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工程管理专业英语全文翻译

工程管理专业英语全文翻译Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only aspecific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look forshort term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。

工程管理专业英语翻译

1.2 Major Types of ConstructionSince most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quite different. For the purpose of discussion, the broad spectrum of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics.Residential Housing ConstructionResidential housing construction includes single-family houses, multi-family dwellings, and high-rise apartments [3]. During the development and construction of such projects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures [4]. Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers, and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural, mechanical, electrical and other specialty work. An exception to this pattern is for single-family houses as is shown in Figure 1-2, which may be designed by the builders as well.The residential housing market is heavily affected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the government. Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment inconstruction, since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time [5]. Because of the relative ease of entry, at least at the lower end os the market, many new builders are attracted to the residential housing construction. Hence, this market is highly competitive, with potentially high risks as well as high rewards.Figure1-2 Residential Housing Construction (courtesy of caterpillar, Inc) Institutional and Commercial Building Construction Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels, as is shown in Figure1-3 [6]. The owners of such buildings may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of the constructed facilities themselves. Specialty architects and engineers are often engaged for designing a specific type of building, while the builders or general contractors undertaking such projects may also be specialized in only that type of building.Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings in comparison with residential housing, this market segment is shared by fewer competitors [7]. Since the construction of some of these buildings is a long process which once started will take some time to proceed until completion, the demand is less sensitive to general economic conditions than that for speculative housing. Consequently, the owners may confront an oligopoly of general contractors who compete in the same market. In an oligopoly situation, only a limited number of competitors exist, and a firm’s price for services may be based in part on part on its competitive strategies in the local market.Specialized Industrial ConstructionSpecialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects, with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants, as is shown in Figure1-4 [8]. The owners usually are deeply involved in thedevelopment of a project, and prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the completion of the project can be shortened. They also want to pick a team of designers and builders with whom the ownerhas developed good working relations over the years.Figure1-3 Construction of the PPG Building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ( courtesy of PPG Industries, Inc)Figure1-4 Construction of a Benzene Plant in L……( courtesy of Manitowoc Company, Inc)Although the initiation of such projects is also affected by the state of the economy, long range demand forecasting is the most important factor since such projects are capital intensive and require considerable amount of planning and construction time [9].Governmental regulation such as the rulings of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the United States can also profoundly influence decisions on these projects.Infrastructure and Heavy ConstructionInfrastructure and heavy construction includes projects such as highways, mass transit systems, tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage systems and sewage treatment plants, as is shown in Figure1-5. Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations.The engineers and builders engaged in infrastructure construction are usually highly specialized since each segment of the market requires different types of skills [10]. However, demands for different segments of infrastructure and heavy construction may shift with saturation in some segments. For example, as the available highway construction projects are declining, some heavy construction contractors quickly move their work force and equipment into the field of mining where jobs are available.Figure1-5 Construction of the Dame Point Bridge in Jacksonville, Florida(courtesy of Mary Lou Maher)Wordsconglomeration 混合物，聚集 infrastructure and heavy construction 重大基础项rehabilitation 修复目建设disincentive 抑制，抑制因素 procure 获得spectrum 波谱，光谱，范围 incentive 动机surrogate 代理，替代 innovation 创新architect 建筑师 residential housing construction 住宅类房fiscal 财政的屋建设entry 进入，编入 take charge 负责clinic 诊所 execute 执行stadium 露天大型体育场 substantial 实质的、重大的sophistication 复杂 recreational 娱乐的construction industry 建筑业 retail 零售high-rise apartments 高层公寓 proceed 开展，进行institution and commercial building segment 部分，份额construction 办公和商业用房建设 single-family house 独户住宅oligopoly 垄断，求过于供 professional consultant 专业咨询人士confront 面对 general contractor 总承包商infrastructure 基础设施 initiation 启动pipeline 管道 strategy 策略specialized industrial construction drainage 排水系统专业化工业项目建设 saturation 饱和Notes[1] 全句可译为：由于大多数业主通常只对获得某种特定类型的建筑物感兴趣，因而他们应当对适合于他们的建设类型的实物有着一定的了解。

土木工程质量管理毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

土木工程质量管理毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献土木工程质量管理中英文资料外文翻译文献On civil engineering construction project quality management1 IntroductionCivil engineering building project success lies in the quality of quality, separate, other everything is out of the question. Therefore, to take civil engineering construction quality management in the construction project implementation plan and implementation process.In practice, no more than the use of engineering quality of care. But to ensure the construction quality, using the party there is a need for the organization experienced professional quality management team, design of the wholeconstruction process, including engineering design, construction units, building material, construction process and supervision and other aspects of the management, but also guide the construction unit of the construction personnel to timely and effectively encourages training. This article from the above several aspects to discuss.2.construction of the effective surveillance on the use of unit, design unit as a design once, is the work of supervisors, why should I organize the quality surveillance team? Because our country construction there are still many unsatisfactory objective or objective aspects, the unit is necessary to hire have the sense of responsibility, have management experience, familiar with the policies and regulations, have good communication ability quality management, set up quality management team, the construction design and construction process for effective management monitoring. The management team, can according to the engineering build pause status stop adjustment, implementation of compulsory system. On ordinary civil construction, quality management is relatively easy, with the possible exception of new information on the use of new technology, the whole quality management more rule-based. On special request of civil building engineering, quality management will be arranged to stop.First of all, on the quality of project design management. This stage, mainly for the design units in strict accordance with the unit can the fundamental request stop design, to check whether reasonable design plan, design intent can and thesurrounding geographical environment as well as local humane environment of harmony, in the technology and the budget is feasible, can be advanced technology, reliable structure can safely, whether the unit in charge of construction appropriate technology request etc..These aspects of the management and inspection, in relation to the whole building after project completion, in the use of function, quality, human physical performance and other aspects whether can reach certain degree of satisfaction of the big issue.At this stage, management personnel more to listen to designers to design the idea", a lot of advisory application unit in macroscopical and microcosmic staff views on initiative, make design to perfection.In addition, to check the design drawings can correctly reflect the design plan, calculated correctly, drawing dimensioning can have mistakenly, selection of materials and construction request whether reasonable, the overall design of various departments such as can harmonious design. Because our country is in the design and supervision work still is lacked very much, in the aspects of management and examination must be careful, in order to prevent subsequent quality disputes.Secondly, to the construction supervision supervision.Construction supervision is the key to guarantee the construction quality. Quality management departments should promptly to supervision departments to key local construction quality monitoring report, implement supervision duty. At the same time, but also in a timely manner, sampling test, certain constructiontechnology can fit design request. On construction supervision departments, to check its supervision can improve the supervision work procedure, to check whether supervision report specification, not in conformity with the requests of construction operation can be corrected in a timely manner.Again, on the construction equipment and construction personnel basic quality supervision and inspection construction can stop, with safe and reliable, can satisfy the design request and to complete construction; construction team consisting of whether reasonable, the construction of the technical staff to whether accord with basic request, especially on special request link, can have the equivalent level technical personnel in charge of participating in the construction process. Pay attention to the quality of construction unit, it progresses to the legal view. On raw materials procurement and construction of test procedures are detailed records.In addition, to stop the construction effect of sampling, discover a problem, timely and inspect manage personnel contact, stop the rectification, to prevent the engineering dispute, avoid engineering quality formation of waste.3construction of the various communication quality management work is not a design and construction method for cubic, but the entire project important constituent, it is designed with all relevant units of the divergent interests of. Present quality problems, the parties involved have the duty, have loss. At this point, the quality management must communicate with relevant parties, won the understanding and support. In addition, in the process of construction, also oftenencounter the construction side of the design request of doubt problem. The generation of these problems, sometimes due to the use of units of detailed request, some are the result of the design concept and design thoughts of the reasons, some due to the construction process the request of different caused. These problems cannot be ignored, should be promptly to communicate, understand the request, the timely adjustment. Not conscious construction, so that the practical results and design request is betrayed, and the use of units of the basic request of betrayal, unnecessary disputes and losses.4construction personnel training and encourage civil engineering building operators is worker of a gleam of. From the present situation, the construction team of individual technical quality is also very important. Some construction unit, construction personnel activity, the construction of personnel practice degree no true assessment, making the construction quality to sell at a discount greatly.Then, is it right? A start to construction personnel examination, request to high level? At least from the now situation, which is not ideal. First, each building project on the detailed construction technology has different request. In the organization of the construction process, request a certain proportion of with some degree of worker technician, another local can have initial operation skills of construction workers. During the construction process, to guide the construction of a reasonable distribution of work, make the workers work in practice to further mature some basic types of operational procedures and technical requirements, andon this basis, the organization staff to stop training, make the understanding of the new technology, become established during the construction of the backbone. Then let them in the work of a scheme to other construction personnel to impart technical.In this respect, the construction unit according to the detailed status of layout. There has been a reasonable training mechanism, the construction personnel to understand the practical operation level, and improve their technical level of power. In the long run, the overall quality of the progress of the construction unit is also very important.On the other hand, effective encouragement and improve construction worker job enthusiasm and learning enthusiasm of the necessary measures. Frontline workers mostly from rural, energy consumption, the low pay, the mood is stable. Therefore, to establish effective encouraging mechanism. To ensure that the wage Qing month, labor safeguard measures, management of human nature, care workers and Ankang. In addition, to organize the workers involved in the construction management and technology research, fully adjustable open invention enthusiasm of workers. Technology progress leads to an increase in income, so as to promote the stable construction team, the construction quality is very important. It is hard to imagine that a majority of people full of grievances of the construction team can achieve the task.5ConclusionIt is often said, should be " a matter of expediency in construction, quality first", however, the quality problem is emerge in an endless stream. If in the construction process of some links, quality difference, these difference basically from accumulated will change the whole engineering quality. Therefore, do not let every link of the quality monitoring, on the problem of construction promptly corrected, is to use units, design units, as for as to construction unit as, namely to society as. With such a sense of duty, our engineering degree will gradually progress, can form the good work habits. Constitute the benign development of building construction environment. On the other hand, quality management can't think of what to do what, to systematic, procedural, design the whole management process, all the data, project compilation record, best to establish a computer database, stored in the computer. Management of examination conclusions, text, image, and correcting the situation chart problem timely records. This is the construction quality management informatization is the inevitable trend of development. This is my civil engineering construction quality management shortcomings, to be further developed.译文：关于土木工程施工项目的质量管理1.引言土木工程建立项目的成败在于质量，分开质量，其他一切都无从谈起。

