pc_ord数据格式
常见的文件扩展名
精品文档1ISO ：镜像文件定义：所谓镜像文件其实和ZIP压缩包类似，它将特定的一系列文件按照一定的格式制作成单一的文件，以方便用户下载和使用，例如一个测试版的操作系统、游戏等。
镜像文件不仅具有ZIP压缩包的“合成〃功能，它最重要的特点是可以被特定的软件识别并可直接刻录到光盘上。
其实通常意义上的镜像文件可以再扩展一下，在镜像文件中可以包含更多的信息。
比如说系统文件、引导文件、分区表信息等，这样镜像文件就可以包含一个分区甚至是一块硬盘的所有信息。
使用这类镜像文件的经典软件就是Ghost，它同样具备刻录功能，不过它的刻录仅仅是将镜像文件本身保存在光盘上，而通常意义上的刻录软件都可以直接将支持的镜像文件所包含的内容刻录到光盘上。
镜像文件的使用方法[1][2][镜像文件是无法直接使用的，需要利用一些虚拟光驱工具进行解压后才能使用。
虚拟光驱的原理跟物理光驱一样，比如说你买了一张正版碟，那么把游戏碟加入物理光驱你就能顺利进行游戏，而虚拟光驱中需要加入的是镜像文件（iso文件，相当于游戏光盘），当你装载完虚拟光驱以后，你的电脑里面多了一个光驱，那就是虚拟光驱。
在桌面上双击虚拟光驱的快捷方式，发现桌面的右下角多了一个图标，通过右击图标可以进行操作，接着载入镜像文件，以便完成游戏的安装，如果安装完以后那么就可以再载入它要求的镜像进入游戏。
Daemon Tools是一款不错的虚拟光驱软件，利用它就可以直接将ISO 文件虚拟为光盘文件使用。
Daemon Tools的安装很简单，在完成文件的复制工作后，系统会提示你安装一个虚拟光驱的新硬件，需要重新启动来完成软硬件的安装。
Daemon Tools能自动设置成为自启动，只在任务栏上生成一个小图标，用鼠标左键点击，进入菜单选择ISO文件的位置，即可将ISO文件虚拟成光盘。
其实还有很多解压镜像文件的软件，如精灵虚拟光驱，powerISO等等！常见的镜像文件格式主要有.iso、.bin、.nrg、.vcd、.cif、.fcd、.img、.ccd、.c2d、.dfi、.tao、.dao 和.cue 等。
NMDS分析过程(分享借鉴)
以微量热指标数据为例
1.数据输入格式
其中，Number指的是土样个数；Species指测定指标；Excel文件格式为.xls(因为PCORD5只识别这个格式)。
2.安装并打开PCORD5软件
软件界面：
导入数据：File—Import Matrix—Main Matrix
我们文件类型是Excel所以就选择Excel Spreadsheet选项，点击OK。
选择所需要的文件 。
3.数据分析
Ordination菜单栏—NMS/NMDS选项。
Autopilot：三种模式，根据需要选择模式。
Distance Measure：根据数据选择合适的方法
常用的是Sorensen（Bray-Curtis）、Relative Sorensen、Relative Euclidean
不用修改
点击OK。
4.结果输出
5.作图
（1）
（2）二维图结果
（3）Statistics——correlationswith Main Matrix，点击OK。
（4）Statistics——Percentof Variance In Distance Matrix。
点击OHale Waihona Puke 。Origin8作散点图：
由于PCORD5做出来的图不好修改，所以将数据拷贝出来用Origin8来做图。
常用文件后缀名
IMD UCDOS中输法的编码字典文件。
PDV UCDOS中的自由表格UCTAB生成的表格文件，它生成的文件可以被WPS调用，也挺方便的。
BAS BASIC中的源程序文件，BASIC可为初学者最为熟悉的编辑语言，它的优点笔者就不在累赘了，注意QBASIC与QUICK BASIC和GW BASIC是有区别。
MLI 3DS中的材质库。
DRW矢量格式Micrografx Designer使用的绘图文件格式。
WPG矢量/格式，是Word Perfect使用的文件格式。
FLI动画文件，是由AutoDesk公司开发的，只支持320×200×256色模式，它是FLC的老祖宗。
FIC动画文件，是AutoDesk公司开发的，与FLI相比是青出于蓝胜于蓝的产物：文件的分辨率和颜色数都有所提高，它与FLI在Windows中播放需要专用MCI驱动和相应的播放程序APPlay。
INF安装配置文件，这在WIN95下使用较多。
HLP HELP帮助文件，这个文件一定要重视，因为它是你每使用一个新软件的最好的说明书，几乎99%的软件都有这个文件，另外，DOS下的一些帮助放在README以后，帮助便没有了，如UCDOS中的REAME.EXE；有单独DOS的命令，若不知道怎么使用，可以试试以下的命令格式：“DIR?或DIR/?”。
VXD虚拟设备文件
GRP Windows程序组文件。
ANI WIN95中动画鼠标指针文件。
DLL Windows下应用程序中的动态连结库文件。
SCR WINDOWS屏幕保护程序文件
MP2 MP3当前最流行的音乐文件，音质可于CD音质媲美，采集率达44.1KHZ，由于它文件格式又非常小，需要一个叫WINAMP的软件和一个叫抓音轨的软件，如果通过声卡直接就能将录音带上的歌曲录制成WAV文件，再转化为MP3，播放时需要硬件配置不是太高。
通用接口程序Tserver V3.6安装和使用手册
技术文件技术文件名称：通用接口程序Tserver安装和使用说明技术文件编号：版本：V3.6文件质量等级：A级共16 页(包括封面)拟制丁铖审核会签标准化批准深圳市中兴通讯股份有限公司目录一、应用范围 (2)二、软件的安装 (2)2.1 安装过程 (2)2.2 配置ODBC数据源 (4)三、配置文件说明 (7)四、使用说明 (7)4.1 前提条件 (7)4.2 启动程序 (8)4.3 命令升级 (8)4.4 版本说明 (8)4.5 权限管理 (8)4.6 远程Telnet连接 (12)4.7 远程TIMS连接 (13)五、常见错误处理 (14)六、话务命令和权限管理命令 (15)一、应用范围本软件为ZXJ10V10.x交换机（简称B型机）对外的网管接口之一（命令接口）。
它提供的接口为TCP/IP协议的Socket端口，缺省为8888。
另外还提供基于Telnet方式的Socket端口，缺省为23。
二、软件的安装2.1 安装过程（1）运行通用接口程序Tserver第一张安装盘disk1中的setup.exe，出现下面的界面（图1）：图1（2）单击屏幕上的“下一步”按钮，出现下面的界面（图2）：图2（3）程序安装的缺省目录为C:\datain\TelnetServer。
请不要修改它。
单击“下一步”按钮继续，出现下面的界面（图3）：图3（4）在图3中选择该程序快捷方式所在的程序文件夹，缺省为“ZXN10网管系统”。
可以不修改它。
单击“下一步”按钮继续，出现下面的界面（图4）：图4（5）程序进行安装，结束后关闭屏幕。
2.2 配置ODBC数据源（1）打开WINDOWS的控制面板（图5）, 单击“ODBC”图标：图5（2）出现图6所示的ODBC Data Source Administrator界面，单击“Add”按钮（表示增加一个数据源）继续：图6（3）在下面的Create New Data Source界面（图7）中单击选择“Microsoft dBase Driver(*.dbf)”，然后单击“完成”按钮继续：图7（4）在下面的ODBC dBASE Setup界面中（图8），在Data Source Name后面的框中输入“telsvrb”（请不要输错！）；点击Use Current Directory前的复选框，取消它；再单击“Selevt Directory…”按钮，继续：图8（5）在下面的Select Directory界面（图9）中的文件夹下用鼠标单击选择目录，目录为C:\datain\TelnetServer\dbf（请不要选择错！），最后按“确定”按钮：图9（6）返回ODBC Data Setup界面，单击“OK”按钮。
计算机数据格式
数据的表示方法各类数据在计算机中的表示方法以及它们在计算机中的运算和处理方法是了解计算机在自动解题过程中数据信息的加工处理过程、掌握计算机硬件组成及整机工作原理的基础。
一、数制和数制转换1、数制相关知识数制是人们利用一组数字符号和进位规则表示数据大小的计算方法。
计算机处理的数据分为数值数据和非数值数据，计算机只能直接识别二进制数据，但人们在使用计算机时多用八、十、十六进制。
任意一个R进制数（N）R=X n-1X n-2...X1X0 X -1 X -2 (X)X-m，可以展开为：X n-1R n-1 +X n-2R n-2+···+X0R0 +X -1R-1 -（m-1）+···+X –(m-1)R--（m-1）+X-m R-m式中R是R进制的基数，R i为位权值，各位数字X i （-m<=I<=n-1）的取值范围是0~（R-1），计数规则是“逢R 进一”，基本因素是基数和位权值。
重点需要掌握的是：（1）不同数制的基数不同，所使用的数字取值范围也不同；（2）任意进制数转换成十进制数的方法是乘权求和；（3）十进制数转换成任意进制整数部分方法是除基取余，小数部分是乘基取整；（4）二进制与八进制、十六进制转换利用它们的对应关系。
例1：将二进制数10110011.10111转换成十进制数。
例2：将十进制数233.8125转换成二进制数。
例3：将二进制数1011100.1101转换成八进制数和十六进制数。
二、数据编码及变换方法1、机器数和真值的概念数在计算机中的二进制表示形式统称为机器数或机器码，机器数可分为无符号数和带符号数，机器数对应的实际数值为真值。
机器数的特点：（1）数的符号二进制代码化。
“0”正“1”负，放在最高位。
（2）小数点隐含在数据的某一固定位置上，不占存储空间。
机器数可分为：（1）无符号数：机器字长的所有二进制位均表示数值。
Step7-数据类型详细说明总结汇总
Step7-数据类型详细说明总结汇总STEP7中的基本数据类型⑴位（BOOL）位数据的数据类型为BOOL（布尔）型，在软件编程中BOOL 变量的值1和0常用英语词TURE（真）和FALSE（假）来表示，对应二进制数中的“1”和“0”，常用于开关量的逻辑运算，存储空间为1位。
⑵字节（BYTE）字节数据长度为8位，数据格式为B#16#，B代表BYTE，表示数据长度为一个字节（8位），＃16＃表示十六进制，取值范围为B#16#0～B#16#FF。
⑶字（WORD）字数据长度为16位，这种数据可采用4种方法进行描述。
二进制：二进制的格式为2＃，如2＃101，取值范围为2＃0～2＃1111_1111_1111_1111，书写时每4位可用下划线隔开，也可直接表示为2＃111111111111。
十六进制：十六进制的格式为W＃16＃，W代表WORD，表示数据长度为16位，＃16＃表示十六进制，数据取值范围为W ＃16＃0～W＃16＃FFFF。
BCD码：BCD码的格式为C＃，取值范围为C＃0～C＃999。
BCD码是用4位二进制表示1位十进制数，4位二进制中的0000～1001组合分别表示十进制中的0～9，4位二进制中的1010～1111组合放弃不用。
BCD码的最高4位用来表示符号，十六位BCD码的取值范围为－999～+999。
在STEP7的数据格式中，BCD码的取值只取正值，与最高4位的符号无关。
无符号十进制数：无符号十进制数的格式为B＃（×，×），取值范围为B＃（0，0）～B＃（255，255），无符号十进制数是用十进制的0～255对应二进制数中的0000_0000～1111_1111（8位），16位二进制数就需要两个0～255的数来表示，例如：B#（12，254）＝2＃0000_1100_1111_111012 254上面4种数据都是描述一个长度位16位的二进制数，无论你使用哪种方式都可以。
PC-ORD
