中国国情【中英文精品】30页PPT
中国国情
A Brief Chronology of ChineseHistoryXia Dynasty 2070-1600 B.C. Shang Dynasty 1600-1046 B.C.Zhou DynastyWestern Zhou 1046-771 B.C.Eastern ZhouSpring and AutumnPeriodWarring States Period770-256 B.C.770-476 B.C.475-221 B.C.Qin Dynasty 221-206 B.C.Han Dynasty Western Han 206 B.C.-A.D. 25 Eastern Han 25-220Three Kingdoms Wei 220-265 Shu Han 221-263 Wu 222-280Western Jin Dynasty 265-317 Eastern Jin Dynasty 317-420North ern and Southern DynastiesSouthernDynastiesSong 420-479Qi 479-502Liang 502-557Chen 557-589NorthernDynastiesNorthern Wei 386-534Eastern Wei 534-550Northern Qi 550-577Western Wei 535-556Northern Zhou 557-581Sui Dynasty 581-618 Tang Dynasty 618-907Five Dynasties Later Liang 907-923 Later Tang 923-936 Later Jin 936-947 Later Han 947-950 Later Zhou 951-960Song Dynasty Northern Song 960-1127 Southern Song 1127-1279Liao Dynasty 907-1125Jin Dynasty 1115-1234Yuan Dynasty 1206-1368Ming Dynasty 1368-1644Qing Dynasty 1616-1911Republic of China 1912-1949People's Republic of China Founded on October1, 1949National AnthemThe national anthem was written in 1935, with lyrics by the noted poet Tian Han and music by the famous composer Nie Er. The lyrics are as follows:With our very flesh and bloodLet us build our new Great Wall!The peoples of China are at their most critical time,Everybody must roar defiance.Arise!Arise!Arise!Millions of hearts with one mind,Brave the enemy's gunfire,March on!Brave the enemy's gunfire,March on! March on! March on, on!This song,originally named March of the Volunteers,was the theme song of the film, Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm. The film tells the story of those who went to the front to fight the Japanese invaders in northeast China in the 1930s, when the fate of the nation was hanging in the balance.Moving and powerful, the March of the Volunteers gave voice to the Chinese people's determination to sacrifice themselves for national liberation, expressing China's admirable tradition of courage, resolution and unity in fighting foreign aggression. It was for this reason that the CPPCCon September 27, 1949 decided to adopt the song as the provisional national anthem of the PRC, and the NPC on December 4, 1982 officially decided to adopt the song as the national anthem of the PRC.National FlagThe national flag of the PRCis a red rectangle emblazoned with five stars. The red of the flag symbolizes revolution;the stars are yellow so that they will stand out brightly against the red ground. The larger star represents the CPC and the four smaller ones, the Chinese people. This expresses the great unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC.National emblemThe national emblem of the PRC features Tiananmen Gate beneath the five shining stars, encircled by ears of grain and with a cogwheel at the bottom. The ears of grain, stars, Tiananmen and cogwheel are gold; the field within the circle is red, as are the ribbons festooning the bottom of the circle. These two colors traditionaly represent auspiciousness and happiness.Tiananmen symbolizes the unyielding spirit of the Chinese people in their fight against imperialism and feudalism; the cogwheel and ears of grain represent the working class and the peasantry, respectively; the five stars, as above, stand for the great unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC.OverviewIn the fifty years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially in the two decades since the initiation of reform and opening to the outside world, China's socialist construction has scored great achievements that have attracted world attention. The national economy showed a rapid and sustained growth, the overall strength of the country expanded noticeably, the standard of living of the people improved with the passage of time and unprecedented results have been achieved in such undertakings as science and technology, education, culture, health and physical culture.China's economic construction has experienced both smooth development and severe setbacks. After the founding of the People's Republic, China first went through three years of economic rehabilitation. In 1953, the First Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development was worked out and implemented. During this period, China established more than 100 large industrial enterprises, some basic industries which had remained weak links until then as well as some new industrial sectors such as aircraft manufacturing, automobile, tractor, power generating equipment, metallurgical equipment, mining machinery, heavy and precision machinery, thus laying a preliminary foundation for socialist industrialization.In the decade from 1956 to 1966 prior to the eruption of the Cultural Revolution, socialist construction was carried out in an all-round way. Despite severe setbacks, Chinese economy managed to score illustrious results. New industries like electronics and petrochemical engineering came into being and the industrial layout was improved. China achieved complete self-sufficiency in oil supply from 1965 onwards. The capital constructionand technical upgrading of agriculture were launched on a large scale and results were achieved gradually. Remarkable success was also achieved in science and technology. However, the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958 plus the then natural calamities severely affected the development of national economy. In the winter of 1960, a policy of readjusting, consolidating, filling in and raising standards for the national economy was adopted and China's economic construction was brought back to the right track. The Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966, resulted in a decade of social turmoil and China's economic development experienced the most severe setback and biggest loss ever since the founding of the People's Republic.Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh CPC Central Committee convened in December 1978, the central government made the strategic decision of shifting the focus of work to socialist modernization and defined the guiding policy of revitalizing the domestic economy and opening up to the outside world. A fully fresh situation appeared in economicigorously balancing the proportions of the national economy and reforming the outdated economic system. The Twelfth National Congress of the Communist Party of China worked out the overall objective for economic construction by the end of this century: striving to quadruple China's annual industrial and agricultural output value on the basis of increasing economic efficiency constantly.The Fourteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China set the goal of establishing the system of socialist market economy. Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on Certain Questions of Establishing Socialist Market Economy adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Fourteenth CPC Central Committee defined the general framework of China's economic reform. Thereafter, a series of important reform measures were taken and positive effects were achieved. A major step was made in the reform of the pricing system, public finance, taxation, banking, foreign trade and foreign exchange and notable results were achieved. A new mechanism for fixing the price by the market was formed initially. A new taxation system began to operate in a normal order and a system whereby tax revenue was shared by central and local authorities was implemented in a full swing. People's Bank of China was designated as the central bank implementing the monetary policy independently while the separation of policy bank and commercial bank was also under way. An operating mechanism for foreign trade that conforms to the internationally accepted rules was established after carrying out a series of measures for reforming the system of foreign trade and foreign exchange. These measures include introducing a single exchange rate, implementing the system of exchange settlement and sales by banks and reforming the management of import and export. The reform of state-owned enterprises, which is designed mainly to establish modern enterprise system, progressed steadily. And the reform related to social security, housing, education and science and technology also made new strides.The Eighth Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development (1991-1995) marked a period during which, with slightest fluctuation,China's economy developed at an all-time high speed. During the period, the central government put forward the basic policy of "seizing the opportunity to deepen the reform and open wider to the outside world, promoting development and maintaining stability." As a result, the national economy maintained a rapid and sustained development while inflation was brought under effective control and the economy as a whole began to get on a track of rapid and steady growth.During the period of the Eighth Five-Year Plan, the state increased its investment in infrastructure and basic industries and established new development mechanisms for these industries through reform. As a result, great strides had been made in these areas, especially in railway, highway, communication, port, airport and power industry. According to an incomplete statistics, out of the nearly RMB 600 billion yuan of various funds collected by the central government and local governments at all levels, more than 60 percent were invested in capital construction. At the same time, more decision-making rights were delegated to the local governments withmade to utilize foreign investment and collect funds through many channels. All this had promoted the development of these basic industries, strengthened Chinese economy for future development and ensured a sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.Economic development is the basis on which foreign trade grows. At the same time, the growing foreign trade also constitutes a major element in promoting economic development. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan, China's foreign trade expanded considerably and managed to become one of the ten major export countries in the world and China's percentage in the total volume of world commodity trade rose very fast. During the period from 1989 to 1991, economic readjustment narrowed the gap between demand and supply within the country , the amount of exports increased rapidly while that of imports plummeted. As a result, a favorable balance of trade appeared continuously and China's foreign exchange reserve increased at a high speed.In the two decades after the initiation of reform and opening to the outside world, China's economy has undergone a fundamental change from planned economy to market economy. The economic strength of the country was intensified constantly. The standard of living of the people improved gradually. The annual growth rate of GDP averaged around 10 percent and the target of quadrupling the annual industrial and agricultural output vale of the year 1980 by the end of the century was fulfilled ahead of schedule.In 1996, China worked out the Outline of the Ninth Five-Year Plan for National Economy and Social Development and the Long-range Objectives Through the Year 2010. Through the engineering efforts of all the people in the country, new achievements were made in reform, opening up and modernization in the beginning of the Ninth Five-Year Plan. With the goal of macro control being attained, China's economy realized "soft land". This was a sign that China's economy had entered a period of sound operation and thus laid a solid foundation for the fulfillment of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.In 1997, adhering to the principle of "seeking progress in the midst of stability" and the macro control policies, China continued to develop at a moderately high speed.In the face of the complicated and grim economic environment at home and abroad in 1998, the people of all ethnic groups in China worked hard together, surmounted numerous difficulties and scored great achievements in carrying out the reform and opening up policy and in the socialist modernization drive. The objectives for reform and development defined at the beginning of the year were basically attained. The national economy maintained a relatively rapid development. The gross domestic product for 1998 increased by 7.8 percent over the previous year. The increase was slightly lower than the targeted figure of 8 percent, but attaining 7.8 percent was not easy given the impact of the Asian financial crisis and the catastrophic floods that hit China last year. To protect China against the adverse effects of the Asian financial crisis, we adopted a policy of increasing investment and boosting domestic demand at the beginning of lastanticipated and exerted more of an impact on China than the country had expected. In the first half of 1998, China's economic growth rate slowed down due to a sharp decline in the growth rate of export volume and inadequate domestic demand to keep the economy growing. To address this problem, the central authorities resolutely made a decision to adopt a pro-active fiscal policy. After the National People's Congress approved the necessary changes in the budget for 1998, the State Council issued an additional 100 billion yuan of treasury bonds for investment in infrastructure development. As a result, the growth of fixed-asset investment in state-owned enterprises was much more rapid in the second half of the year, increasing by 19.5 percent for the year as a whole. Total investment in fixed assets of all segments of the economy increased by 14.1 percent. This considerable increase in investment played a prominent role in fueling economic growth.The Second Plenary Session of the Ninth National People's Congress was held in March 1999. It stressed that the general requirement for the work of the government in the year was as follows continue to promote reform and opening up, step up our efforts to implement the strategy of developing the country by relying on science and education and the strategy of working for sustainable development, promote economic growth mainly through the expansion of domestic demand, stabilize and strengthen agriculture, deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises, restructure the economy, make great efforts to open up more urban and rural markets, do everything possible to increase exports, take precautions against and obviate financial risks, rectify economic order, maintain a sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy, conscientiously strengthen democracy and the legal system and promote cultural and ethical progress, work for all-round social progress, further improve the balance of reform, development and stability, ensure social and political stability and greet the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of New China with outstanding achievements in reform, opening up and the socialist modernization drive.The session stressed that the year 1999 was a crucial year for achieving the objective of getting most of the large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises operating at a loss out of their plight and accomplishing the initial steps in the establishment of a modern enterprise system in most of the large and medium-sized state-owned key enterprises. In 1999, governments at all levels must put a stop to redundant development and quicken the pace of industrial restructuring and reorganization; continue to guarantee the basic needs of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises and help them find new jobs; promote the separation of the functions of the government from those of the enterprises, improve the supervisory system and consolidate and improve the leadership of enterprises. People in China should continue to relax control over and invigorate small state-owned enterprises in various ways. China should adopt policies and measures to encourage, support and guide the sound development of individual proprietorship, privately-owned and other non-public sectors of the economy. Since the founding of the People's Republic and especially the adoption of the policy of reform and opening up, China's economy has shown a sustained and rapid growth, various social undertakings developed fast, the overallof the people improved notably. China's gross domestic product (GDP), which came to only RMB 362.41 billion yuan in 1978, amounted to 7955.3 billion yuan, 20-fold increase over 1978. China ranks No.7 in terms of total supply and demand and No.1 in terms of economic growth rate.According to the data provided by State Statistical Bureau, China's GDP in 1997 amounts to US$902 billion if calculated by the average exchange rate between RMB yuan and US dollars of the year. This figure ranks No.7 behind USA (US$7819.3 billion), Japan (US$4223.4 billion), German (US$2115.4 billion), France (US$1393.8 billion), Britain (US$1278.4 billion) and Italy (US$ 1146.2 billion). From 1979 to 1997, China's average annual growth rate is 9.8 percent, 6.5 percentage points higher than that of the world.China's output of main industrial and agricultural products occupy the front ranks of the world:From 1978 to 1997, China's output of coal and cloth had remained No.1; the output of cereal, cotton, rapeseeds, pork, beef, mutton, steel, cement, coal and television sets rose to No.1 in the world respectively from No.2 to No.16; the power generated and the output of chemical fertilizers climbed to No.2 respectively from No.7 and No.4; the output of crude oil increased to No.5 from No.8. Of course, the average per capita level of the country still remains fairly lowCultureNew China has witnessed in the past 50 years a tortuous development of its literature and art. The first Congress of Literary and Art workers held in 1949 set into motion what was known as "socialist art cause". In 1956, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party put forward the principle of "let one hundred flowers bloom and one hundred schools of though contend", a policy that promoted the development of arts. Things were in good shape up to 1966, when the "cultural revolution" broke out, with the exception of the excessive Anti-Rightist Movement of the late 1950's, which implicated a big number of writers and artists. During the 10-year "cultural revolution", many excellent works were labeled as "poisonous weeds", and writers and artists were persecuted, leaving China's garden of literature and art barren.Since 1978, China has seen a revival of artistic creation. Great progress has been made in the following areas:1. The country's art performance troupes have been revamped as part of the effort to reshape China's cultural establishment.This effort has achieved major breakthroughs over the last 20 years of reform and opening up. Since 1992, the Ministry of Culture, the country's chief regulator of cultural affairs, has responded to the Party's call to deepen structural reforms of cultural institutions by focusing first on performanceredefining the relationship between the State and the troupes by introducing performance-related subsidies, and redefining the relationship between the performance groups and performers by linking employment with performance. Thanks to the effective reforms, the number of performance groups directly under the central government has been reduced from 13 to 10, but annual performances by those troupes increased from nearly 400 of the pre-reform period to 1,928 in 1997. Financially, these troupes put an end to loss-making and posted a profit of 7.43 million yuan in 1997. This experience served as a model to be applied nationwide for reforming art troupes of various sizes.Art education and culture-related science and technology have also undergone readjustments, and pilot programs have been undertaken in promoting rural cultural reforms and reorganizing popular cultural institutions.2. Artistic creation has flourished.To promote art development, the government has since 1987 held five Chinese art festivals featuring time-honored stage performances. These festivals have been hugely successful thanks to the participation of professional artists and the public at large. In 1991 the Ministry of Culture launched the Wenhua Award -- the highest award for professional artists given by the government. Recipients of that award include Grandpa Shangang, Remote Town, Barren land and The Geologist.In stage productions, the government protects and supports classical art such as orchestral music, opera and music plays, and traditional Chinese arts such as Peking Opera. The most popular shows include the New Year's Peking Opera Night and the Chinese New Year Party organized by the Ministry of Culture. In 1997 alone, 417,000 shows were staged attracting a audience of 464 million.3. A cultural market is fast emerging.The reform program has given rise to a booming cultural market.That market encompasses performances, books, newspapers and magazines, fine arts, films, audio and video products, entertainment, historical relics, Sino-foreign cultural exchanges and art training. Meanwhile, problems have arisen along with the booming market. In 1993, a national working conference was held on regulating the burgeoning cultural market. At that meeting, the principle of "attaching equal importance to cultural prosperity and market regulation" was set forth. A series of related policies and regulations have been formulated and promulgated since. The promulgation of the Regulations on Commercial Performance Administration in 1997, in particular, represented a major milestone in cultural market legislation. Over the past years, a planned and step-by-step effort to tackle problems in the cultural market has been made and the result has been good. The macro-control measures taken to regulate the performance market, in particular, have created a positive market environment for the growth of traditionalese arts and classical Western arts. The rearrangement of the audio and video market has resulted in an obvious increase in the market share of authentic products. Since January 1997, a program-supply system has been introduced to ensure that video projection rooms all over the country play only authentic films, thereby ensuring the healthy development of the market.Statistics show that by 1997 there were 257,378 business entities nationwide affiliated with cultural institutions, employing 1,160,385. That market represents not only a place for entertainment but also a source of employment and tax revenue. The cultural industry, as part of the service industry, is playing an increasingly important role.4. Impressive progress has been made in the development of ethnic minority cultures.To support the cultural development of ethnic minorities, the Ministry of Culture has mapped out a series of preferential policies for building cultural facilities in minority-inhabited areas, training ethnic artists, conducting cultural exchanges with foreign countries, and preservingcultural relics. With the assistance of the government, all the ethnic groupsin China have formed their own art troupes. By 1997 those troupes numbered 526, including 59 singing and dancing troupes. In addition, there were 596 libraries, 658 cultural centers and 134 museums. The Ministry of Culture allocates more than 10 million yuan to minority-inhabited areas for building cultural facilities. To encourage artistic excellence, the government set up a Peacock Prize for ethnic artists, so far 166 have won the prize.Also, 24 institutions of higher learning and secondary schools nationwide are designated to train minority artists. To support the cultural development of Tibet, for example, the Ministry of Culture mobilized 14 provinces and municipalities to aid Tibet's cultural development. The first 15 projects alone involved nearly 50 billion yuan of aid.5. Art education has been strengthened.Currently, the country now has 30 institutions of higher learning devoted to art education, with a combined enrollment of 6,673 students and a staff of 21,284. In addition, 137 secondary schools employ 13,959 staff members with an enrollment of 68,594. These schools have produced such great Chinese artists as singers Guan Mucun and Dong Wenhua, as well as comedians Shi Fukuan and Jiang Kun.6. The cultural infrastructure has been consolidated.The reform and opening up program has given rise to the emergenceof a host of hallmark cultural facilities in various localities. These include the National Library of China (the largest in Asia; dedicated in October 1987); the museums of Shaanxi, Shanghai, Henan and Tibet; the libraries of Shanghai, Jiangxi, Fujian and Inner Mongolia; the Changan Grand Theater of Beijing and Tianhe Book Trading Center of Guangzhou. In 1997 alone, 1,043cultural infrastructure projects were under construction, involving aprojects had been completed, with a construction area of 934,000 square meters and a total investment of 2.84 billion yuan. The Ministry of Culture alone undertook more than 30 projects, most involving over 10 million yuan each. Eight projects involved more than 100 million yuan each. The construction of a National Opera House is under way, and a number of provinces and cities have built their own opera houses and concert halls.EducationAbout 50 years ago when New China was founded, 80 percent of the Chinese population were illiterate or half-illiterate, with the total school enrollment only accounting for 4.76 percent of the whole population. Out of every 10,000 people, there were only 2.2 college graduates, 23 middle-school graduates and 450 elementary school graduates. By the end of 1997, the rate of illiteracy had dropped to 12 percent, and by 1998 elementary school education had been popularized among 92 percent of the populated areas, and the state-regulated nine-year compulsory education had been realized in 73 percent of the populated areas in the country, thus making the educated Chinese population reach one-fourth of the total. The rate of illiteracy among the young and the middle-aged had decreased to 6 percent or lower. The average level of getting educated for the Chinese people is now higher than that of developing countries with the same average revenues.Due to the government policies of encouraging education, the counties and cities, where the nine-year-compulsory education was realized and illiteracy among young and middle-aged was eradicated, numbered2,242 in 1998. Also in that year, enrollment ratio of schooling children reached 87.3 percent and elementary school 98.9 percent.Visible progress was seen too in improving secondary vocational education and senior middle-school education. Enrollment ratio of the students in vocational school, numbering over 10 million in 1996 and 1997, accounted for 55 percent of those who were subject to senior middle school education. The senior middle school education was further optimized. In 1998, student enrollment of ordinary senior middle schools came to 9.38 million.The on-the-job training and continuous education were also progressing, because of which several millions of working adults studied for college-education certificates or special training. The long-distance education network via radio, TV and satellite developed fast, which plays an important role in universal education, teachers' training and continuous education.The higher-learning education developed rapidly and its structure was greatly improved. In the recent 20 years after the new policy of reform and opening up was carried out, the higher-learning bodies of various types have trained 18 million undergraduates 400,000 graduates.Progress was also recorded in pre-school education, special education and those for ethnic groups. In 1946, there were only 1,301 kindergartens。
第一讲 当代中国的基本国情PPT课件
2010年在世界排名第121位， 仍居100位以后。
2010年我国人均GDP为4392 美元，世界人均GDP为 10671美元，发达地区人均 GDP达到38417美元，发展 中国家人均GDP达4810.56 美元。
（3）从人民生活水平看，中国人民生活仅在总体上 达到小康
按国家最新贫困标准（人 均纯收入2300元）计算， 全国贫困人口数量和覆盖 面也由2010年的2688万人 扩大至1.28亿人，占农村 总人口的13.4%，占全国总 人口
（二）当代中国的历史方位
3.正确认识当代中国的历史方位
（1）当代中国正以面向现代化、面向世界、 面向未来的风貌巍然屹立在世界东方
（2）当代中国正处于工业化、信息化、城镇 化、市场化、国际化深入发展时期 （3）当代中国与世界的发展和繁荣前所未有 地紧密联系在一起
二、当代中国发展的阶段性特征和 重要战略机遇期
这段话当年被写进了党的 十六大报告
（二）仅仅抓住和用好重要战略机遇期
3.作出这一重大判断的依据 （1）2002年作出这一重大判断的依据
从国际形势看：其一，和平与发展仍然是当今时代的两大主题， 这为中国经济和社会发展提供了良好的外部环境；其二，世界多 极化的趋势为我们赢得了有利的国际环境；其三，经济全球化带 来良好机遇；其四，世界新科技革命浪潮继续迅猛发展，作为 “构成21世纪最强大力量之一”，为后发展国家追赶发达国家提 供了新的机遇和动力。
从相对差距来看，改革开 放后城乡收入差距曾一度 有所缩小，1983年城乡居 民人均收入比为1.82：1， 但后来有逐步拉大，2010 年扩大到3.23：1
从绝对差距来看，1978年 农民人均纯收入与城镇居 民人均可支配收入相差 209.8元，1992年相差达 到1242.6元，2010年相差 达到13190元
中国简介(英文版)brief introduction of China-ppt
Chinese Culture
— Traditional Architecture
▪ A Chinese structure is based on the
principle of balance and symmetry, includes office buildings, residences, and temples, etc.
Living in China
— Trip and traffic
China has a well-developed public transport.
When you need to travel, we can choose highspeed rail, plane or bus.
▪ The secondary structures are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main room and yard. The distribution of interior space业re务flects Chinese social and ethnical value流s. 程
National flag: the Five-Starred Red Flag Capital: Beijing Dialect: Chinese Currency: Ren Min Bi (RMB)
Location
• In Eastern Asia, by the west of the Pacific Ocean.
In most of cities, the house prices are very expensive for young people.
第一章当代中国的基本国情-PPT精选文档
二、当代中国发展的阶段性特征 和重要战略机遇期
（一）准确认识我国发展面临的阶段性 特征
七是社会活力显著增强，同时社会结构、 社会组织形式、社会利益格局发生深刻变 化，社会建设和管理面临诸多新课题。 八是对外开放日益扩大，同时面临的国 际竞争日趋激烈，发达国家在经济科技上 占优势的压力长期存在，可以预见和难以 预见的风险增多，统筹国内发展和对外开 放要求更高。
（一）准确认识我国发展面临的阶段性 特征
一是经济实力显著增强，同时生产力水 平总体上还不高，自主创新能力还不强， 长期形成的结构性矛盾和粗放型增长方式 尚未根本改变。 二是社会主义市场经济体制初步建立， 同பைடு நூலகம்影响发展的体制机制障碍依然存在， 改革攻坚面临深层次矛盾和问题。
二、当代中国发展的阶段性特征 和重要战略机遇期
第一讲 当代中国的基 本国情
一、当代中国的基本特点
(一).当代中国国情概述
1、国情的含义 国情是指一个国家在一定历史时期内 的社会性质及其所处的社会发展阶段，是 历史文化传统、自然地理环境、社会经济 发展状况以及国际关系等各个方面的总和。
(一).当代中国国情概述
2.我国的基本国情
第一，从人口的数量和质量看，中国是人口大 国，但并非人才强国。中国目前人口总数已超过 13亿，每年还在以年均700万左右的速度增长。中 国文盲和半文盲人口占15岁及以上人口比例的10% 以上。 第二，从人均国内生产总值看，中国与世界平 均的差距不断缩小，但总体看来仍处在世界后列。 中国人均国内生产总值虽已然超过7000美元，但 仍排在世界70位以后，即使与世界中等以上收入 国家的水平相比仍有差距。(人均7589$,世界排名 80位，来自IMF2019年公布数字。)
1.12大明确提出把“小康”作为阶段目标 2.13大提出“三步走”战略， 3.16大提出“全面建设小康社会” 4.18大提出“全面建成小康社会” 认识的步步深化
中国国情【中英文精品】
二、中国国旗、国歌和国徽
The Five-Starred Red Flag is the national flag of China, and it’s national anthem is March of the Volunteers. 中国的国旗 是五星红旗， 国歌是《义勇 军进行曲》。
中华人民共和国国徽
五、中国的宗教
中国是个多宗教的国 家，中国宗教徒信奉 的有佛教、道教、伊 斯兰教、天主教和基 督教。 佛教在中国已有二千 年历史，中国人主要 信奉的是大乘佛教。 但是云南和泰国一样 信奉的是小乘佛教。
China is also a country of many religions, such as Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianism. Buddhism in China has a history of more than 2000 years. Most of Chinese believe the Mahayana Buddhism. But Yunnan province believe the Theravada Buddhism
六、中国地方概况
中国国土面积有960万平方公里， 现在分成23个省，5个自治区， 2个特别行政区和4个直辖市。
China has 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 2 special administrative regions and 4 municipality. National territory area of this country is 9.6 million square kilometers.
中国国情的英语
中国国情的英语China's national conditions refer to the overall situation and characteristics of China as a country. As a country with a vast population, diverse ethnic groups, and a rich culture, China's national conditions encompass a wide range of aspects. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of China's national conditions, covering its history, economy, politics, society, and environment.China, officially known as the People's Republic of China, is the world's most populous country, with a population of over 1.4 billion people. It is located in East Asia, bordering several countries including Russia, Mongolia, and India. With a land area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, China is the fourth-largest country in the world.China has a long and rich history that dates back several thousand years. It is one of the oldest continuing civilizations, with a recorded history of more than 4,000 years. The country has experienced dynasties, revolutions, and periods of rapid development. The Imperial dynasties ruled China for centuries, with the last dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, ending in 1912. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came into power in 1949, following the Chinese Civil War, and has been the governing party ever since.Economically, China has achieved remarkable growth over the last few decades. It has transformed from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented economy, becoming the world's second-largest economy. China is known for its manufacturing industry,particularly in electronics, textiles, and machinery. It is also a major exporter and has a significant role in global trade. The government has implemented various economic reforms, opening up the country to foreign investment and promoting technological innovation.Politically, China operates under a socialist system with Chinese characteristics. The CCP exercises leadership over all aspects of the country, and political power is concentrated at the top. The General Secretary of the CCP, who is also the President of the country, holds significant power. The National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, plays a role in decision-making, although its authority is limited compared to the CCP.Societally, China is characterized by its vast population and diverse ethnic groups. The Han Chinese make up the majority, but there are also 55 recognized ethnic minorities in the country. Despite efforts to promote national unity, there are still occasional ethnic tensions and conflicts. China has a distinct culture and is known for its traditions, such as its cuisine, traditional medicine, martial arts, and festivals like Chinese New Year.China faces several challenges related to its environment. It is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, contributing to global climate change. Pollution, particularly air pollution, is a serious problem in many Chinese cities. The government has recognized the need for environmental protection and has implemented policies to tackle these issues. China is also investing heavily in renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.In conclusion, China's national conditions encompass its vast population, diverse culture, and unique political and economic systems. With a rich history, rapid economic growth, and various challenges, China plays a significant role in the global arena. Understanding China's national conditions is crucial for comprehending its role in today's world and its future trajectory.。
中国的基本国情发展讲义(PPT 42张)
二、中国基本国情
国情的定义与限制因素
所谓“国情”是指一国相对稳定的总体的客观实际情 况，它是指那些对经济发展起决定性作用的最基本的、 最主要的发动因素和限制因素，它常常决定着一国长 远发展的基本特点和大致轮廓。 不同国家发动和实现工业化的条件和因素各不相同。 工业化的发动因素是指在工业化进程中能够启动国民 经济中“一系列基要生产函数组合方式发生连续变化” 的基要因素，或战略性因素。 工业化的限制因素是指那些从根本上阻碍或制约工业 化过程的发动和演进的因素。
Anganghu@
一、中国经济发展的历史
“挑战与应战”模式
中国对现代化挑战中有不同的响应和反映，采 取了不同态度和策略，因而有不同的结果。 为什么中国从1750到1950年，这200年间从先 进走向落后、从强大走向衰落、从繁荣走向贫 穷？ 从1950年后的50多年特别是1978年后的25年 中国如何从落伍走向追赶、从衰落走向强大、 从贫穷走向小康。
Anganghu@
三、毛泽东等人对国情的 认识和概括
不同时期若干重大关系比较
毛泽东论十大关系（1956年） 目 的 以苏联为借鉴 总结中国经验 指导中国实践 正确处理十大关系 —调动一切积极力量，为把我 国建设成为一个强大的社会主 义国家而奋斗 江泽民论十二大关系（1995年） 目 的 研究中国国情 总结中国经验 认识中国实践 正确认识十二大关系 —调动一切积极力量，加快社 会主义现代化建设
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三、毛泽东等人对国情的 认识和概括
建国初期7年经济建设后对国情的认识
1956年毛泽东同志发表了关于中国社会主义革命和建设理 论的最重要的代表作《论十大关系》，也标志着中国领导人 对中国现代化发展道路的重大探索和初步成果； 毛泽东同志在把当时的中国国情的基本特点概括为“地大物 博，人口众多，历史悠久”，“一穷二白”。所谓“穷”， 就是没有多少工业，农业也不发达。所谓“白”就是一张白 纸，文化水平、科学水平都不高。 毛泽东对当时中国国情 的基本判断十分准确的，也是非常形象的； 十大关系就是中国社会的十大矛盾。没有矛盾就没有世界； 按照毛泽东提出的方针“统筹兼顾，各得其所”，不能只顾 一头，协调发展、平衡发展，这是毛泽东提出的最重要的治 国之道。