08土木工程质量管理毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

土木工程质量管理中英文资料外文翻译文献On civil engineering construction project quality management1 IntroductionCivil engineering building project success lies in the quality of quality, separate, other everything is out of the question. Therefore, to take civil engineering construction quality management in the construction project implementation plan and implementation process.In practice, no more than the use of engineering quality of care. But to ensure the construction quality, using the party there is a need for the organization experienced professional quality management team, design of the wholeconstruction process, including engineering design, construction units, building material, construction process and supervision and other aspects of the management, but also guide the construction unit of the construction personnel to timely and effectively encourages training. This article from the above several aspects to discuss.2.construction of the effective surveillance on the use of unit, design unit as a design once, is the work of supervisors, why should I organize the quality surveillance team? Because our country construction there are still many unsatisfactory objective or objective aspects, the unit is necessary to hire have the sense of responsibility, have management experience, familiar with the policies and regulations, have good communication ability quality management, set up quality management team, the construction design and construction process for effective management monitoring. The management team, can according to the engineering build pause status stop adjustment, implementation of compulsory system. On ordinary civil construction, quality management is relatively easy, with the possible exception of new information on the use of new technology, the whole quality management more rule-based. On special request of civil building engineering, quality management will be arranged to stop.First of all, on the quality of project design management. This stage, mainly for the design units in strict accordance with the unit can the fundamental request stop design, to check whether reasonable design plan, design intent can and thesurrounding geographical environment as well as local humane environment of harmony, in the technology and the budget is feasible, can be advanced technology, reliable structure can safely, whether the unit in charge of construction appropriate technology request etc..These aspects of the management and inspection, in relation to the whole building after project completion, in the use of function, quality, human physical performance and other aspects whether can reach certain degree of satisfaction of the big issue.At this stage, management personnel more to listen to designers to design the idea", a lot of advisory application unit in macroscopical and microcosmic staff views on initiative, make design to perfection.In addition, to check the design drawings can correctly reflect the design plan, calculated correctly, drawing dimensioning can have mistakenly, selection of materials and construction request whether reasonable, the overall design of various departments such as can harmonious design. Because our country is in the design and supervision work still is lacked very much, in the aspects of management and examination must be careful, in order to prevent subsequent quality disputes.Secondly, to the construction supervision supervision.Construction supervision is the key to guarantee the construction quality. Quality management departments should promptly to supervision departments to key local construction quality monitoring report, implement supervision duty. At the same time, but also in a timely manner, sampling test, certain constructiontechnology can fit design request. On construction supervision departments, to check its supervision can improve the supervision work procedure, to check whether supervision report specification, not in conformity with the requests of construction operation can be corrected in a timely manner.Again, on the construction equipment and construction personnel basic quality supervision and inspection construction can stop, with safe and reliable, can satisfy the design request and to complete construction; construction team consisting of whether reasonable, the construction of the technical staff to whether accord with basic request, especially on special request link, can have the equivalent level technical personnel in charge of participating in the construction process. Pay attention to the quality of construction unit, it progresses to the legal view. On raw materials procurement and construction of test procedures are detailed records.In addition, to stop the construction effect of sampling, discover a problem, timely and inspect manage personnel contact, stop the rectification, to prevent the engineering dispute, avoid engineering quality formation of waste.3construction of the various communication quality management work is not a design and construction method for cubic, but the entire project important constituent, it is designed with all relevant units of the divergent interests of. Present quality problems, the parties involved have the duty, have loss. At this point, the quality management must communicate with relevant parties, won the understanding and support. In addition, in the process of construction, also oftenencounter the construction side of the design request of doubt problem. The generation of these problems, sometimes due to the use of units of detailed request, some are the result of the design concept and design thoughts of the reasons, some due to the construction process the request of different caused. These problems cannot be ignored, should be promptly to communicate, understand the request, the timely adjustment. Not conscious construction, so that the practical results and design request is betrayed, and the use of units of the basic request of betrayal, unnecessary disputes and losses.4construction personnel training and encourage civil engineering building operators is worker of a gleam of. From the present situation, the construction team of individual technical quality is also very important. Some construction unit, construction personnel activity, the construction of personnel practice degree no true assessment, making the construction quality to sell at a discount greatly.Then, is it right? A start to construction personnel examination, request to high level? At least from the now situation, which is not ideal. First, each building project on the detailed construction technology has different request. In the organization of the construction process, request a certain proportion of with some degree of worker technician, another local can have initial operation skills of construction workers. During the construction process, to guide the construction of a reasonable distribution of work, make the workers work in practice to further mature some basic types of operational procedures and technical requirements, andon this basis, the organization staff to stop training, make the understanding of the new technology, become established during the construction of the backbone. Then let them in the work of a scheme to other construction personnel to impart technical.In this respect, the construction unit according to the detailed status of layout. There has been a reasonable training mechanism, the construction personnel to understand the practical operation level, and improve their technical level of power. In the long run, the overall quality of the progress of the construction unit is also very important.On the other hand, effective encouragement and improve construction worker job enthusiasm and learning enthusiasm of the necessary measures. Frontline workers mostly from rural, energy consumption, the low pay, the mood is stable. Therefore, to establish effective encouraging mechanism. To ensure that the wage Qing month, labor safeguard measures, management of human nature, care workers and Ankang. In addition, to organize the workers involved in the construction management and technology research, fully adjustable open invention enthusiasm of workers. Technology progress leads to an increase in income, so as to promote the stable construction team, the construction quality is very important. It is hard to imagine that a majority of people full of grievances of the construction team can achieve the task.5ConclusionIt is often said, should be " a matter of expediency in construction, quality first", however, the quality problem is emerge in an endless stream. If in the construction process of some links, quality difference, these difference basically from accumulated will change the whole engineering quality. Therefore, do not let every link of the quality monitoring, on the problem of construction promptly corrected, is to use units, design units, as for as to construction unit as, namely to society as. With such a sense of duty, our engineering degree will gradually progress, can form the good work habits. Constitute the benign development of building construction environment. On the other hand, quality management can't think of what to do what, to systematic, procedural, design the whole management process, all the data, project compilation record, best to establish a computer database, stored in the computer. Management of examination conclusions, text, image, and correcting the situation chart problem timely records. This is the construction quality management informatization is the inevitable trend of development. This is my civil engineering construction quality management shortcomings, to be further developed.译文：关于土木工程施工工程的质量管理1.引言土木工程建立工程的成败在于质量，分开质量，其他一切都无从谈起。

工程管理专业英语相关翻译

1.1T he Project Life Cycle1段：Project managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects.项目经理或组织可以把每一个项目划分成若干个阶段，以便有效地进行管理控制，并与实施该项目组织的日常运作联系起来。

这些项目阶段合在一起称为项目生命期。

许多组织识别出一套具体的生命期供其所有的项目使用。

2段：For example, from the perspective of an owner, the project life cycle for a constructed facility may be illustrated schematically in Figure1-1.从业主的角度来看，建设项目的生命周期可用图1-1表示。

Essentially, a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.从本质上讲，一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。

in a timely fashion. 及时meet market demands or needs 满足市场需求Various possibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage, and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.在项目规划阶段，很多不同的方案都可能被考虑，同事每一天备选方案的技术可行性都经过评估和比较，以选出最优方案。

工程管理专业,外文翻译资料

外文资料翻译资料来源：文章名:Predicting Effectiveness of Construction Project Management: Decision-Support Tool for Competitive Bidding书刊名：An International Journal作者：Rasa Apanaviciene, Arvydas Juodis出版社：国际杂志，2006章节：V ol.6, No.3 / September - December 2006页码：P347~P360文章译名：建设工程项目管理的预测功效：用于决策支持工具竞争性招标姓名：学号：指导教师(职称)：专业：班级：所在学院：外文原文Predicting Effectiveness of Construction Project Management: Decision-Support Tool for Competitive Bidding1.IntroductionConstruction projects are delivered under conditions of risk in the competitive market environment. The origin of risk is the uncertainty inherent to any project, and every risk is associated with a cause, a consequence and the probability or likelihood of the event occurring. There are external risks (economic, political, financial and environmental) and internal risks based on project management issues, i.e. projects manager's and his team competency, experience, strategic and tactic decisions made during construction project delivery. The opportunity to improve organizational performance through more effective project management could provide substantial savings for construction management company. Project management effectiveness depends on certain factors of project management system. The literature review revealed a substantial volume of work on measuring or identifying the factors or conditions contributing to the effectiveness of construction projects. There are three main trends of previous research on construction project success factors:●key factors identification for construction project success [Jaselskis et. A1.(1991);Sanvido et. A1. (1992); Chua et. A1. (1997)];●identification of key success factors for a particular group of construction projects,e.g.BOT, design-build, public-private partnerships [Tiong (1996);Molenaar et. A1. (2001);Chan et. AI. (2001), Zhang (2005), Shen et. A1.(2005)];●analysis of a particular factor impact on construction project success [Cheng et. A1.(2000); Bower et. A1. (2002); Ford (2002)].Some writers were attempting to develop predictive models while others focused on generating a list of practices. Predictive models developed to identify the key factors and to measure their impact on overall project success were using regression and correlation techniques, factor analysis, Monte-Carlo simulation, experts and multicriteria decision-making support methods. Essentially in these approaches the functional relationships between the input factors and project outcome is assumed and tested against the data. The relationships are modified and retested until the models that best fit the data are found.When developing construction project management effectiveness model (CPMEM) referred to here, the writers attempted to cull the best aspects of artificial neural networks (ANN) methodology. The neural network approach does not require an a priori assumption of the functional relationship. Artificial neural networks are very useful because of their functional mapping properties and the ability to learn from examples. Networks have been compared with many other functional approximation systems and found to be competitive in terms of accuracy [Haykin 1999]. This and the ability to learn from examples allow modelling the complex construction project management system where behavioural rules are not known in detail and are difficult to analyze correctly.2.Methodology of Artificial Neural NetworksThe foundation of the artificial neural networks (ANN) paradigm was laid in the 1950s, andANN has gained significant attention in the past decade because of the development of more powerful hardware and neural algorithms [Haykin (1999)]. Artificial neural networks have been studied and explored by many researchers where they have been used, applied, and manipulated in almost every field. For example, they have been used in system modelling and identification, control, pattern recognition, speech pronunciation, system classifications, medical diagnosis as well as in prediction, computer vision, and hardware implementations. As in civil engineering and management applications, neural networks have been employed in different studies. Some of these studies cover the mathematical modelling of non-linear structural materials, damage detection, non-destructive analysis, earthquake classification, dynamical system modelling, system identifications, and structural control of linear and non-linear systems, construction productivity modelling, construction technology evaluation, cost estimation, organisational effectiveness modelling and others [Adeli et. A1. (1998), Sinha et. A1. (2000)].A neural network can be defined as a model of reasoning based on human brain [Wasserman (1993)]. Learning is a fundamental and essential characteristic of biological neural networks. The ease with which they can learn led to attempts to emulate a biological network in a computer.2.1 Model of Artificial Neural NetworkAn artificial neural network consists of a number of very simple and highly interconnected processors, also called neurons, which are analogous to the biological neurons in the brain. The neurons are connected by weighted links passing signals from one neuron to another. Each neuron receives a number of input signals through its connections; however, it never produces more than a single output signal. The output signal is transmitted through the neuron's outgoing connection (corresponding to the biological axon). The outgoing connection, in turn, splits into a number of branches that transmit the same signal (the signal is not divided among these branches in any way). The outgoing branches terminate at the incoming connections of other neurons in the network. Figure 1 represents connections of a typical ANN.As shown in Figure 1, a typical ANN is made up of a hierarchy of layers, and the neurons in the networks are arranged along these layers. Each layer in a multilayer neural network has its own specific function. The input layer accepts input signals from the outside world and distributes them to all neurons in the hidden layer. These neurons detect the features; the weights of the neurons represent the features hidden in the input patterns. These features are then used by the output layer for determining the output pattern. The output layer accepts output signals from the hidden layer and establishes the output pattern of the entire network. The neurons are connected by links, and each link has a numerical weight associated with it. Weights are the basic means of long-term memory in ANN. Weights express the strength (importance) of each neuron input. A neural network "learns" through repeated adjustment of these weights.The network in Figure 1 is fully connected and has a feedforward structure, meaning there are no connection loops that would allow outputs to feed back to their inputs, although a recurrent neural network has feedback loops from its outputs to its inputs. The indices i, j and k in Figure 1 refer to neurons in input, hidden and output layers, respectively. Input signals, x1, x2 ..... x i, x n, are propagated from left to right, and error signals, c1, c2 .... c i, from right to left. The symbol w ij denotes the weight for the connection between neuron i in the input layer and neuron j in the hidden layer, and the symbol w jk the weight between neuron j in the hidden layer and neuron k in the output layer; symbols y1, y2 ..... y k, y t denote outputs of the neurons in the output layer.2.2 Modelling by Applying Artificial Neural NetworksThe architecture and size of a neural network depends on the problem complexity. The number of neurons in the input and output layers is decided by the selected input-output variables of the analysed system. The simulation experiments of neural network training and testing indicate the optimal number of hidden layers as well as the number of neurons in these layers.The goal of neural network training is to find the functional relationship between the input patterns and target outputs. Before training ANN, all the available data are randomly divided into a training set and a test set. A training set of the input patterns and corresponding desired outputs or targets is presented to the network. The network computes its output pattern, and if there is an error - a difference between actual and desired output patterns - the weights are adjusted to reduce this error according to the learning law of training algorithm. The error function is a useful indicator of the network's performance. The training algorithm attempts to minimise this criterion. When the value of the error function in an entire pass through all training sets, or epoch, is sufficiently small, a network is considered to have converged. Once the training phase is complete, the networks ability to generalise is tested against examples of the test set.More than a hundred different learning algorithms are available, but the most popular method is backpropagation. The backpropagation learning algorithm has two phases. First, a training input pattern is presented to the network input layer. The network then propagates the input pattern from layer to layer until the output pattern is generated by the output layer. If this pattern is different from the desired output, an error is calculated and then propagatedbackwards through the network from the output layer to the input layer. The weights are modified as the error is propagated.Among the numerous artificial neural networks that have been proposed, backpropagation networks have been extremely popular for their unique learning capability [Haykin (1993)]. 80% of practical ANN applications used the backpropagation neural networks. Development of construction project management effectiveness model by applying multilayer backpropagation neural networks is presented in chapter 4.3. Construction Project Management Effectiveness FactorsTraditionally, construction project management effectiveness is defined as the degree to which project goals and expectations are met. It should be viewed from respective perspectives of different project participants and the goals related to a variety of elements, including technical, financial, social and professional issues. Criteria are needed to compare the goal level against the performance level. The criteria are the set of principles or standards by which judgment is made [Lim et. A1. (1999)]. While effectiveness is measured in terms of goal attainment, there is ambiguity in determining whether a project is success or failure.Different factors are identified in project success studies. Ashley et. A1. (1987) conducted a pilot study within their research that, based on their analysis, established six determinants of construction project success. Jaselskis and Ashley (1991) developed a predictive discrete-choice model that focused on the project manager, the project team, planning and controls. Pinto and Slevin (1988) determined a group of predictive critical success factors. Sanvido et al. (1992) established the four most critical success factors derived from the integrated building process model. Chua et al. (1997, 1999) distinguished between the critical success factors for different project objectives of budget, schedule, and quality using the analytic hierarchy process. They established 10 critical factors for each project objective. Overall, they identified 67 different success-related factors.Other measures of project success for particular group of projects were provided by Tiong (1996), Mohsini and Davidson (1996), Chan et al. (2001), Molenaar and Songer (2001), Zhang (2005). Cheng et al. (2001) established a partnering framework to identify the critical success factors that can improve the productivity and performance of construction projects. Other studies of particular factors impact on construction project success was provided by Back and Moreau ((2000), Mitropoulus and Tatum (2000), Faniran et al. (1998), Angelides (1999), Bower et al. (2002), Ford (2002) and Jan et al. (2002). All the above