PC-ORD TM Multivariate Analysis of Ecological DataVersion 5User’s BookletSuggested citation:McCune, B. and M. J. Mefford. 2006. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis ofEcological Data. Version 5. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S.A. Cover: The essence of multivariate analysis is the extraction of a small number of important relationships from a very large number of possible relationships. Waiver: Although the software has been carefully tested, the user accepts and uses the program material as it is, at the user’s own risk, relying solely upon his/her own inspection of the program material and without reliance upon any representation or description concerning the program material. Neither MjM Software Design nor associated individuals make any expressed or implied warranty of any kind with regard to the program material, and shall have no liability or responsibility to any recipient with respect to any liability, loss, or damage that directly or indirectly arises out of the use of the disk and the programs and/or subroutines contained on the disk, including, but not limited to, any loss of business or loss of data or other incidental or consequential damages. By using this software you agree to this.© 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2006 MjM Software Design© 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2006 Bruce McCuneAll rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.ContentsWhat is PC-ORD For?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Where is the Manual? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 How Do I Get Started?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Managing Files and Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 System Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Network Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Technical Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Updates and Fixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Contact Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Using PC-ORD: a Brief Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111. Prepare Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112. Open PC-ORD and Your Data Files . . . . . . . . . .133. Run an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144. Explore Your Results Graphically. . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Other New Graphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 A Decision Tree for Beginners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24What is PC-ORD For?PC-ORD is a Windows program for multivariate analysis of ecologicaldata entered in spreadsheets. We emphasize nonparametric tools, graphical representation, and randomization tests for analysis of community data. In addition to utilities for transforming data and managing fi les, PC-ORD offers many ordination and classifi cation techniques not available in major statistical packages including: CCA, DCA, MRPP, perMANOV A, two-way clustering, TWINSPAN, Beals smoothing, diversity indices, species lists, Mantel test, many ordination overlay methods (quantitative, symbol-coding, color-coding, grid, joint plot, biplot, successional vector), various rotation methods, 3D ordination graphics, indicator species analysis, Bray-Curtis ordination, city-block distance measures, species-area curves, tree data summaries, publication-quality dendrograms, and autopilot NMS.Very large data sets can be analyzed. Most operations accept a matrix up to 32,000 rows or 32,000 columns and up to 536,848,900 matrix elements, provided that you have adequate memory. The terminology is tailored for ecologists. The full manual is included as a context-sensitive help system.Virtually any multivariate data set consisting of a set of entities, each with a number of measured attributes, is adaptable to PC-ORD. In community ecology, the fi rst matrix will often contain species abundance data in a set of samples. The possible formats for entering these data can be found in Data Preparation in the software help system. In addition to this main matrix, a second matrix, often containing environmental data, can be entered for analysis of its relationship to the fi rst matrix. The inclusion of this second matrix greatly enriches the system’s analytical capabilities. Both matrices are displayed in PC-ORD in fi le viewing windows.In studies of resource partitioning or functional groups, one of the matrices contains relative use of a set of resources by various species, subspecies, or individuals. A matrix of sites × functional groups can be produced by multiplying a community matrix by the functional group matrix.Where is the Manual?The full manual is built into PC-ORD, so we have not produced a paper manual. Our context-sensitive Help system can be accessed at any time by pressing F1 or clicking a Help button.How Do I Get Started?After you install the software, click on Help | Contents in the main menu. Then navigate to Getting Started in the help system. The most important topics to read at fi rst are:Data Preparation,Spreadsheet Format, andTypical Flow of AnalysisManaging Files and ProjectsNormally you will want to keep your data and results in a folder that is separate from the folder that contains PC-ORD. If you have more than one PC-ORD project, you can keep the fi les from each project in a separate folder or put them in a single folder. PC-ORD helps you resume work where you left off with the File | Open Project and File | Save Project menu items. Details of how PC-ORD managesfolders (directories) and fi le management defi nitions are given under Open Project in the PC-ORD Help system.When you Install PC-ORD, the PC-ORD icon is inserted in the Programs section of the Start Menu. If you wish to create an icon for a given project, fi rst create a “shortcut” to PC-ORD on your desktop or in a folder (see your Windows help system if you don’t know how to do this). Then:• Rename the shortcut as the project it represents. (Right click, Rename)• Now set the working folder for that project. (Right click on the icon, click on Properties, click on the Shortcut tab, then in the "Start in" space,type within quotes the path to the folder containing the data fi les for thatproject, for example, “c:\forests\edgedata”).From then on, when you click on this shortcut icon, PC-ORD will look in the folder you specifi ed. It will also remember the history of fi les, graph options, etc., so that when you start PC-ORD from that icon, you will be right where you left off. System RequirementsHardware Required• 80486 or higher CPU (including Pentium 4, Athlon, Celeron, etc.)