英语专转本资料

英语专转本资料
英语专转本资料

英语的句子成分一般包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语等。

1.主语(Subject)

主语是句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事物。主语通常是一些代表事物性或实体性的问语。如:

Bookkeeping is all essential accounting tool. 簿记是会计的基本工具。

除了名词可担任主语外,还有代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句均可作主语,如He works in a big company. 他在一家大公司工作。

To drive car needs some knowledge of its performance. 要开汽车须对其性能有所了解。

Advertising is a way of bringing information to the public for the purpose of selling a product. 广告是一种给公众提供信息的方式,目的在于推销产品。

Whatever was said hear must be kept secret. 在这里所谈的一切都要保密。

2.谓语(Predicate)

谓语说明主语―做什么‖、―是什么‖或―怎么样‖。

I have read ―Romance of the West Chamber‖。我看过《西厢记》

Silent words of love acre passing between us. 无声的情话在我们之间交流。

We should promote our friendship on such a basis. 我们应该在这样的基础上促进我们的友谊。

They are dancing. 他们在跳舞。

3.宾语(Object)

宾语表示动作的对象,是主语的动作的承受者,有宾语的动词称为及物动词,宾语一般在及物动词之后,作宾语的词有名词,代词宾格,数词、动词不定式、动名词、复合结构、从句等,如:

Trust the students. 相信学生们吧。

Don't have anything more to do with him. 别再和他来往了。

How many do you need?We need ten. 你需要多少?十个。

They are planning to see the sights of Chongqing tomorrow. 他们打算明天游览重庆的名胜。

He dreamt of meeting and falling in love with a beautiful woman. 他梦想遇上并爱上美丽的女人。

You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. 几个小时以后你就会发觉疼痛慢慢减轻了。

We must find out ] who signed the contract. 我们要找出是谁签的合同。

4.定语(Attribute)

定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。如:

A small business may employ only one bookkeeper. 小企业可以只雇用一个簿记员。

除形容词之外,数词、名词所有格、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语、动名词、副词、从句等,都可作定语。

There is some exciting news on the newspaper today. 今天报上有令人兴奋的消息。

Every Saturday Mr. Black goes to the supermarket to do shopping. 每星期六,布莱克先生都去超级市场购物。

See the statement above. 见上文。

The faded flowers covered the ground. 地上满是凋谢的花朵。

It's a firm that specializes in hand-made furniture. 那是一家专门经营手工家具的公司。

5.状语(Adverbial)

状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的,表示时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等。

作状语的词有副词或相当于副词的其它词、短语、从句。如:

Accounting is one of the fastest growing fields in modern business world. 会计是现代商业领域中发展最快的部门之一。

To explain the difference briefly,the accountant sets up a bookkeeping system. 为了简洁地解释差异现象,会计师建立起簿记系统。

Personally,I hope you will make a holiday tour with me. 就我个人而言,我希望你能和我一起作一次假日旅游。

He was disappointed because his love of her was unrequited. 他感到失望,因为他对她的爱没有得到报答。

Seeing this,they became very worried. 看到这种情况,他们心里很着急。

Taken in time,the medicine will be quite effective. 如果吃得及时,这药是很有效的。

6.同位语(Appositive)

同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。

We Americans are hard-working. 我们美国人是勤劳的。

You two are very lazy. 你们两个很懒。

Winston Churchill,Britain's Prime Minister during the Second World War,died in 1965. 第二次世界大战中的英国首相温斯顿。邱吉尔死于1965年。

Shanghai,once the paradise for adventurers,is now the largest industrial base in China. 曾经是冒险家乐园的上海,现在是中国最大的工业基地。

7.补语(Complement)

(1)英语中有些及物动词虽然有了宾语,但句子的意思仍不完整,还需要在宾语之后增加一个成分以补足其意义,这种成分叫宾语补语。能作宾语补语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、动词不定式、分词。

They appointed him head of the department. 他们任命他当部门主任。

They painted the wall blue. 他们把墙刷成蓝色。

People regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light. 人们认为太阳是主要的热源和光源。

(2)当带有宾语的句子变成被动语态,句子原来的宾语就成了主语,而原来的宾补也就随之成了主补。试比较:

They appointed him head of the department.

He was appointed head of the department.

They painted the wall blue.

The wall was painted blue.

People regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light.

The sun is regarded as the chief source of heat and light.

第二节词类和构词法

1.词类

英语中的单词可以根据词义、句法作用和形式特征分为十大词类:

词类英语名称作用例词

名词Noun

(缩写为

n.)

表示人或事物的名称

party政党

China中国

代词Pronoun

(pron.)

