网瘾网络游戏成瘾外文翻译文献
网瘾网络游戏成瘾外文翻译文献
网瘾网络游戏成瘾外文翻译文献文献信息：文献标题：Risk factors associated with online game addiction: A hierarchical model（与网络游戏成瘾相关的风险因素：层次模型）国外作者：Hyun, Gi Jung, et al文献出处：《Computers in human behavior》,2015,48:706-713.字数统计：英文2884单词，16605字符；中文5177汉字外文文献：Risk factors associated with online game addiction:A hierarchical modelAbstract Online gaming addiction has been increasingly recognized as a mental disorder. However, the predictive factors that lead to online gaming addiction are not well established. The aim of this study was to identify factors that may infiuence the development of online gaming addiction. A total of 263 patients with problematic online gaming addiction (255 males (97%) and 8 fema les (3%), age: mean = 20.4 ±5.8 years)and153 healthy comparison subjects (118 males (77%) and 35 females (23%), age: 21.2 ±5.5 years, range) were recruited for participation in the current study. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses among each set of variables were conducted. Individual factors (sex and age), cognitive factors (IQ and perseverative errors), psychopathological conditions (ADHD, depression, anxiety, and impulsivity), and social interaction factors (family environment, social anxiety, and self-esteem) were evaluated in a stepwise fashion. All four factors were associated with online gaming addiction, with psychopathological conditions being the strongest risk factors for the addiction. Individual factors,psychological factors, and social interactions were associated with the development of pure online gaming addiction. As before, psychological factors (attention, mood, anxiety and impulsivity) were the strongest risk factors for online gaming addiction in patients with pure online gaming addiction.Psychopathologies, including ADHD and depression, were the strongest factors associated with the development of online gaming addiction inindividuals.Key words: Online gaming addiction; Social interaction; Psychopathology Individual factors; Cognitive functions1.IntroductionRecently, it has been suggested that internet addiction is a mental health problem (Lam, Peng, Mai, & Jing, 2009). Internet addiction may impair daily life, academic performance, family relationships, and emotional development, particularly among adolescents. Since 1996, w hen the concept of ‘‘internet addiction’’ was introduced as a new clinical disorder, internet addiction has been studied in terms of the physical and psychological consequences, particularly in China, Korea. However, the causes or aggravating factors that lead to internet addiction remain unknown, although many studies have attempted to explore its causes in terms of demographic factors, psychopathological conditions, psychosocial and family environment, and cognitive functions (Aboujaoude, Koran, Gamel, Large, & Serpe, 2006; Ha et al., 2006; Park et al., 2011; Tsai et al., 2009; Wang & Wang, 2013).In general, individual factors related to online gaming addiction such as sex and age have been considered in previous studies. Most studies report that the male sex conveys a 2–3 times higher risk for internet addiction than the female sex (Lee,Han, Kim, & Renshaw, 2013; Sasmaz et al., 2014). In addition, older age has been reported to be a risk factor for internet addiction among adolescents (Ahmadi & Saghafi, 2013).In terms of causal cognitive factors for online gaming addiction, IQ and cognitive fiexibility have been considered. A study by Park et al. (2011) noted that adolescents with internet addiction have lower comprehensive sub-item scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) in comparison to healthy control subjects. A study by Zhou, Yuan, and Yao (2012) indicatedthat patients with online gaming addiction demonstrate low mental fiexibility and response inhibition in modified versions of go/nogo tests. In our previous study, patients with online gamingaddiction showed increased numbers of perseverative responses and perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Han, Lyoo, & Renshaw, 2012).Psychopathological conditions that are often co-morbid with onlinegamingaddiction,attentiondeficitandhyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety, and impulsivity have been considered. Several previous studies of internet addiction have noted that some symptoms in patients with problematic internet use are the same as those observed in other psychopathologies (Aboujaoude et al., 2006). For example, ADHD and MDD are the most frequent comorbid disorders in a South Korean sample population, and the clinical characteristics of internet addiction are similar to clinical symptoms in patients with ADHD or MDD (Ha et al., 2006; Park, Lee, Kim, Jeong, & Han, 2013; Yoo et al., 2004). In a survey of 987 Indian adolescents (Goel, Subramanyam, & Kamath, 2013), adolescents with higher internet addiction score also show higher scores on anxiety anddepression scales. The association between violent games and aggressive behavior is controversial. Past study suggested the correlation between violent video game and aggressive behavior in healthy subjects (Anderson & Dill, 2000). However, a recent time series analysis and meta-analysis have shown that violent films are negatively correlated with aggressive behaviors (Markey, French, & Markey, in press), and there is no evidence that violent video games increase aggression in children (Ferguson, in press).In terms of social interaction factors that have been related to online gaming addiction, family environment, social anxiety, and self-esteem have been considered. Based on an online survey of 1642 people (19–60 years of age), Wang and Wang (2013) reported that excessive internet use is motivated by cyberspace social encounters in individuals with poor offiine social support, including support from family members. However, based on a survey of 2348 college students, Yen et al. (2012) suggested that the internet is a good alternative outlet for individuals with social anxiety. In contrast, Lee and Stapinski (2012) reported that online communication exacerbates face-to-face avoidance in individuals with higher levels of perceived social anxiety.Self-esteem is thought to mediate social interactions and preference for online social interactions (Caplan, 2005; Fioravanti, Dettore, & Casale, 2012; Stinson et al., 2008). Bozoglan, Demirer, and Sahin (2013) found that low self-esteem was associated with internet addiction in a sample of Turkish university students 18–24 years of age. A study by Lemenager et al. (2013) reported selfconfidence deficits in individuals characterized as major users of multiplayer online role-playing games.Each of these studies, however, focused on only one or twoindependent factors, without considering the hierarchical importance among variable risk factors. As observed in other addiction disorders as well as in child and adolescent disorders (Lee et al., 2013), identifying the hierarchical importance of risk factors for online gaming addiction may infiuence policy and treatment. Based on patients with online gaming addiction consecutively referred to the Online