旅游英语翻译论文
从目的论角度分析中文景点名称的翻译
学科分类号：050201 湖南****学院本科生毕业论文题目（中文）：从目的论角度分析中文景点名称的翻译（英文）：Analysis of Translation of ChineseScenic Spots Names from thePerspective of Skopos Theory学生姓名：*** 学号*****系部：外语系专业年级：英语翻译专业指导教师（姓名）：* *（职称）：教授Analysis of Translation of Chinese Scenic SpotsNames from the Perspective of Skopos Theory内容摘要20世纪70年代，功能派翻译理论兴起于德国。
功能派学者弗米尔和诺德提出了目的论，其指出翻译是以原文为基础的有目的和有结果的行为，翻译必须遵循一系列原则。
目的论有三个重要的原则：目的原则，连贯原则和忠实原则，其中，目的原则居于首位。
这些原则为中国旅游景点名称的翻译提供了充分的理论指导。
当前，跨境旅游日趋兴盛，大量的外国游客涌入中国。
在阅读旅游资料时，景点名称是最先跃入眼帘的信息，能否抓住游客的眼球，第一印象非常重要。
然而，目前的中文景点名称翻译存在诸多问题，如单一的音译或意译，拼写错误，忽略旅游背景信息而误译等。
景点名称翻译存在的问题会给国外游客带来不便，阻碍旅游业的发展，所以必须立即改善其翻译的现状。
在目的论指导下，译者可以运用目的论三原则来指导翻译实践，准确地译出中文景点名称所蕴含的信息，从而向国外传播独特的中国文化。
此外，从目的论角度分析景点名称翻译，运用相关的翻译方法，如直译、意译、音译加解释、词语美化和信息删减法，能解决当前景名翻译存在的一些问题，增强旅游译文的可读性，最终达到沟通交流的目的。
这样不仅能让外国游客了解中国的旅游景点，品味其独特的文化魅力，还能更好地促进中国旅游业国际化的发展，为中国经济增添活力。
关键词：中文景点名称翻译；目的论；翻译原则；翻译方法AbstractIn 1970s, functionalist translation theory arose in Germany. Functional scholars Vermeer and Nord proposed the Skopos Theory, which pointed out that translation has its own purpose and result based on the original text and should follow a set of rules. There are three important rules: purpose rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule, but the purpose rule is the most significant. All of these rules provide sufficient theoretical guidance for translation of Chinese scenic spots names.Nowadays, cross-border tourism is increasingly flourishing and a large number of foreign tourists are crowding into China. When foreign tourists read tourist information, the first information jumps into their eyes is the scenic spot name. Therefore, the first impression is very important in order to catch the attention of visitors. However, the current translation of Chinese scenic spots names has many problems, such as single transliteration or onefold free translation, spelling errors, mistranslation due to the neglect of tourism background information, and so on. The problems existing in translation would confuse foreign visitors and hinder development of tourism industry, so the current situation of the translation must be improved soon.Under the guidance of Skopos Theory, the translator can apply its three rules to guide the translation practice and accurately translate the information in Chinese scenic spots names so as to spread the unique and charming Chinese culture to foreigners. And through the analysis of scenic spots names from the perspective of Skopos Theory, the relevant translation methods, such as literal translation, free translation, transliteration plus explanation, word embellishment and cancellation of excessive information can be implemented to address current problems in translation of sites names so as to enhance the readability of tourist translation and ultimately to achieve the purpose of communication and exchange. It will not only allow foreigners to understand China’s tourist attractions and taste its unique cultural charm, but also to better promote the international development of China’s tourism industry and augment new vigor to economy growth.Key Words：translation of Chinese scenic spots names; Skopos Theory; translation rules; translation methodsContentsIntroduction (5)1. Notions of Skopos Theory ............................................................................................... .81.1 The Development of Skopos Theory (9)1.2 Three Basic Rules of Skopos Theory (11)2. Overview of Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots Names (12)2.1 Current Problems in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots Names (12)2.2 Causes of Existing Problems in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots Names (15)3. Application of Skopos Theory in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots Names (17)3.1 Three Basic Rules of Skopos Theory in Translation of Scenic Spots Names (18)3.1.1 Purpose Rule (18)3.1.2 Coherence Rule (21)3.1.3 Fidelity Rule (23)3.2 Translation Methods of Scenic Names under Guidance of Skopos Theory (25)3.2.1 Literal Translation for Keeping Content and Structure of Original Text (26)3.2.2 Free Translation for Remaining Meaning and Spirit of Original Text (28)3.2.3 Transliteration plus Explanation for Extension of Chinese Culture (31)3.2.4 Word Embellishment for Idyllic Scenic Spots Names (33)3.2.5 Cancellation of Excessive Information of Translation (35)Conclusion (38)Notes (40)References (41)IntroductionIn 1970s, functionalist translation theory arose in Germany. Functional scholars Vermeer and Nord proposed the Skopos Theory, which has freed translation studies from the bondage of original text. According to Skopos Theory, translation has its own purpose and result based on the original text and should follow a set of rules. There are three important rules: purpose rule, coherent rule and fidelity rule, but the purpose rule is the most significant and the purpose of translation determines the translation strategies and methods.[1] Skopos Theory has been introduced into China since 1987, the relevant research is involved in translation teaching, literary translation, tourism translation, business translation and in other fields. In 1997, Chinese scholar Xue Siliang introduced the Skopos Theory of translation in academic journals to make Chinese readers understand the theory and its importance in translation. In 2004, Jia Wenbo pointed out that the term “Skopos Theory” itself means “the purpose of target text”. From his view point, translator can combine communicative function of translation and social background of target readers to determine the specific translation approach of target language.