• 8 MB RAM (more RAM means ability to analyze larger data sets)• 6 MB of available hard disk spaceOperating System: Windows 98, NT, ME, 2000, XP, XP 64-bit, or Vista Spreadsheet Software Recommended: A spreadsheet program capable of writing fi les in *.wk1, *.xls, or *.xlsx format is recommended (e.g. Excel). Many statistical software packages also export *.wk1 or *.xls fi les.Network EnvironmentsPC-ORD runs fi ne from a fi le server in a network environment, but you must setup the software correctly. Because network environments vary, your network administrator may need to help you set up PC-ORD. Generic instructions for a typical network setup are given below. These presume that PC-ORD has already been installed on your network by your network administrator.Method 11. Right click on some free space on the desktop.2. Select: New | Shortcut3. Enter the path for pcord5.exe. Or use the Browse button to fi nd thisexecutable fi le. Your network administrator can provide this path.4. Click on “Finish”. There should now be the PC-ORD Windows icon (twooverlapping circles) on the desktop.5. Right click on the PC-ORD icon.6. Select: Properties | Shortcut7. Under “Start in” enter your working folder (where you will keep yourPC-ORD data fi les and temporary fi les).Method 21. Navigate in the fi le system of the server to the PC-ORD executable folder.Look for the fi le CreateDesktopShortcut.exe. The purpose of this mini-program is to create an icon on you desktop that points to PC-ORD on theserver and a local folder for storing your temporary fi les.2. Double click on CreateDesktopShortcut.3. You will be prompted to enter the “Start In Folder.” Choose a folder on alocal drive, for example, c:\temp or c:\PCORD\working.4. Click on “OK”. There should now be the PC-ORD Windows icon (twooverlapping circles) on the desktop.Important points1. Each user needs a unique working folder (directory). Call this the “user’s folder.” The user’s folder can be either on a local drive or on a network drive. However, the user’s folder must be unique to that user or workstation and the user must have write access to that folder. We recommend using a local drive rather than a network drive. This will speed the rate of screen refreshing when manipulating windows containing your data.2. The “Start in” folder MUST be changed to that unique user’s folder. Install PC-ORD in the normal way. Then right-click the PC-ORD icon, select “Properties,” and type the name of the user’s folder into the “Start in” box.Confl icts will result if multiple users are writing to the same folder. Recommended network setup1. Executable fi les are installed in a network folder and shared by multiple users.2. Users keep data fi les and temporary fi les on their own local drive (e.g., hard drive or USB jump drive) or in their own folder on a network drive (much slower choice).For class use1. Same as above, but each user should copy the data fi les provided for the class into their own folders.2. In computer classrooms, users may want to defi ne their “Start in” folder asa removable drive, such as a jump drive. This allows users to preserve their own settings from one session to the next, regardless of which machine they are using. LimitationsMost of the programs in PC-ORD for Windows can accept a matrix up to 32,000 rows or 32,000 columns, provided that you have adequate memory installed in your machine. For all analyses, the following limits apply:• rows x columns < 536,848,900• rows < 32,000 (23,170 if a square distance matrix is calculated)• columns < 32,000 (23,170 for PCA)The actual limits will depend on the particular analysis being used. For example all analyses that require a square distance matrix (Cluster Analysis, MRPP, NMS, PerMANOV A, etc.), the maximum number of rows is 23,170.You can evaluate your memory needs with the Memory Requirements utility provided under the File menu.If you do encounter an “out of memory” error, and you do not have an exceptionally large data set, then a memory allocation error may have occurred. In this case, close out all programs, go through your normal shut-down procedure, restart, then try to rerun your analysis in PC-ORD.Technical HelpWe use email to answer technical questions about the software from registered users. Our software support pertains only to programs obtained directly from MjM Software Design.If you experience unexpected behavior, often someone else will have detected the same problem and it will already be fi xed. So before you contact us…• Please download the latest fi xes from our website <>, and determine whether the problem still exists in the latest version.• Check the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) section on our website.