Game Clinic Center at OO University Hospital, we aimed to assess the hierarchical importance among individual factors, cognitive functions, psychopathological conditions, and levels of psychosocial and family support in patients with online gaming addiction.2.MethodThe current study screened 308 patients with problematic online gaming habits (296 males (96%) and 12 females (4%), age: mean = 21.0 ±5.9 years, range: 12–45 years) who visited the Online Game Clinic Center at OO University Hospital from June 2011 to March 2013. Through advertisements posted at OO University and OO University Medical Center, 153 healthy comparison subjects (118 males (77%) and 35 females (23%), age: 21.2 ± 5.5 years, range: 13–40 years) were recruited to voluntarily participate in the study. Both the patients and the control subjects were screened with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (Ha et al., 2006; Kusumakar, MacMaster, Gates, Sparkes, & Khan, 2001), and patients were secondarily diagnosed with comorbidities by two child and adolescent psychiatrists. All subjects were asked to complete questionnaires regarding the severity of internet addiction, individual factors, family environment, social interactions, and comorbidities.The criteria for online game addiction in the current study were similar to those employed in other previous studies (Han,Hwang, & Renshaw, 2010; Ko et al., 2009). Factors associated with addiction included: (1) online game playing through the internet, more than 4 h per day or 30 h per week, (2) Internet Addiction Scale score >50 (Young, 1996), (3) irritable, anxious, and aggressive behaviors when compelled to stop online game playing, (4) impaired behaviors or distress, economic problems, or maladaptive patterns of regular life due to excessive online game play, and (5) irregular life patterns due to disrupted diurnal rhythms (e.g., sleeping during the day and gaming at night, irregular meals, and failure to maintain personal hygiene), school truancy, or loss of job.Exclusion criteria included: (1) a history or current episode of other Axis I psychiatric diseases, with the exception of MDD and ADHD, (2) IQ < 80, (3) substance abuse history, with the exception of alcohol or tobacco abuse, and (4) neurological or medical disorder. Ultimately, 263 patients with online gaming addiction (255 males (97%) and 8 females (3%), age: mean = 20.4 ±5.8 years, range: 12–45 years), consisting of 109 with only online gaming addiction (referred to herein as pure online gaming addiction), 92 with online gaming addiction and ADHD, and 62 with online gaming addiction and MDD, were included in the study. The patients excluded were 14 patients with multiple diagnoses of online gaming addiction plus ADHD and major depression, 11 patients with schizophrenia, 5 patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder, 4 patients with alcohol dependence, 7 patients with autism spectrum disorders, and 4 patients with mental retardation. The research protocol for the current study was approved by the OO University Hospital Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was provided by patients older than 18 years. In adolescents youngerthan 18 years, written informed consent was provided by parents and adolescents.3.DiscussionOf the four risk categories including individual factors, cognitive functions, psychopathologies, and social interactions, psychopathologies were the strongest riskfactors for online gaming addiction in all patients. Specifically, sex, self-esteem, attention, depressive moods, family environment, and perseverative errors were significantly associated with online gaming addiction. In patients with pure online gaming addiction, associations were found with individual factors, psychological factors, and social interactions. Of the four categories, psychopathologies were the strongest risk factors for online gaming addiction in patients with pure online gaming addiction. Specifically, sex, age, self-esteem, attention, depressive moods, and family environment were significantly associated with online gaming addiction in these patients.3.1.Individual factorsOf the two individual factors, sex was a risk factor for online gaming addiction in all patients. Both sex and age were also associated with online gaming addiction in patients with pure online gaming addiction.Sex differences may be due to different online use between males and females. Female adolescents typically use online networking for enhancing communication and sharing information via instant messaging, chatting, and visiting personal websites. However, male adolescents mainly use online networking for playing online games (Gross, 2004). In addition, temperamental characteristics, including higher levels of novelty seeking, higher comorbidity of ADHD, and higher levels ofimpulsivity in males are responsible for higher rates of online gaming addiction relative to females (Bozkurt, Coskun, Ayaydin, Adak, & Zoroglu, 2013; Dalbudak et al., 2013; Ko et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2013). A study by Park et al. (2013) reports that increased age is a risk factor for online gaming addiction in adolescent patients.3.2.Cognitive factorsAlthough there are controversies in terms of the relation between cognitive function and internet addiction, the results of the current study suggest that perseverative errors but not IQ are associated with online gaming addiction. Disrupted perseverative responses have been reported in patients with internet addiction (Han, Kim, Lee, & Renshaw, 2012; Han, Lyoo et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2012). Relative to healthy comparison subjects, patients with online gaming addiction tend to show increased numbers of perseverative errors (Kusumakar et al., 2001). Poor executive functioning, including low mental fiexibility and response inhibition in patients with online gaming addiction, are thought to be associated with the severity of the addiction (Lemenager et al., 2013). A study by Park et al. (2011) reported that lower comprehensive sub-item scores of WAIS-R were associated with internet addiction. The results of the current study, however, did not show any correlation between IQ and online gaming addiction. The difference between the findings of Park et al. and the current research may be due to the number of subjects, the consideration of comorbidities, or the interactions between other risk factors.3.3.Psychopathological factorsPsychopathologies, especially ADHD and MDD, were the strongest risk factors for online gaming addiction in the currentstudy. In a systematic review of 20 articles about comorbid psychopathologies and pathological internet use, Carli et al. (2013) reported that 100% of articles claim that pathological internet use is associated with symptoms of ADHD, and 75% of the articles assert that pathological internet use is associated with MDD. According to a survey of 2793 college students, adult ADHD is also associated with internet addiction (Yen, Yen, Chen, Tang, & Ko, 2009). The strong association between pathological internet use and ADHD