[2]With the rapid development of tourism, scholars both at home and abroad pay more and more attention to translation of scenic spots names and the relevant academic works also emerge endlessly. In 1996, Graham M.S.Dann first analyzed the tourism language and tourist text from sociolinguistic perspective in his book The Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective and indicated that tourism language and its translation were used to attract more potential tourists.[3] Then in 1998, Peter Newmark classified translational text into three types in his book A Text Book of Translation, namely expressive text, informative text and vocative text.[4]Tourism translation belongs to vocative text and includes introduction of names and background of tourist attractions, advertisement of tourism, and tourist signs, etc. In 2002, Erik Castello analyzed the language structure of travel brochures, travel magazines, tourist websites and tour-guide in his book Tourist-information Text: A Corpus-based Study of Four Related Genre, and carried out a comparative study.While in China Lai Shaohua po inted out in “Translation of Culture in Tourism Materials” that the readers’ background should be given the priority in translation of tourism materials and original information should be kept in translation to a large extent. Jia Xiuhai said in “Translation Skills of Terminology in Cultural Scenic Spots” that the translation of tourist attraction names should not simply adopt transliteration, which is lack of novelty and of introduction about tourism culture. And he suggested that relevant information should be consulted before translation and the ways of literal translation, free translation and transliteration plus explanation can be used to improve translation of scenic spots names.[5] Besides, Chen Gang expressed inhis book Tourism Translation and Guide-Interpreting Studies that tourism translation is a professional practice for tourism activities and tourism industry. The translation of scenic spots names and materials is a complex, cross-language and cross- society activity, which is more outstanding and comprehensive than other translations.[6]But for now, present translation of scenic spots names in China is unsatisfying and disappointing. There are often three or four translation versions of the same tourist attraction, which makes foreigners uneasy to comprehend, besides, the translator just adopts single transliteration or free translation while ignoring the background information behind the scenic name, which is hard to embody the unique charm of scenic spots. All these problems in translation should be immediately addressed. Scholars at home and abroad have a more in-depth discussion about Skopos Theory, which emphasizes that the purpose of translation determines the whole process of translation and the results determine translational methods. While the purpose of translation of scenic spots names is to precisely and cleverly transmit tourist information and attract foreign tourists, and the purpose determines that translation activities should regard it as the starting point and destination. Therefore, the combination of Skopos Theory and tourism translation is a perfect match.With Skopos Theory as the theoretical guidance, the deficiency of translation of scenic spots names can be lessened and a lot of troubles caused by the language differences can be removed. Besides, to interpret thetranslation of scenic spots names from the perspective of Skopos Theory will not only allow foreigners to understand China’s tourist attractions and taste its unique cultural charm, but also to better promote Chinese tourism, especially its international development. The coupling of Skopos Theory and translation of scenic spots names can effectively solve the current problems existing in translation, enhance the translation’s readability and reader’s acceptance, offer a new guideline for tourism translation teaching and showcase China’s tour-industry to other parts of the world at same time.1. Notions of Skopos TheorySkopos Theory was first put forward by Vermeer, who tried to liberate the translation from the confinement of source text and aimed to explain the translation activity from the viewpoint of target language. “Skopos” means purpose or intention in Greek. The core concept of Skopos Theory is that the purpose of the whole translation determines the process of translation. In the frame of V ermeer’s Skopos Theory, the audience is the most important factor to shape the translation purpose. They have their own cultural background and their own demand and expectation for translation. Therefore each translation directs at a certain audience and it is generated with a particular purpose. Vermeer once said that any action has an aim, a purpose and the word “Skopos” is a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation. And anaction leads to a result, a new situation or event.[7] In other words, each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose.1.1 The Development of Skopos TheorySince Skopos Theory didn’t come out within a short time, a brief introduction of early functionalist views is needed so as to outline the whole situation. There are four people who have devoted much to the development of modern functionalism in translation studies, and they are Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Justa Holz-Manttari and Christina Nord.Katharina Reiss first introduced the functional category into translation criticism and connected language function, text type with translation strategy. Her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism may be perceived as the starting point for the scholarly analysis of translation in Germany. On the basis of equivalence, Reiss developed translation criticism on the relationship between the source and target texts. As she said that ideal translation would be one in which the aim in the target language is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a source- language text.