• Determine the version you are using by checking the title bar of the PC-ORD menu or inspecting the header at the top of your output fi les. Please include the full version number in your correspondence with us, specifying not just “version 5” but “version 5.05” or whatever exact version you are using. Updates and FixesFixes will be posted on the MjM website as needed. Click on Help | Internet Support for the current web address for downloading fi xes, plus other information on PC-ORD. PC-ORD maintenance fi xes are free and can be downloaded from the MjM website: <>.Contact UsMjM Website: Email: mjm@ Fax: 541-764-3935 Phone (orders only): 1-800-690-4499 Mail: MjM Software Design, PO Box 129, Gleneden Beach, OR 97388 U.S.A.Using PC-ORD: a Brief OverviewYou can quickly learn the basics of PC-ORD by following four steps:1. Prepare your data as spreadsheets in PC-ORD format.2. Open PC-ORD and your data fi les.3. Run an analysis.4. Explore your results graphically.1. Prepare Your DataFor an easy start, follow the instructions in the help system exactly. Two data sets provided with PC-ORD, OakWoods1.wk1 and OakWoods2.wk1 will be used in the following examples. These data contain plant species abundances in 47 oak stands.A. Put your data in a spreadsheet (e.g. Excel) with the sample units as rows andvariables as columns. Assign a short name (8-character maximum) to each row and column, preferably with at least one non-numeric character.B. Partition your variables into two worksheets. For community analysis, themain matrix usually has species presence or abundance. The second matrix usually has environmental variables, treatment categories (or other designvariables), or other grouping variables. All data MUST be numerical. Copy the row names into both worksheets.C. Insert header rows declaring the contents of your response matrix (47 standsand 103 species; see previous page), and whether each variable is quantitative (Q) or categorical (C). Binary (0/1) variables can be declared as either Q or C variables. (Note: in this example “All” stands for Allium spp.).D. Set up the second matrix in the same way (example below). The examplecontains a matrix with 27 attributes for the same 47 stands.E. Save each of these two worksheets as a separate spreadsheet in *.wk1 format.In Excel, use File | Save as, then in the “Save as type” box, select “WK1 (1-2-3) (*.wk1).” The fi le can now be opened and analyzed by PC-ORD.2. Open PC-ORD and Your Data FilesStart PC-ORD, then open your main matrix (a *.wk1 fi le) with File | Open Main Matrix. Open your second matrix in the same way: File | Open | Second Matrix.Consider organizing your work into “projects.” At any time when the PC-ORD main menu is displayed, select File | Save Project As, then specify a fi le name. The saved project is given the extension *.prj. When you open an existing project, PC-ORD restores the four main windows (main matrix, second matrix, graph fi le, result fi le) to the way they were at the time you last saved the projects. Using the oak woods example, we might save the project as OakWoods.prj.3. Run an AnalysisSelect an analytical method. For this example, we will use nonmetric multidimensional scaling, one of the most powerful ordination methods, especially adept at extracting nonlinear gradients in species composition.C hoose autopilot mode with mediumthoroughness (“speed vs. thoroughness”sets the compromise between fast resultsand a thorough search for the solutionof best fi t). On the “Distance Measure”tab, choose Sørensen (Bray-Curtis).When running NMS in autopilot mode,all of the other options are grayed outand set automatically.NMS iteratively searches for the best solution, then reports the results. A new result fi le will appear, along with windows containing coordinates for the stands (GRAPHROW.GPH) and the species (GRAPHCOL.GPH). Save each of these three fi les with a new name. Select File | Save as | Result.txt, then enter a new name, for example NMSThil.txt. Use a similar procedure to save the row and column coordinates, for example as NMSThil.gph and NMSThilSpp.gph. In the example below, the two graph fi les have been saved with those names, the fi rst one containing the coordinates (ordination scores) for the 47 stands, the second one containing the coordinates for the 103 species.Inspect the result fi le. See Chapter 16 in McCune & Grace (2002) on NMS for background on how to interpret the results. Because random starting confi gurations are used, your results will differ somewhat from those given here. A key portion of the results fi le is the table of stress in relation to dimensionality (number of axes; see next page). This table occurs fairly far down in the result fi le, after a lengthy report on the results from the various confi gurations that were tried. The stress table also includes a report on the randomization test:From the randomization test results on the right half of the table, note that the p-values indicate that solutions of any dimensionality from 1 through 4 are stronger than expected by chance. Autopilot chose a 3D solution because it reduced the stress by over 5 units, versus a 2D solution, while still giving a small p-value. Theminimum stress for the best 3D solution was 16.4.4. Explore Your Results GraphicallyYou can explore your ordination results with:• 2D and 3D ordination graphs• Joint plots (Graph | Joint Plot) with variables from the second matrix• Determine how much of the variation in the distance matrix is represented in the ordination diagram (Graph | Statistics | Percent ofVariance in Distance Matrix),• Graphically examine the relationships between the ordination and individual variables in the second matrix (Graph | Overlay From SecondMatrix),• Calculate linear and rank correlation coeffi cients between axis scores and variables in the second matrix (Statistics | Correlations With SecondMatrix),• Rotate the diagram so that major vectors in the joint plot are aligned with the axes (select Graph | Joint plot, then Rotate | By AngleContinuous. Select 5° for the increment and click Next repeatedly togradually rotate the ordination. See Chapter 15 in McCune and Grace(2002).