mentioned studies revealed many different factors and their qualitative impact on project success. This research, differently from the previous, focus on the functional relationships between the input factors and project outcome, analyses and enables to forecast quantitative impact of determined critical factors onto the effectiveness of construction project management. In this study the framework for the list of construction management effectiveness factors covering areas related to project manager, project team, project planning, organization and control was selected from the research conducted by Jaselskis and Ashley (1991). However, the actuality of each construction management factor was retested by interviewing construction management practitioners and the approach was modified according to the interviewer's opinion (Table 1).4. Development of Construction Project ManagementEffectiveness Model by Applying Neural NetworksConstruction project management effectiveness modelling by applying neural networks consists of the following stages:●selection of the variables of the construction project management effectiveness neuralnetwork model (CPMEM);●selection and preparation of training data for the CPMEM;●designing and training the construction project management effectiveness neural network;●evaluation of the importance of a particular input factor to the CPMEM output byapplying a sensitivity analysis technique;●identification of the key construction project management effectiveness factors andmodification of the CPMEM;●determining the validation range of the CPMEM practical applications.Construction project management effectiveness factors are the input variables of the CPMEM. The output variable of this model is the construction project management effectiveness in terms of construction cost variation. The construction project cost variation was calculated by equation:Q = （PI - FI）/PI* 100%where PI - predicted construction project cost; FI - actual construction project cost.The present study is based on a set of data obtained in a questionnaire survey on construction project management effectiveness factors from construction management organizations in Lithuania and the USA. Twelve Lithuanian companies presented information on 32 completed construction projects. The average size for the projects is 4.3 million Litas (1.6 million USD) and the mean duration is 7 months. 27 US construction management companies presented information on 54 completed construction projects with the average size of 30.1 million USD and the mean duration of 14 months. Statistical analysis proved that those two groups of the projects belong to the same statistical population. Thus, neural network model was trained with 76 project samples and retested with 10 project samples. The construction project management effectiveness neural network model had been developed using NEURAL NETWORKS TOOLBOX by MA TLAB.A neural network works best when all its inputs and outputs vary within the range 0 and 1. Preparation of the training data and statistical computations had been performed by applying Microsoft Excel. The input data - project management factors - was classified into six groups and the output data - the percentage of the construction cost variation in loss or profit - was classified into five groups (Table 2). The number of neurons in the input and output layer was decided by the number of input and output variables of the construction project management effectiveness neural network. Thus, the input layer had 27 neurons and the output layer had 5 neurons, representing five classes of the construction cost variation. The number of hidden layers was determined during the neural network training.The neural network was trained to Solve the classification task by applying resilient backpropagation learning algorithm. The network performance in this study was measured by the modified regularization error function. The interpretation of the network output is based on the Bayesian posterior probability: the construction project cost variation belongs to the class represented by the output layer neuron of the highest output value. The classification error was calculated by equation:where Tp - actual class of project cost variation; Pp- class of project cost variation predicted by neural network; p - construction project index; q - number of examples for testing.All construction management effectiveness factors were incorporated into the model at the first stage of model development. The initial network model comprised 27 neurons in theinput layer with 9 neurons in the hidden layer and 5 neurons in the output layer. In order to understand the importance of a particular input to the network output, a sensitivity analysis technique was applied. The priority level for each factor was set based on their different impact to the project results. Insignificant factors were trimmed from the network gradually by eliminating the least important factors, respectively to the results of sensitivity analysis. In this model development stage 12 key determining construction management effectiveness factors were identified. Nine key factors showed positive influence on the CPMEM output. The higher values of these factors allow improving the construction project management effectiveness. Three key factors, i.e. PM subordinates, independent constructability analysis, and control system budget, showed negative influence on the CPMEM output. These factors appear to be associated with project complexity and risk. The higher project complexity and the higher level of risk degree means the higher values of these three factors: there are more employees and subcontractors supervised by PM, the cost of independent constructability analysis as well as control budget is respectively higher (Table 3).The final neural network model was built with 12 neurons in the input layer, 4 neurons in hidden layer and 5 neurons in the output layer.The established CPMEM represents the input-output functional relationships reflected by the specific characteristics of the training data set. The model was validated by 10 project samples, 2 for each class. All testing samples were classified correctly. Thus, the model is valid within this particular range of training data. However, the analogical model can be developed by applying training data of any group of construction projects or construction management organizations.5. Decision-Support Tool for Competitive BiddingAuthors of the paper established the construction project management effectiveness model and developed the application algorithm of that model for competitive bidding process (Figure 2). The range of potential construction project cost variation can be evaluated by applying CPMEM on the specific project, project team and construction company as the follows:The first stage's target is to obtain the maximum of existing information about the mainfeatures of the project.●The second stage entails a detail study of the project, suggesting possible changes for theproject, estimating costs and defining target profit margin.●In the third stage the project management team is formed to deal with the projectplanning, management and delivery. In that stage the intended project management effectiveness factors should be evaluated.●In the fourth stage the project's construction cost variation is predicted by applyingconstruction project management effectiveness model. This step is very useful to identify hidden project management risks.●In the fifth stage the initial total bid price is adjusted according to the CPMEM results.●The sixth stage entails a search and analysis of historical information about similarinternal and external projects. The obtained information about the potential competitors and their strengths and weaknesses should be measured. Then the adjusted bid price should be evaluated in comparison with forecasted prices of competitive bidders. Finally, the decision if everything goes forward or if the project requires serious reconsideration should be made. If the project management system considered to be changed, the potential project management factors (e.g. different project planning or control strategy, different project team size or qualification, organizational structure, etc.) should be re-evaluated. The analyzers should go back to the third stage and repeat the process until the selected criterion is satisfied. If the project management system considered not to be changed, the decision about the participation in the bidding process should be made.Case study: The request for bidding proposal was issued by the private company to manage the construction of industrial project of 20 million USD on a fixed price contract basis. Construction company X prepared bidding material for that project. Company's X estimated total bid price was 20.7 million USD, 10 % profit margin was included. According to the market analysis the competitive bids might fall into the range of 20-21 million USD. What would be the company's X bidding decision?Solution: The estimated construction cost was 18.82 million USD. The predicted cost variation was calculated within the range of-3 % and +3 % by applying CPMEM construction projects management effectiveness neural network model. If the worst happened, the construction cost would increase by 3 % up to 19.38 million USD and the mark-up would reduce to 6.8%. If the target mark-up for that project procurement was 10%, the company should re-estimate the bid price up to 21.32 million USD. Though, that price would not be competitive.The managers decided to replace two members of the project team by more qualified professionals and not to hire outside consultants, i.e. re-evaluated the CPMEM factors of project team monetary incentives and independent constructability analysis. By applying CPMEM model for the second time, the predicted cost variation was calculated within the range of +3% and + 10%. In that case there was a possibility of at least 3% construction cost reduction, i.e. 0.56 million USD (18.82*0.03=0.56). Thus, adjusted bid price was calculated at 20.08 million USD [(18.82-0.56)* 1.1 ] =20.08.X Company must make a decision - whether to submit the bid price of 20.08 million USD, which seems competitive enough, or keep trying to reduce it by strengthening the other aspects of project management system, thus resources can be deployed even more effectively. By applying the construction project management effectiveness neural network model, managers of construction company can indicate how much importance each factor has for a particular project outcome, find the best possible arrangement of construction management effectiveness factors and examine the construction cost variation tendencies.6. ConclusionsThe paper presents a new methodology for construction project management effectiveness modelling by applying artificial neural networks. The approach of artificial neural networks allows the CPMEM to be built and to determine the key determinants from a host of possible management factors that affect project effectiveness in terms of construction cost variation. The historical data of project performance has been used to build the neural network model. A survey questionnaire was distributed to construction management companies in Lithuania and the USA. Twelve key determinants factors that influence project management effectiveness were identified covering areas related to the project manager, project team, project planning, organization and control.The established neural network model can be used during the competitive bidding process to evaluate management risk of a construction project and predict construction cost variation. The model allows the construction project managers to focus on the key success factors and reduce the level of construction risk. The model can serve as a framework for further development of construction management decision support systems.译文建设工程项目管理的预测功效：用于决策支持工具竞争性招标1.介绍建设项目在竞争激烈的市场环境风险的情况下交付。

土木工程质量管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料外文翻译文献On civil engineering construction project quality management1 IntroductionCivil engineering building project success lies in the quality of quality, separate, other everything is out of the question. Therefore, to take civil engineering construction quality management in the construction project implementation plan and implementation process.In practice, no more than the use of engineering quality of care. But to ensure the construction quality, using the party there is a need for the organization experienced professional quality management team, design of the whole construction process, including engineering design, construction units, building material, construction process and supervision and other aspects of the management, but also guide the construction unit of the construction personnel to timely and effectively encourages training. This article from the above several aspects to discuss.2.construction of the effective surveillance on the use of unit, design unit as a design once, is the work of supervisors, why should I organize the quality surveillance team? Because our country construction there are still many unsatisfactory objective or objective aspects, the unit is necessary to hire have thesense of responsibility, have management experience, familiar with the policies and regulations, have good communication ability quality management, set up quality management team, the construction design and construction process for effective management monitoring. The management team, can according to the engineering build pause status stop adjustment, implementation of compulsory system. On ordinary civil construction, quality management is relatively easy, with the possible exception of new information on the use of new technology, the whole quality management more rule-based. On special request of civil building engineering, quality management will be arranged to stop.First of all, on the quality of project design management. This stage, mainly for the design units in strict accordance with the unit can the fundamental request stop design, to check whether reasonable design plan, design intent can and the surrounding geographical environment as well as local humane environment of harmony, in the technology and the budget is feasible, can be advanced technology, reliable structure can safely, whether the unit in charge of construction appropriate technology request etc..These aspects of the management and inspection, in relation to the whole building after project completion, in the use of function, quality, human physical performance and other aspects whether can reach certain degree of satisfaction of the big issue.At this stage, management personnel more to listen to designers to design the idea", a lot of advisory application unit in macroscopical and microcosmic staff views oninitiative, make design to perfection.In addition, to check the design drawings can correctly reflect the design plan, calculated correctly, drawing dimensioning can have mistakenly, selection of materials and construction request whether reasonable, the overall design of various departments such as can harmonious design. Because our country is in the design and supervision work still is lacked very much, in the aspects of management and examination must be careful, in order to prevent subsequent quality disputes.Secondly, to the construction supervision supervision.Construction supervision is the key to guarantee the construction quality. Quality management departments should promptly to supervision departments to key local construction quality monitoring report, implement supervision duty. At the same time, but also in a timely manner, sampling test, certain construction technology can fit design request. On construction supervision departments, to check its supervision can improve the supervision work procedure, to check whether supervision report specification, not in conformity with the requests of construction operation can be corrected in a timely manner.Again, on the construction equipment and construction personnel basic quality supervision and inspection construction can stop, with safe and reliable, can satisfy the design request and to complete construction; construction team consisting of whether reasonable, the construction of the technical staff to whether accord with basic request, especially on special request link, can have the equivalent level technical personnel in charge of participating in the construction process. Payattention to the quality of construction unit, it progresses to the legal view. On raw materials procurement and construction of test procedures are detailed records.In addition, to stop the construction effect of sampling, discover a problem, timely and inspect manage personnel contact, stop the rectification, to prevent the engineering dispute, avoid engineering quality formation of waste.3construction of the various communication quality management work is not a design and construction method for cubic, but the entire project important constituent, it is designed with all relevant units of the divergent interests of. Present quality problems, the parties involved have the duty, have loss. At this point, the quality management must communicate with relevant parties, won the understanding and support. In addition, in the process of construction, also often encounter the construction side of the design request of doubt problem. The generation of these problems, sometimes due to the use of units of detailed request, some are the result of the design concept and design thoughts of the reasons, some due to the construction process the request of different caused. These problems cannot be ignored, should be promptly to communicate, understand the request, the timely adjustment. Not conscious construction, so that the practical results and design request is betrayed, and the use of units of the basic request of betrayal, unnecessary disputes and losses.4construction personnel training and encourage civil engineering buildingoperators is worker of a gleam of. From the present situation, the construction team of individual technical quality is also very important. Some construction unit, construction personnel activity, the construction of personnel practice degree no true assessment, making the construction quality to sell at a discount greatly.Then, is it right? A start to construction personnel examination, request to high level? At least from the now situation, which is not ideal. First, each building project on the detailed construction technology has different request. In the organization of the construction process, request a certain proportion of with some degree of worker technician, another local can have initial operation skills of construction workers. During the construction process, to guide the construction of a reasonable distribution of work, make the workers work in practice to further mature some basic types of operational procedures and technical requirements, and on this basis, the organization staff to stop training, make the understanding of the new technology, become established during the construction of the backbone. Then let them in the work of a scheme to other construction personnel to impart technical.In this respect, the construction unit according to the detailed status of layout. There has been a reasonable training mechanism, the construction personnel to understand the practical operation level, and improve their technical level of power. In the long run, the overall quality of the progress of the construction unit is also very important.On the other hand, effective encouragement and improve construction workerjob enthusiasm and learning enthusiasm of the necessary measures. Frontline workers mostly from rural, energy consumption, the low pay, the mood is stable. Therefore, to establish effective encouraging mechanism. To ensure that the wage Qing month, labor safeguard measures, management of human nature, care workers and Ankang. In addition, to organize the workers involved in the construction management and technology research, fully adjustable open invention enthusiasm of workers. Technology progress leads to an increase in income, so as to promote the stable construction team, the construction quality is very important. It is hard to imagine that a majority of people full of grievances of the construction team can achieve the task.5ConclusionIt is often said, should be " a matter of expediency in construction, quality first", however, the quality problem is emerge in an endless stream. If in the construction process of some links, quality difference, these difference basically from accumulated will change the whole engineering quality. Therefore, do not let every link of the quality monitoring, on the problem of construction promptly corrected, is to use units, design units, as for as to construction unit as, namely to society as. With such a sense of duty, our engineering degree will gradually progress, can form the good work habits. Constitute the benign development of building construction environment. On the other hand, quality management can't think ofwhat to do what, to systematic, procedural, design the whole management process, all the data, project compilation record, best to establish a computer database, stored in the computer. Management of examination conclusions, text, image, and correcting the situation chart problem timely records. This is the construction quality management informatization is the inevitable trend of development. This is my civil engineering construction quality management shortcomings, to be further developed.译文：关于土木工程施工项目的质量管理1.引言土木工程建立项目的成败在于质量，分开质量，其他一切都无从谈起。