用来代替名词、形容词或数词等

he他

that那

数词Numeral

(num.)

表示数量或顺序

One一

first第一

形容词Adiective

(adj.)

用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征、性质

safe安全

great伟大

副词Adverb

(adv.)

用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作

或性状的特征

hard艰苦

here这里

冠词Article

(ad.)

用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物

an, a

the

动词Verb

(v.)

表示人或事物的动作或状态

eat吃

have有

介词Preposition

(prep。)

用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之

间的关系

under在……下

in在……里

连词Conjunctio

n

(conj.)

用来连接词、短语或句子

and和

but但是

感叹词Interjection

(interj.)

表示说话时的感情或口气

hello喂

why呃,嗨

2.构词法

词的构成有一定的规律,这种规律称为构词法。英语构司法主要有三种:派生、合成和转化。

(1)派生:通过在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。

①后缀

后缀例词

名-er

-or farmer农夫weaver编织者pain-killer止痛药conductor售票员sailor水手transistor晶体管

词-ese

-ian

-ist

-ment

-ness

-bon

-ing

-ship

-age

-ty

-th

-ance

-ence

-ful

-al Chinese中国人Portuguese葡萄牙人Pekinese 北京人

musician音乐家Egyptian埃及人physician物理学家

scientist科学家dentist牙医communist共产党员

argument争议judgment判断government政府happiness幸福greatness伟大coldness寒冷dictation听写preparation准备repetition重复building建筑wedding婚礼painting绘画leadership领导friendship友谊hardship艰苦shortage短缺marriage婚姻leakage泄漏loyalty忠诚cruelty残酷penalty惩罚

truth事实warmth温暖length长度,acceptance接受assistance帮助reliance信任dependence依靠confidence信心reference参考mouthful一口handful满手plateful满盘refusal拒绝denial否认arrival到达

形容词-al

-an

-ern

-ble

-ful

-ish

-ive

-y

-less

-en

-ous

-ary

-ic

-some

-like

-ant

central中央的industrial工业的national国家的

European欧洲的American美国的Australian澳

大利亚的

eastern东方的northern北方的southern南方的

reasonable合理的horrible可怕的terrible可怕

cheerful快乐的grateful感谢的faithful忠实的

childish孩子的Swedish瑞典的selfish自私的

destructive毁灭的collective集体的active积极

thirsty渴的dirty脏的windy有风的

careless粗心的homeless无家的fearless不害怕

golden金色的wooden木头的woolen毛的

courageous勇敢的famous著名的contirluou8持

续的

imaginary想象的revolutionary革命的

secondary第二的

realistic现实的historic历史的poetic诗的

troublesome麻烦的burdensome累赘的

lonesome孤独的

childlike孩子般的womanlike像女人的manlike 男子似的

ignorant无知的significant重要的observant当心的

动词-ize

-en

-ify

realize实现modernize使现代化mechanize使机

械化

widen扩展strengthen加强lengthen加长

simplify使简单化beautify使美化terrify使害怕

副词-ly

-ward(s)

·wise

perfectly完美地happily幸福地terribly可怕地

towards朝onward向前backward向后

otherwise否则likewise同样地lengthwise纵长

数词

-teen

-ty

-th

thirteen十三fifteen十五eighteen十八

forty四十sixty六十twenty二十

ninth第九tenth第十twentieth第二十②前缀

前缀意思例词

a-

dis-

un-

en-

il-,in- im-,ir- mis-

re-处在……

不,否定

做相反动作

使可能

不,非

错误的,坏的

重复,再

arise升起aside在旁边alone单独的

dissatisfy不满意dishonest不诚实disappear消失

unable不能unknown未知的uncommon不平常的

unclose打开undress脱衣服uncover揭开

enrich使富裕enable使能够enslave使做奴隶

illogical不合逻辑的inactive不活跃的incapable无

能的

impossible不可能的impatient不耐烦的

irresponsible不负责的

misdoings坏事misunderstand误解misfortune不幸

rewrite重写remarry再婚reunite再联合

tele- inter- non- de- co- anti- ex-远程

相互,之间

不,非

向相反方向发展

共同

反(对)

以前的

telephone电话telegraph电报telescope望远镜

international国际的interact互相作用interchange

互换

non-existent不存在non-interference不干涉

non-conductor非导体

decentralize分散demobilize使复员defrost解冻

co-exist共存co-operate合作co-education男女同

anti-fascist反法西斯anti-tank反坦克anti-freeze防

冻剂

ex-husband前夫ex-president前总统ex-serviceman

退役军人

(2)合成(Composition):由两个或更多的词合成一个新词。

①合成形容词

构成方式例词

形容词+名词+ed middle-aged中年的cold-blooded冷血的

形容词+现在分词free-thinking有自由思想的strong-looking外貌健壮的

副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的far-seeing有远见的

名词+现在分词freedom-loving爱好自由的job-hunting找工作的

名词+过去分词water-covered被水覆盖的man-made人造的

副词+过去分词quickly-cured迅速治愈的well-known熟知的

形容词+名词first-class头等的full-time专职的

名词+形容词world-famous世界闻名的day-long整天的

②合成名词

构成方式例词

名词+名词horseback马背bank-note钞票

形容词+名词back-yard后院forehead前额

动名词+名词hiding-place躲藏处reading-room阅览室

动词+名词workshop车间copybook习字本

名词+动名词waterskiing 滑水运动handwriting书法

动词+副词get-off起飞break-in闯入

副词+动词output产量overflow泛滥

③合成动词

构成方式例词

名词+动词daydream空想

副词+动词overcome克服upturn翻起

形容词+动词white-wash粉刷

④合成副词和代词

however maybe wherever forever

himself everyone nobody myself something

(3)转化:指一个词不变化词形,而由一种词类转化为另一种或几种词类。

①名词转化为动词

center(n.)中心center(v.)集中

②名词转化为形容词

Asian(n.)亚洲人——Asian(adj.)亚洲的

surplus(n.)过剩——surplus(adj.)过剩的

③动词转化为名词

break(v.)打破——break(n.)间歇

④动词转化为副词

close (v.)关上—— close(adv.)靠近

⑤形容词转化为动词

clear(adj.)明确的——clear(v.)清除

⑥形容词转化为代词

all (adj.)全部的——all (pron.)全体

⑦形容词转化为副词

hard(adj.)坚硬的——hard(adv.)努力地

⑧形容词转化为名词

cold(adj.)冷——cold(n.)感冒

⑨连词转化为介词、副词

but(conj.)但是——but(prep.)除了

——(adv.)仅仅

⑩介词转化为副词

by (prep.)在……旁边——by(adv.)在一旁

第三节形容词和副词

形容词修饰的是名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、特征或状态。形容词在句子中

作定语、表语或宾语补足语。

Once a rich woman invited Martin Brown,a famous singer,to her house. 一次,一个有钱的妇女邀请一位著名的歌唱家马丁。布朗到她家去。(作定语)

These ideas may seem strange to you. 这些设想你也许觉得很新奇。(作表语)

They keep their room clean. 他们经常保持房间清洁。(作补语)

某些表示特征的形容词(如blind,dead,old,young,rich,poor,brave,wounded等)和定冠词连用从而名词化,可泛指一类人,在句中作主语、宾语等。作主语时,后面的谓语动词要用复数形式。例如:

The aged are well taken care of in our society. 在我们社会里老年人得到很好的照顾。

但是少数几个以-ed结尾的形容词(如accused,departed)与定冠词连用时可用来指个别人,作主语时,后面的谓语动词用单数形式。

The departed was a good teacher in our department. 死者是我们系的一位好老师。

副词修饰的是动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词在句子中大都作状语,也有一些副词作表语和定语。

After a while a light smoke came slowly out of the jar. 过了一会儿,一股淡淡的烟慢慢地从坛子里出来。(作状语)

I must be off now. 我得走了。(作表语)

I met her on my way home. 我在回家的路上遇见了她。(作定语)

1.形容词的比较级和最高级

规则变化:一般在单音节和部分双音节的形容词的词尾加-er或-esto大部分双音节和多

音节的形容词,则在其前面加more或most.

构成方法原级比较级最高级

单音节词在词尾加-er([E])或-est([ist))high

tall

higher

taller

highest

tallest

以字母e结尾的单音节词,只加-r或-st large

wide

larger

wider

largest

widest

以重读闭音节结尾的词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加-er或-est thin

big

thinner

bigger

thinnest

biggest

以辅音字母加y结尾的词,先把y变成i,再加- er

或-est

happy happier happiest

少数以-er,-ow,-ble结尾的双音节词,末尾也加-er 和-est或-r和-st Clever

low

able

Cleyerer

lower

abler

Cleverest

lowest

ablest

多数双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more和most difficu

lt

beautif

ul

more

difficdt

more

beautiful

most difficult

most beautiful

(1)形容词比较级用法

I thought he was actually poorer than he really was. 我原来认为他比实际上更穷。

It is better to be silent than to speak. 说话是银,沉默是金。

Reading is easier than speaking. 读比说容易。

(2)形容词最高级用法

John is the oldest (youngest,strongest,weakest,smallest,cleverest)boy in the class. 约翰是班上年龄最大的(最小的、身体最结实的、身体最差的、个子最小的、最聪明的)的男生。

Peter is the fattest (thinnest,biggest)boy on the team. 彼特是队里最胖(最瘦、个子最大)的队员。

She is the liveliest (happiest,heaviest,ugliest,friendliest,healthiest,hungriest,prettiest,sleepiest)of us all. 她是我们所有人中最活泼(最快乐、最重、最丑、最友好、最健康、最饿、最漂亮、最困倦)的人。

2.副词的比较级和最高级

(1)副词的比较级和最高级规则变化和形容词一样,只是词尾以ly结尾的副词(early 一词的lY不是词尾)须用more和most.

(2)副词比较级和最高级的用法与形容词相似。但副词最高级前面可以省去定冠词the (加the也可以)。例如:

You can jump much higher on the moon than on the earth. 你在月球上可以比在地球上跳得高得多。

She writes (the)most carefully of the three. 她在这三个人中写得最仔细。

3.形容词和副词比较等级的不规则变化

原级比较级最高级good

well

better best

bad(ly)

ill

worse[wE:s ]worst[wE:st] marnv

much

more most

little less least

far farther

further

farthest

furthest

old older

elder

o1dest

eldest

4.比较级的一些特殊的和其他的用法

(1)有些形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种不同形式,它们在意义上也有所不同:原级比较级最高级

old older较老,较旧(说明人的年纪大

或事物的年代的久远)

elder较年长(多用来区别人与人之

间的长幼)

oldest最老,最旧

eldest最年长

late later较迟,后来(指时间)

latter后者(和―前者‖对比,指顺序)

latest最近(指时间)

last最后(指顺序)

far

farther较远

further较远,进一步

farthest最远

furthest最远(常用于引申意义,表示―更进

一步的‖,―深一层的‖。)

(2)在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little,still,far,by far,even,

no,any,a great deal等状语词来修饰,表示―更……‖、―……得多‖等程度意义。例如:This is taking a little more time than we thought. 这比我们本来想的要多花一点时间。

He's for behind me. 他远远落后于我。

The Pacific is by for the largest ocean and covers almost half of the total ocean area. 太平洋要大得多,是最大的一个洋,几乎占整个海洋面积的一半。

(3)表示甲与乙在某一方面程度相同时,用―as+形容词(副词)原级+as‖的句型。例如:

They produce waste gases almost as harmful as the gases from factories. 它们(车辆)产生的废气几乎和工厂产生的废气一样有害。

(4)a.表示―几倍于‖、―比……多(大)几倍‖时用twice(两倍),three times (三倍)等加as…as结构来表示。

This skirt costs twice as much as that one. 这条裙子比那条贵一倍。

This room is three times as big as that one. 这间房屋比那间大两倍。

b.可用―…times+名词‖表示―……倍‖。

If you offered me six times the amount that you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh. 如果你出你刚才所出的钱的六倍,我仍然要我的那磅肉。

This reservoir is four times the size of that one. 这个水库有那个水库的四个大。

c.可用―…times+形容词(副词)比较级形式+than…‖表示―比……多(大、重、长……)……倍‖。

Give me three times more than Antonio borrowed from me. 加三倍还给我安东尼奥的借款吧。

d.另外还有:

He is twice my age. 他的年龄比我大一倍。

The output of plastic for 1977 was twice over that for 1979. 1979年的塑料产量是1977年的两倍。

The output of paper has more than doubled. 纸张的产量增加了一倍多。

The nation's grain output in l986 was 3.4 times that of l984. 1986年这个国家的粮食产量是1984年的3.4倍。

The output of cotton has increased three times as against l986. 棉花产量比1986年增加了两倍。

The output of oil was more than 2.5 times greater. 油的产量增加了2.5倍。

(5)可用―比较级+and+比较级‖(后面不接than从句)来表示―越来越……‖。

But she looked at me and cried harder and harder. 但是她看着我,哭得越来越厉害。

(6)可用―the+比较级+the+比较级‖来表示―越……就越……‖。例如:

They discovered that the farther away the feeding station was,the slower the dance was.他们发现喂食地点越远,舞就跳得越慢。

第四节介词

介词是虚词,介词不能单独作句子成分,只能用在名词、代词或作用相当于名词的其他词、词组或从句之前,与之一起构成介词短语充当句子成分。介词在英语中用得极为广泛、灵活,可组成许多成语和习惯用法,因此学习时要特别注意。

1.介词的种类

(1)简单介词

on,in,with,by,for,about等

(2)合成介词

into,out of,as for,without

(3)短语介词

by means of,because of,according to,in respect of,in contrast with,in spite of

(4)分词介词

including,concerning,considering,regarding,provided,given

2.介词短语

介词短语是由介词和构成介词短语的那部分名词或相当于名词的其他词或短语构成的。主要有下列几种:

(1)介词+名词

Aluminum and zinc can easily combine with the oxygen in the air. 铝和锌很容易与空气,户的氧化合。

(2)介词+代词

How much luggage can I take with me?我能带多少行李?

(3)介词+动名词

You learn to speak English by speaking it. 你用说英语这种方式来学说英语。

(4)介词+数词

Everything divides into two. 事物都是一分为二的。

(5)介词+另一个介词短语

The air was removed from between the two pipes. 空气已从两管之间抽出。

(6)介词+形容词或副词

It is far from satisfactory.

We have made some progress,but it is far from enough. 我们已经取得了一些进步,但还远远不够。

The door suddenly opened from within.

(7)介词十不定式

The airplane is about to take off. 这架飞机正要起飞。

(8)介词十分词

I consider the problem as settled. 我认为这个问题已经解决了。

(9)介词+从句

Liquids are different from solids in that liquids have no definite shape. 液体与固体的区别在于液体没有固定形状。

3.介词的用法

(1)作状语

According to molecular theory,all matter is made up of small particles called molecules.

根据分子理论,一切物质都是由叫做分子的小粒子组成的。

(2)作定语

These are movies and videotapes in foreign languages. 这些是外语影片和录像带。

Claims beyond the responsibilities of the suppliers can not be entertained. 供方责任以外的索赔不能受理。

(3)作表语

The result is beyond expectation. 结果是出乎意外的。

(4)作主补和宾补

Petroleum is considered of great value.(主语补语)石油被认为很有价值。

A force may set the ball in motion.(宾语补语)力可使球运动。

第五节连词

连接词、词组、句子或从句的词,叫做连词。连词主要可分为两类,即并列连词和从属连词。

1,并列连词

按词的意义来分,并列连词可分为:

1)表示意义转折的并列连词;2)表示因果关系的并列连词;3)表示选择的并列连词;4)其他并列连词。

1)表示意义转折的并列连词

这类连词有:but,while,yet,however,nevertheless等。

The price is very reasonable,but,in order to encourage business,we allow you a discount of 2%。这价格十分合理,为了促进业务,我方愿给2%折扣。

Some people waste food while other haven't enough. 有些人浪费食物,而另外一些人的食物却不够。

She is vain and foolish,and yet people like her. 她自负愚蠢,然而人们喜欢她。

2)表示因果关系的并列连词

这类连词有:for,so,therefore,hence等。

It must be snowing,for it is so bright outside. 天一定在下雪,因为外面这么亮。

It rained;therefore the game was called off. 天下雨,所以比赛被取消了。

The word is an uncountable noun and is used in a general sense,hence (therefore)it takes no article.

这个词是不可数名词,又用于一般意义,所以不要加冠词。

3)表示选择的并列连词

这类连词有:or,either……or,neither……nor,whether……or.

Please either come in or go out:don't stand there in the doorway. 请你要么进来,要么出去,不要站在门口。

Whether you like it or not,you will have to do it 你必须做这件事,不管你喜欢还是不喜欢。

4)其他并列连词

这类连词有:and,as well as,not only……but also,both……and等。

This is the rock-bottom price and any further reduction is out of the question. 本价格为最低价,不能再降。

Hawks eat not only chickens but also field mice. 鹰不仅吃小鸡也吃田鼠。

It sold both precious stones and the better kinds of jewellry. 它出卖珍贵的钻石和上等珠宝。

2.从属连词

从属连词有:when,before,after,as,while,because,if,since,until,unless,

than,that,whether,so that,as soon as,as long as,as if,as though,suppose

(that),provided that,in case (that),on condition (that),now that,so……that,such……that等。(用法请参考从句)

He was just preparing to go to town when it began to rain. 他正要准备进城时天突然下起雨来了。

All things are difficult before they are easy. 万事开头难。

When a chemical change takes place,one or more substances are formed. 当化学变化发生时,就形成了一种或多种物质。

Einstein cared hale for money,though he could have been very rich. 虽然爱因斯坦本可以非常富有,但是他对金钱却不感兴趣。

A just cause enjoys abundant support while an unjust cause finds little support. 得道多助,失道寡助。

As he was tired,he took a rest. 由于他累了,他休息了一下。

A gas becomes hotter if it is compressed. 气体受压缩,温度就升高。

Batteries should be kept in dry place lest electricity should leak away. 电池应置于干燥的地方,以免漏电。

We can know the voltage provided we know both the current and resistance. 只要我们知道电流和电阻,我们就能够求出电压。