• Use “successional vectors” to connect before-and-after or other sequential measurements.Selected examples of these are shown below.Joint plotA joint plot superimposes on the ordination a set of radiating lines. These show relationships between variables in the second matrix and the ordination scores. In this case we also set the symbols to code for the categorical variable “Group,” based on a separate cluster analysis of stands in species space. “TreeHtM” (tree height) and “SppRich” (species richness) are strongly and oppositely related to the second axis. Group 4 is relatively rich in species. “PDIR” (potential direct incident radiation) is rather weakly related to axis 2. The ordination has been rotated to align the strongest correlations with the horizontal axis.3D Joint PlotJoint plots for ordinations with three axes can also be produced in 3D (Graph | Ordination | 3D). The graph below used the same ordination scores as in the previous example, though not rotated. Much more informative than this static view is the capability to rotate this 3D picture continuously, allowing the viewer to see the three dimensional structure more clearly. You can save the rotating fi gure as an animated GIF, for use in presentations and web sites (File | Save Animated GIF As).Overlay From Second MatrixIndividual variables in both the main and second matrix can be overlaidon ordinations. Categorical overlays are shown by different colors or symbols. Quantitative overlays are shown by making the size of the symbol proportional to the overlay variable. “Side scatterplots” are also shown. These simple, bivariate scatterplots show a variable in relation to score on a particular axis.Other New GraphsThe next few pages show examples of some new tools for graphical exploration of data in PC-ORD 5. See the PC-ORD help system New in version 5 for a complete list of new features.Dominance CurvesDominance curves, also known as dominance-diversity curves, are used to study the distributionof abundance amongspecies in a data set.These curves areinteresting descriptorsof communities intheir own right, buthave also been usedto inform ecologicaltheory. Each point is aspecies plotted as thelog of total abundanceagainst rank order ofabundance.Two-way Cluster AnalysisYou can perform cluster analysis of rows and columns of a single matrix (Groups | Two-way Cluster Analysis). The matrix of shaded squares represents the sample unit × species matrix, while the dendrograms show the clustering. The intensity of the shading is proportional to the abundance of the species.DistributionsYou can represent frequency distributions of continuous or discrete variables with smooth density estimates. This is not density in the sense of numbers per unit area or volume, but rather the density of our observations along a continuous scale. We offer a selection of methods for representing your observed data, along with some classic distributions for comparison to your data, for example, normal, lognormal, poisson, binomial, and negative binomial. We use the “method of moments,” calculating the parameter estimates (moments) from the observed data, then inserting them as parameters into the theoretical distributions.A Decision Tree for BeginnersPC-ORD 5 includes a decision tree (Advisor | Wizard) to help you decidehow to analyze your data. You can also use the wizard as a self teaching tool.We attempt to deal only with relatively common data analysis problems that you are likely to encounter with ecological community data. In practice, many data sets have peculiarities or complexities that do not fi t well into this decision tree. Strive for understanding and experience beyond what is captured in the decision tree. Think creatively about the best approach to your particular question and data. Remember to think beyond the range of tools included in the decision tree,for example, “is this question best answered with a univariate method?” or “Is this problem best suited to a habitat model, where we have a single species response variable in relationship to multiple predictors?” Most simple univariate problems can be adequately addressed with the major statistical software packages. For habitat modeling, consider HyperNiche (see ), particularlyif you like the interface in PC-ORD and our emphasis on tools that deal well with nonlinear responses along ecological gradients and interactions among ecological factors.The decision tree consists of a set of nodes, all connected to a starting point, the root node. Your answers to questions about the purpose of the analysis or the nature of the data links a node to other nodes.Nodes are of two kinds, Question-Answer nodes, and Conclusion-Action nodes. Question-Answer nodes navigate you through the tree. Conclusion-Action nodes are endpoints on the tree. Conclusion nodes state the conclusion, followed by one or more actions: an option to run an analysis, a suggestion for an analysis (which may or may not be part of PC-ORD), or some other recommendation.。
基于CANOCO的数据统计分析
• b. 打开“CANOCO 数据.xls” 选择要分析的数据
将要分析的数据（不要多选择空格）选中后， 复制，在图1的界面点击“Save”，自己对其命名， 后缀名为“.dta”，如“species.dta”。同样，对 环境因子选择后保存为“env.dta”。这时可以关 掉图对话框。
这样就得到一个spe.dta的文件和一个 env.dta的文件。
排序类别（in CANOCO） • 间接排序（Indirect Gradient Analysis） ：在特定的梯
度上（环境轴）上探讨物种的变化情况。
PCA （Principal components analysis） CA （Correspondence analysis） DCA （Detrended Correspondence Analysis）
• 直接排序（Direct Gradient Analysis） ：寻求潜在的或 在间接的环境梯度来解释物种数据的变化。
RDA （Redundance analysis） CCA （Canonical correspondence analysis） DCCA （Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis）
梯度分析
直接排序
间接排序
RDA
CCA
DCCA
PCA
CA DCA
梯度分析
线性模型
单峰模型
直接排序 间接排序 直接排序 间接排序
RDA
PCA
CCA DCCA