工程管理外文翻译(原文+译文)

Concrete Construction matterT. Pauly, M. J. N. PriestleyAbstractViewed in terms of accepted practices, concrete construction operations leave much to be desired with respect to the quality, serviceability, and safety of completed structures. The shortcomings of these operations became abundantly clear when a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck northern Paki-stan on October 8, 2005, destroying thousands of buildings, damaging bridges, and killing an esti-mated 79,000 people. The unusually low quality of construction operations prevalent was a major cause of the immense devastation.Keywords: Concrete Placing Curing Construction TechnologyPlacing ConcreteIf concrete is placed in the surface, the sur-face should be filled with water sufficiently to prevent it from absorbing the concrete of its water. If fresh concrete is to be placed on or nearby to concrete that has solidified, the surface of the placed concrete should be cleaned absolutely, preferably with a high-pressure air or water jet or steel-wire brushes. The surface should be wet, but there should be no much water. A little quantity of cement grout should be brushed over the whole area, and then followed immediately with the application of a 1/2-in Layer of mortar. The fresh concrete should be placed on or against the mortar.In order to decrease the disintegration re-sulting from carriage after it is placed. The con-crete should be placed as nearly as probably in itsfinal point. It should be placed in layers to permit uniform compaction. The time interval between the placing of layers should be limited to assure perfect bond between the fresh and previously placed concrete.In placing concrete in deeper patters, a ves-sel should be used to limit the free fall to not over 3 or 4 ft, in order to prevent concrete disintegra-tion. The vessel is a pipe made of lightweight metal, having adjustable lengths and attached to the bottom of a hopper into which the concrete is deposited. As the patters are filled, sections of the pipe may be removed.Immediately after the concrete is placed, it should be compacted by hand pudding or a me-chanical vibrator to eliminate voids. The vibrator should be left in one position only long enough to reduce the concrete around it to a plastic mass; then the vibrator should be moved, or disintegra-tion of the aggregate will occur. In general, the vibrator should not be permitted to penetrate concrete in the prior lift.The mainly advantage of vibrating is that it permits the use of a drier concrete, which has a higher strength because of the reduced water content. Among the advantages of vibrating con-crete are the following:1.The decreased water permits a reduction in the cement and fine aggregate because less cement paste is needed.2.The lower water content decreases shrinkage and voids.3.The drier concrete decreases the cost of finishing the surface.4.Mechanical vibration may replace three to eight hand puddles.5.The lower water content increases the strength of the concrete.6.The drier mixture permits theremoval of some patters more quickly, which may reduce the cost of patters.Curing ConcreteIf concrete is to gain its maximum strength and other desirable properties, it should be cured with adequate moisture and at a favorable tem-perature. Failure to provide these conditions may result in an inferior concrete.The initial moisture in concrete is adequate to hydrate all the cement, provided it is not should replace the moisture that does evaporate. This may be accomplished by many methods, such as leaving the patters in place, keeping the surface wet, or covering the surface with a liquid curing compound, which comes being to a water-tight membrane that prevents the escape of the initial water. Curing compounds may be applied by brushes or pressure sprayers. A gallon will cover 200 to 300 sq ft.Concrete should be placed at a temperature not less than 40 or more than 80°F.A lower tem-perature will decrease the rate of setting, while ahigher temperature will decrease the ultimate strength.Placing Concrete in Cold WeatherWhen the concrete is placed during cold weather, it is usually necessary to preheat the water, the aggregate, or both in order that the ini-tial temperature will assure an initial set and gain in strength .Preheating the water is the most ef-fective method of providing the necessary tem-perature. For this purpose a water reservoir should be equipped with pipe coils through which steam can be passed, or steam may bedischarged directly into the water, several outlets being used to given better distribution of the heat.When the temperatures of the mixtures are known, some specific charts may be used to cal-culate the temperature of concrete. A straight line pass all three scales, passing through every two known temperatures, will assure the determina-tion of the third temperature. If the surface of sand isdry, the fact lines of the scales giving the temperature of concrete should be used. However, if the sand contains about 3 percent moisture, the dotted lines should be used.Specifications usually demand that freshly placed concrete shall be kept at a temperature of not less than 70°F for 3 days or 50°F for 5 days after it is placed. Some proper method must be provided to keep the demanded temperature when the cold weather is estimated.Reinforcing steels for concreteCompared with concrete, steel is a high strength material. The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as compres-sion, i.e., the yield strength, is about 15 times the compressive strength of common structural con-crete, and well over 100 times its tensile strength. On the other hand, steel is a high-cost material compared with concrete. It follow that the two materials are the best used in combination if theconcrete is made to resist the compressive stresses and the compressive force, longitudinal steel reinforcing bars are located close to the ten-sion face to resist the tension force., and usually additional steel bars are so disposed that they re-sist the inclined tension stresses that are caused by the shear force in the beams. However, rein-forcement is also used for resisting compressive forces primarily where it is desired to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of compression members, as in the lower-floor columns of multi-story buildings. Even if no such necessity exits , a minimum amount of reinforce- ment is placed in all compression members to safeguard them against the effects of small accidental bending moments that might crack and even fail an unre-inforced member.For most effective reinforcing action, it is essential that steel and concrete deform together, i. e., that there be a sufficiently strong bond be-tween the two materials to ensure that no relative movements of the steel bars and the surrounding concrete occur. This bond is provided by the rela-tively large chemical adhesion which develops at the steel-concrete interface, by the natural roughness of the mill scale of hot-rolled rein-forcing bars , and by the closely spaced rib-shap-ed surface deformations with which reinforcing bars are furnished in order to provide a high de-gree of interlocking of the two materials.Steel is used in two different ways in con-crete structures: as reinforcing steel and as prestressing steel .reinforcing steel is placed in the forms prior to casting of the concrete. Stresses in the steel, as in the hardened concrete, are caused only by the loads on the structure, except for possible parasitic stresses from shrinkage or similar causes. In contrast, in priestesses concrete structures large tension forces are applied to the reinforcement prior to letting it act jointly with the concrete in resistingexternal.The most common type of reinforcing steel is in the form of round bars, sometimes called rebars, available in a large range of diameters,from 10 to 35 mm for ordinary applications and in two heavy bar sizes off 44 and 57 mm these bars are furnished with surface deformations for the purpose of increasing resistance to slip be-tween steel and concrete minimum requirements for these deformations have been developed in experimental research. Different bar producers use different patterns, all of which satisfy these requirements.Welding of rebars in making splices, or for convenience in fabricating reinforcing cages for placement in the forms, may result in metal-lurgical changes that reduce both strength and ductility, and special restrictions must be placed both strength and ductility, and special restric-tions must be placed both on the type of steel used and the welding procedures the provisions of ASTM A706 relatespecifically to welding.In reinforced concrete a long-time trend is evident toward the use of higher strength materi-als, both steel and concrete.Reinforcing bars with 40ksi yield stress , almost standard 20 years ago , have largely been replaced by bars with 60ksi yield stress , both because they are more economical and because their use tends to reduce congestion of steel in the forms .The ACI Code permits reinforcing steels up to Fy=80ksi. Such high strength steels usually yield gradually but have no yield plateau in this situation the ACI Code requires that at the speci-fied minimum yield strength the total strain shall not exceed 0.0035 this is necessary to make cur-rent design methods, which were developed for sharp-yielding steels with a yield plateau, appli-cable to such higher strength steels. there is no ASTM specification for deformed bars may be used , according to the ACI Code , providing they meet the requirements stated under special circumstances steel in this higher strength range has its place, e.g., in lower-story columns of high-rise buildings.In order to minimize corrosion of rein-forcement and consequent spelling of concrete under sever exposure conditions such as in bridge decks subjected to deicing chemicals , galvanized or epoxy-coated rebars may be specified.Repair of Concrete StructuresReinforced concrete is generally a very du-rable structural material and very little repair work is usually needed. However, its durability can be affected by a variety of causes, including those of design and construction faults, use of inferior materials and exposure to aggressive en-vironment. The need for a repair is primarily dic-tated by the severity of the deterioration as de-termined from the diagnosis. Good workmanship is essential if any thing more than just a cosmetic treatment to the creation is required.1. performance requirements of repair systemHaving established the causes of the defect by carefully diagnosing the distress, the next step should be to consider the requirements of the re-pair method that will offer an effective solution to the problem (see fig.).①DurabilityIt is important to select repair materials that provide adequate durability. Materials used for the repair job should be at least as durable as the substrate concrete to which it is applied.②Protection of steelThe mechanism of protection provided to the reinforcing depends on the type of repair ma-terials used. For example, cementations materials can protect the steel from further corrosion by their inhibitive effect of increasing the alkalinity of the concrete, whereas epoxy resin mortars can give protection against the ingress of oxygen,moisture and other harmful agents.③Bond with substrateThe bond with the substrate must produce an integral repair to prevent entry of moisture and atmospheric gases at the interface. With most re-pair materials, the bond is greatly enhanced with the use of a suitable bonding aid such as an un-filled epoxy resin systems and slurry of Portland cement, plus any latex additives for a Portland cement-based repair system. Precautions should also be takento remove all loose and friable ma-terials from the surfaces to be bonded.④Dimensional StabilityShrinkage of materials during curing should be kept to a minimum. Subsequent dimensional change should be very close in the substrate in order to prevent failure⑤Initial Resistance to Environmentally In-duced DamageSome initial exposure conditions may lead to premature damage lo repairs. For example, partially cured Portland cement repairs can dete-riorate from hot weather preventing full hydration of the cement. To prevent this from happening extra protection during curing time may be nec-essary.⑥Ease of ApplicationMaterials should be easily mixed and ap-plied so that they can be worked readily into small crevices and voids. Ideally, the material should not stick to tools, and should not shear while being trowel led nor slump after placement.⑦AppearanceThe degree to which the repair material should match the existing concrete will depend on the use of the structure and the client' s re-quirements. A surface coating may be required when appearance is important or when cover to reinforcement is small.2. Selection of Repair MethodsA suitable repair counteracts all the defi-ciencies which are relevant to the use of the structure.The selection of tile correct method and material for a particular, application requires careful consideration, whether to meet special requirements for placing strength, durability or other short-or long-term properties. These con-siderations include:1. Nature of the DistressIf alive crack is filled with a rigid material, then either the repair material will eventually fail or some new cracking will occur adjacent to the original crack. Repairs to live cracks must either use flexible materials to accommodate move-ments or else steps must be taken prior to the re-pair to eliminate the movement.2. Position of the CrackTechniques which rely on gravity to intro-duce the material into the crack are more suc-cessfully carried out on horizontal surfaces but are rarely effective on vertical ones.3. EnvironmentIf moisture, water or contaminants are found in the crack, then it is necessary to rectify the leaks Repair to slop leaks may be further com-plicated by the need to make the repairs while the structure is in service and the environment is damp.4. WorkmanshipThe skill the operatives available to carry put the repairs is another relevant factors. Some-times this can mean the difference between a permanent repair and premature failure of the re-pair material.5. CostThe cost of repair materials is usually small compared with the costs of providing access, preparation and actual labor.6. AppearanceThe repair surface may be unsightly, par-ticularly when it appears on a prominent part of the building. In this case, the repair system will include some form of treatment over the entire surface.Reference[1]Philip Jodidio, Contemporary European Architecture, Taschen, Koln, pp.148-153[2]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, Waterfronts, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 1994, pp.297-300[3]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, The New Waterfront, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996, pp.118-120[4]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, The New Waterfront, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996, pp.52-55[5]Robert Holden, International Landscape Design, Laurence King Publishing, London, 1996, pp.10-27[6] A new concept in refrigerant control for heat pumps ,J.R.Harnish,IIR Conference Pa-per,Cleveland,Ohio.May,1996[7]Carrier Corporation-Catalog 523 848,1997[8]Waste Heat Management Handbook, Na-tional Bureau of Standardc Handbook 121, Pub-lica-tion PB 264959, February,1997Ten design principles for air to air heat pumps,Allen Trask,ASHRAE Journal,July,1997重庆科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文学院建建筑工程学院专业班级工管103学生姓名李学号201044241附件1：外文资料翻译译文混凝土施工事项T.Pauly, M.J.N.Priestley摘要：根据一般承认的惯例看,巴基斯坦的混凝土结构建筑物在结构上的质量，效用和安全需要上都留下了很多值得关注的问题。

