直接引语和间接引语语法讲解

直接引语和间接引语Name ____________ No._________

一、直接引语：直接引用别人的原话。具有以下特点：

①直接引语通常置于引号内,不作任何改动。②没有时态呼应的问题。

③引用原话前可以用逗号“,”,也可以用冒号“：”。

④第二个引号前,亦即用重述的话之末,按其类别放一个句号（.）或问号（?）等。

二、间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的意思,或引用自己说过的话。间接引语多数用宾语从句来表达。间接引语具有以下特点：

①不要逗号,冒号,引号。②要考虑人称的变化（人称的变化与汉语是一样的）。

③要考虑时态的变化。④要考虑时间状语的变化,地点状语的变化和指示代词的变化。

三、直接引语与间接引语的转换。

㈠转述陈述句或感叹句,去冒号和引号连词用that （that,无词意,不作成分,口语中可省)）接宾语从句,,从句中要作人称、时态等相应的变化（时态为“主现从实,主过从相过”；人称/物主/反身等代词：引号内的第一人称改为与主句的主语相同的人称；第二人称改为第一人称；第三人称不变。）。例如：

"You speak English very well." She said.她说,“你英语讲得不错”。

She said that I spoke English very well.她说我英语讲得不错。

㈡转述一般疑问句,去冒号和引号。连词用if/whether(有词意"是否",不作成分,不可省)接宾语从句,其后改用陈述句语序。从句中要作人称、时态等相应的变化。注意：①当助动词为do/does/did时,改为宾语从句时应去掉,而在谓语动词上体现时态,但如为don't/doesn't/didn't时,则不能去掉。②当连词为if/whether时,其前谓语动词

say/says/said →ask/asks/asked,say/says/said to sb→ask/asks/asked sb

例如：He said,"do you have a knife?"→He asked if/whether I had a knife.

He asked ,"Have you ever been to the Great Wall?"他问,"你去过长城吗?"

He asked (me) if /whether I had ever been to the Great Wall?他问我是否去过长城？

㈢转述特殊疑问句,去冒号和引号。用疑问词作连词(有词意,要作成分,不可省)引导宾语从句,改用陈述句语序,其后改用陈述句语序。从句中要作人称、时态等相应的变化。

注意：①当助动词为do/does/did时,改为宾语从句时应去掉,而在谓语动词上体现时态,但如为don't/doesn't/didn't时,则不能去掉。②当连词为疑问词时,其前谓语动词say/says/said →ask/asks/asked,say/says/said to sb→ask/asks/asked sb 例如：

Li Lei said,"Why didn't he go to school?"→LiLei asked why he didn't go to school.

She said:"Where are you from?" 她说：“你去哪里？”

She asked (me) where I was from.她问我要去哪里。

㈣转述祈使句或疑问形式的祈使句,通常改为"Sb ask/asks/asked/tell/tells/told/order /orders/ordered+宾语+不定式"的简单句。ask表"请求",tell表“吩咐”,order表“命令”例如：

"Open the door." The teacher said.老师说：“把门打开”。

The teacher told me to open the door.老师要我把门打开。

"Would you please show me the book?"He said.

他说:"你能把书递给我吗?"

He asked me to show him the book. 他要我把书递给他。

四、直接引语变间接引语不仅有人称、时态的变化,有时还要把物主代词、指示代词,时间状语、地点状语作相应的变化。变化列表如下：

①动词的时态：(时态为“主现从实,主过从相过”)引语前或后的主句谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词作如下调整：

一般现在时→一般过去时一般过去时→过去完成时/一般过去时

一般将来时→过去将来时现在进行时→过去进行时

现在完成时→过去完成时过去完成时→过去完成时

注意：时态不变的情况：

⒈当直接引语表示真理或经常性的特点时,保持原来的一般现在时。

例如：She said,"The earth is round."她说：“地球是圆的”。

She said that the earth is round. 她说地球是圆的。

⒉当直接引语中有绝对具体的一般过去时间作状语时,保持原来的一般过去时。

例如:He said,“I joined the army in 1934.”他说:“我是1934 年参军的”。

He said that he joined the army in 1934.他说他是1934 年参军的。

②人称/物主/反身等代词：引号内的第一人称改为与主句的主语相同的人称；第二人称改为第一人称；第三人称不变。

③指示代词：this/these 改为that/those.

④时间状语：now→then,today→that day,tonight→that night,

tomorrow→the next day,next week→the next week,

last night→the night before,yesterday→the day before,

the day before yesterday→two days ago,ago→before.

⑤地点状语：here改为there

⑥动词：come,bring分别改为go,take

三、直接引语改为间接引语（宾语从句）的注意事项：

1、当直接引语为客观真理时,从句的时态不变,与主句无关。

The teacher tells/told us,"The moon moves round the earth."

→The teacher tells/told us that the moon moves round the earth

2、当助动词为do/does/did时,改为宾语从句时应去掉,而在谓语动词上体现时态,但如为don't/doesn't/didn't 时,则不能去掉。

He asked,"do you have a knife?"→He asked if/whether I had a knife.

Li Lei asked,"Why didn't he go to school?"→LiLei asked why he didn't go to school.

3、当疑问词作主语及其定语时,改为宾语从句后其后的语序不变。

Who's on duty? What's in the box?

What's wrong/the matter/trouble with ...? What happened to...?

Which is the way to...? Whose daughter is Ann? Which boy is Bill?

How many of you go to school by bike?

4、当连词为if/whether及疑问词作连词时,其前谓语动词

say/says/said →ask/asks/asked,say/says/said to sb→ask/asks/asked sb

He says to you ,"Can you fly a kite?" →He asks you if/whether you can fly a kite.

5、如果主句为Could/Would you tell me时,不表过去时态,而是语气较Can/Will you tell me更委婉的表达方式。因此从句时态不变。(直接引语中的二人称不变)

Could you tell me? Are you a teacher?→Could you tell me if/whether you are a teacher.

6、直接引语中,有any,anything,anybody,anyone时,改为宾语从句后,不能改为some及其合成词。Do you know? Does anyone live here?→Do you know if/whether anyone lives here?

7、if与whether的区别在以下情况中只用whether不用if.

①放在句前时：I don't know whether /if he will come.= Whether he will come, I don't know.

②与or not连用时:"Do you like English or not?" He asked.

→He asked Whether I liked English or not.

③与to do连用时：

He wants to know whether /if we will go .=He wants to know whether to go.

④做介词的宾语时：He thinks about whether he was born in China.

⑤从句中有两种选择时: