hot words aout goverment work report
government report
政府工作报告REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT——2008年3月5日在第十一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上Delivered at the First Session of the Eleventh NationalPeople's Congress on March 5, 2008国务院总理温家宝各位代表：Fellow Deputies,现在，我代表国务院，向大会报告本届政府过去五年的工作，对今年工作提出建议，请予审议，并请全国政协各位委员提出意见。
On behalf of the State Council, I would now like to deliver to you a report on the work of the government over the past five years and on the arrangements for its work this year for your deliberation and approval and also for comments and suggestions from the members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).一、过去五年工作回顾I. Review of the Work of the Past Five Years第十届全国人民代表大会第一次会议以来的五年，是不平凡的五年。
在中国共产党领导下，各级政府和全国各族人民认真贯彻党的十六大精神，齐心协力，顽强拼搏，积极应对复杂多变的国际环境，努力克服经济社会发展中的各种困难，战胜了突如其来的严重非典疫情和历史罕见的低温雨雪冰冻等特大自然灾害，改革开放和现代化建设取得了举世瞩目的重大成就。
The past five years since the First Session of the Tenth National People's Congress was a momentous period. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), governments at all levels and people of all the ethnic groups in China diligently followed the guiding principles set out at the Sixteenth CPC National Congress and worked in concert and with dedication. We vigorously responded to the complex and volatile international environment, strove to overcome various difficulties hindering economic and social development, and prevailed over the sudden and severe outbreak of SARS and catastrophic natural disasters such as the recent snow and ice storms in the south that the region has rarely seen before. We made major achievements in reform, opening up and modernization, which attracted the attention of the world.——经济跨上新台阶。
GOVERNMENT WORK
16
key universities through special
programs has grown from 10,000 to 100,000.
36 million
100,000
10,000
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Slashing taxes and fees
We have expanded the replacement of business tax with value added tax (VAT) to all sectors across the country, effectively eliminating the 66-year-old business tax. Our market entities have saved more than 3 trillion yuan. We have cut interest liability by 1.2 trillion yuan.
The Report laid out a roadmap for the development of the Chinese economy in 2018. Reform of personal income tax, lowering rates for mobile internet services, increasing incomes and deepening poverty alleviation are hot topics affecting all of society.
hot words
碳税carbon tax联合国气候变化会议于当地时间12月7日在哥本哈根召开。
中国是否有必要实施碳税？又该如何减少碳税实施后对公众福利的影响？对此，专家指出，只有进一步节能减排，才能逾越西方发达国家今后可能设立的贸易壁垒。
温室气体排放税(费)或者碳税(费)政策可以起到宏观调控的作用。
请看《中国日报》的报道：Carbon tax, one of the market mechanisms that China is considering adopting, will raise the current energy price from fossil fuel sources, including gasoline, electricity, coal and natural gas.“碳税”是中国正在考虑要实行的市场机制之一，该机制的实行将提高现有包括汽油、电力、煤炭和天然气等在内的化石能源的价格。
文中的carbon tax就是指“碳税”，是基于市场的主要减排方案之一，根据fossil fuel （化石燃料）燃烧后排放碳量的多少，针对化石燃料的生产、分配或使用来征收税费。
而相比之下，使用wind（风力），sunlight（日光），hydropower（水电）等non-combustion energy sources（非燃烧能源）则更加环保。
Carbon tax是一种针对greenhouse gas（温室气体）中的emissions of carbon dioxide （二氧化碳排放）征收的environmental tax（环境税）。
征收carbon tax的目的在于控制climate change（气候变化）和global warming（全球变暖）。
此外，人们还常采用carbon capture and storage（碳捕获和存储）等方法来处理emissions of carbon dioxide。
2024年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力真题精选附答案
2024年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力真题精选附答案单选题（共45题）1、When the teacher asks students to read a text for the main idea, he/she intends to develop students' skill of_______.A.retellingB.predictingC.skimmingD.scanning【答案】 C2、请阅读短文，完成此题。
A.boringB.very tiredC.busyD.angry【答案】 B3、He said he′ d phone you __________ he got home.A.the momentB.the moment whenC.at the momentD.at the moment when【答案】 A4、The ultimate goal of English education is to develop students′ ability to communicate in English. There-fore, English education should be __________.munication-focusedB.ability-orientedC.knowledge-centeredD.speaking-oriented【答案】 B5、--The situation was in a mess.A.should developB.would developC.must have developedD.could have developed【答案】 D6、请阅读Passage 2，完成第小题。
A.is now enjoying legal supportB.disagrees with the tradition of the countryC.was clearly stated by the country's foundersD.will exert great influence over court decisions【答案】 A7、When a teacher intends to present or explain a new language point, which of the following grouping methods is mostly recommended？A.Whole class workB.Group workC.Pair workD.Individual work【答案】 A8、The Cognitive Approach holds that students′ mistakesare__________ in the creative use of language.efulB.understandableC.unavoidableD.reasonable【答案】 C9、Passage 1A.The more a person cheats, the more creative he isB.Cheating is likely to encourage creativity to some extentC.A person who cheats is more creative than a person who doesn' tD.A person who is creative cheats more than a person who is less creative【答案】 B10、Morphemes that represent "tense", "number", "gender", "case" and so forth are called__________ morphemes．A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational【答案】 A11、请阅读短文，完成此题。
01-2023年12月英语四级考试真题试卷第1套(共9页)
大学英语四级考试2023年12月真题(第1套)Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: Suppose the university newspaper is inviting submissions from the students for its coming edition on a campus event that has impressed them most.You are now to write an essay for submission.You will have 30 minutes to write the essay.You should write at least 120words but no more than 180wordsPartⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section,you will hear three news reports.At the end of each news report,you will hear two or three questions.Both the news report and the questions will bespoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A)Their brains work in harmony.B)They are generally the same age.2.A)It can be touching.B)It is hard to predict. C)Their interests are quite similar.D)They have the same ethnic background.C)It can work both ways.D)It resembles family ties.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A)Search for their half-brothers.B)Identify their biological fathers.4.A)They were both given up for adoption.B)They were born to the same mother. C)Find out more about their ancestry.D)See whether they are actually related.C)They flew 737 airplanes as pilots.D)They were both 60 years of age.