may be related to the characteristics of ADHD, insofar as both sets of patients tend to be easily bored and thrive on instant gratification (Campbell & von Stauffenberg, 2009; Carli et al., 2013). Moreover, Fergurson and Ceranoglu suggest that pathologic gaming behavior may be a symptom of underlying ADHD rather than a unique disease (Fergurson and Ceranoglu, 2014). In our group of patients with pure online gaming addiction (i.e., patients without comorbid ADHD or MDD), K-ARS scores and K-BDI scores were also associated with online gaming addiction. In German game players, emotionally sensitive users play online games more for the purpose of interaction with friends, compared to less sensitive users (Kowert et al., 2014). These results suggest that online gaming addiction may be aggravated by sub-clinical ADHD and MDD. Although there were significant differences between the online gaming addiction group and the healthy comparison group in the present study, the characteristic ofimpulsiveness, as assessed via the BIS/BAS scale, was not associated with online gaming addiction. Many studies suggest that a high level of impulsiveness is associated with internet addiction (Bozkurt et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013). One group has suggested that internet addiction should be classified as animpulse control disorder (Dell’Osso et al., 2008). The divergent results of the current research from previous research may be due to interaction effects among the K-ARS and K-BDI scores.3.4.Social interaction factorsThe results of the current research show that the factor of family environment within the set of social interaction factors is an important risk factor for an online gaming addiction. Tsai et al. (2009) demonstrated that offiine social support and interaction with family and colleagues in a study of 1360 university freshmen negatively correlated with internet addiction. In a study of family factors contributing to internet addiction, Yen, Yen, Chen, Chen, and Ko (2007) reported that a higher level of confiict between parents and children together with a lower level of family cohesion is a risk factor for internet addiction. A study by Han, Kim et al. (2012), Han, Lyoo et al. (2012) reported that a three-week period of intensive family intervention improved the severity of online game addiction and increased the activity of the caudate nucleus in response to the affect scene. The present study also found that family environment factors were associated with online gaming addiction. Although there were no significant results between social anxiety and online gaming addiction in the present study, social anxiety should be considered to be associated with online gaming addiction. Our result may have been due to the control of psychological factors (BAI score) in the previous analysis steps. A study by Rusconi et al. (2012) reported that increased anxiety due to social interaction is associated with prolonged use of the internet and social network services. A robust level of self-esteem is known to be a protective factor against drug and alcohol addiction, as well as internet addiction. Decreased levels of self-esteem have also been reported to beassociated with internet addiction and online gaming addiction (Bozoglan et al., 2013; Lemenager et al., 2013). Practical support together with positive role models forpatients with drug or alcohol addiction could lead to successful recovery from such an addiction due to increased self-esteem (Johansen, Brendryen, Darnell, & Wennesland, 2013). Future studies should consider additional factors that can affect online gaming addiction including the type of gaming (offiine, computer, console, apps, etc.), game genre, and other addiction comorbidities.4.LimitationsThere are several limitations to the current results. First, although we determined the statistical design in light of previous studies, the arbitrary classification of independent factors and the arbitrary inclusion criteria of ‘online gaming addiction’may reduce the reliability for factors predicting online gaming addiction. In particular, the time spent gaming as an inclusion criterion for online gaming addiction is controversial (Charlton & Danforth, 2007; Skoric, Lay Ching Teo, & Lijie Neo, 2009). Second, the current study did not consider the use of other online facilities such as smart phone services, internet chatting, or smart television. Third, there was a very low percentage of females in the current study; thus, the generalizability of the results to online gaming addiction in females is limited. Third, because game preference and prevalence of ADHD are associated with males, the effect sizes of risk factors other than sex in the regression analysis might have been small. Readers should consider these limitations when interpreting the results.5.ConclusionThe current study assessed the hierarchical importance offour sets of risk factors for online gaming addiction. These factor sets included individual factors, cognitive functions, psychopathologies, and social interactions in patients with online gaming addiction. Psychopathologies including ADHD and depression were the strongest risk factors for the addiction. Control and treatment of ADHD and major depressive disorder may be important for the prevention of online game addiction. Additionally, family environment and self-esteem within the set of social interaction factors were important risk factors for online game addiction.中文译文：与网络游戏成瘾相关的风险因素：层次模型摘要网络游戏成瘾已被越来越多地认定为一种精神障碍。
英语作文戒掉网瘾带翻译
英语作文戒掉网瘾带翻译How to Overcome Internet Addiction。
With the rapid development of technology, the internet has become an indispensable part of our daily life. However, for some people, spending too much time online has become a serious problem. This phenomenon is known as internet addiction. Internet addiction can have negative effects on both physical and mental health, as well as on personal relationships. Therefore, it is important to take steps to overcome this addiction and regain control of our lives.There are several strategies that can help individualsto overcome internet addiction. Firstly, it is important to recognize the problem and acknowledge that a change is needed. This may involve seeking help from friends, family, or a professional counselor. It is also important to set specific goals for reducing internet usage and to create a plan for achieving these goals. This may involve setting limits on the amount of time spent online each day, as wellas identifying alternative activities to fill the time that was previously spent online.In addition to setting goals, it is important to identify and address the underlying causes of internet addiction. For some people, internet addiction may be a way of coping with stress, anxiety, or other emotional issues. In these cases, it is important to find healthier ways of dealing with these emotions, such as through exercise, meditation, or spending time with friends and family. It may also be helpful to identify and address any underlying mental health issues that may be contributing to the addiction.Another