翻译的过程TheProcessofTranslation
《英语翻译》PPT课件
• 翻译是异语交际活动，通过语言转换达到交际 目的。（张泽乾）
编辑ppt
8
The Definition of Translation
• Semantic views on translation:
• Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that author intended the text. (Newmark)
• 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种 语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 (王克非)
编辑ppt
10
The Criteria for Translation
• General laws of translation (Tytler) • 1. The translation should give a complete
A branch of science
编辑ppt
2
The Nature of Translation
• What is the nature of translation?
傅雷
An art
编辑ppt
3
The Nature of Translation 孙迎春
skill/craft/instrument
-- Eugene Nida
所谓翻译，是指从语义到风格在译语中用最 切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
--尤金.奈达
编辑ppt
7
The Definition of Translation
• Communicative views on translation:
• The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced on the original source language readers. (Newmark)
英汉翻译 Process of Translation
③Function: Determining meaning of
words [Each word when used in a new context is a new word.( Firth)] Ex. It’s a difficult operation.
1.2.2Significance of contextual analysis for translation
参考译文
6.There are storms with thunder, lightning and hail. 暴雨来了，还夹着雷鸣、电闪和冰雹。
7.The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers. 雪在不停的下着，鹅毛似的雪片随风飘舞。
①Definition: Context is the situation in which language occurs. ②Classification: Linguistic context (word, sentence, paragraph, passage, book); Non-linguistic context (actual speech situation, whole cultural background) .
1.1 Linguistic analysis
FUNCTION ／ ＼
OBJECTS EVENTS
／
PERSONS
＼
THINGS／ACTIONS＼STATES
（人称）
（物称）
（行为） （状态） （时间点） （完成）
1.1.1Determining the meaning of phrases in a cognitivefunctional perspective
翻译的过程
翻译的过程The Process of Translation翻译的步骤Warming-up Exercises1. They gave the boy the lie.2. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draught.3. The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.4. I shall not expect you until I see you.参考译文1. 他们指责男孩说谎。
（他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。
）2. 火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。
3. 循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。
4. 你随便什么时候来吧。
翻译的过程通常包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。
在翻译实践中，理解是表达的前提，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、相辅相成的统一过程，不能截然分开。
译者在理解原文的同时，也在选择表达方式；在表达的同时，又会进一步加深理解。
Three steps of translation翻译的三个步骤1．理解理解是翻译过程的第一阶段。
它既包括对语言现象、文化现象的理解，又包括逻辑关系的理解，对有可能发生歧义的语句要善于分析，进而做出正确判断。
例1：He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. ( overrule: rule against)译文1：他允许法官驳倒父亲，宣布他自己的儿子有罪。
译文2：法官的责任感战胜了父子私情，他还是宣判（自己的）儿子有罪。
例2：If we try to implement these harebrained ideas (that English should be replaced by Hindi and the 15 recognized state languages), India will become a Tower of Babel. (harebrained: very foolish)译文1：如果我们试图实施这些轻率而愚蠢的主张，以印度语和其他15种官方承认的各邦语言取代英语的话，印度就会成为一座通天巴别塔。
翻译过程
星期五被钉死在十字架上的。“Friday”在原文中出现在句首，既强调 了时间又强调了“Friday”所伴随的信息，译文中用了“正好也是”一 词，句中的“the afternoon sun was misty in an autumn sky”给人提供 了一种悲凉的信息，译文完全表达并传递了作者对斯诺逝世的悲痛之 情。
【解析】上面这个句子结构勾搭连环，比较难译。 首先必须打散结构，再把“a crisis”后的“which” 引导的从句先译出，这个从句中又有个“by”引导 的介词短语，译到“which”从句之前，虽然与英文 结构格局不同，但译文亦具异曲同工之妙。
13
二、流畅表达
表达就是准确地运用各种翻译技巧，以规
翻译是在正确理解原文的基础上，用译入语文 字创造性地再现原文思想内容的语言过程。 也就是说第一步是理解，第二步是表达。从表 面上看，翻译似乎就此两个程序，可实际上并 不那么简单。一个句子，一段文字，一篇文章 往往要从英文到中文，中文到英文仔细推敲、
反复研究，使译文与原文意思尽量吻合。译完 之后再通读几遍，看看这句话、这段文字、这 篇短文是否有不妥当不通顺的地方，再琢磨加 工、润色修饰、才能点睛出神。
6
正确理解逻辑关系，仔细推敲原文，上 下联系分辨原文的逻辑关系。有时原文的词、 句意义模糊，可能有几种不同的意思，指代 关系不很明确，就得仔细推敲，分析来龙去 脉，揣摩实际情况，顺理断句，选定句型， 确定译法。 正确理解原文所涉及的事情，特别注意 一些特有的事物、历史背景、典故或专门术 语所表示的概念。
准确理解是确切表达的前提，理解的诸多方 面如图所示。
理解 篇章 段落 词句
词义的选择 固定搭配、成语、短语、惯用词组 歧义 矛盾修辞 逻辑关系 夸张 重复 平行结构
3.翻译的过程与方法
是指在转达原文意思时，使译文的表达形式和句法结构 尽量同原文一致起来，能完全对等的就完全对等，不能 完全对等的也要大致对等, 强调“形似”。但理想目标是 做到“神”、“形”兼备。即不但表达原文内容，而且 保持原文形式上的特点，如比喻、形象、民族特色等。
burn
one‟s boat 破釜沉舟 Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳 zebra line 斑马线（人行横道） dry red wine 干红 dry white wine 干白 win-win situation 双赢局面
The
cold weather frosted up the track last night. 审校前：昨晚寒冷的天气使跑道上结了霜。 审校后：昨晚天气寒冷，跑道上结了霜。 It’s a lot easier to get in the hole than to get out again. 审校前：进洞容易出洞难。 审校后：负债很容易，要把债还清却困难得多。
E.g.：
The present administration is a far cry from the last one. 现在行政人员在作风上与前任大不相同。
……but
not many movies are made in Hollywood today……. 译文一：但如今没有好多影片是在好莱坞摄制的。 译文二：但如今好莱坞摄制的影片已经不多了。
表达，也就是把已经理解了的原作内容，选择适
所谓表达则是把自己所理解的内容，忠实而通顺 地传达给译语的读者。表达是理解的结果和深化。 表达的好坏，和理解的程度有关，也与译者对译 文语言的掌握程度有关。 表达是指将原文（即SL的信息），用TL重新说 一遍，要求不失原意，保持原作的风格特色（即 原文流畅的译文也要流畅，原文优美动人的译文 也要优美动人，原文是艺术品译文也应该是艺术 品），而且还要符合译语的表达习惯。
《英语翻译基础》讲义及《样题和答案》
英语翻译基础讲义第一章翻译的基本原则1.Nature of Translation(翻译的性质)Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language activity.Translation is communication2.Principles of Translation(翻译的原则)Three characters “信，达，雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）———严复《天演论》Three characters “信，达，切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) ———刘重德《翻译十讲》Summary:忠实与通顺(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译的忠实)Strictly speaking, faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation. That’s to say, true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content, language and style of the original at the same time.Eg. 1.War, pestilence and famine consumed one million people.战争，瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。
内容上，措辞完全对应；形式上，中英文都是陈述句，且语序相同。
汉英_英汉翻译_理念与方法_下_
上海翻译Shanghai Journal o f Translator s 2006No .13本文为2005暑期全国翻译研习班(上海)的讲稿,经压缩,上篇刊登在本刊2005年第4期。
[收稿日期]2005208230[作者简介]郭建中(1938-),男,浙江树人大学语言学院特聘教授,中国译协理事,浙江译协会长;学术方向:翻译理论与实践。
汉英Π英汉翻译:理念与方法(下)郭建中3.0 句子的翻译:重构(T ranslating is restructuring.)汉英两种语言在句法结构上存在极大的差异。
JeanDelisle 在其T ranslation :An Interpretive Approach 中说:“In other w ords ,each community has developed habits of expression that ,over time ,have been integrated into the language and lent it certain characteristics.”(Delisle ,1980:74)他还引用Edm ond Cary :“T w o languages can both be in flected and belong to the same familyyet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.”(Delisle ,1980:74)即使是同一语系中的不同语言在表达方式上也存在很大的差异,那就更不用说汉语和英语是属于两种不同语系的语言了。
下面,我们进一步引用中外译论家的观点,证明汉英/英汉句子翻译的关键是重构。
刘宓庆:“西方各语种在S LT 与T LT 之间的实现形式转换的可行性比汉外翻译大得多。
4翻译过程
2. Smooth expression
(It is a key factor in translation.) 3. Careful check-up (It involves correcting blunders and improving the translated version.)