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A)One of his friends was caught littering. C)The beautiful beach was spoiled with lots of trash.B)Other tourists refused to join in the cleanup. D)The kilometer-long beach was practically deserted.6.A)A passerby C)The beach authorities.B)A local woman. D)One of the five tourists.7.A)The tourists'good deed was not noticed by the locals.B)Some natives were selling poor-quality food to tourists.C)The number of tourists to the beach is on a steady decline.D)It was tourists not natives who were cleaning up the beach.Section BDirections: In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A)He has to play football with workmates.B)He has got some books to read.9.A)To teach kids about animal protection.B)To learn how popular zoos could be.10.A)He enjoys excellent health.B)He is keen on extreme sports.11.A)Tending to his swollen ankle.B)Concentrating on reading. C)He is going to visit a friend.D)He is physically unfit for it.C)To see some rare animals in cages.D)To give her little nephew a treat.C)He coaches tennis players every week.D)He spends most of his time in the gym.C)Writing three book reports.D)Planning Christmas celebrations.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)It is being debated by hundreds of retirees.B)It is attracting many people's attention.13.A)One should foresee a financial crisis.B)One should trust financial planners'figures.14.A)It doesn't need to be permanent.B)It shouldn't be considered risky.15.A)By keeping close contact with one's employers.B)By retiring when one reaches sixty years old. C)It partly records his own experience.D)It argues for postponing retirement.C)One should have one million dollars to retire.D)One should start saving as early as possible.C)It helps to reduce travel expenses.D)It is the way to quit a job one hates.C)By investing half of one's monthly income.D)By following the counsel of financial planners.Section CDirections: In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear three or four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A)They tended to be easily anticipated by those belonging to their own race.B)They tended to be arbitrarily judged by individuals of opposing groups.C)They were readily shared among members of the same social or racial group.D)They were influenced by the presence of someone from an outsider group.17.A)When they tried to make a positive impression on the researchers.B)When an unknown student from another university was present.C)When an experimenter from the research team took notice.D)When they were offered both candy and fruit as a snack.18.A)By advertising its social benefits. C)By supporting struggling consumers.B)By teaching consumers diet strategies. D)By maintaining its positive image.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A)The academic and learning issues struggling students encounter.B)The risk students face due to a history of mental health problems.C)The effect of interacting with therapy dogs on students under pressure.D)The work universities are doing to help students succeed academically.20.A)Their communicative skills.B)Their executive functioning.21.A)Rid students of their anxiety.B)Add to some students'stress. C)Their academic networking.D)Their leadership capacities.C)Contribute little to typical students'success.D)Help students with mental issues pull through.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A)Work hard and plan carefully.B)Attempt to succeed at any cost.23.A)Regarding failure as something inevitable.B)Trying out innovative marketing strategies.24.A)Expect future success so as to move forward.B)Learn from our failure and forge ahead.25.A)Fresher offers.B)Safer operation. C)Aim high and expect great results.D)Remain optimistic even in difficulty.C)Venturing into sectors never explored before.D)Being willing to experiment with novel ideas.C)Distinguish between good and bad risks.D)Examine our strategies and find out weaknesses.C)More challenges.D)Less competition.Part ⅢSection AReading Comprehension(40 minutes)Directions: In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Exercising for just 10 minutes a week is linked to a longer life,according to a new study published in The British Journal of S ports Medicine.Several recent studies have found that even low-intensity exercise,done for a short amount of time,can have a meaningful 26 on health.Still,the idea that exercising for just 10 minutes a week may be enough to increase your lifespan is novel.It's also somewhat 27 ,since the federal physical activity guidelines recommend getting at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise or 150 minutes of. 28 exercise each week.The study was based on data from more than 88,000 U.S.adults who . 29 in the National Health Interview Survey between 1997 and 2008.Contrary to some research that has found an 30 limit to the amount of exercise that is healthy,the researchers found that there was 31 no limit to the longevity(长寿)benefits of exercise.Even the small group of people who got 10 times the amount of exercise recommended by the federal government had a 46%lower 32 of death than the least active group.Still,observational studies like this one cannot prove cause and effect;they can only find 33 .The researchers also were not able to 34for certain lifestyle factors that could affect lifespan,includingdietary habits and changes in physical activity over time.Despite these - 35 ,the study's results are yet another indication of the power of physical activity,even in small amounts.Section BDirections: In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter:Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How Climate Change Will Affect What You EatA)Earlier this year,scientists warned that one in six animal species could go extinct(灭绝的)due to climatechange.Could the same thing happen to our crops and other foodstuffs too?B)It's clear that farmers in many parts of the world are going to find things harder in the coming decades.Last week,BBC Future explored one scientist's efforts to help crops cope with the increased probability of droughts.By using the genes from resurrection(复活)plants,Jill Farrant of the University of Cape Town is exploring whether she can design crops to survive for much longer periods without water.C)But if we can't find ways to protect other foods,will they survive climate change?Fortunately,there is somegood news on this front.Despite alarmist headlines about "foods that are going extinct,"there is no evidence that major food types like beans,chocolate,wine,corn or wheat will cease to exist.D)But that doesn't mean it's all good news for future food.We will probably have to change where we growcertain crops,as some regions get too hot.The disadvantage,obviously,is that local farmers will suffer under this situation.And some people may struggle to get the same access to certain foods.“Even if overall food production may be unaffected,food security can still be impacted,"says Margaret Walsh,a scientist at the US Department of Agriculture's Climate Change Program Office.In other words,even if a certain food is still grown on some corner of the Earth,it doesn't mean that everyone will continue to have the same degree of access as todayE)Overall,the yields of many foods,from staples to life-enhancing extras such as coffee and chocolate,will likely be impacted by climate change too.How those decreases will be felt will depend on the degree of .warming and the crop in question,but in general,“anything over about 30°C is very bad for crops,”says Wolfram Schlenker,an associate professor of international and public affairs at Columbia University.Forexample,statistical studies that he and a colleague built of corn and soybean(大豆)production in the US show a steep decline after crossing the 30°C temperature threshold(临界点).F)In the US—the world's largest producer of corn and soybeans-farms can move north to some degree,Schlenker says.But eventually,yields will likely suffer because the soil north of lowa declines in quality-a legacy of glacial(冰川的)expansion.Other studies,including studies of wheat in India and corn in Afica,also found that there is a threshold above which yields sharply decline:crops can adapt and move,but only toa point.“What's common to all studies is the finding that extreme heat is damaging to crop growth,althoughexact cutoffs vary by crop,"Schlenker says."If predictions for the end of the century are true,though,I thinka lot of agricultural areas in the US will see significant hits.”G)Under current conditions,about 4%of the world's croplands experience drought in any given year,but by theend of the century those conditions are forecasted to jump to about 18%per year.Some studies indicate that horticulture crops-generally,everything besides staples-may be impacted most severely,largely because they tend to be confined to a smaller geographic area.Researcher Andrew Jarvis and his colleagues found that 80%of coffee-growing zones in Central America and Brazil could become unsuitable by 2050,for example, while climate change will likely have “great impacts”on cocoa(可可粉)production i n West Africa.“High quality chocolate will be less available in the future,and if you want it,you'll have to pay a lot more for it,”Jarvis says.H)This means that,for those who can afford it,some foods will simply cost them more in the future.But forpoorer people,those same price jumps will likely cause certain foods to go extinct from their diets.“The more you reduce,the shorter the supply,and the higher the price will jump,"Schlenker says.I)Another potential climate change-induced problem is our dependence on commodity crops-wheat,soybeans,corn and rice—which currently provide humanity with 75%of its calories,either directly or indirectly through the animals we raise on those crops.Jarvis and his colleagues also found that,over the past five decades,the world has seen an increasing standardisation of diets;the foods we eat globally today are 36%more similar than they were in 1961.While this can be good news for the world's poorest people who now consume more calories,protein and fat than in the past,homogeneiry (同一性)and over-dependence on a handful of staples leaves us vulnerable to threats such as drought,disease and pests-all of which are predicted to worsen in many parts of the world as a result of climate change.J)There are ways we could soften the coming blow to the global food supply,however.Like Farrant's work with resurrection crops,a number of companies,organisations and researchers are aiming to create drought- and temperature-resistant crops through genetic engineering and conventional breeding.For now,the jury is still out as to how successful those endeavours will be.“The people at Monsanto who I've talked to are much more optimistic that they'll be able to engineer heat-tolerant crops,"Schlenker sa ys.“On the other hand, scientists at the USDA who I've spoken with are much more cautious.”K)Until genetic engineering comes to fruition,other strategies might also help in some places,including applying more fertiliser,implementing better irrigation,using machinery that gets crops out of the field faster or installing storage facilities to delay spoilage.“Many places could benefit a great deal just by using technologies that already exist,”Walsh says.“General farm management can go a long way toward easing changes.”L)Finally,diversifying our diet away from heat-sensitive wheat,corn,rice and other crops could also help.“We've seen profound changes in the last decades in what we eat largely as a result of international trade,andI think that trend toward more diversification will continue,”Jarvis says.“Depending on a greater number ofplant species creates a more vigorous and less risky food system-and one that provides a broader range of nutritional requirements.”36.One consequence of climate change is that some people may not have adequate access to certain foods.37.People around the world are eating foods more similar than what they used to eat.38.A recent news report talked about scientific efforts to help crops survive droughts through geneticengineering39.It is predicted that climate change will affect the availability and price of quality chocolate.40.People wonder if certain crops and foodstuffs could disappear like some animal species due to climatechange.41.Although farms in the US can move a bit northward,crop yields may decrease.42.One possible solution to the food security problem is diversification of diet.43.It remains unsettled whether the global food supply problem can be solved by creating heat-tolerant cropsthrough genetic engineering.44.Poor people may have to give up eating certain foods because of their high prices.45.A number of existing farming technologies could be used to reduce the negative effect of climate change onfood productionSection CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.One of my bad habits is saying "busy"when people ask me how I'm doing.Sometimes it's because I actually am busy,but other times it's because that's what I think I'm supposed to say.That's what important people say.That's what people who get promoted say.But working long hours doesn't drive better results. Never taking a vacation won't lead to a promotion.So why are we so proud to talk about how busy we are all the time?In 2016,researchers from Columbia,Harvard,and Georgetown conducted a study to figure it out.They found busy people are perceived to be of high status,and interestingly,these status attributions are heavily influenced by our own beliefs about social mobility.In other words,the more we believe that one has the opportunity for success based on hard work,the more we tend to think that people who skip leisure and work all the time are of higher standing.That's why we feel like we have to appear busy,and there's a real perception that if someone is knee-deep in meetings,emails,and stress,then they're probably a big deal.This culture of busyness is making it hard foremployees to find work-life balance.According to a recent study,one in five highly engaged employees is at risk of burnout (精疲力竭).Personally,I'm going to stop saying "busy"when people ask me how I am.It sounds selfrighteous (自以为是的)and sets the wrong tone.Phrases like "I have limited access to email"and "T'l respond as soon as I get back”sound like you're being held against your will from working as opposed to making the most of your time off.That's why we recently launched the Out of Office Email Generator,a free tool you can use before your next long weekend or tip.You can share loud and proud that you won't be checking email until you're back. Managers need to think twice about emailing their teams on the weekend and talking about how busy they are. Leaders should take time off themselves and encourage employees to do the same.46.What is a reason for the author to be in the habit of saying "busy"when asked how he is doing?A)He just follows successful people's example. C)He thinks everyone should be devoted to work.B)He is actually proud to be fully occupied.D)He believes busyness ensures accomplishments.47.Why do we tend to think that busy people are of high status?A)Our status can be attributed to our social mobility.B)We hold the belief that hard work leads to success.C)Our own opportunity for success never comes easily.D)We find few people of high status have time for leisure.48.What do we learn about the culture of busyness from a recent study?A)It places employees in endless meetings,emails and stress.B)It compels some 20%of employees to appear always busy.C)It distorts many employees'belief of what a satisfying life is.D)It does much harm to many busy employees'well-being.49.What do such utterances as “I have limited access to email”sound like according to the author?A)One is too busy to check all emails in time. C)One is forced by circumstances to stop working.B)One is opposed to the prevailing work culture. D)One is simply enjoying their time off work.50.Why did the author and his colleagues launch the Out of Office Email Generator?A)To enable busy employees to spend less time checking emails.B)To ensure employees as well as employers truly have time off.C)To stop managers from talking about how busy their teams usually are.D)To encourage both employers and employees to answer emails promptly.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Female employees consistently pay lower airfares than men do for the same flights because they tend to book earlier.We compared the airfare paid by employees in the same position within a company for the same class of travel and used a common statistical technique to account for other factors that might affect differences in airfares.We found that women paid on average $18 less per ticket than their male colleagues.Further·investigation allowed us to conclude that this gap is largely explained by the fact that women tended to book earlier than men,1.8 days on average.We wanted to determine what was causing these gender differences in booking business trips so we tested a variety of possible explanations,such as women choosing to plan ahead or male frequent travelers being inclined to book late.None of these explained away the gender gap,so we applied data collected from surveys that express consumer preferences that play a central role in economic decisions,such as patience and risk avoidance.We found that only the concept of "negative reciprocity"-in which an employee who feels unfairly treated engages in negative behaviors,such as spending their company's money less carefully-explains these differences.The surveys showed men tend to exhibit more of these negative behaviors than women.This isn't to say that all men engage in these behaviors—or that booking relatively late is a sign of abnormal behavior.It only means that the gender gap disappears when we plug in the negative reciprocity variable.Prior research on negative reciprocity among workers found that it can result in lower employee motivation, business performance and workplace morale (士气)and culture.Our results show another way these negative behaviors can manifest themselves,like in airline bookings,and add to evidence that women are less likely to engage in them.Companies spend significant sums of money on business travel.While that $18 difference per ticket may seem small,it adds up.Our analysis suggests early booking by women can translate into savings of $1 million a year for a large multinational company with 20,000 regular travelers.51.What did the author's team conclude about the gender difference in airfares from their further investigation?A)It is largely attributed to women booking earlier than men.B)It is largely explained by women's choosing cheaper flights.C)It is mainly accounted for by male employees'readiness to pay more.D)It is due to the fact that women care more about their company's money.52.What did the researchers want to determine by testing a variety of possible explanations?A)What made male frequent travelers book air tickets late.B)What caused women to plan ahead in booking business trips.C)What motivated women to book cheaper flights.D)What accounted for the gender gap in airfares.53.What happened when the negative reciprocity variable was taken into account?A)Both men and women were found to engage in negative behaviors.B)Neither men nor women viewed booking late as a bad behavior.C)The gender differcnce in airfare expenses no longer existed.D)The gender gap tended to narrow to a significant degree.54.What did prior research on negative reciprocity among workers find?A)It can do more harm to the workplace than to employees.B)It contributes to the male-female divide in the workplace.C)It proves to be counterproductive in a number of ways.D)It can result in increasing labor-management conflicts.55.What does the author emphasize about their analysis in the last paragraph?A)It can help companies increase their savings significantly.B)It can duly contribute to companies'business performance.C)It can translate women's booking practice into men's behavior.D)It can enhance large multinational companies'competitiveness.Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国政府十分重视人民的健康饮食(diet) 。
REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT
Review of Work in 2011
Last year, China faced a complex and volatile political and economic environment abroad and arduous and challenging reform and development tasks at home. Working hard with one heart and one mind under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Chinese people of all ethnic groups made significant achievements in reform, opening up, and socialist modernization. China's GDP reached 47.2 trillion yuan, an increase of 9.2% over the previous year; government revenue was 10.37 trillion yuan, an increase of 24.8%; and the country's grain output reached a record high of 571.21 million tons. A total of 12.21 million new urban jobs were created. The per capita disposable income of urban residents and the per capita net income of rural residents rose in real terms by 8.4% and 11.4%, respectively. We consolidated and built upon our achievements in responding to the global financial crisis, and got the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period off to a good start.
2009 温家宝工作报告 英文
REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENTDelivered at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People’s Congress on March 5, 2009Wen JiabaoPremier of the State CouncilI. Review of the Work in 2008II. General Plan for the Work in 2009III. Major Tasks for 2009Fellow Deputies,On behalf of the State Council, I now present to you my report on the work of the government for your deliberation and approval. I also solicit comments and suggestions on the report from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).I. Review of the Work in 2008The year 2008 was truly eventful. Our country’s economic and social development withstood severe challenges and tests that were rarely seen before. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the people of all our ethnic groups faced difficulties squarely, worked with courage and determination, surmounted all difficulties and obstacles, and made new achievements in reform, opening up and socialist modernization.–The national economy continued to maintain steady and rapid growth. GDP topped 30 trillion yuan, an increase of 9% over the previous year. Overall price rises were held in check. Government revenue was 6.13 trillion yuan, an increase of 19.5%. Grain output rose for the fifth consecutive year and totaled 528.5 million tons, a record high.–Reform and opening up were further deepened. New breakthroughs were made in reforms in key areas and crucial links, such as the fiscal, taxation, financial and pricing systems and administration. Imports and exports totaled US$ 2.56 trillion, an increase of 17.8%. Paid-in foreign direct investment reached $92.4 billion.–Development of social programs was accelerated, and the living standards of the people continued to rise. A total of 11.13 million more urban residents entered the workforce. Urban per capita annual disposable income reached 15,781 yuan, an increase of 8.4% in real terms, and rural per capita net income reached 4,761 yuan, up by 8% in real terms.–Great victories were won in the fight against massive natural disasters. The Beijing Olympics and Paralympics were held successfully, and the Shenzhou VII manned space mission was acomplete success.These achievements signify that we have taken new and solid steps along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. They have greatly fortified the courage and strength of the people of all our ethnic groups to surmount difficulties and will definitely encourage us to bravely forge ahead on the new historical course.Last year, we accomplished the following important work:1. Making timely and resolute adjustments to macroeconomic policies and doing everything possible to maintain steady and rapid economic developmentWe maintained the right direction, focus, intensity and pace of macro control, and adopted a series of policies and measures to promote steady and rapid economic development. In a complex and volatile situation, we actively responded to the severe impact of the global financial crisis and worked hard to make our macro control more proactive, targeted and effective. In the middle of the year, when energy and grain prices on the international market were high, world economic growth slowed, and exports from and economic gro wth in China’s coastal regions began to decline, we promptly shifted the priority of macro control to maintaining steady and rapid economic development and controlling price hikes, and adopted relevant fiscal, taxation and financial measures. In September, the international economic situation started to deteriorate sharply and its negative impact became increasingly felt in China. We again resolutely shifted the focus of macro control to preventing economic growth from slowing down too quickly. We implement ed a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy. We raised export rebate rates three times, lowered the benchmark interest rates on savings and loans for financial institutions on five occasions, reduced required reserve ratios four times, suspended the individual income tax on interest earnings from savings, reduced securities transaction stamp tax rates, cut taxes and fees on housing transactions, and increased credit support to small and medium-sized enterprises. In accordance with the requirement that we act fast, be forceful, take targeted measures and stress implementation, we promptly introduced ten measures to further boost domestic demand and promote economic growth, and implemented them without delay. We adopted a succession of policies and measures to encourage financial institutions to support economic development, promote sound development of the textile and other light industries and the real estate market, expand consumption by improving distribution, maintain steady growth in foreign trade, and keep the employment situation stable. At the same time, we stepped up efforts to formulate plans for restructuring and revitalizing key industries. Together, these measures have played a crucial role in alleviating serious problems affecting economic performance, enhancing confidence, stabilizing expectations and maintaining steady and rapid economic development.We continued to strengthen our work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers without any letup. Central government budgetary spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers was 595.5 billion yuan for the whole year, a year-on-year increase of 163.7 billion yuan or 37.9%. This included 103 billion yuan, twice the figure for the previous year, in direct subsidies to grain producers, general subsidies for agricultural production supplies, and subsidies for superior cropvarieties and the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools. We significantly raised minimum grain purchase prices three times, with the total increase exceeding 20%. We implemented a temporary policy for purchasing and stockpiling major agricultural products. We intensified the protection of arable land and the construction of agricultural water conservancy projects, and increased overall agricultural production capacity. We supported the production of hogs, oilseeds and dairy products. These policies and measures played an important role in maintaining and stimulating the enthusiasm of farmers, ensuring the supply of major farm products and increasing rural incomes, and provided strong support for maintaining overall stability in economic and social development.We unswervingly promoted independent innovation and economic restructuring. We launched 16 major national science and technology projects, and established a number of new national engineering centers, key laboratories and enterprise technology centers in such fields as information technology, biotechnology and environmental protection. We successfully developed a number of key technologies and major equipment in the areas of regional aircraft, automobiles powered by new energy sources and high-speed railways. The central government invested 116.3 billion yuan in science and technology, an increase of 16.4%. Significant steps were taken in reorganization of the telecommunications and civil aviation industries. We continued to eliminate backward production facilities. Last year, we shut down small thermal power plants with a total capacity of 16.69 million kilowatts and closed 1,054 small coalmines. Investment in infrastructure and basic industries was increased, and a number of major projects in energy, transportation and water conservancy were completed or launched. Steady progress was made in implementing the master strategy for regional development, and economic development in different regions became better coordinated.We steadfastly promoted energy conservation, emissions reduction and ecological and environmental protection. The central government allocated 42.3 billion yuan to support development of ten key energy conservation projects and environmental protection facilities. The daily sewage treatment capacity rose by an additional 11.49 million tons in urban areas, and desulfurization equipment was installed in coal-fired power plants with a total capacity of 97.12 million kilowatts. Energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 4.59% from the previous year; chemical oxygen demand fell by 4.42%; and sulfur dioxide emissions fell by 5.95%. For the past three years combined, total energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped by 10.08%; chemical oxygen demand dropped by 6.61%; and sulfur dioxide emissions dropped by 8.95%. We built on the achievements in returning farmland to forests and restoring livestock pastures to grasslands, and carried out ecological conservation projects such as protecting virgin forests and developing the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province. We implemented the plan to prevent and control water pollution in major river valleys and regions and issued the white paper Ch ina’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change.2. Balancing economic and social development and strengthening all aspects of social development with the focus on improving people’s livesEfforts were intensified to increase employment and improve the social safety net. We improvedour policy to stimulate and expand employment by encouraging business startups, and enforced the minimum wage system. The coverage of all social security schemes continued to expand, with 17.53 million more urban workers subscribing to basic old-age insurance, 20.28 million more subscribing to basic medical insurance, and the unemployment, workers’ compensation and maternity insurance steadily expanding to cover more workers. Pensions of enterprise retirees rose by 110 yuan per month per person. We launched trials to reform the basic old-age insurance system for employees of government-affiliated institutions. We actively explored ways to establish a new system of old-age insurance for rural residents and made steady progress in making social security available to rural migrant workers in urban areas and farmers whose land has been expropriated. We comprehensively improved the system of cost of living allowances for both urban and rural residents, and provided allowances to 66.19 million residents. We raised living allowances for low-income groups and university students in a timely fashion. Preferential treatment enjoyed by key entitled groups was increased substantially. We intensified efforts to develop low-income housing and renovate shantytowns, thus alleviating some of the housing difficulties of the low-income population. An additional of more than 48 million rural people gained access to safe drinking water.Further progress was made in promoting fair education for all. Free compulsory education became available to all students, urban or rural, throughout the country, and all rural students receiving compulsory education obtained free textbooks. The standards for repairing and renovating school buildings in the central and western regions were raised, and the government allocated 3.25 billion yuan to provide heating to rural primary and secondary schools in the north. Development of vocational education was accelerated. The national financial aid system for students was further improved. The central government spent 22.3 billion yuan and local governments increased funding as well to assist more than 20 million students. Grants of 1,500 yuan per student per annum were given to secondary vocational school students from rural areas or needy urban families, benefiting 90% of the current student population in these vocational schools.Steady progress was made in reform and development of the pharmaceutical and health care system. A total of 814 million people, accounting for 91.5% of the rural population, now benefit from the new type of rural cooperative medical care system. The number of selected cities participating in trials of the basic medical insurance system for urban residents increased from 88 to 317, and the number of participating individuals increased by 73.59 million to 117 million. Significant progress was made in developing a system of community-based health services in urban areas. We continued to expand the coverage of the reward and assistance system for rural families complying with family planning regulations, and implemented the “lower birthrate equals faster prosperity” program in more places in the countryside.We accelerated the development of culture and sports. Public cultural infrastructure facilities were improved, the cultural industries developed rapidly, and reform of the cultural management system was constantly deepened. We mobilized all resources and hosted a distinctive and high-level Beijing Olympics and Paralympics, thus fulfilling the century-old dream of the Chinese nation, and Chinese athletes competed hard and brave and scored excellent achievements in the Games. This greatly aroused the patriotism of all our people and strengthened the cohesiveness of ournation.We continued to strengthen democracy and the legal system. The system of local-level democracy was further improved. Significant progress was made in enhancing law-based government. Last year, the State Council submitted eight bills, including a draft of the Social Insuranc e Law and draft amendments to the Law on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters, to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for deliberation. It also formulated or revised 30 administrative laws and regulations. The Regulat ions on Making Government Information Public was fully implemented. The public security system for crime prevention and control was strengthened. We battled against secessionist and terrorist activities, protected China’s national security and maintained social stability. Our work related to ethnic minority, religious and overseas Chinese affairs further improved.3. V igorously advancing reform and opening up and injecting fresh vitality and impetus into economic and social developmentInstitutional restructuring of the State Council was basically completed and that of local governments is progressing steadily. Comprehensive rural reforms continued to deepen, and reform of collective forest rights was instituted throughout the country. SOE reform was deepened. The transformation of the Agricultural Bank of China and China Development Bank into joint stock companies proceeded smoothly. The new Law on Corporate Income Tax went into effect, and real estate taxes were unified for domestic and overseas-funded enterprises and Chinese and foreign individuals. After years of deliberation, reform in pricing, taxes and fees for refined petroleum products was smoothly introduced. A plan for reform of the pharmaceutical and health care system was devised and referred to the general public for comments. These innovations in systems and mechanisms have laid a solid foundation for our long-term development.The country opened wider to the outside world. We vigorously implemented the strategy of competing on quality and diversifying export markets. We increased efforts to establish innovation bases to invigorate trade through science and technology and bases for providing services outsourced from other countries. We supported the export of products with Chinese trademarks and intellectual property rights. We improved the policy system for the processing trade. We steadily opened service industries wider to the outside world and provided more guidance to orient foreign investment in China. We integrated existing funds and set up new ones designed to promote external economic and technological cooperation. We promulgated regulations on managing overseas contracted projects and rectified the system of administration of cooperative overseas labor services. We actively promoted energy and resources cooperation overseas, further expanded our assistances to other countries, and the pace of enterprises going global was accelerated. Further progress was made in the development of free trade zones, and in our economic dialogues with major trading partners and mutually beneficial cooperation with other developing countries.Fellow Deputies,A massive earthquake that shocked the world struck Wenchuan on May 12. Under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, people of all ethnic groups in China, especially