important strategy for overcoming internet addiction is to create a supportive environment. This may involve enlisting the help of friends and family members to hold you accountable for your internet usage, as well as to provide encouragement and support as you work towards overcoming the addiction. It may also be helpful to remove or limit access to the internet in certain situations, such as by using website blockers or by keeping electronicdevices out of the bedroom.Finally, it is important to be patient and persistentin the process of overcoming internet addiction. It is unlikely that the addiction will be overcome overnight, and there may be setbacks along the way. However, with determination and support, it is possible to regain control of your life and to develop healthier habits for internet usage.In conclusion, internet addiction is a serious problem that can have negative effects on physical and mental health, as well as on personal relationships. However, by recognizing the problem, setting goals, addressing underlying causes, creating a supportive environment, and being patient and persistent, it is possible to overcome internet addiction and regain control of our lives. By taking these steps, individuals can develop healthier habits for internet usage and enjoy the benefits of technology without falling into the trap of addiction.如何戒掉网瘾。
对于网络游戏成瘾的看法英语作文
对于网络游戏成瘾的看法英语作文The Phenomenon of Online Gaming Addiction.In the digital age, the rise of the internet and subsequently, online gaming, has revolutionized the entertainment industry. With its ability to provide immersive experiences and endless possibilities, online gaming has become a global phenomenon, especially among the younger generation. However, this phenomenon is not without its consequences, and one of the most significant is the issue of online gaming addiction.Online gaming addiction, often referred to as "gaming disorder" or "internet gaming disorder," is a condition where individuals become excessively engaged in online gaming, to the extent that it disrupts their daily livesand causes significant impairment. This addiction can manifest in various ways, such as neglecting school or work, withdrawing from social activities, and even experiencing physical and psychological health problems.The root causes of online gaming addiction are complex and can vary from individual to individual. For some, it may be a means of escaping real-life problems or a sense of loneliness. For others, it could be the thrill and excitement that gaming provides, or the social aspect of playing with others online. Regardless of the reasons, the consequences of this addiction can be devastating.Firstly, online gaming addiction can have a profound impact on a person's social life. As individuals become increasingly engrossed in the virtual world, they may neglect their real-life relationships and social obligations. This can lead to isolation and a lack ofsocial support, which can further exacerbate the addiction.Secondly, online gaming addiction can also have a negative impact on a person's academic and career prospects. Students who are addicted to online gaming may neglecttheir studies, leading to poor grades and even dropout. Adults who are addicted may neglect their work, resultingin lost opportunities and career stagnation.Moreover, online gaming addiction can also lead to various physical and psychological health problems. Prolonged gaming sessions can lead to eye strain, back pain, and other physical ailments. Psychologically, addiction to online gaming can cause anxiety, depression, and even aggressive behavior.To address the issue of online gaming addiction, amulti-faceted approach is needed. Firstly, individuals the need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of addiction and seek help if necessary. This could involve seeking professional counseling or joining support groups.Secondly, parents and guardians play a crucial role in monitoring and guiding the online activities of their children. They should establish clear boundaries and rules regarding gaming, and encourage their children to engage in other activities that promote a healthy balance.Additionally, the gaming industry also has a responsibility to promote responsible gaming practices.This could involve implementing measures to limit gaming time, providing tools to help players monitor their gaming habits, and promoting awareness about the potential risks of addiction.In conclusion, online gaming addiction is a serious issue that requires attention and action. It is crucial for individuals, families, and society to work together to address this problem and ensure that the benefits of online gaming are enjoyed in a healthy and responsible manner. By taking proactive measures and promoting a balanced lifestyle, we can mitigate the negative effects of online gaming addiction and promote a healthier and morefulfilling digital experience.。
网络游戏成瘾问题高中英语作文
网络游戏成瘾问题高中英语作文（中英文实用版）The Problem of Internet Game AddictionIn recent years, the widespread availability of the internet has led to a surge in online gaming.While it can be a fun and social activity, there is a growing concern about the problem of internet game addiction.Internet game addiction can have serious consequences for individuals, including physical and mental health issues, as well as social and occupational problems.Excessive gaming can lead to a lack of sleep, poor nutrition, and physical inactivity, which can all contribute to health problems such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.Additionally, gaming can become all-consuming, leading to neglect of personal relationships, work, and school responsibilities.One of the key factors contributing to internet game addiction is the design of many online games themselves.These games are often designed to be highly engaging and addictive, with rewards and incentives that keep players coming back for more.This can lead to a cycle of dependency, where players feel the need to continually engage in the game in order to satisfy their cravings for the rewards and recognition it provides.Furthermore, the social aspect of online gaming can also contribute to addiction.Many online games are designed to be played with otherplayers, which can create a sense of community and camaraderie among players.However, this can also lead to negative consequences, such as online bullying and addiction to virtual relationships.To address the problem of internet game addiction, it is important to take a multi-faceted approach.First, individuals should be aware of the signs of addiction and seek help if they recognize these signs in themselves or others.Second, parents and educators should be vigilant about monitoring the gaming habits of children and adolescents, and help them establish healthy boundaries around gaming.Finally, policymakers and game developers should work together to implement regulations and guidelines to reduce the addictive potential of online games.In conclusion, the problem of internet game addiction is a serious issue that requires attention and action.By raising awareness, promoting healthy gaming habits, and implementing regulations, we can help reduce the negative consequences of excessive gaming and ensure that online gaming remains a fun and safe activity for all users.。