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xxxxxx 大学本科毕业设计外文翻译Project Cost Control: the Way it Works 项目成本控制：它的工作方式学院（系）： xxxxxxxxxxxx专业： xxxxxxxx学生姓名： xxxxx学号： xxxxxxxxxx指导教师： xxxxxx评阅教师：完成日期：xxxx大学项目成本控制：它的工作方式在最近的一次咨询任务中，我们意识到对于整个项目成本控制体系是如何设置和应用的，仍有一些缺乏理解。

所以我们决定描述它是如何工作的。

理论上，项目成本控制不是很难跟随。

首先，建立一组参考基线。

然后，随着工作的深入，监控工作，分析研究结果，预测最终结果并比较参考基准。

如果最终的结果不令人满意，那么你要对正在进行的工作进行必要的调整，并在合适的时间间隔重复。

如果最终的结果确实不符合基线计划，你可能不得不改变计划。

更有可能的是，会 (或已经) 有围变更来改变参考基线，这意味着每次出现这种情况你必须改变基线计划。

但在实践中，项目成本控制要困难得多，通过项目数量无法控制成本也证明了这一点。

正如我们将看到的，它还需要大量的工作，我们不妨从一开始启用它。

所以，要跟随项目成本控制在整个项目的生命周期。

同时，我们会利用这一机会来指出几个重要文件的适当的地方。

其中包括商业案例，请求（资本）拨款（执行），工作包和工作分解结构，项目章程(或摘要)，项目预算或成本计划、挣值和成本基线。

所有这些有助于提高这个组织的有效地控制项目成本的能力。

业务用例和应用程序(执行)的资金重要的是要注意，当负责的管理者对于项目应如何通过项目生命周期展开有很好的理解时，项目成本控制才是最有效的。

这意味着他们在主要阶段的关键决策点之间行使职责。

他们还必须识别项目风险管理的重要性，至少可以确定并计划阻止最明显的潜在风险事件。

在项目的概念阶段•每个项目始于确定的机会或需要的人。

通常是有着重要性和影响力的人，如果项目继续，这个人往往成为项目的赞助。

•确定潜在项目的适用性，大多数组织呼吁编制“商业案例”和“量级”成本，用来证明项目的价值，以便使其可以与其他所有的项目竞争。

这项工作是在项目的概念阶段进行，并且作为组织管理整个项目管理的投资组合的一部分被完成。

•准备商业案例的工作的成本通常包括企业管理开销，但是它可以作为最终项目的一个会计成本来结转。

毫无疑问，因为这将为该组织提供一个税收优惠。

问题是，那么你如何占有所有不结转的项目?•如果业务有足够的价值，将批准继续发展和定义阶段。

在项目的发展或定义阶段•开发阶段的目标是建立一个涉及到生产所需的产品，估计成本和为该项目的实际执行寻求资本融资的良好的工作的理解。

•在正式的场合，特别是在大型项目，这个拨款申请通常被称为请求(资本)拨款(RFA)或资本拨款请求(CAR)。

•这需要更详细的要求和数据的收集，建立工作所需要完成的来生产所需产品或“可交付成果”。

从这个信息来看，一个准备了足够细节的计划在一美元价格的请求上给予足够的信心。

•在一个不太正式的环境中，每个人都试图蒙混过关。

工作包和WBS项目管理计划，项目简介或项目章程•如果可交付的成果由许多不同的元素组成，这些被识别并组合成工作包(WPs)，用工作分解结构(WBS) 的方式提交。

•每个WP包括一系列的活动，“工作”被计划和安排为项目管理计划的一部分。

但是请注意，该计划仍将处于相对较高的水平，在执行期间如果项目获得批准，更详细的规划将是必须的。

•顺便说一下，这个项目管理计划应该成为项执行阶段目的“圣经”，有时它被称为“项目简介”或“项目章程”。

•然后估计各种活动的成本，这些估算成本汇总以确定WP的估计成本。

这种方法被称为“详细估算”或“自底向上的估算”。

还有其他的方法来估计，我们将在一分钟。

不管怎样，结果是该项目的总工作的估计费用。

注:该项目风险管理规划是这次演戏的一个重要组成部分。

这应该检查项目的假设和环境条件来确定该计划中到目前为止的任何弱点，并确定值得注意缓解的这些潜在风险事件。

这可能需要特定的应急计划的形式和/或留出谨慎的资金储备。

资本要求转换估计•不过，单独的工作的估计是不能满足资本要求的。

为了达到一个资本的要求，一些转换是必要的，例如，通过添加谨慎津贴等，如开销，应急准备金来支付正常的项目风险和管理外汇储备来应付未知和可能的变化围。

•另外，估算数据转换成财务会计的满足企业或赞助商的格式是必要的，目的是比较与其他项目和后续资金的批准。

刚才所描述的方法中，所有的数据类型为“自下而上”，在实践中可能无法使用。

在这种情况下，替代的估算方法是在时尚过提供不同程度的“自上而下”的可靠性。

例如：数量级估计——“球公园”估计，通常只留给概念阶段类似的估计——基于先前的类似项目的估算参数估计——基于历史数据的统计关系的估算•无论采用哪种方法，希望因此抵达总和将全额批准并被证明是令人满意的！这是触发启动项目的执行阶段注意:一些管理层将批准一些较小的总和，错误地认为这将帮助每个人“削铅笔”和“更聪明地工作”的利益组织。