in the quake zone, worked as one and fought in unison against the earthquake disaster. The people’s army rushed to the frontlines without thinking of their own safety. We launched an earthquake rescue and relief operation that accomplished its work faster, mobilized more personnel and committed more resources than ever before in China’s history. We steadfastly gave top priority to saving people’s lives. We pulled 84,000 survivors out of the rubble. We promptly repaired damaged infrastructure, and resolutely unblocked the Mount Tangjia quake lake to avert potential secondary disasters. We did our utmost to prevent an epidemic from occurring and ensured that there was no major outbreak of diseases after the deadly earthquake. The central government allocated 38.4 billion yuan for quake relief and 74 billion yuan for post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction. We promptly introduced a host of policies and measures to support the quake zone. We energetically organized one-to-one assistance to designated areas affected by the earthquake. People from all sectors of society in China made generous donations, both in cash and in kind; our compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese contributed generously to the disaster relief campaign; and the international community provided us with earthquake rescue and relief assistance. All this combined to form a boundless source of strength for the Chinese people to overcome the disaster. This hard struggle against the earthquake produced uncountable touching and brave exploits and fully demonstrated the great indomitable and unyielding spirit of the Chinese people, thus writing a heroic chapter in the history of the nation.None of the achievements we made last year came easily. They were the result of overall planning and correct leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary, as well as the concerted and strenuous efforts of the whole Party, the entire army and the people of all our ethnic groups. On behalf of the State Council, I hereby express our sincere gratitude to the people of all our ethnic groups and to the democratic parties, mass organizations and people from all sectors of society. I also express our sincere thanks to compatriots in the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan and to overseas Chinese, as well as to foreign governments, international organizations and friends in other countries that take an interest in and support Chi na’s modernization drive.While acknowledging our achievements, we must be clearly aware that we face unprecedented difficulties and challenges.First, the global financial crisis continues to spread and get worse. Demand continues to shrink on international markets; the trend toward global deflation is obvious; and trade protectionism is resurging. The external economic environment has become more serious, and uncertainties have increased significantly.Second, continuous drop in economic growth rate due to the impact of the global financial crisis has become a major problem affecting the overall situation. This has resulted in excess production capacity in some industries, caused some enterprises to experience operating difficulties and exerted severe pressure on employment. Factors leading to decline in government revenues andincrease in government expenditures have increased. It has become more difficult to maintain steady agricultural development and keep rural incomes growing.Third, institutional and structural problems that have long hindered healthy economic development still remain, and some of them are still prominent. Consumption demand is insufficient, and development of tertiary industries is sluggish. Our capacity for independent innovation is weak. Consumption of energy and other resources is high. Environmental pollution is serious. Disparities in development between urban and rural areas and between regions are widening.Fourth, some problems affecting the vital interests of the people have not been fundamentally alleviated. There are still many problems demanding urgent solution in the areas of social security, education, health care, income distribution and public security.Fifth, order in the market is not well standardized; market oversight and law enforcement are not fully in place, and the social credit rating system is still in need of improvement. A number of serious and major incidents concerning food and workplace safety have occurred, which have inflicted serious loss of life and property on the people and taught us a sobering lesson.We need to thoroughly appreciate how serious and complex the international and domestic economic situations are, be more mindful of potential perils and crises, fully exploit favorable conditions and actively respond to all challenges so that we can successfully accomplish all our tasks and prove worthy of the great expectations and trust conferred on us by the people.II. General Plan for the Work in 2009This year is crucial for the implementation of the Eleventh Five-Y ear Plan. It will also be the most difficult year for China’s economic development since the beginning of the 21st century. We face arduous tasks in promoting reform, development and stability.An analysis of the overall international and domestic situations shows that China is still in an important period of strategic opportunities. Challenges and opportunities coexist, as do hardships and hopes. Neither the fundamentals of China’s economic and social development nor its positive long-term trend has changed. We are fully confident that we will overcome difficulties and challenges, and we have the conditions and ability to do so. Our confidence and strength come from many sources: from the scientific judgment and correct grasp of the situation of the central leadership; from the policies and measures that have been formulated and implemented to respond to challenges and promote long-term development; from the huge demand generated by the development of infrastructure, the upgrading of the industrial structure and consumption patterns, environmental protection, and the development of the ecosystem and social programs in the rapid process of industrialization and urbanization; from the support of such factors as our ample capital and labor resources, our sound financial system in smooth operation, vigorous enterprises and flexible macro control policies; from our material, scientific and technological base and institutional conditions that have been created in the 30 years of reform and opening up; from ourunique political and institutional advantages that enable us to mobilize resources to accomplish large undertakings, the stable, harmonious social environment we enjoy, and the enthusiasm and creativity of the whole nation from top to bottom to promote scientific development; and from the powerful spirit of the Chinese nation, which always works hard and persistently to make the country strong. As long as we closely follow the Party’s leadership and firmly rely on the people of all our ethnic groups, we will be able to overcome any difficulties, minimize the adverse impact of the global financial crisis and promote sound and rapid economic and social development.To carry out the work of the government well this year, we must hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, take Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents as our guide, and thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development. We need to make ensuring steady and rapid economic development the main task of our economic work. We need to strengthen and improve macroeconomic control, vigorously expand domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, change the pattern of development and speed up strategic economic restructuring, and deepen reform and improve our work of opening to the outside world. We need to improve the people’s lives, increase social harmony and promote all-round progress in socialist economic, political, cultural, social and ecological development.We have set t he following major targets for this year’s national economic and social development: GDP will grow by about 8%; the