网瘾英语范文
网瘾英语范文Internet addiction is a growing concern in today's society. With the increasing popularity and accessibility of the internet, more and more people are becoming addicted to it. This addiction can have severe negative impacts on individuals' physical and mental health, as well as their overall well-being.There are several reasons why people become addicted to the internet. Firstly, the internet provides a sense of escape and anonymity. People can create online personas and engage in activities that they may not feel comfortable doing in real life. This can be especially appealing for individuals who have social anxiety or feel disconnected from the real world.Secondly, the internet offers a wide range of entertainment options. From online gaming to streaming movies and TV shows, there is an endless amount of content available. This constant stimulation can be addicting, as individuals seek out the next source of entertainment tofill their time.Additionally, the internet provides a platform forsocial interaction. Social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, allow individuals to connect with others and share their lives. This constant need for validation and connection can lead to addictive behaviors, as individuals constantly check for updates and notifications.The consequences of internet addiction can be severe. Physically, individuals may experience headaches, eye strain, and sleep disturbances due to excessive screen time. Mentally, internet addiction can lead to anxiety, depression, and feelings of isolation. It can alsonegatively impact relationships, as individuals mayprioritize online interactions over real-life connections.In order to combat internet addiction, it is importantfor individuals to set boundaries and establish healthy habits. This can include limiting screen time, setting specific times for internet use, and engaging in offline activities. Seeking support from friends, family, or professionals can also be beneficial in overcoming addiction.网瘾是当今社会日益严重的问题。
网络成瘾现象英文作文
网络成瘾现象英文作文I think internet addiction is a real problem for many people. They spend hours and hours online, checking social media, playing games, and watching videos. It's like they can't stop themselves from being connected all the time. It affects their relationships, their work, and their health.I know a friend who is addicted to online shopping. She buys things she doesn't need, just because it's so easy to click and buy. She's always in debt because of her online shopping addiction. It's really sad to see how it's affecting her life.Some people are addicted to online gaming. They spend all their free time playing games, and they neglect their responsibilities because of it. Their grades suffer, their social life suffers, and they become isolated and lonely.I've heard about people who are addicted to social media. They constantly check their accounts, looking forlikes and comments. They compare themselves to others and feel bad about themselves. It's like they can't be happy without the validation of others online.I think internet addiction is a serious problem that needs to be addressed. People need to learn how to disconnect and live in the real world. They need to find balance in their lives and not let the internet take over. It's important to have real connections with people, and not just online ones.。
网络成瘾危害英文作文
网络成瘾危害英文作文Being addicted to the internet can have serious consequences on a person's physical and mental health. It can lead to a sedentary lifestyle, lack of physicalactivity, and an increased risk of obesity and relatedhealth issues.Spending too much time online can also negativelyimpact one's social life and relationships. People may become isolated, have difficulty communicating face-to-face, and struggle to maintain meaningful connections with others.Internet addiction can also have a detrimental effecton academic or professional performance. Excessive time spent online can lead to poor concentration, decreased productivity, and ultimately, lower grades or job performance.The constant exposure to screens and blue light from electronic devices can disrupt sleep patterns and lead toinsomnia, fatigue, and other sleep-related issues.In extreme cases, internet addiction can contribute to the development of mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and even addiction to other substances or behaviors.The financial implications of internet addiction should not be overlooked. Excessive online gaming, gambling, or shopping can lead to significant financial strain and debt, impacting one's overall well-being and quality of life.。
游戏成瘾作文英文
游戏成瘾作文英文Title: The Perils of Gaming Addiction。
Gaming addiction is a contemporary phenomenon that has garnered significant attention in recent years. As technology advances and video games become increasingly immersive, the allure of gaming can turn into a destructive habit for some individuals. In this essay, we delve into the complexities of gaming addiction, exploring its causes, effects, and potential solutions.To begin with, it's essential to understand what constitutes gaming addiction. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), gaming disorder is characterized by impaired control over gaming, prioritizing gaming over other activities, and continuation of gaming despite negative consequences. It's not merely enjoying games in one's leisure time but rather an obsession that interferes with daily life responsibilities.There are several factors that contribute to the development of gaming addiction. Firstly, the design of modern video games is meticulously crafted to be engaging and addictive. Game developers employ various techniques such as rewards, progression systems, and socialinteraction to keep players hooked for extended periods. Additionally, the escapism offered by games can be appealing to individuals facing stress, anxiety, or dissatisfaction in their real lives. Gaming provides a temporary retreat from reality, offering a sense of accomplishment and control that may be lacking elsewhere.The effects of gaming addiction can be profound andfar-reaching. Excessive gaming can lead to physical health problems such as obesity, repetitive strain injuries, and poor sleep patterns. Moreover, it can have detrimental effects on mental health, exacerbating conditions like depression and anxiety. Socially, gaming addiction can lead to isolation and strained relationships, as individuals prioritize gaming over spending time with friends and family. Academic and occupational performance may also suffer, as time spent gaming detracts from study or workresponsibilities.Addressing gaming addiction requires a multifaceted approach involving individuals, families, communities, and policymakers. Firstly, raising awareness about the risks of gaming addiction is crucial. Education programs can help individuals