[8] According to Reiss, translation methods have connection with the particular target audience, special purpose intended for the translation and the type of text. Her viewpoints offer a beacon for the following people.Later, Hans Vermeer, one of Reiss’s students, founded Skopos Theory on the foundation of Reiss’s viewpoint and had gone further in trying to bridge the gap between theory and practice. He regarded the translation as a kind of behavior full of intention and purpose and tried to liberate the translation from the confinement of the source text. Translation should follow a series of rules, of which the purpose rule is in the first place. That is to say, translation depends on its purpose, and the translator should adopt corresponding translation strategies according to different purposes and should decide what can be remained and what needs to be adjusted or modified. According to Vermeer’s remarks, each translation is directed at an intended audience, since to translate means to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances.[9]Then, Justa Holz-Manttari drew on the communicative and behavioral theory and came up with theory of translation action so as to further develop the functionalist translation theory. In her theory, translation is defined as “a complex action designed to achieve a particul ar purpose.”[10] The generic term for this phenomenon is “translational action”, whose purpose is to transfer messages across language and culture barriers by means of message transmitters produced by experts in order to coordinate communicative and actional cooperation. The theory and Vermeer’s theory have a lot in common, and later Vermeer integrated the two theories.Subsequently, Christina Nord comprehensively summarized and combedfunctionalist theories, and suggested that translators should follow the model of “functionality-plus-loyalty”, which perfected the Skopos Theory. That’s the growth of Skopos Theory.1.2 Three Basic Rules of Skopos TheoryFrom Skopos Theory, translation should follow a series of rules, namely the purpose rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. Among them, purpose rule is in the first place and purpose of translation determines the translation strategies and methods.[11]Purpose rule can be divided into three categories: the basic purpose of translator (such as earning a living), the communication purpose of translation (such as enlightening readers), and the use of a particular translation means to achieve the purpose (such as using literal translation).[12]But generally speaking, “purpose” refers to the communicative purpose of translation, namely “the translation has a communicative function on target readers in target social and c ultural context”.Coherence rule refers that translation should meet the coherent standard, which is readable and acceptable to readers and can make them understand the culture and context of target language.[13] Translation is successful only when people think that translational information conforms to their environment and background.Fidelity rule deals with the link between translation and original text, that is to say the translation should be faithful to original text. Besides, fidelity rule chiefly focuses on the relationship between translator and original author, customer and receiver. In a word, the three rules constitute the basic aspects of Skopos Theory, and coherence rule and fidelity rule must obey the purpose rule.2.Overview of Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots NamesScenic spots names, as an indispensable and special part of tourism materials, aim at attracting potential tourists to pay a visit and diffusing tourist information to others. While for foreign visitors, the first information about China’s scenery is the translation of scenic spots names, which contains the unique and distinctive charm and rich culture of China. The successful and outstanding translation of scenic spots names can brilliantly show characters of China’s tourist attractions to foreigners and stimulate their infinite desire to visit the attractions. Besides, it can further promote the international development of China’s touris m industry and add vitality to the development of national economy. However, there are still numerous problems in translation of scenic spots names in China.2.1 Current Problems in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots NamesNow, the current translation of scenic spots names in China is far from satisfactory and plenty of problems can be detected in translation, which hinders the promotion of Chinese history, famous mountains and great rivers, and rich culture to foreign tourists. And the problems in translation have been analyzed and listed as follows.Firstly, multi-versions of the same attraction name. People frequently perceive that a proper name tends to have several translational versions and the same travel place may be translated in a wide variety of names in different tourist books, maps or brochure, and other public materials as well. It may confuse or mislead the understanding of foreigners and lead them to think whether the translated names refer to the same place or other places, which would affect the effectiveness of advocating scenic spots. Meanwhile, it could damp the whole image of the scenic spot.Numerous beautiful parks could be discovered in Guangxi Province where they have no uniformed names in translation. For example,“鱼峰公园”has four renderings like Standing Fish Park, Standing-fish Hill Park, Yufeng Park and Yufeng Scenery District.