译文II：If some one could go to Yingzhou to fetch my family members to the mountain，I should be very grateful for our reunion．
1) Semantic comprehension
1) Semantic comprehension
若得一人到颍州取得小弟家眷上山，实拜 成全之福。(《水浒传》)
译文I：If there are those who go into the soldier’s camp to find my brother’s household and bring them here，the whole city will know of it．(Tr．Pearl S. Buck)
Key procedure
Translating requires the semantic, syntactic, stylistic and text-pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original texts. ------Wolfram Wilss 翻译过程要求译者在语义、句法、文体和语篇 语用各方面对原文的进行理解。 Generally speaking, comprehension involves such steps as semantic analysis, grammatical analysis, stylistic analysis, and discourse analysis. In other words, both form and content must be considered in translation.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第二章翻译的过程The Process of Translation1.理解：1语义方面：1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.1)Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.2)Like knows like.3)I like translation more than writing.4)In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.1.1.2. 根据上下文1)He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的2)He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的3)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.Take off:1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.1.1.3 根据搭配来选择：light music轻音乐，light loss小损失，light car轻型汽车，light heart不专一的心，light step轻快的脚步，light manners轻浮的举止，light voice 轻声delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题/delicate difference/讲不大清楚的差别delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物1.1.4 词语引申意1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾1.1.4.2 抽象变具体1)there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.3)Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms1)Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。
贵国一直坚定地站在反恐怖主义战线的前列。
2)It is the champion of that case.案子的罪魁祸首3)Mary always gets what she wants by playing office politics.耍手腕到达目的。
4)The arrogant policeman is very humble towards his superiors.傲慢无礼的警察见到上司非常谦卑恭顺。
5)Should the couple split up or stay together for the sake of the kids?这样的夫妻应该离异，还是为了孩子凑合过下去？6)He has the reputation of being a blood-sucker.他是个臭名昭著的吸血鬼。
7)She has made a reputation for herself through hard work.她勤奋工作为自己赢得了声誉。
.1.1.6要了解文化特性1)心中有事，必形于色。
The face is the index of the mind.2)别久情疏。
Far from eye, far from heart.3)我让他抢了先。
He has stolen a march on me.4)他想贿赂这个政府官员。
He is trying to oil the judge’s palm.5）Greek and Latin are all English to me.(English means easy. But “it is Greek to me “means to difficult)6)There are cattle in the field, but we sit down to beef.在地里放牧的叫牛，在餐桌上吃的叫牛肉。
7) It is a black lie.恶意的谎言。
8)．From time to time, we have to do rather tricky job and feel that one of our fingers is getting in the way. We say that we are all thumbs. 我们有时要干些精细的活，但感到手指不听使唤，我们说自己苯手苯脚的。
9)请你耐心一点。
To hold your potato10)The couple lead a cat and dog life. 这对夫妻老吵架。
11).John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game约翰为人可靠，他既诚实又正直。
1.2语境分析：分析词与周边逻辑关系。
1)We must insert a new fuse every time fuse has functioned.每当保险丝烧断后，我们就换上新的。
2)-------“Well, old boy, ”said the visitor, “it’s nice to see you up and about”-----“Up , yes, ”the patient said, “but about , no —at least not much,”-------“喂，老兄，”探视者说，“见到你起来走动走动，真高兴。
”------“是能下床了，”病人答到。
“若说走动还步行—至少还不太行。
”3)-----Clare stood still, and inclined his face towards hers.-------“ Oh, Tessy!” he exclaimed.-----The girl’s cheeks burned to the breeze, and she could not look into his eyes for the emotion.( T. Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Ch. 23)克来站住了脚，把脸贴/俯向来丝的脸。
“哦，台丝？”他动情的叫到。
苔丝感到了他的呼吸，脸上给烧得火辣辣的，她心摇神荡，不敢再盯着克来的眼睛。
1.3语用分析对语言的交际意义进行分析。
1.3.1了解说话人的感情，态度，情绪和意念等1)Say that again and I’ll part with you once an d for all.（警告）你再这样说，我就不再理睬你了。
2)You are stubborn. He is pig-headed. I am strong-willed.（褒、贬有别）你太固执，他是头倔驴，而我却意志坚强。
3)He is a post-graduated, but speaks no English.（表惊讶）他是个研究生，奇怪的是连一句英语都不会说。
4)A down-to-earth man would have succeeded.（含假设）如果脚踏实地，就不会失败了。
1.3.2选词对风格的影响：用词不同,句法结构不同, 表现手法不同,从而导致了风格的不同.1)Beside the flashing light, Miller had frequent but not severe headache , which he attributed to business tension, lack of exercise and too manycigarettes. At 42, he had realized the ambition of many bright young engineers: to own a manufacturing business.2)I joined the Marine Corps at seventeen. I was very mixed up. I wanted to become a first-class citizen. I wanted to be accepted and I was veryproud of my uniform. My mom didn’t want to sigh the papers, but she knew I had to better myself and maybe I’d get an education in the services.1.3.3风格对意义的影响：原文的意图不同,表达方式不同. 形式对意义的影响.1)40-Lovemiddle agedcouple playingten- niswhen thegame endsand theygo homethe netwill stillbe be-tween them2.表达阶段2.1直译与意译之争2.1.1直译：强调“形似”1)John is a clean-cut , great-looking guy. 是一个干净利落,相貌伟大\岸的人.2)Endless African plain. The sun is bright, the trees are green and the animals live happily.一望无际的非洲平原,阳关道明媚,树木葱绿,动物们幸福地生活着.3)You toil and work and earn bread, and I’ll eat it.你们流汗劳动换来的面包，我坐享其成。