CA DCA
Canoco 简介
Canonical Community ordination
Ter Braak Petr
参考资料与网站
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c++资源文件rft可改订的表单文本(ibm的dca一部门或者文档内部本质意思框架结构一部门)rgb,sgi silicon图形rgb文件rle run-length编码的位图rl2 descent2注册程度文件rm realaudio视频文件rmd microsoft regmaid文档rmf rich map格局(三度空间游戏编纂器施用它来生存图)rmi m1d1音乐rom基于盒式磁带的家子游戏仿真器文件(来自atari 2600、colecovision、sega、nintendo 等盒式磁带里的rom纯洁复印,在两个仿真器之间不可互修正)rov rescue rover数据文件rpm redhat包揽理器包(用于linux)rpt microsoft visual basic crystal报表文件rrs ace game road rash生存的文件rsl borland的paradox 7报表rsm inay resume riter恢复文件rtf rich text格局文档r robohelp施用的用来摹拟indos辅助的搜刮功效rtm real tracker音乐板块(mod)文件rts realaudio的rtsl文档;robohelp对宏大操作进行提速rul installs你好eld施用的扩大名rvp microsoft scan配置文件(mime)rxx多卷档案上的rar压缩文件(xx=1~99间的1个数码)s汇编源代码文件s3i scream tracker v3装备s3m scream tracker v3的声响板块文件sam ami专业文档;8位取样数据sav游戏生存文件sb原始带符号字节(8位)数据sbk creative labs的soundfont 1.0 bank文件;(soundblaster)/emu sonndfont v1.x bank文件sbl shockave flash对象文件sc2 microsoft schedule+7文件格局;sas目次(indos 95/nt、os/二、mac)sc3 simcity 3000生存的游戏文件scc microsoft source safe文件scd matrix/imapro scodl幻灯片图像;microsoft schedule+7 scf indos explorer命令文件sch microsoft schedule+1 sci scanvec inspire本地文件格局s true space 2场景文件scp拨号收集剧这篇文章件scr indos荧幕保护;传真图像;剧这篇文章件sct sas目次(dos);scitex ct位图;microsoft foxpro表单sct01 sas目次(unix)scv scanvec casmate本地文件格式scx microsoft foxpro表单文件sd sound designer 1音响文件sd2 sound designer 2展平文件/数据分叉指令;sas数据库(indos 95/nt、os/二、mac) sdf体系数据文件格局-legacy unisys(sperry)格局sdk roland s-系列软盘映像sdl smart dra库文件sdr smart dra画图文件sds原始midi取样转储规范文件sdt smartdra模型板sdv分号分开的值文件sd lotus ordpro图形文件;原始带符号的dord(32位)数据sdx由sdx压缩的midi取样转储规范文件sea自解压档案(stufflt for macintosh或者其他software施用的文件)sep标签图像文件格局(tiff)位图ses cool edit session文件(平常数据声响编纂器文件)sf ircam声响文件格局sf2 emu soundfont v2.0文件;creative labs的soundfont 2.0 bank文件(sound blaster) sfd soundstage声响文件数据sfi sound stage声响文件信息sfr sonic foundry sample资源sf seattle电影工程(损坏的jpeg)sfx rar自解压档案sgml规范通用标签语言shb corel sho演习文稿;文档快捷文件shg热门位图shp 三度空间studio(dos)形状文件;被一些运用步伐用于多部分交互三角学形模子的三度空间建模shs shell scrap文件;据载用于发送"口令偷盗者"shtml含有服务器端包孕(ssi)的html文件sh corel sho演习文稿sig符号文件sit mac的stuffit档案文件siz oracle 7配置文件ska pgp秘钥skl macromedia导演者资源文件sl pact的生存布局扩大名slb autodesk slide库文件格局sld autodesk slide文件格局slk symbolic link(sylk)电子表格sm3 datacad标志文件smp samplevision格局;ad lib gold取样文件snd next声响;mac声响资源;原始的未符号化的pcm数据;akai mpc系列取样文件sndr sounder声响文件sndt sndtool声响文件sou sb studio?声响spd speech数据文件spl shockave flash对象;digitrakker取样sppack sppack声响取样sprite acorn的位图格局sqc结构化查询语言(sqr)平凡代码文件sql rmix sql查询;凡被数据库产品用于sql查询(剧本、文本、二进制)的文件扩大名sqr构造化查问语言(sqr)步伐文件ssdo1 sas数据调集(unix)ssd sas数据库(dos)ssf可用的电子表格文件st atari st磁盘映像stl sterolithography文件stm.shtml的短后缀形式,含有1个服务端包含(ssi)的html文件;scream tracker v2音乐板块(mod)文件str荧幕掩护文件sty ventura publisher作风表svx amiga 8svx声响;互互换文件格局,8svx/16sv s原始带符号字(16位)数据sa在macromedia导演文件(mp3文件)中的shockave声响文件sf shockave flash对象sp datacad互换文件sys体系文件sy yamaha sy系列波形文件t64 modore 64仿真器磁带映像文件tab guitar表文件tar磁带档案taz unix gzip/tape档案tbk asymetrix toolbook交互多电视机台文件tcl用tcl/语言编写的剧本tdb thumbs plus数据库tddd imagine以及turbo silver射线跟踪器施用的文件格局tex注释文件tga targa位图tgz unix gzip/tap档案文件theme indos 95桌面正题词件thn grap你好cs orkshop for indos线条速写tif,tiff标签图像文件格局(tiff)位图tig虎形文件,美国政府用于散发舆图tlb ole类型库tle两线元素调集(nasa)tmp indos姑且文件toc eudora信箱内部实质意义表tol kodak相片加强器tos atari 16/32以及32/32计较机操作体系文件tpl cakealk声响模型板文件;datacad模型板文件tpp teleport pro工程trk kermit剧这篇文章件trm终端文件trn mks源完备性工程用途日记文件ttf truetype字体文件t corel catalyst translaton tool kit tf taborks文件t tagrite模型板tx8 ms-dos文本txb descent/d2编码概要文件txt asc?文本格局的声响数据tx yamaha tx16波形文件tz老的压缩格局文件t2t sonate cad建模software文件ub原始未符号化的字节(8位)数据udf indos nt/2000独一性数据库文件ud原始未符号化的双字(32位)数据ula美国telephone格局(ccitt g.711)声响ult ultra tracker音乐板块(mod)文件uni mikmod unimod格局化文件url inter快捷体式格局文件use mks源完备性文件uu,uue uu编码文件u原始未符号化字(16位)数据uf ultratracker波形文件v8 covox 8位声响文件vap加注讲演文件vba vbase文件vbp microsoft visual basic工程文件vb microsoft visual basic事情区文件vbx microsoft visual basic用户定制控件vce natural microsystems(nms)未格局化声响文件(由cool edit施用)vcf虚拟卡文件(scape);veri配置文件;为与sense8的ordtoolkit一路施用而界说对象vct,vcx microsoft foxpro类库vda targa位图vi national instruments labvie产品的虚拟装备文件viff khoros visualisation格局vir norton anti-virus或者其余杀毒产品用于标识被病毒沾染的文件viv vivoactive player流视频文件viz division的dvs/dvise文件vlb corelventura库vmf faxorks声响文件voc creative labs的sound blaster声响文件vox用adpcm编码的会话声响文件;natural microsystems(nms)格局化声响文件,talking technology声响文件vp ventura publisher出版物vqe,vql yamaha sound-vq定位器文件vqf yamaha sound-vq文件(有可能浮现规范)vrf oracle 7配置文件vrml虚拟实际建模语言文件vsd visio绘画文件(流程图或者图解)vsl下载列表文件(getright)vsn indos 9x/nt virusafe版文件,用于保保有关目次中所有信息,当1个文件被拜候,此中信息与vsn信息进行比力,以确保它们保持相符vss visio模型板文件vst targa位图vs visio事情区文件vxd microsoft indos虚拟装备驱动步伐3l 3launch文件ab microsoft outlook文件ad包罗有视频、玩家水安然镇静其他信息的doom游戏的大文件al quake 2正文文件av indos波声旁形b1,b2 quattopro for indos电子表格bk microsoft ord备份文件bl argo ebload?上载文件br crick softare的ordbar文件bt crick softare的ordbar模型板db microsoft orks数据库dg ar ftp长途守护者文件eb corelxara eb文档fb turtle beach的avefont bank(maui/rio/monterey)fd turtle beach的avefont drum调集(maui/rio/monterey) fm visual dbase indos表单fn在coreldra中施用的符号fp turtle beach的avefont步伐(maui/ri/monterey)gp ild board游戏数据文件id ventura宽度表il inimage文件iz microsoft ord向导k1 lotus 1-2-3版第一、2版的电子表格k3 lot us 1-2-3版第3版的电子表格k4 lotus 1-2-3版第4版的电子表格ks lotus 1-2-3电子表格;microsoft orks文档ld rend386/avril文件lf argo ebload?