recognize the signs of addiction and seek help when needed. Parents and guardians play a vital role in monitoring their children's gaming habits and setting appropriate limits. Open communication and setting boundaries around gaming can help prevent excessive use.Furthermore, game developers have a responsibility to create games that are not only entertaining but also promote healthy gaming habits. Implementing features that encourage breaks, limit playing time, and provide resources for seeking help can mitigate the risk of addiction. Online gaming platforms can also play a role by promoting responsible gaming practices and providing support for those struggling with addiction.At the societal level, there is a need for policies andregulations that address gaming addiction effectively. This includes measures such as age restrictions on gaming purchases, limiting advertising targeting children, and allocating resources for addiction treatment and support services. Additionally, promoting alternative recreational activities and fostering a culture that values balance and moderation can help reduce the prevalence of gaming addiction.In conclusion, gaming addiction poses significant challenges in today's digital age. While gaming can be a source of entertainment and socialization, it can also spiral into addiction with serious consequences for individuals and society. By raising awareness, promoting responsible gaming practices, and implementing effective policies, we can address gaming addiction and create a healthier relationship with technology and entertainment.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
文献信息：文献标题：Risk factors associated with online game addiction: A hierarchical model（与网络游戏成瘾相关的风险因素：层次模型）国外作者：Hyun, Gi Jung, et al文献出处：《Computers in human behavior》,2015,48:706-713.字数统计：英文2884单词，16605字符；中文5177汉字外文文献：Risk factors associated with online game addiction:A hierarchical modelAbstract Online gaming addiction has been increasingly recognized as a mental disorder. However, the predictive factors that lead to online gaming addiction are not well established. The aim of this study was to identify factors that may infiuence the development of online gaming addiction. A total of 263 patients with problematic online gaming addiction (255 males (97%) and 8 females (3%), age: mean = 20.4 ± 5.8 years) and 153 healthy comparison subjects (118 males (77%) and 35 females (23%), age: 21.2 ± 5.5 years, range) were recruited for participation in the current study. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses among each set of variables were conducted. Individual factors (sex and age), cognitive factors (IQ and perseverative errors), psychopathological conditions (ADHD, depression, anxiety, and impulsivity), and social interaction factors (family environment, social anxiety, and self-esteem) were evaluated in a stepwise fashion. All four factors were associated with online gaming addiction, with psychopathological conditions being the strongest risk factors for the addiction. Individual factors, psychological factors, and social interactions were associated with the development of pure online gaming addiction. As before, psychological factors (attention, mood, anxiety and impulsivity) were the strongest risk factors for online gaming addiction in patients with pure online gamingaddiction. Psychopathologies, including ADHD and depression, were the strongest factors associated with the development of online gaming addiction in individuals.Key words: Online gaming addiction; Social interaction; Psychopathology Individual factors; Cognitive functions1.IntroductionRecently, it has been suggested that internet addiction is a mental health problem (Lam, Peng, Mai, & Jing, 2009). Internet addiction may impair daily life, academic performance, family relationships, and emotional development, particularly among adolescents. Since 1996, when the concept of ‘‘internet addiction’’ was introduced as a new clinical disorder, internet addiction has been studied in terms of the physical and psychological consequences, particularly in China, Korea. However, the causes or aggravating factors that lead to internet addiction remain unknown, although many studies have attempted to explore its causes in terms of demographic factors, psychopathological conditions, psychosocial and family environment, and cognitive functions (Aboujaoude, Koran, Gamel, Large, & Serpe, 2006; Ha et al., 2006; Park et al., 2011; Tsai et al., 2009; Wang & Wang, 2013).In general, individual factors related to online gaming addiction such as sex and age have been considered in previous studies. Most studies report that the male sex conveys a 2–3 times higher risk for internet addiction than the female sex (Lee, Han, Kim, & Renshaw, 2013; Sasmaz et al., 2014). In addition, older age has been reported to be a risk factor for internet addiction among adolescents (Ahmadi & Saghafi, 2013).In terms of causal cognitive factors for online gaming addiction, IQ and cognitive fiexibility have been considered. A study by Park et al. (2011) noted that adolescents with internet addiction have lower comprehensive sub-item scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) in comparison to healthy control subjects. A study by Zhou, Yuan, and Yao (2012) indicated that patients with online gaming addiction demonstrate low mental fiexibility and response inhibition in modified versions of go/nogo tests. In our previous study, patients with online gamingaddiction showed increased numbers of perseverative responses and perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Han, Lyoo, & Renshaw, 2012).Psychopathological conditions that are often co-morbid with online gaming addiction, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety, and impulsivity have been considered. Several previous studies of internet addiction have noted that some symptoms in patients with problematic internet use are the same as those observed in other psychopathologies (Aboujaoude et al., 2006). For example, ADHD and MDD are the most frequent comorbid disorders in a South Korean sample population, and the clinical characteristics of internet addiction are similar to clinical symptoms in patients with ADHD or MDD (Ha et al., 2006; Park, Lee, Kim, Jeong, & Han, 2013; Yoo et al., 2004). In a survey of 987 Indian adolescents (Goel, Subramanyam, & Kamath, 2013), adolescents with higher internet addiction score also show higher scores on anxiety and depression scales. The association between violent games and aggressive behavior is controversial. Past study suggested the correlation between violent video game and aggressive behavior in healthy subjects (Anderson & Dill, 2000). However, a recent time series analysis and meta-analysis have shown that violent films are negatively correlated with aggressive behaviors (Markey, French, & Markey, in press), and there is no evidence that violent video games increase aggression in children (Ferguson, in press).In terms of social interaction factors that have been related to online gaming addiction, family environment, social anxiety, and