On condition that the liquid is cooled still further,it will mm to a solid. 如果把液体进一步冷却,它就会变成固体。

All living things respire as long as they live. 一切生物只要活着都要呼吸。

As the atomic numbers increase,the atomic weights increase. 原子量是随着原子序数的增加而增加。

Electricity has found wide applications since it was discovered. 电自发现以来已得到了广泛的应用。

The temperature in the sun is so high that nothing can exist in solid state. 太阳内的温度是如此之高,以致没有东西能以固态存在。

第六节情态动词

情态动词和不带to的动词不定式一起构成谓语,但ought除外。情态动词有一定的词义,没有人称和数的变化。它表示说话人的语气或情态,如请求、命令、愿望、能力以及可能性等。英语的情态动词有:

can,could

may,might

must

ought to

shall,should

will,would

dare,dared

need

1. can,could

(1)能,能够、会、可以

Energy can be changed from one form into another. 能可以从一种形式变成另一种形式。

We can buy a car by instalments. 我们可以以分期付款买轿车。

(2)许可

You can (= may)go home now. 你现在可以回家了。

(3)用于条件句中

If he comes,he can help us. 如果他来,他能帮助我们。

I could come earlier,if necessary. 如果有必要,我可早些来。

(4)表怀疑,难以置信

He couldn't (can't)be her father;he is too young.

(5)could + have + p. p. 婉转地责备、遗憾

He could have passed the exam. 他当时本该通过考试。

(6)be able to是can的同义结构,常用以表示cm所不能表示的未来或完成的概念。如:

①Thus,we shall be able to determine the amount of alcohol burned. 这样,我们就可以确定燃烧掉的酒精量。

They have not been able to come. 他们没有能来。

2. may 和might

(1)允许、请求

Excuse me,may I have a glass of water?对不起,我可以喝水吗?

(2)可能,或许;用might语气更加不肯定

These ideas may seem strange to you. 这些想法或许令你感到惊怪。

He might get lost. 他可能迷路了。

(3)may (might)+ have + pp表对过去的推测

She may (might)have missed the bus. 她也许没赶上车。

(4)表祝愿

May all your dreams come true. 愿你们的梦想成真。

May it be so. 但愿如此。

(5)be allowed to是may的同义结构,可表达现在、过去和将来时态。如:

You will be allowed to use this computer. 你可以用这台计算机。

3. must

(1)必须,应该

The auditor must conduct sufficient verification. 审计师必须进行充分的验证。

(2)must not意为―不应该‖,―不许‖;need not是must的否定回答

We must not be afraid of difficulties. 我们不应该害怕困难。

Must I return the book.?—Yes,you must. 我必须还这本书吗?是的。

—No,you needn't. 不,不必。

(3)must + have + pp 表对过去的推测

I can't find my umbrella. Someone must have taken it. 我找不到我的伞,一定是被谁拿走了。

(4)must + be + -ing 一定在

They must be talking about us now. 他们准在谈论我们。

(5)have to是must的同义结构,可表达现在,过去和将来时态。

We will have to change our plan. 我们得改变计划。

4. ought to

(1)应该

We ought to make the most of our time. 我们应该尽量用好时间。

(2)ought to + have + pp 表过去没完成的事

She ought to have come to see me two days ago,but she forgot. 她本来应该在两天前来看我,可是她忘了。

(3)表推测

This arrangement ought to please them. 这个安排应该会令他们高兴。

5. shall

(1)命令,警告,允诺,威胁,强制,决心

Everything shall be done to save the ship. 一定要竭尽全力来拯救这艘船。

You shall follow the doctors advice. 你得听医生的。

If you work hard,you shall hate a day off. 如果你努力工作,你就可以放一天假。

(2)征求意见

——Shall I close the door?我关上门好吗?

——Yes,please. (No,please don't. )

(3)在法律、合同中,表示义务或强制性行为

The present treaty shall come into force immediately after its ratification. 本条约在批准后将立即生效。

Gambling in any form shall be banned. 各种赌博必须予以禁止。

6. should

(1)应该

A formal written appraisal should be prepared annually. 每年应该准备一份正式的评价报告。

(2)推测

They should be home by now. 现在他们应该到家了。

(3)should + have + pp 表过去应做但没做的事。含有责备的意思。

This conclusion should have been double-checked. 该结论本应该反复核对。

(4)表愤怒,不满,失望

I am very sorry that he should be so careless. 真遗憾,他竟然这么粗心。

(5)用于让步从句中

He run away lest he should be seen. 他跑开了,以免被看见。

7. will

(1)请求

Will you lend me your dictionary?请你把词典借我好吗?