上载文件ll microsoft ord内插器mf indos元文件o grave poser音乐板块(mod)文件p4 ordperfect 4文档p5 ordperfect 5文档p6 ordperfect 6文档pd ordperfect文档或者演习pf可字措置惩罚文档pg ordperfect图形ps microsoft orks文档pt ordperfect模型板p novell perfectorks文档q1 quattro pro/dos电子表格q2 quattro pro/dos第5版电子表格r1 lotus symphony rg reget文档r1书写器文档rk cakealk音乐声响工程文件rl虚拟实际模子rz vrml文件对象s1 ordstar for indos 1文档s2 ordstar for indos 2文档s3 ordstar for indos 3文档s4 ordstar for indos 4文档s5 ordstar for indos 5文档s6 ordstar for indos 6文档s7 ordstar for indos 7文档sd ordstar 2000文档vl avelet压缩位图l microsoft ord内插器文件x avs图像格局xar corelxara绘画xbm mime"xbitmap"图像xi scream tracker装备取样文件xif ang映像文件(indos 95带有的文件)xla microsoft excel内插器xlb microsoft excel东西条xlc microsoft excel图表xld microsoft excel会话框xlk microsoft excel备份xll microsoft excel内插器文件xlm microsoft ex cel宏xls microsoft excel事情单xlt microsoft excel模型板xlv microsoft excel vba板块xl microsoft excel事情簿/事情区xm fasttracker 2,digital tracker音乐板块(mod)文件xnk microsoft exchange快捷体式格局文件xpm x位图格局xr1 epic megagames xargon数据文件xtp xtree数据文件xd xindos转储格局xf yamaha xg orks文件(midi序列)xy3 xyrite?文档xy4 xyrite?文档xyp xyrite?plus文档xy xyrite for indos 4.0文档x16宏电视机台扩大(步伐扩大),16位x32宏电视机台扩大(步伐扩大), 32位yal arts&letters剪贴艺术库ybk microsoft encarta年代资料z unix gzip文件zap indossoftware安装配置文件zip zip文件zoo早前版本的压缩文件000-999用于为老版本(或者备份)文件编号(比如:被安装步伐改变的config.sys文件);又可用于为小型的pc应用步伐的多个用户相干数据文件编号12m lotus 1-2-3 97 smartmaster文件123 lotus 1-2-3 97文件2d versacad的2维绘画文件2gr,3gr在indos之下的vga图形驱动步伐/配置文件三度空间versacad的3维绘画文件三度空间m 三度空间nurbs建模器,r你好no 三度空间s 三度空间studio(dos下)格局文件386在386或者更高级措置惩罚器上施用的文件4ge rmix 4gl编译昆裔码4gl rmix 4gl源代码669 poser 669;unix poser音乐模子文件;669磁道板块#01及更高的号为计较机演习而电子扫描的一系列片子的图片文件编号要领$$$os/2用来跟踪档案文件@用于装置过程中的荧幕文件以及用于microsoft codevie for c如许的利用步伐的领导文件ai用adobe illustrator ape用foorbar2000 cdr用coreldra cda用cd播放softwareceb用方正公司apabi reader caj,kdh用cajvieer doc,pd,rtf用ord dcp用dcpreader 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office活页夹obj对象文件obz microsoft office活页夹向导ocx microsoft对象链接与镶嵌定制控件ods microsoft outlook express信箱文件off 三度空间网状物对象文件格局ofn microsoft office filene文件oft microsoft outlook模型板okt oktalyzer音乐板块(mod)文件olb ole对象库ole ole对象oogl面向对象图形库opl社团者编程语言源文件--psion/symbian opo opl输出可执行文件opt microsoft developer studio文件opx opl扩大dll(动态链接库)ora oracle 7配置文件orc oracle 7剧这篇文章件lotus anizer文件or2 lotus anizer 2文件or3 lotus anizer 97文件oss microsoft office查寻文件ost microso ft exchange/outlook离线文件otl super notetab模型板文件out c语言输出文件p3 primavera project planner(工程设计器)文件p10 tektronix plot 10画图文件p65 pagemaker 6.5文件p7c digital id文件(mime)pab microsoft小我私家地址簿pac sb studio?包pak quake ad文件pal压缩文件part go!zilla部门下载文件pas pascal源代码pat datacad hatch尺度款式文件;coreldra标准样式;高等gravis ultrasound/forte技巧;碎片文件pbd poerbuilder动态库,作为本地dll的1个调换物pbf turtle beach的pinnacle银行文件pbk microsoft phonebook(telephone簿)pbl用于在poerbuilder研发情况中的poerbuilder动态库pbm可导出位图pbr poerbuilder资源pcd kodak photo-cd映像;p-code编译器实验剧本,由microsoft实验与microsoft visual实验pce maps eudora信箱名儿的dos文件名pcl helett-packard打印机控制语言文件(打印机备用位图)pcm声响文件格局;oki msm6376合成芯片pcm格局pcp symantec live update pro文件pcs pics动画文件pct macintosh pict绘画文件pcx zsoft pc画笔位图pdb 3 palmpilot数据库文件pdd可以用paint shop pro或者其他图像措置惩罚software打开的图形图像pdf adobe acrobat可导出文档格局文件(可用eb浏览器预示);microsoft体制办理服务器包界说文件;are打印机界说文件pdp broderbund的print shop deluxe文件pdq patton patton floercharting pdq lite文件pds取景图像文件(该文件格局的来历不清晰)pf aladdin体系对私人文件进行加密的文件pfa类型1字体(asc?)pfb类型1字体(二进制)pfc pf组件pfm打印机字体标准pgd杰出隐私(pretty good privacy,pgp)虚拟磁盘文件pgl hp画图仪画图文件pgm可输出灰度图(位图)pgp用杰出隐私(pgp)算法加密文件ph由microsoft帮助文件编译器孕育产生的权且文件php,php3包罗有php剧本的html网页phtml包罗有php剧本的html网页;由perl阐发诠释的html pic pc画图位图;lotus图片;macintosh pict画图pict macintosh pict图形文件pif步伐信息文件;ibm pif画图文件pig lucasarts的dark forces ad文件pin epic pinball数据文件pix内置系统位图pj mks源齐备性文件pjx,pjt microsoft visual foxpro工程文件pkg microsoft developer studio应用步伐扩大(与dll文件近似)pkr pgp的公用钥匙环pl perl步伐plg由rend386/avril施用的文件格局pli oracle 7数据描写plm discorder tracker2板块pls disorder tracker2取样文件;mpeg playlist文件(由inamp施用)plt hpgl画图仪画图文件;autocad plot画图文件;gerber标记建造softwarepm5 pagemaker 5.0文件pm6 pagemaker 6.0文件png可移植的收集图形位图;paint shop pro浏览器目次pnt,pntg macpaint图形文件pog descent2 pig文件扩展pol indos nt计策文件pop visual dbase上托文件pot microsoft poerpoint板块pov视频射线跟踪器暂留pp4 picture publisher 4位图ppa microsoft poerpoint内插器ppf turtle beach的pinnacle步伐文件ppm可移植的象素照射位图ppp parson poer publisher;serif pageplus桌面出版缺省输出pps microsoft poerpoint幻灯片放映ppt microsoft poerpoint演习文稿pqi poerquest驱动器图像文件prc 3 palmpiltt资源(文本或者步伐)文件pre lotus freelance演习文稿prf indos体系文件,macromedia导演设置文件prg dbase clipper以及foxpro步伐源文件;avmaker步伐prj 三度空间studio(dos)工程文件prn打印表格(用空格分开的文本);datacad indos打印机文件prp oberson的prospero数据转换产品生存的工程文件prs harvard grap你好cs for indos演习文件prt打印格局化文件;pro/engineer元件文件prv psimail inter供给者模型板文件prz lotus freelance grap你好cs 97文件ps postscript格局化文件(postscript打印机可读文件)psb pinnacle sound bank psd adobe photoshop位图文件psi psion a-la声响文件psm protracker studio模子格局;epic游戏的源数据文件psp paint shop pro图像文件pst microsoft outlook小我私家文件夹文件ptd pro/engineer表格文件ptm polytracker音乐板块(mod)文件pub ventura publisher出版物;microsoft publisher文档pd microsoft pocket ord文档pl indos 95口令列表文件pp photoorks图像文件(能被photoorks浏览的一系列文件) pz microsoft poerpoint向导pxl microsoft pocket excel电子表格py来自yahoo的电子动静;python剧这篇文章件pyc python剧这篇文章件qad pf quickart文档qb quickbooks for indos文件qdt来自quicken uk的quickbooks数据文件,帐目/税/货单步伐qd三度空间apple的quickdra 三度空间元文件格局qfl family layer文档qic microsoft备份文件qif quicktime相干图像(mime);quicken导入文件qlb quick库qm quality motion文件qry microsoft查询文件qst quake spy tab文件qt,qtm quicktime电影qti,qtif quicktime相干图像qtp quicktime优先文件qts mac pict图像文件;quicktime相干图像qtx quicktime相干图像q symantec qa rite步伐文件qxd quark xpress文件r pegasus邮件资源文件ra realaudio声响文件ram realaudio元文件rar rar压缩档案(eugene roshall格局)ras sun光栅图像位图ra ra文件格局(位图);ra标识的pcm数据rbh由robohelp保持的rbh文件,它参加到1个赞助工程文件的信息中rdf资源描述框架文件(对于xml以及元数据)rdl descent注册程度文件rec录音机宏;rapidm声响文件reg注册表文件rep visual dbase报表文件res microsoft visual c++资源文件rft可改订的表单文本(ibm的dca一部门或者文档内部实质意义框架结构一部门)rgb,sgi silicon图形rgb文件rle run-length编码的位图rl2 descent2注册水平文件rm realaudio视频文件rmd microsoft regmaid文档rmf rich map格局(三度空间游戏编辑器施用它来生存图)rmi m1d1音乐rom基于盒式磁带的家子游戏仿真器文件(来自atari 2600、colecovision、sega、nintendo 等盒式磁带里的rom纯粹复印,在两个仿真器之间不可互修改)rov rescue rover数据文件rpm