economic structure will further improve; urban employment will increase by more than nine million persons; the urban registered unemployment rate will be held under 4.6%, urban and rural incomes will grow steadily; the rise in the CPI will be around 4%; and the balance of payments will continue to improve. It needs to be stressed that in projecting the GDP growth target at about 8%, we have taken into consideration both our need and ability to sustain development. In China, a developing country with a population of 1.3 billion, maintaining a certain growth rate for the economy is essential for expanding employment for both urban and rural resid ents, increasing people’s incomes and ensuring social stability. As long as we adopt the right policies and appropriate measures and implement them effectively, we will be able to achieve this target.To ensure success of the government’s work this year, we must act on the following principles.First, we must boost domestic demand to sustain economic growth. We need to steadfastly take reversing the downward trend in economic growth as the primary goal of macro control, and make boosting domestic demand a long-term strategic principle and a basic point of departure for stimulating economic growth. We will work to increase effective demand, shore up weak links, and give full play to the leading role of domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, in driving economic growth.Second, we must adjust the structure of the economy to raise it to a higher level of development. In changing the pattern of development, we will continue to focus on economic restructuring and independent innovation. We will turn pressure into impetus for growth, unwaveringly protect and develop advanced productive forces, shut down backward production facilities, integrate factors of production and create more room for development. We will balance our efforts to sustaineconomic growth, adjust the structure and improve economic performance to raise the overall quality of the national economy and strengthen the basis for its further development.Third, we must press ahead with reform to make the economy more vigorous. We will continue to take deepening reform and opening up as the fundamental driving force for promoting scientific development. We need to further emancipate our minds, intensify reform in major areas and key links, eliminate obstacles embedded in systems and mechanisms and stimulate greater creativity for development.Fourth, we must give top priority to ensuring people’s wellbeing and promote social harmony. The more difficulties we face, the greater attention we should pay to ensuring people’s wellbeing and promoting social harmony and stability. We will continue to ensure that maintaining and improving people’s lives is always the starting and end point of our economic work. We will implement an even more proactive employment policy and closely integrate efforts to stimulate growth with efforts to expand employment and improve people’s lives in order to ensure that all of the people share in the fruits of reform and development.III. Major Tasks for 2009This year, our government work will give high priority to dealing with the global financial crisis and promoting steady and rapid economic development. We will take a coordinated approach, stress key areas, and fully implement a package plan to ensure steady and rapid economic development. We will dramatically increase government investment by launching a four trillion yuan two-year investment plan, for which the central government has pledged 1.18 trillion yuan, and implement a structural tax reduction in order to stimulate domestic demand. We will also implement a massive plan to adjust and reinvigorate industries to raise the overall competitiveness of the economy; vigorously promote independent innovation and provide scientific and technological support to increase the sustaining power of development; and significantly increase social security benefits, expand urban and rural employment and promote development of social programs. To implement this package plan, we will concentrate our efforts on the following seven areas.1. Improving and strengthening macro control and maintaining steady and rapid economic developmentWe need to adhere to a flexible and prudent control policy to make our macro control more responsive to changes and more results-oriented. We will reverse the slowdown in economic growth as soon as possible and maintain steady and rapid economic development.We will implement a proactive fiscal policy.First, we will significantly increase government spending. This is the most active, direct and efficient way we can expand domestic demand. There will be a large discrepancy between government revenues and expenditures this year. On the one hand, a slowdown in economic。
政府工作报告重点(英汉)
2010年3月5日9时，十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议在人民大会堂举行开幕会，国务院总理温家宝在会上做了政府工作报告。
Following are the highlights of Wen's Report on the Work of the Government.以下是温家宝总理政府工作报告中的亮点解读。
Key words: Income distribution, 'Hukou' reform, Employment, Low-carbon, Housing prices关键词：收入分配、户口改革、就业、“低碳”、房价2009年政府工作报告-- China's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 33.5 trillion yuan, up 8.7 percent from a yearearlier.--2009年国内生产总值达33.5万亿元，比上年增长8.7%。
-- Fiscal revenue was 6.85 trillion yuan, up 11.7 percent year on year.财政收入达6.85万亿元，同比增长11.7%。
-- Grain production was 531 million tonnes, a new record and increasing for the sixth consecutive year.--粮食产量达5.31亿吨，再创历史新高，实现连续六年增产。
-- A total of 11.02 million job opportunities were created for urban residents.--城镇新增就业1102万人。
-- The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 17,175 yuan, up 9.8 percent in real terms, while the net per capita income of rural residents was 5,153 yuan, rising 8.5 percent in real terms.--城镇居民人均可支配收入17175元，实际增长9.8%；农村居民人均纯收入5153元，实际增长8.5%。
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3.人民法院 people's court 4.人民检察院 people's procuratorate procuratorate n. 代理人之职；检察院 5.政府工作报告 government work report
• national reading • We will develop culture and arts, the press and publishnd film, and run archives well. We will promote the flouring of philosophy and social science, We will encourage people to read. • archives: a depository containing historical records and documents 档案，档案馆 • transparency of public finance • All public spending on official overseas visits, official vehicles and public receptions should be made public. We will ensure transparency of public finance and make it easy for people to understand and oversee it.
Hot Words About Government Work Report
• 1. 中国人民政治协商会议 • CPPCC • Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference • consultative: giving advice商议的,顾问的 • 2. 全国人民代表大会 • National People's Congress (NPC) • The people's congress system serves as China's fundamental political system. • 人民代表大会制度是中国的根本政治制度。
• oversight: (1) an unintentional omission resulting from failure to notice something 疏忽； • I made the mistake through an oversight. • 我一时疏忽，搞错了 • (2) management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group监督，照管 • I had the oversight of their collection of books and manuscripts. • 我负责照管他们收藏的书籍和手稿。
• contamination: he state of being contaminated. 污染； 污物 contaminate: pollute contaminant contamination contaminator What contaminant should you be most about and why? 你应该对什么污染物最关心的，为什么？
• safety of every bit of food • We will strictly follow laws and regulations and comply with standards, and apply the strictest possible oversight, punishments and accountability to prevent and control food contamination and ensure that every bite of food we eat is safe. • comply: ( with) act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes遵从；依从，顺从；应 允，同意 • synonym： follow，abide by • The baby is not willing to comply with her mamma's words. • 这孩子不依她母亲的话。
• transparency: n. 透明；透明度；透明性；透明的 东西 • The degree of transparency has been very important to us. • 透明度对我们来说，十分重要。 • oversee: watch and direct;监督, 监视 • "监督;管理;指导" 释义下的同义词 • supervise direct manage preside superintend administer • I set up a separate department for George to oversee quality. • 我设立了一个单独的部门，由乔治负责管质量。