(2)表意图,决心

I won't let you down. 我不会令你失望。

(3)表推测

That will be the postman at the door. 在门口的一定是邮递员。

(4)自然规律,习惯动作

Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水会死。

Water will boil at 100 degrees centigrade. 水在摄氏100度开。

8. would

(1)委婉请求或命令

Would you take a seat?请坐!

(2)表过去习惯性动作

He would sit there for hours,doing nothing. 他常一连几个小时坐在那里,什么也不做。

(3)表过去的一种倾向

He told us that the box would not open. 他告诉我们盒子打不开。

(4)表对过去的猜测

That would be in 1966,I think. 我想那大概发生在1966年。

9. dare 和dared

(1)敢

How dare you speak to me like that?你怎敢那样对我说话?

No one dared speak of it. 当时没人敢谈论此事。

(2)有时后面跟不定式,用作行为动词

He dares to think,to speak,and to act. 他敢想,敢说,敢干。

10. need

(1)―需要‖,用于否定句和疑问句中

Need I show you my passport?——Yes,you must. 我需要出示护照吗?是的。

——No,you needn't. 不,不必啦。

We didn't need to call the doctor. 我们不必请大夫。

(2)needn't + have + pp 本不必做

She needn't have watered the flowers. 她本不必浇花。

七节被动语态

被动语态的句子中的主语是动作的承受者,即行为的对象。

被动语态的构成是由助动词be加上及物动词的过去分词。be的人称和数要和句中主语一致,并表现出时态特征。

凡是不愿或不必说出主动者时,使用被动语态。此外,在强调或突出动作对象时,常使

用被动语态。

现以动词tell为例,将各种人称数和时态的被动语态列表如下:

一般现在时I +am

He (She)+ is + told You (We, They)+ are

一般过去时

+ told

I (He, She)+ was

We (You, They)+ were

一般将来时

+be told

I (We)+will (shall)

You (He, She, They)+ will 过去将来时

+ be told

I (We)+ should

You (He, She, They)+ would 现在完成时

+ been told

I (We, You, They)+ have

He (She)+ has

过去完成时I (You, He, She, + had + been + told We, You, They)

现在进行时I +am

He (She)+ is + being told You (We, They)+ are

过去进行时I (He, She)+ was

+ being told

We (You, They)+ were

1.用法

(1)一般现在时

A statement of owners' equity is frequently prepared to accompany the balance sheet and income statement. 通常编写所有者权益表随同资产负债表和收益表。

All our shoes are made by hand. 我厂出品的鞋都是手工制造的。

The article is retailed at a higher price than when it was bought wholesale. 物品的零售价高于购进时的批发价。

(2)一般过去时

She was praised for her economical management of the budget. 她因对预算的管理有方而被表扬。

An urgent telephone call was made to the company's treasure. 公司财务收到一个紧急电话。

(3)一般将来时

Your will be introduced to the office building. 将向您介绍办公大楼。

Will storekeepers be prosecuted for raising prices without government permission?店主会不会因未得到政府许可提价而被起诉?

(4)过去将来时

She told me that her father would be taken to hospital the next morning. 她告诉我第二天早晨她的父亲将被送到医院去。

(5)现在完成时

These trade terms have been developed by mercantile custom and standardized to a certain extent. 这些贸易条款是在商业惯例中形成并在一定程度上标准化了的。

The consumers should unlearn the propoganda with which they have been fed by the advertizers. 消费者应当摒弃广告商所作的广泛的宣传。

(6)过去完成时

They told him that the meeting had been cancelled. 他们告诉他会议已被取消。

(7)现在进行时

In some developed countries,children are being taught by computers. 在一些发达国家,孩子们的课程是用计算机讲授的。

Computers are being used to predict the weather. 计算机正被用来预测天气。

(8)过去进行时

The conversation was being recorded. 那时在对那次谈话进行录音。

The street was being widened. 街道那时在加宽。

The problem was being studied. 那时在研究这个问题。

(9)有两个宾语的主动结构变被动结构

We allowed them a commission of 5 per cent. 我们给他们5%的手续费。

① They were allowed a commission of 5 per cent.

② A commission of 5 per cent was allowed them by us.

We shall give Mr. John a warm welcome. 我们将热烈欢迎约翰先生。

① Mr. John will be given a warm welcome.

② A warm welcome will be given to Mr. John.