“鹅山公园”has three translation editions such as: E Shan Park, Ershan Hill Park and Ershan Youth Park. The same problem can be picked out in“雨花石博物馆”without a standard translation version. It has been translated as Rain Flower Stone Museum in guide map, as Yuhua Pebbles Museum in statues and as Rain Flower Pebbles Museum intourist signs. All the three versions refer to the same museum, but different versions may bewilder overseas tourists.Secondly, spelling errors can be beheld in multiple tourist spots when you make an attempt to go on a trip. Though quite obvious and striking, those errors have no connection with translators’ ability and competence but with their or printers’ carelessness and perfunctoriness, which can be removed and addressed in time. Examples are as follows: the Chinese name of “古五松园” is carved as Garden of Ancient Five Pine Tress near entrance, which should be corrected as Garden of Ancient Five Pine Tre es. “圆沙城门遗址” in northwest part of China is labeled as Gate of Y uansh Sites, where Yuansh should be rectified as Yuansha. Another sample is “儿童游乐场” in Changsha, whose translation is Children’ A musement Pavr and we all know that the Pavr needs to be changed into the correct word Park.Thirdly, the ignorance of the cultural information. Plenty difficulties occur in translation process due to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries. A large amount of translators are accustomed to translate scenic spots names within Chinese mindset and expression. A translator who ignores target readers’ background information is very likely to generate insufficient versions or neglect essential elements．If only translating the scenic spots names from the literal meaning without concerning background information and cultural contents, translator may lead to a wrong way.“寒山寺” is a famous tourist spot in Jiangsu Province, which is simply translatedinto Cold Mountain Temple. Actually speaking, “寒山”isn’t the name of a mountain, but the name of a monk. So the name of this temple should be explained as Hanshan Temple. Let’s take another example, located in the West Lake,“三老石室”is misunderstood as Three Old Men by local tour-guide, while “三老”refers to three venerables who are famous for the art of seal-engraving. Combining the background information of this tourist spot, it should be translated as the Stone Chamber of Three Venerables.In addition, misunderstanding of tourist spots and misuse of translation methods can also contribute to problematic translation. Beyond doubt, existing problems in translation of scenic spots names could twist the information in tourist spots and the quality of translation would influence the potential foreign tourists. Therefore, in order to play an irreplaceable and significant role of scenic spots names in China and to advocate Chinese culture and traditions to other parts of the world, it is transparent and urgent to improve the present situation of translation of scenic spots names and much more attentions should be paid into this field. Fortunately, the causes of those problematic translation will be analyzed in next part.2.2 Causes of Existing Problems in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots NamesThe causes of present situation in translation of scenic spots names arecomplicated and various, and are not aroused just by one person or community. There are mainly 3 causes of the above translation problems.In the first place, the administrative authorities haven’t pa id much attention to the supervision in process of translation. The multi-versions of the same scenic spot will cause confusion to foreign tourists who may think multi-translations refer to different places in China, and the error spellings of English words could also cloud tourists and damage image of scenery. Problematic translations caused by nonchalance or irresponsibility of administrative authorities can be adapted and corrected soon if attached importance during the course of translation.In the second place, the producer of tourist brochures and signs knows nothing about English or has no idea of inviting a professional translator to design the English name of tourist spots so as to reduce the cost. Besides, the producer may think that there is no necessary to proofread the translational version of tourist spots names because Chinese travelers won’t give a glimpse at it and the foreigners can just guess its meaning or experience the attractions by themselves.In the third place, many natural and cultural terms unique in Chin a’s tourist spots pose a great difficulty for translators in translation. The translator may treat the name with natural and cultural terms in their own ways, whose translation may be considered as insufficiency and deficiency and cannot fully express the cultural connotation of the original text. What’s more, theforeigners can’t seize the useful and helpful information they need to enjoy the whole scenic spots.From above analysis of problems in translation of scenic spots names, the current mistakes can be cleared out and avoided because they mainly occur due to the translator’s negligence and incapability and manager’s carelessness. Relatively speaking, the problematic translation seriously or senselessly breaches the three rules of Skopos Theory, namely the purpose rule, coherence rule, and fidelity rule in translation and a comprehensive implementation of