redhat包揽理器包(用于linux)rpt microsoft visual basic crystal报表文件rrs ace game road rash生存的文件rsl borland的paradox 7报表rsm inay resume riter恢复文件rtf rich text格局文档r robohelp施用的用来摹拟indos帮助的搜刮功能rtm real tracker音乐板块(mod)文件rts realaudio的rtsl文档;robohelp对庞大操作进行提速rul installs你好eld施用的扩大名rvp microsoft scan配置文件(mime)rxx多卷档案上的rar压缩文件(xx=1~99间的1个数码)s汇编源代码文件s3i scream tracker v3设备s3m scream tracker v3的声响板块文件sam ami专业文档;8位取样数据sav游戏生存文件sb原始带符号字节(8位)数据sbk creative labs的soundfont 1.0 bank文件;(soundblaster)/emu sonndfont v1.x bank文件sbl shockave flash对象文件sc2 microsoft schedule+7文件格局;sas目次(indos 95/nt、os/二、mac)sc3 simcity 3000生存的游戏文件scc microsoft source safe文件scd matrix/imapro scodl幻灯片图像;microsoft schedule+7 scf indos explorer命令文件sch microsoft schedule+1 sci scanvec inspire本地文件格局s true space 2场景文件scp拨号收集剧这篇文章件scr indos荧幕掩护;传真图像;剧这篇文章件sct sas目次(dos);scitex ct位图;microsoft foxpro表单sct01 sas目次(unix)scv scanvec casmate本地文件格局scx microsoft foxpro表单文件sd sound designer 1声响文件sd2 sound designer 2展平文件/数据分叉指令;sas数据库(indos 95/nt、os/二、mac) sdf体系数据文件格局-legacy unisys(sperry)格局sdk roland s-系列软盘映像sdl smart dra库文件sdr smart dra画图文件sds原始midi取样转储规范文件sdt smartdra模型板sdv分号分开的值文件sd lotus ordpro图形文件;原始带符号的dord(32位)数据sdx由sdx压缩的midi取样转储规范文件sea自解压档案(stufflt for macintosh或者其他software施用的文件)sep标签图像文件格局(tiff)位图ses cool edit session文件(平凡数据声响编纂器文件)sf ircam声响文件格局sf2 emu soundfont v2.0文件;creative labs的soundfont 2.0 bank文件(sound blaster)sfd soundstage声响文件数据sfi sound stage声响文件信息sfr sonic foundry sample资源sf seattle电影工程(破坏的jpeg)sfx rar自解压档案sgml规范通用标签语言shb corel sho演习文稿;文档快捷文件shg热点位图shp 三度空间studio(dos)形状文件;被一些应用步伐用于多部门交互三角学形模子的三度空间建模shs shell scrap文件;据载用于发送"口令盗窃者"shtml含有服务器端包孕(ssi)的html文件sh corel sho演习文稿sig符号文件sit mac的stuffit档案文件siz oracle 7配置文件ska pgp秘钥skl macromedia导演者资源文件sl pact的生存布局扩大名slb autodesk slide库文件格局sld autodesk slide文件格局slk symbolic link(sylk)电子表格sm3 datacad标志文件smp samplevision格局;ad lib gold取样文件snd next声响;mac声响资源;原始的未符号化的pcm数据;akai mpc系列取样文件sndr sounder声响文件sndt sndtool声响文件sou sb studio?声响spd speech数据文件spl shockave flash对象;digitrakker取样sppack sppack声响取样sprite acorn的位图格局sqc结构化查询语言(sqr)平凡代码文件sql rmix sql查询;但凡被数据库产品用于sql查询(剧本、文本、二进制)的文件扩大名sqr结构化查询语言(sqr)步伐文件ssdo1 sas数据调集(unix)ssd sas数据库(dos)ssf可用的电子表格文件st atari st磁盘映像stl sterolithography文件stm.shtml的短后缀情势,含有1个服务端包孕(ssi)的html文件;scream tracker v2音乐板块(mod)文件str荧幕掩护文件sty ventura publisher风格表svx amiga 8svx声响;互互换文件格局,8svx/16sv s原始带符号字(16位)数据sa在macromedia导演文件(mp3文件)中的shockave声音文件sf shockave flash对象sp datacad调换文件sys体系文件sy yamaha sy系列波形文件t64 modore 64仿真器磁带映像文件tab guitar表文件tar磁带档案taz unix gzip/tape档案tbk asymetrix toolbook交互多电视机台文件tcl用tcl/语言编写的剧本tdb thumbs plus数据库tddd imagine以及turbo silver射线跟踪器施用的文件格局tex正文文件tga targa位图tgz unix gzip/tap档案文件theme indos 95桌面正题词件thn grap你好cs orkshop for indos线条速写tif,tiff标签图像文件格局(tiff)位图tig虎形文件,美国政府用于分发地图tlb ole类型库tle两线元素调集(nasa)tmp indos姑且文件toc eudora信箱内部实质意义表tol kodak相片增强器tos atari 16/32以及32/32计较机操作体系文件tpl cakealk声响模型板文件;datacad模型板文件tpp teleport pro工程trk kermit剧这篇文章件trm终端文件trn mks源完备性工程用处日记文件ttf truetype字体文件t corel catalyst translaton tool kit tf taborks文件t tagrite模型板tx8 ms-dos文本txb descent/d2编码概要文件txt asc?文本格局的声响数据tx yamaha tx16波形文件tz老的压缩格局文件t2t sonate cad建模software文件ub原始未符号化的字节(8位)数据udf indos nt/2000唯一性数据库文件ud原始未符号化的双字(32位)数据ula美国telephone格局(ccitt g.711)声响ult ultra tracker音乐板块(mod)文件uni mikmod unimod格局化文件url inter快捷体式格局文件use mks源完备性文件uu,uue uu编码文件u原始未符号化字(16位)数据uf ultratracker波形文件v8 covox 8位声响文件vap加注报告文件vba vbase文件vbp microsoft visual basic工程文件vb microsoft visual basic事件区文件vbx microsoft visual basic用户定制控件vce natural microsystems(nms)未格局化声响文件(由cool edit施用)vcf虚构卡文件(scape);veri配置文件;为与sense8的ordtoolkit一路施用而界说对象vct,vcx microsoft foxpro类库vda targa位图vi national instruments labvie产品的虚拟装备文件viff khoros visualisation格局vir norton anti-virus或者其他杀毒产品用于标识被病毒传染的文件viv vivoactive player流视频文件viz division的dvs/dvise文件vlb corelventura库vmf faxorks声响文件voc creative labs的sound blaster声响文件vox用adpcm编码的会话声响文件;natural microsystems(nms)格局化声响文件,talking technology声响文件vp ventura publisher出版物vqe,vql yamaha sound-vq定位器文件vqf yamaha sound-vq文件(有可能显现标准)vrf oracle 7配置文件vrml虚拟实际建模语言文件vsd visio绘画文件(流程图或者图解)vsl下载列表文件(getright)vsn indos 9x/nt virusafe版文件,用于保保有关目次中所有信息,当1个文件被拜候,此中信息与vsn信息进行比力,以确保它们坚持相符vss visio模型板文件vst targa位图vs visio事情区文件vxd microsoft indos虚拟装备驱动步伐3l 3launch文件ab microsoft outlook文件ad包罗有视频、玩家水坦然安静其他信息的doom游戏的大文件al quake 2正文文件av indos波声旁形b1,b2 quattopro for indos电子表格bk microsoft ord备份文件bl argo ebload?上载文件br crick softare的ordbar文件bt crick softare的ordbar模型板cm ordperfect宏db microsoft orks数据库dg ar ftp长途守护者文件eb corelxara eb文档fb turtle beach的avefont bank(maui/rio/monterey)fd turtle beach的avefont drum调集(maui/rio/monterey) fm visual dbase indos表单fn在coreldra中施用的符号fp turtle beach的avefont步伐(maui/ri/monterey)gp ild board游戏数据文件id ventura宽度表il inimage文件iz microsoft ord向导k1 lotus 1-2-3版第一、2版的电子表格k3 lot us 1-2-3版第3版的电子表格k4 lotus 1-2-3版第4版的电子表格ks lotus 1-2-3电子表格;microsoft orks文档。
博世 B450 通信模块操作指南说明书
您可以使用本节中描述的适用于您的控制主机类型的方法之一来配置B450。
在下列情况下安装时，B450 不需要进一步配置即可进行通信：–无需 AES 加密。
–低信号延迟不超过 200 秒。
与 SDI2 兼容的控制主机会自动配置连接的模块。
1. 关闭兼容的控制主机的电源。
2. 将地址开关设置为适合控制主机的正确地址（SDI2 控制主机使用地址 1 或 2）。
3. 将模块连接至控制主机总线并接通电源。
4.使用 RPS 或键盘对控制主机通信设置进行编程设定。
B450 支持通过 SMS 进行配置。
您可以通过手机将 SMS 发送到 B450。
有关详细信息，请参阅《B450 安装和操作指南》。
使用提供的安装螺丝，将 B450 安装到外壳的 3 孔安装模式，然后将天线固定在外壳上。
将 B450 安装到外壳的内侧。
请参阅图 3.2。
标注 ― 说明1 ― B4502 ― 外壳3 ― 安装螺丝 (3)4 ― B44x 插入式手机通信装置天线（通过任何穿眼进行布线）5 ― B44x 插入式手机通信装置天线电缆（连接到通信模块）图 3.3：安装模块在将 B450 用缆线连接到控制主机时，您可以使用标记有 PWR、A、B 和COM 的模块接线板或模块的互连缆线连接器（已随附提供缆线）。
互连缆线以并行方式连接接线板上的 PWR、A、B 和 COM 端子。
图 1.1 指示模块上的接线板和互连连接器的位置。
执行以下步骤来安装 B450。
图 3.3：使用 SDI2 接线板或 SDI2 互连缆线（已显示 B5512 控制主机）。
标注说明1控制主机（已显示 B5512）2B450 模块3接线板缆线4互连缆线 （部件号：F01U079745）（已随附提供）标注 ― 说明1 ― SIM 卡2 ― B44x 手机通信模块（单独提供）3 ― B450将通信模块插入 B450 的插槽中，具体情况取决于通信模块（一个具有SIM 卡；一个则没有 SIM 卡）。