法
描述研究方法、实验设计和技术手段。
结果
呈现实验结果和数据分析。
结论
总结研究结果和意义，提出建议和展望。
Examples of reading scientific and technological articles
Reading Q&A
CATALOGUE
05
A
B
C
D
Improve vocabulary
Learning new words and their meanings can help reduce language barriers.
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Unit 101 Something in the American psyche loves new frontiers. We hanker after wide-open spaces; we like to explore; we like to make rules but refuse to follow them. But in this age it’s hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about the neighbors.美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。
我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。
在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。
02 There is such a place: cyberspace. Formerly a playground for computer fans, cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency: schoolchildren, flirtatious singles, Hungarian-Americans, accountants. Can they all get along? Or will our fear of kids surfing for dirty pictures behind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown?确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。
这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。
问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?03 The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is. It might help to leave behind metaphors of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate.2 Real estate, remember, is an intellectual, legal,artificial environment constructed on top of land. Real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall, between red-light zone3 and school district, between church, state and drugstore.首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。
我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻，把信息空间看作一个巨大的庄园。
请记住，庄园是人们智慧的结晶，是合法的、人工营造的氛围，它建立在土地之上。
在庄园里，公园和商业中心、红灯区与学校、教堂与杂货店都能区分开来。
04 In the same way, you could think of cyberspace as a giant and unbounded world of virtual real estate. Some property is privately owned and rented out; other property is common land; some places are suitablefor children, and others are best avoided by all citizens. Unfortunately,it’s those places that are now capturing the popular imagi nation, places that offer bomb-making instructions, pornography, advice on how to steal credit cards. They make cyberspace sound like a nasty place. Good citizens jump to a conclusion: Better regulate it.你可以用同样的方法把信息空间想像为一个巨大的、无边无际的虚拟庄园。
其中有些房产为私人拥有并已租出，有些是公共场所；有的场所适合儿童出入，而有些地方人们最好避开。
不幸的是，正是这些应该避开的地方使得人们心向神往。
这些地方教唆你如何制造炸弹、为你提供淫秽材料、告诉你如何窃取信用卡。
所有这些使信息空间听起来像是一个十分肮脏的地方。
正直的公民纷纷作出这样的结论：最好对它严加管理。
05 But before using regulations to counter indecency it is fundamental to interpret the nature of cyberspace. Cyberspace isn't a frontier where wicked people can grab unsuspecting children, nor is it a giant television system that can beam offensive messages at unwilling viewers. In this kind of real estate, users have to choose where they visit, what they see, what they do. It's optional. In other words, cyberspace is a voluntary destination—in reality, many destinations. You don't just get “onto the Net”; you have to go someplace in particular. That means that people can choose where to go and what to see. Yes, community standards should be enforced, but those standards should be set by cyberspace communities themselves, not by the courts or by politicians in Washington.但是，在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前，关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。
恶棍并不能在信息空间抢走毫无提防之心的儿童；信息空间也不像一台巨大的电视机，向不情愿的观众播放令人作呕的节目。
在信息空间这座庄园里，用户对他们所去之处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出选择，一切都出于自愿。
换句话说，信息空间是个出入自便的地方，实际上，信息空间里有很多可去之处。
人们不能盲目上网，必须带着具体的目标上网。
这意味着人们可以选择去哪个网址、看什么内容。
不错，规章制度应该在群体内得以实施，但这些规章制度必须由信息空间内各个群体自己来制定，而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。
06 What makes cyberspace so alluring is precisely the way in which it's different from shopping malls, television, highways and other terrestrial jurisdictions. But let's define the territory:信息空间之所以具有如此大的诱惑力，正是因为它不同于商场、电视、公路或地球上的其他地方。
那么，让我们来描述一下这个空间。
07 First, there are private e-mail conversations, similar to the conversations you have over the telephone. These are private and consensual and require no regulation at all.首先，信息空间里人与人之间可以进行电子邮件交流。
这种交流类似于电话交谈，都是私人之间的、两相情愿的谈话，不需要任何规章制度加以限制。
08 Second, there are information and entertainment services, where people can download anything fr om legal texts and lists of “great new restaurants” to game software or dirty pictures. These places are like bookstores, malls and movie houses— places where you go to buy something. The customer needs to request an item or sign up for a subscription; stuff (especially pornography) is not sent out to people who don’t ask for it. Some of these services are free or included as part of a broader service like CompuServe or America Online; others charge and may bill their customers directly.其次，信息空间提供信息与娱乐服务。
人们可以从中下载各种信息，从法律文件、“大型新饭店”名单，到游戏软件、下流图片，无奇不有。
这里如同书店、商场和电影院，属购物区域。
顾客必须通过索求或者登记来购物，物品(特别是淫秽之物)不会发送给那些没有索取的人。
有些服务可以免费，或作为总服务费用的一部分计算，如“计算机服务”和“美国在线”就是如此。