these rules can cast the problems in translation away.3.Application of Skopos Theory in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots NamesVermeer argued that any form of translation, including translation itself, can be regarded as a form of behavior and any behavior has a given goal or purpose.Translation of scenic spots names belongs to the translation of practical writings, which has a real purpose. In general, the purpose of translation of scenic spots names mainly involves three aspects: first, let tourists know related situation of scenic attractions through the translation, such as cultural background, historical origin and so on; second, arouse the curiosity of foreign tourists through the description of attractions and engage them to have a trip; third, motivate tourists emotion through vivid text.Therefore, it’s easy to find that Skopos Theory is important and significant in guiding the practical translation of scenic spots names.3.1 Three Basic Rules of Skopos Theory in Translation of Scenic Spots NamesVermeer brought forward that translation is full of purpose and intention, and is viewed as cross-cultural transfer and communicational action. Hence, Vermeer provided Skopos Theory to usher translation practice and said quality of translation isn’t determined by the source texts, but by the purpose of translation, that is “the end justifies the means”.[14] However, this newly invented theory has triggered criticism from scholars who support equivalence theory and believe that Skopos Theory excessively emphasizes on purpose of translation, which should be faithful to the source text. Faced with these doubts, V ermeer and other representatives of functionalism put forward three rules of Skopos Theory: the purpose rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule. It is apparent that the purpose of translation of tourist attractions names is to engage foreigners to visit that place, so the application of three rules in translation can be a good way to develop the particular function of scenic spot names.3.1.1 Purpose RuleThe purpose rule, among the top in Skopos Theory, is to help translators realize the function of translation. Purpose rule deals with that each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. Therefore, the purpose rul e reads as follows, “translate in a way that enables your translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function.”[15] That is to say, the purpose is related with the client who needs a text for a particular purpose and calls upon the translator for a translation, and the translator should be able to justify their choice of a particular purpose in a given translational situation.This rule is intended to solve the eternal dilemmas of free vs faithful translation, dynamic vs formal equivalence, good interpreters vs slavish translators, and so on. It means that the purpose of a particular translation task may require a free or faithful translation, depending on the purpose for which the translation is needed.As a decision-maker, the translator should know that a particular purpose is the most important for him in translational process. And the purpose rule gives the translator a new perspective in translation of scenic spots names and a new guideline to decide which strategy will be employed in the whole process of translation, so as to realize the purpose of providing appealing information and attracting tourists.Example: “杜甫草堂”is written in English as Du Fu’s Thatched Cottage,which is the poet-and-historian Du Fu’s former residence where he with his family lived there to flee from political rebellions. This travel-site is noted for its beautiful scenery, solemnity and elegance.From its English name, foreigners could acquire the basic information about the tourist spot and feel curious about the origin and history of this cottage in China and then would attempt to visit the scene and learn about the amazing stories of Du Fu. Therefore, the English version of “杜甫草堂”as Du Fu’s Thatched Cottage, instead of Du Fu’s Residence, fulfills the purpose of offering useful information about the shape and style of this tourist spot and attracting foreign visitors, which conforms to the purpose rule.Example:“十里荷花”is translated into multiple versions, such as Ten-li Lotus Flowers, Ten Li of Lotus Flowers, Ten Kilometers of Lotus Flowers. All these translations are lack of novelty and creation and are awkward to explain “十里” into ten li or ten kilometers, which could make foreign tourists feel bored and tired. However, it would catch visitors’ attention when the version is changed into Lotus in Bloom for Miles and Miles, which is more appealing and attracting than the previous translations. It could stimulate foreign tourists to imagine the gorgeous views of lotus in bloom and to pay a nice visit there, which, of course, complies with the purpose rule in translation of scenic spots names.From above analysis, we know that the purpose in tourism translation determines which translated text is more proper and which one is。
旅游的英语论文带翻译
- "What are the operating hours for [attraction]?"
- "Is there a guided tour available?"
- "Are there any discounts for students or seniors?"
Traveling is a popular activity that many people partake in, whether it is for leisure, education, or business purposes. It allows individuals to explore new places, learn about different cultures, and create memories that last a lifetime. In this paper, we will delve into the topic of travel in English, discussing its importance, the benefits it provides, and providing useful templates and sample phrases for different travel-related situations.