self-esteem have been considered. Based on an online survey of 1642 people (19–60 years of age), Wang and Wang (2013) reported that excessive internet use is motivated by cyberspace social encounters in individuals with poor offiine social support, including support from family members. However, based on a survey of 2348 college students, Yen et al. (2012) suggested that the internet is a good alternative outlet for individuals with social anxiety. In contrast, Lee and Stapinski (2012) reported that online communication exacerbates face-to-face avoidance in individuals with higher levels of perceived social anxiety.Self-esteem is thought to mediate social interactions and preference for online social interactions (Caplan, 2005; Fioravanti, Dettore, & Casale, 2012; Stinson et al., 2008). Bozoglan, Demirer, and Sahin (2013) found that low self-esteem was associated with internet addiction in a sample of Turkish university students 18–24 years of age. A study by Lemenager et al. (2013) reported selfconfidence deficits in individuals characterized as major users of multiplayer online role-playing games.Each of these studies, however, focused on only one or two independent factors, without considering the hierarchical importance among variable risk factors. As observed in other addiction disorders as well as in child and adolescent disorders (Lee et al., 2013), identifying the hierarchical importance of risk factors for online gaming addiction may infiuence policy and treatment. Based on patients with online gaming addiction consecutively referred to the Online Game Clinic Center at OO University Hospital, we aimed to assess the hierarchical importance among individual factors, cognitive functions, psychopathological conditions, and levels of psychosocial and family support in patients with online gaming addiction.2.MethodThe current study screened 308 patients with problematic online gaming habits (296 males (96%) and 12 females (4%), age: mean = 21.0 ±5.9 years, range: 12–45 years) who visited the Online Game Clinic Center at OO University Hospital from June 2011 to March 2013. Through advertisements posted at OO University and OO University Medical Center, 153 healthy comparison subjects (118 males (77%) and 35 females (23%), age: 21.2 ± 5.5 years, range: 13–40 years) were recruited to voluntarily participate in the study. Both the patients and the control subjects were screened with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (Ha et al., 2006; Kusumakar, MacMaster, Gates, Sparkes, & Khan, 2001), and patients were secondarily diagnosed with comorbidities by two child and adolescent psychiatrists. All subjects were asked to complete questionnaires regarding the severity of internet addiction, individual factors, family environment, social interactions, and comorbidities.The criteria for online game addiction in the current study were similar to those employed in other previous studies (Han, Hwang, & Renshaw, 2010; Ko et al., 2009). Factors associated with addiction included: (1) online game playing through the internet, more than 4 h per day or 30 h per week, (2) Internet Addiction Scale score >50 (Young, 1996), (3) irritable, anxious, and aggressive behaviors when compelled to stop online game playing, (4) impaired behaviors or distress, economic problems, or maladaptive patterns of regular life due to excessive online game play, and (5) irregular life patterns due to disrupted diurnal rhythms (e.g., sleeping during the day and gaming at night, irregular meals, and failure to maintain personal hygiene), school truancy, or loss of job.Exclusion criteria included: (1) a history or current episode of other Axis I psychiatric diseases, with the exception of MDD and ADHD, (2) IQ < 80, (3) substance abuse history, with the exception of alcohol or tobacco abuse, and (4) neurological or medical disorder. Ultimately, 263 patients with online gaming addiction (255 males (97%) and 8 females (3%), age: mean = 20.4 ±5.8 years, range: 12–45 years), consisting of 109 with only online gaming addiction (referred to herein as pure online gaming addiction), 92 with online gaming addiction and ADHD, and 62 with online gaming addiction and MDD, were included in the study. The patients excluded were 14 patients with multiple diagnoses of online gaming addiction plus ADHD and major depression, 11 patients with schizophrenia, 5 patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder, 4 patients with alcohol dependence, 7 patients with autism spectrum disorders, and 4 patients with mental retardation. The research protocol for the current study was approved by the OO University Hospital Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was provided by patients older than 18 years. In adolescents younger than 18 years, written informed consent was provided by parents and adolescents.3.DiscussionOf the four risk categories including individual factors, cognitive functions, psychopathologies, and social interactions, psychopathologies were the strongest riskfactors for online gaming addiction in all patients. Specifically, sex, self-esteem, attention, depressive moods, family environment, and perseverative errors were significantly associated with online gaming addiction. In patients with pure online gaming addiction, associations were found with individual factors, psychological factors, and social interactions. Of the four categories, psychopathologies were the strongest risk factors for online gaming addiction in patients with pure online gaming addiction. Specifically, sex, age, self-esteem, attention, depressive moods, and family environment were significantly associated with online gaming addiction in these patients.3.1.Individual factorsOf the two individual factors, sex was a risk factor for online gaming addiction in all patients. Both sex and age were also associated with online gaming addiction in patients with pure online gaming addiction.Sex differences may be due to different online use between males and females. Female adolescents typically use online networking for enhancing communication and sharing information via instant messaging, chatting, and visiting personal websites. However, male adolescents mainly use online networking for playing online games (Gross, 2004). In addition, temperamental characteristics, including higher levels of novelty seeking, higher comorbidity of ADHD, and higher levels of impulsivity in males are responsible for higher rates of online gaming addiction relative to females (Bozkurt, Coskun, Ayaydin, Adak, & Zoroglu, 2013; Dalbudak et al., 2013; Ko et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2013). A study by Park et al. (2013) reports that increased age is a risk factor for online gaming addiction in adolescent patients.3.2.Cognitive factorsAlthough there are controversies in terms of the relation between cognitive function and internet addiction, the results of the current study suggest that perseverative errors but not IQ are associated with online gaming addiction. Disrupted perseverative responses have been reported in patients with internet addiction (Han, Kim, Lee, & Renshaw, 2012; Han, Lyoo et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2012). Relative to healthy comparison subjects, patients with online gaming addiction tend to showincreased numbers of perseverative errors (Kusumakar et al., 2001). Poor executive functioning, including low mental fiexibility and response inhibition in patients with online gaming addiction, are thought to be associated with the severity of the addiction (Lemenager et al., 2013). A study by Park et al. (2011) reported that lower comprehensive sub-item scores of WAIS-R were associated with internet addiction. The results of the current study, however, did not show any correlation between IQ and online gaming addiction. The difference between the findings of Park et al. and the current research may be due to the number of subjects, the consideration of comorbidities, or the interactions between other risk factors.3.3.Psychopathological factorsPsychopathologies, especially ADHD and MDD, were the strongest risk factors for online gaming addiction in the current study. In a systematic review of 20 articles about comorbid psychopathologies and pathological internet use, Carli et al. (2013) reported that 100% of articles claim that pathological internet use is associated with symptoms of ADHD, and 75% of the articles assert that pathological internet use is associated with MDD. According to a survey of 2793 college students, adult ADHD is also associated with internet addiction (Yen, Yen, Chen, Tang, & Ko, 2009). The strong association between pathological internet use and ADHD may be related to the characteristics of ADHD, insofar as both sets of patients tend to be easily bored and thrive on instant gratification (Campbell & von Stauffenberg, 2009; Carli et al., 2013). Moreover, Fergurson and Ceranoglu suggest that pathologic gaming behavior may be a symptom of underlying ADHD rather than a unique disease (Fergurson and Ceranoglu, 2014). In our group of patients with pure online gaming addiction (i.e., patients without comorbid ADHD or MDD), K-ARS scores and K-BDI scores were also associated with online gaming addiction. In German game players, emotionally sensitive users play online games more for the purpose of interaction with friends, compared to less sensitive users (Kowert et al., 2014). These results suggest that online gaming addiction may be aggravated by sub-clinical ADHD and MDD. Although there were significant differences between the online gaming addiction group and the healthy comparison group in the present study, the characteristic ofimpulsiveness, as assessed via the BIS/BAS scale, was not associated with online gaming addiction. Many studies suggest that a high level of impulsiveness is associated with internet addiction (Bozkurt et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013). One group has suggested that internet addiction should be classified as an impulse control disorder (Dell’Osso et al., 2008). The divergent results of the current research from previous research may be due to interaction effects among the K-ARS and K-BDI scores.3.4.Social interaction factorsThe results of the current research show that the factor of family environment within the set of social interaction factors is an important risk factor for an online gaming addiction. Tsai et al. (2009) demonstrated that offiine social support and interaction with family and colleagues in a study of 1360 university freshmen negatively correlated with internet addiction. In a study of family factors contributing to internet addiction, Yen, Yen, Chen, Chen, and Ko (2007) reported that a higher level of confiict between parents and children together with a lower level of family cohesion is a risk factor for internet addiction. A study by Han, Kim et al. (2012), Han, Lyoo et al. (2012) reported that a three-week period of intensive family intervention improved the severity of online game addiction and increased the activity of the caudate nucleus in response to the affect scene. The present study also found that family environment factors were associated with online gaming addiction. Although there were no significant results between social anxiety and online gaming addiction in the present study, social anxiety should be considered to be associated with online gaming addiction. Our result may have been due to the control of psychological factors (BAI score) in the previous analysis steps. A study by Rusconi et al. (2012) reported that increased anxiety due to social interaction is associated with prolonged use of the internet and social network services. A robust level of self-esteem is known to be a protective factor against drug and alcohol addiction, as well as internet addiction. Decreased levels of self-esteem have also been reported to be associated with internet addiction and online gaming addiction (Bozoglan et al., 2013; Lemenager et al., 2013). Practical support together with positive role models forpatients with drug or alcohol addiction could lead to successful recovery from such an addiction due to increased self-esteem (Johansen, Brendryen, Darnell, & Wennesland, 2013). Future studies should consider additional factors that can affect online gaming addiction including the type of gaming (offiine, computer, console, apps, etc.), game genre, and other addiction comorbidities.4.LimitationsThere are several limitations to the current results. First, although we determined the statistical design in light of previous studies, the arbitrary classification of independent factors and the arbitrary inclusion criteria of ‘online gaming addiction’may reduce the reliability for factors predicting online gaming addiction. In particular, the time spent gaming as an inclusion criterion for online gaming addiction is controversial (Charlton & Danforth, 2007; Skoric, Lay Ching Teo, & Lijie Neo, 2009). Second, the current study did not consider the use of other online facilities such as smart phone services, internet chatting, or smart television. Third, there was a very low percentage of females in the current study; thus, the generalizability of the results to online gaming addiction in females is limited. Third, because game preference and prevalence of ADHD are associated with males, the effect sizes of risk factors other than sex in the regression analysis might have been small. Readers should consider these limitations when interpreting the results.5.ConclusionThe current study assessed the hierarchical importance of four sets of risk factors for online gaming addiction. These factor sets included individual factors, cognitive functions, psychopathologies, and social interactions in patients with online gaming addiction. Psychopathologies including ADHD and depression were the strongest risk factors for the addiction. Control and treatment of ADHD and major depressive disorder may be important for the prevention of online game addiction. Additionally, family environment and self-esteem within the set of social interaction factors were important risk factors for online game addiction.中文译文：与网络游戏成瘾相关的风险因素：层次模型摘要网络游戏成瘾已被越来越多地认定为一种精神障碍。