(10)动词不定式的被动结构

A new study plan (work plan)has to be made. 必须制定一个新的学习计划(工作计划)。

He will have to be tried for murder. 他因犯杀人罪将要受到审判。

The project is (going)to be completed in October. 这项工程将在十月份完工。

2.在英语中,被动语态用于下列场合:

(1)当我们不知道或者没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者时(这时都不用由by引起的短语)

My watch has been stolen. 我的表已被偷了。(不知道谁偷的)

On Saturday night,on her way home from work,she was robbed. 星期六晚上,在下班回家的路上,她被抢了。

(2)当我们要强调动作的承受者时

Qu Yuan is also remembered on this day. 也在这一天纪念屈原。

He will never be forgotten. 永远不会忘记他。

(3)当出于礼貌,措词等方面的考虑不愿说出谁是动作的执行者时,例如:

You are requested to give a performance. 请你表演一个节目。

3.主动句表示被动含义

(1)及物动词need,want,require,deserve,bear等之后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

This issue requires dealing with great care. 该问题需仔细研究。

The new instruments want very careful handling. 这些新仪器必须轻拿轻放。

(2)动词find+名词含有被动意义,这时主语多为非生物。如:

Electronics finds its application in navigation. 电子学在航海上得到应用。

(3)在有些性质形容词后用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如:

Atom is too small to see. 原子小得看不见。

The question is easy to answer. 这个问题很容易回答。

(4)在形容词worth之后,用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如:

This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

Three points are worth quoting for our purpose. 就我们的目的而言,有三点值得引证。

(5)get+过去分词表示被动意义。如:

This question got talked about a little. 该问题曾略加议论过。

(6)有些介词短语作表语或定语时,表示被动意义。如:

The question is under discussion. 问题正在讨论。

The phenomenon under study is very interesting. 在研究中的现象十分有趣。

第八节虚拟语气

表示所说的不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而只是一种愿望,假设或猜测。

1. 表示和现在事实相反的假设:

He is honest. If he were dishonest,I should not trust him. 他是诚实的。如果他不诚实的话,我就不会信任他。

He is not alive. If he were alive today,he would be a hero. 他死了。如果他今天活着的话,他会是个英雄。

If there were no air,there would be no living things. 如果没有空气,就没有生物。

If there were no gravity,we should not be able to walk. 如果没有引力,我们就不能行走。

In fact,I am not there. If I were there,I could solve the problem by myself. 事实上,我没有在那里。如果我在那里的话,我自己就能解决这个问题。

2. 表示和过去事实相反的假设:

If there had been no air,there would have been no living things. 如果当初没有空气,也就没有生物了。

You didn't come here yesterday. If you had come here yesterday,you would have seen him.

昨天你没有来。如果昨天你到这里来了的话,你就看见他了。

If had not obeyed him,I might have been punished. 要是我那时不服从他的话,我可能受处分。

3.和将来事实相反的假设:

if从句主句

should+ 动词原形

were to+动词原形

should(would)+ 动词原形

动词过去式

If he should be here tomorrow,he would call me up. 万一他明天来这里的话,他会给我打电话的。(来的可能性很小)

If it were to rain tomorrow,the match would be cancelled. 万一明天下雨的话,就将取消比赛。(下雨的可能性极小)

4.虚拟语气的一些其他用法

(1)在动词with,suggest,demand,insist 和order等后面的宾语从句中,一般用虚拟语气(在用should+动词原形时,should常可省略,而只用动词原形,且用于所有的人称)。例如:

I suggest that we (should)repair the machine at once. 我提议我们立刻修这台机器。

The leader of the team ordered that all (should)finish the work by supper time. 队长命令晚饭前都必须完成工作。

He insisted that all (should)attend the meeting. 他坚持大家都要参加那个会议。

(2)在―It is time(that)+从句‖的结构中,从句的谓语动词用过去式,表示―该做某事了,时间已经有些晚了‖的意思。这也是一种虚拟语气。例如:It is time we went to work. 我们该去工作了。

(3)在由as if,so that,in order that,as though等引导的状语从句中,也往往用虚拟语气形式。例如Annie treated me exactly as if I were a seeing and hearing child. 安妮对待我就好象我是一个能看能听的孩子似的。

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5. Don’t waste t ime on self-congratulation; there is still work to do. 不要因为沾沾自喜而浪费时间;还有工作要做呢。 技巧三:语词的增译和省译 6. He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. 他吃点东西,喝点酒,因为他疲惫不堪了。 用增词法试着翻译: 1. 累得我走不动了。 2. 留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。 1. It makes me so tired that I can’t walk any more. 2. While/Where there is life, there is hope. 7. As she sat down and began talking, words poured out. 她一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。 8. I could have skinned Rupert in front of the whole audience. 我真恨不得当着听众的面剥了鲁伯特的皮。 9. The doctor put the baby in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead. 医生将婴儿放到她怀里,吻了吻孩子的前额。 A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。

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