旅游是许多人参与的一项流行活动，无论是为了休闲、教育还是商务目的。它使个人能够探索新的地方，了解不同的文化，并创造一生难忘的回忆。在本论文中，我们将深入探讨英语中的旅游主题，讨论其重要性，提供的好处，并为不同的旅行相关情景提供有用的模板和例句。
旅游的英文作文加翻译
旅游的英文作文加翻译英文，Traveling is one of my favorite things to do. It allows me to explore new places, experience different cultures, and meet interesting people. I believe that traveling is not just about visiting tourist attractions, but also about immersing oneself in the local lifestyle and learning about the history and traditions of the place.One of my most memorable travel experiences was when I visited Japan. I was fascinated by the country's unique blend of modern technology and ancient traditions. Ivisited Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka, and each city had its own charm and character. In Tokyo, I was amazed by the efficiency of the public transportation system and the bustling energy of the city. In Kyoto, I visited the beautiful temples and gardens, and learned about the traditional tea ceremony. In Osaka, I tried the famous street food and went shopping in the vibrant markets.Traveling has also taught me important life skills,such as adaptability, problem-solving, and communication. When faced with unexpected challenges, such as missing a flight or getting lost in a foreign city, I learned to stay calm and find a solution. When communicating with people from different cultures and backgrounds, I learned to be respectful and open-minded.Overall, traveling has enriched my life in countless ways and I look forward to exploring more of the world in the future.中文，旅游是我最喜欢的事情之一。
英语笔译旅游简介
英语笔译旅游简介English: Wonderland Travel Agency offers a wide range of tours to various destinations around the world, catering to all kinds of travelers. From cultural excursions to adventurous expeditions, our itineraries are carefully crafted to provide unforgettable experiences. Our team of experienced guides ensures that each trip is not only enjoyable but also educational, as they share insights into the history, customs, and traditions of the places visited. Whether you are interested in exploring ancient ruins, relaxing on beautiful beaches, or tasting delicious local cuisine, Wonderland Travel Agency has a tour for you. With our customized packages and excellent customer service, we strive to make your journey seamless and stress-free, allowing you to focus on creating memories that will last a lifetime.中文翻译:仙境旅行社提供各种前往世界各地的旅行团，迎合各种类型的旅行者。
《景点英文翻译研究开题报告文献综述(含提纲)》
1.4 Structure of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Studies on Tourism Translation
2.2 Overview of Relevance Theory
Chapter 3Problems in English Translation of Ancient Architectural Scenic Spots in Xi'an
3.1 Survey by questionnaire
3.1.1 Survey Object
3.1.2 Purpose of Survey
3.1.3 Method of Survey
3.1.4 Findings of Survey
3.2 Problems in English Translation of Ancient Architectural Scenic Spots