这是一个错误的观念，因为管理层未能了解项目工作的不确定性和风险的性质。

因此，效果更有可能导致“切角”对产品质量产生不利影响，或减少产品围或功能。

这通常会导致一个“游戏”的估计被放大，管理可以向下调整它们。

但公平地说，管理也清楚地意识到，如果超过分配资金，无论如何它会得到花费。

明智的管理要做的就是留出应急储备基金、不同项目的风险，并保持这些钱小心的控制之下。

核准资本的所有权•如果高级管理层批准的RFA，总和的问题变成了指定的项目发起人的责任。

然而，如果批准资本要求包括津贴如“管理储备”，这可能会或可能不会被传递给项目的赞助商，这取决于本组织的政策。

•RFA批准，项目发起人，反过来，进一步将支出权力委托给项目的项目经理，将不包括任何补贴。

一种异常可能涵盖工作表现正常变化的应急准备。

•净金额从而到达构成了项目经理的批准的项目预算。

注意:如果管理层不批准RFA，你不应该考虑这个项目的失败。

或是这个目标的目的，而规划需要重新考虑，以增加交付项目的价值。

项目的执行阶段项目经理的项目预算责任•此项目预算批准后发布的项目经理，一个逆过程必须将它转换成一个工作控制文档。

即资金必须划分在不同的WBS，顺便问一下，现在可能已经被升级。

这个结果作用于项目执行控制预算或项目基线预算，或简单地说，项目预算。

在一些项目管理的应用领域，它被称为一个项目成本计划。

•在一个大的项目中，不同的公司生产部门，可能会有进一步的中间步骤为单独的部门，创建“控制账户”，每个部门将细分他们分配资金投入自己的WBS WPS。

•观察到，因为总项目预算得到高级管理层的正式批准，你，作为项目经理，同样也必须寻求并获得执行管理，通过该项目的赞助商，正式批准任何更改总项目预算。

通常这只是合理的和接受的基础上要求的产品围变化。

•在这种情况下项目的赞助商要么减少管理储备在他的财产，或提交补充RFA高层管理。

•现在我们项目预算资金分配给工作包，我们可以进一步分配在每个WP的各种活动，以便我们知道我们有多少钱作为“基线”为每个活动的成本。

•这为我们提供了参考的基础成本控制功能。

当然，根据情况做同样的事情可能在WP级别，但控制然后在更高的能力和粗水平。

使用挣值技术•如果我们有必要的细节另一个控制工具，我们可以采用监控正在进行的工作是“挣值”(EV)技术。

这是一个相当大的艺术和科学，你必须了解文本的主题。

•但基本上，你掌管日程安排活动的费用，并在适当的时候绘制他们作为累计。

再次，你可以做的活动水平，或整个项目的水平越低，您可用的控制信息就越多。

成本基线•这个计划参考S-曲线有时被称为“成本基线”，通常在EV的说法。

也就是说，它是“预算成本工作计划”(BCWS)，或更简单“计划价值”(PV)。

•注意到，你需要修改这个成本基线每次有一个批准围变化，成本和/或进度影响，从而改变了该项目的核准项目预算。

•现在，随着工作的深入，你可以绘制“执行工作的实际成本”(ACWP或简单的“实际成本”-交流)。

•你可以绘制其他东西，如上面提到的图，如果你不喜欢你所看到的，你需要“纠正措施”。

注意：整个过程是一个循环，态势操作，这可能是普遍名不副实“项目的生命周期”中“循环”一词的来源”。

顺便说一句，挣值权威人士提供的EV过程中的各种其他技术设计能帮助预测最后的结果，也就是说，“估计在完成”（“选管会”）。

选管会是你真正应该感兴趣的，因为在运动项目中，它是唯一不变的。

因此，必须考虑这些延长EV技术在同一领域的自上而下的估算精度。

他们是有用的，但前提是你认识到了其局限性和知道你在做什么!但是，正如我们在开始时说的，它在实践中困难得多，需要大量的工作。

但是，让我们面对现实吧，这就是项目经理被雇佣的原因，不是吗?Project Cost Control: the Way it WorksIn a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is setup and applied. So we decided to write up a description of how it works. Project cost control is not that difficult to follow in theory.First you establish a set of reference baselines. Then, as work progresses, you monitor the work, analyze the findings, forecast the end results and compare those with the reference baselines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the work in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals. If the end results get really out of line with the baseline plan, you may have to change the plan. More likely, there will be (or have been) scope changes that change the reference baselines which means that every time that happens you have to change the baseline plan anyway.But project cost control is a lot more difficult to do in practice, as is evidenced by the number of projects that fail to contain costs. It also involves a significant amount of work, as we shall see, and we might as well start at the beginning. So let us follow the thread of project cost control through the entire project life span.And, while we are at it, we will take the opportunity to point out the proper places for several significant documents. These include the Business Case, the Request for (a capital) Appropriation (for execution), Work Packages and the Work Breakdown Structure, the Project Charter (or Brief), the Project Budget or Cost Plan, Earned Value and the Cost Baseline. All of these contribute to the organization's ability to effectively control project costs.The Business Case and Application for (execution) FundingIt is important to note that project cost control is most effective when the executive management responsible has a good understanding of how projects should unfold through the project life span. This means that they exercise their responsibilities at the key decision points between the major phases. They must also recognize the importance of project risk management for identifying and planning to head off at least the most obvious potential risk events.In the project's Concept Phase• Every project starts with someone identifying an opportunity or need. That is usually someone of importance or influence, if the project is to proceed, and that person often becomes the project's sponsor.• To determine the suitability of the potential project, most organizations call for the preparation of a "Business Case" and its "Order of Magnitude" cost to justify the value of the project so that itCan be compared with all the other competing projects. This effort is conducted in the Concept Phase of the project and is done as a part of the organization's management of the entire project portfolio.• The cost of the work of preparing the Business Case is usually covered by corporate management overhead, but it may be carried forward as an accounting cost to the eventual project. No doubt because this will provide a tax benefit to the organization. The problem is, how do you then account for all the projects that are not so carried forward?• If the Business case has sufficient merit, approval will be given to proceed to a Development and Definition phase.In the project's Development or Definition Phase• The objective of the Development Phase is to establish a good understanding of the work involved to produce the required product, estimate the cost and seek capital funding for the actual execution of the project.• In a formalized setting, especially where big projects are involved, this application for funding is often referred to as a Request for (a capital) Appropriation (RFA) or Capital Appropriation Request (CAR).• This requires the collecti on of more detailed requirements and data to establish what work needsTo be done to produce the required product or "deliverable". From this information, a plan is prepared in sufficient detail to give adequate confidence in a dollar figure to be included in the request.• In a less formalized setting, everyone just tries to muddle through. Work Packages and the WBSThe Project Management Plan, Project Brief or Project Charter • If the deliverable consists of a number of different elements, these are identified and assembled into Work Packages (WPs) and presented in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).• Each WP involves a set of activities, the "work" that is planned and scheduled as a part of the Project Management Plan. Note, however, that the planning will still be at a relatively high level,And more detailed planning will be necessary during execution if the project is given the go ahead.• This Project Management Plan, by the way, should become the "bible" for the execution phase of the project and is sometimes referred to as the "Project Brief" or the "Project Charter".• The cost of doing the various activities is then estimated and these estimated costs are aggregated to determine the estimated cost of the WP. This approach is known as "detailed estimating" or "bottom up estimating". There are other approaches to estimating that we'll come to in a minute. Either way, the result is an estimated cost of the total work of the project.Note: that project risk management planning is an important part of this exercise. This should examine the project's assumptions and environmental conditions to identify any weaknesses in the plan thus far, and identify those potential risk events that warrant attention for mitigation. This might take the form of specific contingency planning, and/or the setting aside of prudent funding reserves.Request for capitalConverting the estimate• However, an estimate of the work alone is not sufficient for a capital request. To arrive at a capital request some conversion is necessary, for example, by adding prudent allowances such asOverheads, a contingency allowance to cover normal project risks and management reserves to cover unknowns and possible scope changes.• In addition, it may be necessary to convert the estima ting data into a financial accounting formatThat satisfies the corporate or sponsor's format for purposes of comparison with other projects and consequent funding approval.• In practice all the data for the type of "bottom up" approach just described may not be available.In this case alternative estimating approaches are adopted that provide various degrees of reliability in a "top down" fashion. For example: Order of Magnitude estimate – a "ball park" estimate, usually reserved for the concept phase onlyAnalogous estimate – an estimate based on previous similar projectsParametric estimate – an estimate based on statistical relationships in historical data• Whichever approach is adopted, hopefully the sum thus arrived at will be approved in full and proves to be satisfactory! This is the trigger to start the Execution Phase of the projectNote: Some managements will approve some lesser sum in the mistaken belief that this will help everyone to "sharpen their pencils" and "work smarter" for the benefit of the organization. This is a mistaken belief because management has failed to understand the nature of uncertainty and risk in project work. Consequently, the effect is more likely to result in "corner cutting" with an adverse effect on product quality, or reduced product scope or functionality. This often leads to a "game" in which estimates are inflated so that management can adjust them downwards. But to be fair, management is also well aware that if money is over allocated, it will get spent anyway. The smart thing for managements to do is to set aside contingent reserve funds,varying with the riskiness of the project, and keep that money under careful control.Ownership of approved capital• If senior management approves the RFA as presented, the sum in question becomes the responsibility of the designated project sponsor. However, if the approved capital request includes allowances such as a "Management Reserve", this may or may not be passed on to the project's sponsor, depending on the policies of the organization.• For the approved RFA, the project sponsor will, in turn, further delegate expenditure authority to the project's project manager and will likely not include any of the allowances. An exception might be the contingency allowances to cover the normal variations in work performance.• The net sum thus arrived at constitutes the project manager's Approved Project Budget.Note: If management does not approve the RFA, you should not consider this a project failure. Either the goals, objectives, justification and planning need rethinking to increase the value of the project's deliverables, or senior management simply has higher priorities elsewhere for the available resources and funding.The Project's Execution PhaseThe project manager's Project Budget responsibility• Once this Approved Project Budget is released to the project manager, a reverse process must take place to convert it into a working control document. That is, the money available must be divided amongst the various WBS WPsthat, by the way, have probably by now been upgraded! This results in a project execution Control Budget or Project Baseline Budget, or simply, the Project Budget. In some areas of project management application it is referred to as a Project Cost Plan.• On a large project where different corporate production divisions are involved, there may be a further intermediate step of creating "Control Accounts" for the separate divisions, so that each division subdivides their allocated money into their own WBS WPs.• Observe that, since the total Project Budget received formal approval from Executive Management, you, as project manager, must likewise seek and obtain from Executive Management, via the project's sponsor, formal approval for any changes to the total project budget. Often this is only justified and accepted on the basis of a requested Product Scope Change.• In such a case the project's sponsor will either draw down on the management reserve in his or her possession, or submit a supplementary RFA to upper management.• Now that we have the Project Budget money allocated to Work Packages we can further distribute it amongst the various activities of each WP so that we know how much money we have as a "Baseline" cost for each activity.• This provides us with the base of reference for the cost control function. Of course, depending on the circumstances the same thing may be done at the WP level but the ability to control is then at a higher and coarser level. Use of the Earned Value technique• If we have the necessary details another control tool that we can adopt for monitoring ongoing work is the "Earned Value" (EV) technique. This is aconsiderable art and science that you must learn about from texts dedicated to the subject.• But essentially, you take the costs of the schedule activities and plot them as a cumulative total on the appropriate time base. Again you can do this at the activity level, WP level or the whole project level. The lower the level the more control information you have available but the more work you get involved in.The Cost Baseline• This planned reference S-curve is sometimes referred to as the "Cost Baseline", typically in EVParlance. That is, it is the "Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled" (BCWS), or more simply the "Planned Value" (PV).• Observe that you need to modify this Cost Baseline every time there is an approved scope change that has cost and/or schedule implications and consequently changes the project's Approved Project Budget.• Now, as the work progresses, you can plot the "Actual Cost of Work Performed" (ACWP or simply "Actual Cost" - AC).• You can plot other things as well, see diagram referred to above, and if you don't like what you see then you need to take "Corrective Action". CommentaryThis whole process is a cyclic, situational operation and is probably the source of the term "cycle" in the popularly misnamed "project life cycle".As an aside, the Earned Value pundits offer various other techniques within the EV process designed to aid in forecasting the final result, that is, the"Estimate At Completion" (EAC). EAC is what you should really be interested in because it is the only constant in a moving project. Therefore, these extended EV techniques must be considered in the same realm of accuracy as top-down estimating. They are useful, but only if you recognize the limitations and know what you are doing!But, as we said at the beginning, it is a lot more difficult to do in practice –and involves a significant amount of work. But, let's face it, that's what project managers are hired for, right?。