Translation of Xi’an ancient architectural spot under the perspective of Relevance Theory
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background of Research
1.2 Significance of Research
3.1.4 调查结果
3.2 古建筑景点英文翻译存在的问题
3.2.1词汇问题
3.2.2 句法问题
3.2.3 语篇问题
第四章 关联理论视角下解决西安古建筑景点英文翻译问题的策略
4.1 提供足够的情境效果
4.1.1 注释
发表英文翻译论文
发表英文翻译论文语言是人类传播信息的工具，作为各种语言互译的翻译理论本身就是一种是相对的理论。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于发表英文翻译论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!发表英文翻译论文篇1公示语的英文翻译摘要：公示语是一种较为独特的应用文体, 旨在于公共场所向公众公示须知的内容。
然而, 目前国内公示语的英译问题十分严重。
通过奈达的"功能对等"理论, 以中西文化差异在公示语中的体现为视角, 强调公示语的特点决定了其英译应重视功能上的对等而不是字词句上简单生硬的静态对等, 遵循正确的翻译原则,以实现公示语的预期功能。
关键词：公示语功能对等文化差异翻译原则1、引言公示语指的是在公共场所向公众公示须知内容的语言, 包括标识、指示牌、路牌、标语、公告、警示等等[1]。
罗选民、黎土旺对公示语进行界定, “公示语是指在公共场合所展示的文字, 具有特殊的交际功能, 以及提供信息和完成指令的作用”[2]。
随着中国与世界的接轨, 越来越多的国家希望了解中国, 很多外国朋友来到中国。
在这种跨文化交际的过程中, 汉语公示语的英译也日显重要。
然而, 目前国内公示语的英译问题十分严重, 误用、滥用现象到处存在，其中最大的问题是译者在翻译过程中忽视中西方文化的差异, 盲目追求字词句上简单生硬的静态对等, 以至于译文文本生硬, 达不到源语文本的预期功能和效果。
公示语英译的预期对象是在华外国友人和外国游客, 为的是达到向其警示、告知、宣传的预期功能。
其英译不是一种点缀, 而是一种有目的的行为, 即如何使译文达到与原文本同等的预期功能[3]。
本文通过奈达的“功能对等”理论, 以中西文化差异在公示语中的体现为视角, 强调公示语的功能特点决定了其英译应重视功能上的对等而不是字词句上简单生硬的静态对等, 应遵循正确的翻译原则,以实现其预期功能。
2、“功能对等”翻译理论与公示语翻译公示语作为一个信息时代和经济全球化时代的标志之一, 公开面对公众, 给予公众行为需求的文字信息传递。
从功能派翻译理论视角看旅游文本英译共3篇
从功能派翻译理论视角看旅游文本英译共3篇从功能派翻译理论视角看旅游文本英译1近年来，随着全球化和旅游业的发展，旅游文本的翻译成为一项非常重要的任务。
而如何翻译旅游文本，尤其是如何传达旅游文本所蕴含的文化信息，一直是翻译界的难题。
功能派翻译理论提供了一种研究文本功能与翻译目的之间联系的理论框架，从此理论角度来看旅游文本的英译，既有助于深入理解旅游文本及其翻译策略，也可以为实践翻译提供一定的启示。
旅游文本是指介绍某个特定地点的景点、文化、风俗和特产的书面材料。
旅游文本不仅仅是文字，更是一个文化和情感的表达和交流方式。
将旅游文本译成另一种语言，不仅要考虑语言层面的问题，还要考虑文化差异和目的群体的不同需求。
功能派翻译理论认为，在翻译文本时，需要将原文的功能转化为目标文本所需的功能。
因此，在翻译旅游文本时，需要同时考虑原文的功能和翻译目的。
一方面，旅游文本需要传递很多特定的文化信息。
例如，介绍某个景点时，需要解释它的历史背景、建筑风格和地方特色等等。
旅游文本还需要传递作者对该景点的态度和感受。
在翻译旅游文本时，需要通过选择恰当的翻译策略和用词，确保译文能够传达原文所蕴含的文化信息。
另一方面，旅游文本的翻译也需要考虑目标受众的需求。
旅游文本的读者通常都是外国人或者说非本地人。
因此，在翻译旅游文本时，翻译者需要了解目标受众所处的文化背景和旅游目的，确保译文的可读性和可理解性。
在实际翻译过程中，功能派翻译理论提供了一些可行的翻译策略。
例如，在解释某个特定文化现象时，可以采用比喻或对比的方法。
翻译者还可以通过逐字逐句和逐个篇章的阅读文本，并对一些关键词汇和句式进行注释和解释，以确保译文的准确性和完整性。
另外，翻译者还可以在译文中加入一些注释或说明，以便读者更好地理解译文。
综上所述，从功能派翻译理论的视角来看，旅游文本的英译是一个非常复杂的任务。
在翻译旅游文本时，翻译者需要了解原文的功能，同时考虑目标受众的需求，并采用恰当的翻译策略，以确保译文能够传达原文所蕴含的文化信息，同时保证译文的准确性和可读性。
英语论文开题报告：变译理论视角下旅游资料的翻译
201x
Supervisor
xx
Writing Time
From Feb, 2014 to May, 2014
1. Rationale and Significance of the Proposed Study
With the further strengthening of foreign exchange in recent years, China tourism industry is booming. Every year, there are numbers of foreign tourist come to China. Purpose of translating tourism material into English is to provide travel information to foreigners and let them know the natural landscapes and cultural features of travel destination. But in order to exert its function, the key is the translation quality. However, due to the difference of language, culture and thinking mode of translator, how to exactly convey the idea of tourism material has become a challenge for translator. Therefore, translating tourism material into English has been a research for translator. And the application of translation variation theory has played a significant role in research and study in translation.
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旅游英语翻译论文
摘要：随着当前旅游业的迅猛发展，西方来中国旅游的客人也逐渐增多，因此在进行旅游英语翻译时一定要减少中西方的文化差异，让旅游英语翻译符合社会发展的需要，符合经济发展的需要，把中国的文化传播出去，让更多的西方人了解中国，赞美中国，为我国的旅游业的发展打下坚实的基础。
随着我国加入世贸组织，全球范围的经济联盟不断扩大与发展，旅游业也迅速发展起来，这就为不同背景、不同文化的人群提供了交流与了解的机会，这样语言翻译学也就成了世界文明交流中不可缺少的角色了。
我们在审视翻译学时，仅从人类语言的角度去认识它是远远不够的，而要以文化的高度来理解、认识、解释它。
旅游过程中所见到的资源有社会文化资源与自然环境资源。
社会文化资源是旅游资源中不可缺少的组成部分，它含历史文物、历史古迹、传统节日、社会文化风貌、名人纪念地以及各种文化娱乐活动和工艺品展示、现代建筑和烹调技艺等吸引游客的文化因素，它是人类社会中古人与今人共同创造的物质财富与精神财富的总和。
而自然资源则是旅游资源中主体部分，它含旅游地的地形、地貌、气候与水文、各种特形动植物等可以满足游客在旅游休闲、观光、游历、考察中获得审美情趣的等天然资源。
而一个真正合格的英语旅游翻译导游就要既把这种自然资源讲解翻译出来，也要把旅游点的社会文化资源传达给中外游客，让不同民族与国家的游客了解我国景区景点所表现出来的不同的文化底蕴，从而达到吸引国外游客的目的。
一、从不同民族与国家的语言角度来看其文化差异
汉语属于汉藏语系，具有分析型、表意性、形与意结合的特性，有声调语言，语法上表现为隐含性。
而英语属于印欧语系，具有综合型、表音性、重形合的特性，是语调语言，语法上表现出外显性。
二、从不同地方的文化上看其差异
首先是在语用意义上表现的差异，同一个词语出现在中西方的语言上具有不同的感情色彩、联想意义与象征意义。
如“猫头鹰”这个动物名词，在中国含有不吉利、倒霉、厄运的意义;而在英语里则表示出来的是刚毅与智慧的象征。
再如“喜鹊”这个动物名词，在中国是吉利与喜事的象征，我们民族常说报春鸟;而英语中这个动物名词则是傻瓜的代名词，指一个人的话多。
再如“狗”这个常见的动物名词，在中国是一个贬义词，而在英国则是一个褒义词，表示忠实的朋友与可人的宠物。
在色彩词语方面，就更多了。
如“白色”在中国具有多样性的象征意义，京剧里则表示出京剧人物的奸诈与狡黠，宗教里代表着纯洁美好、善良与友好;可是在英语里它意义单一，只表示清白。
“黑色”在中国也具有多样性的象征意义，京剧里表示正直与廉洁，如包公就是黑脸，宗教里表示见利忘义、坏;在英语世界里则只表示邪恶。
其次相同语用意义用不同的事物来比喻。
如动物世界里的兽中之王，在我们这个民族中用老虎来表示，而在英语世界里则是指狮子。
植物界里花魁，在我们这个国家指的是牡丹，在美国指玫瑰。
三、从不同民族的心理进行对比
中国人注重整体上的感观认识，直觉思维占主导地位;而西方人注重逻辑思维，理性成分起主导。
这就导致了汉语语言的形象性与笼统性，而英语语言也有具体性与功能性。
比如，我们汉语词汇中的数词“一”，有一幅画、一把剪子、一枝花、一面镜子等等，可英语里的这个“一”，只用a，简洁明了。
再如，汉语里写字用的“笔”，可英语里有pen，pencil，ball pen，color pen or a piece of chalk 这些含有分析的类型词语。
汉语与英语的文化差异使得旅游英语翻译在信息传递与语言表达上存在着很大的障碍，特别是对那些对中国文化一无所知的外国人。
所以在进行翻译与游客沟通时，应尽可能地减少游客因不熟悉中国历史文化与典故而出现的文化障碍，从而达到让游客了解中国文化、喜爱中国文化的目的。
由于西方游客是处在西方文化背景下的，对中国的历史是陌生的，因此在进行翻译时，可以大量运用复句与各种从句，或者多增加一些词汇来进行注释与补充，从而缩短中国与西方之间的文化差距，以达到增加文化交流的目的。
增词法与注释法是使用得较多的一种消除这种差距的有效手段，能更好地方便西方游客对中国文化的理解。
如在翻译“粽子”时，肯定会涉及到它背后的文化，联系到古代屈原的有关事迹。
如果翻译中不加任何有关屈原的解说，只是简单地一笔带过，势必让游客云里雾里，无法理解。
旅游除观光外，饮食文化也是不可缺少的组成部分。
由于我国地域辽阔，历史悠久，这样产生了不同地域的饮食文化，复杂而丰富，
因此在英语翻译时就要充分考虑中西方的文化差异所带来的差距，要充分考虑饮食文化中原料成分与烹调方法的翻译，不要不加区别地随意翻译。
如韭菜合子这一词语如果翻译成“Chive Box”，就会就西方游客生产误解，就会由
“Chive Box”直接理解为“box”。
由此可知，进行旅游英语翻译饮食文化时，如果对本地的小吃风味不了解，或者知之甚少，翻译时务必会让游客产生歧义。
这里得指出“dumpling”一词翻译时不要只局限于“饺子”，有时也可以指其它一类的食品，如前面我们说的粽子、水饺、锅贴等，虾饺的翻译是用Shrimp Dumpling，而素菜锅贴的翻译则是Vegetable Dump1ing，这样翻译当前已经被各地人民所接受和认可。
对我国的一些有特色的饮食进行英语翻译时，可以适当采用直译：烹饪方法+原料名。
如对于闽菜中的清蒸桂鱼直接翻译成Steamed Mandarin-Fish，对于川菜中的回锅肉翻译时可以直接译成Twice-cooked Pork，炖牛肉译成Stewed Beef。
随着当前旅游业的迅猛发展，西方来中国旅游的客人也逐渐增多，因此在进行旅游英语翻译时一定要减少中西方的文化差异，让旅游英语翻译符合社会发展的需要，符合经济发展的需要，把中国的文化传播出去，让更多的西方人了解中国，赞美中国，为我国的旅游业的发展打下坚实的基础。
参考文献：
[1]王才英. 旅游外宣文本的汉英翻译探析———以泉州地区旅游景点英译文本为例[J]. 怀化学院学报，2009，28（10）：108-110.
本论文为2015年度辽宁省经济社会发展立项课题《语言政策于文化翻译研究》成果，课题编号：2015lslktwx-28。