仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-108 HSI,ADF,RMI,DME资料
Homing with ADF
HOMING results in a curved path to station if there is wind
ADF Formula
MH + RB = MB –Magnetic Heading (MH) –Relative Bearing (RB) –Magnetic Bearing (MB) –TO the station
– Thunderstorm Effect
• needle points at lightning • - could navigate you to the nearest thunderstorm!
– Precipitation Static
• Static caused by rain, snow or clouds • needle fluctuations
Precipitation Static
Shorelines Can Refract (Bend) The Signals When They Cross At Small Angles
•
Terrain Effect
ADF Limitations
• Mountains reflect radio waves, sometimes at an angle.
– Shoreline Effect
• Radio waves travel differently over water than over land.
– Night Effect
• signals bounced off ionosphere - needle fluctuations & interference from distant stations • Error greatest at sunrise and sunset- “twilight”
• We’ll talk about this more when we learn about ILS
HSI: FAA Fig. 95
HSI: FAA Figs. 98 & 99 Which aircraft symbol represents the indications of HSI ‘A’, ‘B’, etc.?
First note the aircraft Heading, then figure out in which quadrant the aircraft is located
HSI: FAA Figs. 109, 110, 111
What cardinal direction are we located from the VOR station?
–
–(add/subtract 180 for FROM)
MH + RB = MB (TO STATION)
ADF Bearing Indicators
•
• •
Fixed Card Bearing Indicator -Needle indicates RELATIVE BEARING
(Must be referenced to Heading Indicator)
PRINCIPLES OF INST NhomakorabeaUMENT FLIGHT
HSI, ADF, RMI, DME
HSI is a combination of VOR & Heading Indicator
The HSI
• “Horizontal Situation Indicator” • Great visualizing instrument • Combines VOR indicator with Heading Indicator
• (Automatically set to heading)
Fixed Card ADF
– Bearing Needle always points to the relative bearing – RELATIVE BEARING: How many degrees clockwise relative to the NOSE of the aircraft is the station located? – Think of the ‘N’ or ‘0’ at the top of the dial as representing the “NOSE” of the aircraft rather than North.
– Movable Card ADF Indicator
– -Needle indicates MAGNETIC BEARING – (Must be manually set to heading)
– Radio Magnetic Indicator – -Needle indicates MAGNETIC BEARING
ADF Ground Facilities
• Non directional beacons • L/MF range
– 190 to 535 kHz
• No line of sight limitations • But:
– Lightning, precipitation static, and distant stations’ interference at night are common
– bird’s eye view of your position – NO reverse sensing problems when tuned to VOR
• Features
– instantaneous tracking awareness – position from desired radial
HSI Localizer
• Reverse Sensing when tuned to localizer unless front course is selected
– course selector must be set to the inbound front course
• for both front and back course instrument approaches
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仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-104 PITOT-STATIC资料
International Standard Atmosphere
• ISA
– Standard Sea level Pressure 29.92 Hg. • 1013.2 Mb. – Standard temperature • Sea Level 15 C (59 F) • Standard Lapse rate 2 C per 1000 feet
Airspeed Indicator Measures pressure differential
•
Types of Airspeed:acronym “ICET ” Indicated airspeed
– Indication on airspeed indicator – Use same indicated airspeed for take-off & landing regardless of altitude or temperature
– Indicated – Pressure – Density – True – Absolute
Altitude types are different because of reference point. • Indicated altitude
– what you read when barometric pressure is set to current altimeter setting – IFR below 18,000’ MSL
– Airspeed (AI) – Altimeter (ALT) – Vertical Speed (VSI)
– AIRSPEED INDICATOR
Airspeed Indicator
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5210APPROACHPROCEDURES
APPROACH
Approach Procedures
Safely Finding The Airport
Precision Approaches
Precision Approaches provide vertical guidance in addition to lateral guidance, most often through the use of an electronic glideslope. Precision Approaches include:
Final Segment of a VOR Approach (non-precision with FAP)
Missed Approach Segment
Navigate from MAP to missed approach holding point. Depicted on every approach
• NDB
• RNAV (GPS)
• ASR – Airport Surveillance Radar
• Localizer (front & back courses)
• LDA / SDF / RNAV
The United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) is the approved criteria for formulating instrument approach procedures.
–Intermediate fix (IF) –Begins at point where you are
proceeding inbound to the final approach fix, properly aligned. –Not all approaches have an intermediate fix
Approach Procedures
Safely Finding The Airport
Precision Approaches
Precision Approaches provide vertical guidance in addition to lateral guidance, most often through the use of an electronic glideslope. Precision Approaches include:
Final Segment of a VOR Approach (non-precision with FAP)
Missed Approach Segment
Navigate from MAP to missed approach holding point. Depicted on every approach
• NDB
• RNAV (GPS)
• ASR – Airport Surveillance Radar
• Localizer (front & back courses)
• LDA / SDF / RNAV
The United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) is the approved criteria for formulating instrument approach procedures.
–Intermediate fix (IF) –Begins at point where you are
proceeding inbound to the final approach fix, properly aligned. –Not all approaches have an intermediate fix
仪表等级飞行员理论培训
理论培训的考核标准
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仪表等级飞行员理论培训的考核 内容
仪表等级飞行员理论培训的考核 标准
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仪表等级飞行员理论培训的考核 方式
仪表等级飞行员理论培训的考核 结果
P仪A表R等T级5飞行员理论培训的实
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仪表等级飞行员在飞行中的实践应用
仪表等级飞行员的基本要求：具备相应的理论知识和技能，能够熟练操作飞行仪表和设备。
法与要求
理论培训的方法
制定培训计划：根据学员的实际 情况和需求，制定合理的培训计 划
教学方法：采用多种教学方法， 如讲解、演示、模拟训练等
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教学内容：包括仪表等级飞行员 的理论知识、操作技能、安全知 识等
教学评估：对学员的学习情况进 行评估，及时调整教学计划和教 学方法
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仪表等级飞行 员培训的重要 性
仪表等级飞行 员理论培训的 内容
仪表等级飞行 员理论培训的 方法与要求
仪表等级飞行 员理论培训的 实践应用
先进技术的应用：随着科技的不断进步，无人机、人工智能等先进技术的应用将为仪表等级飞行 员培训提供更多的实践机会和培训手段。
国际化趋势：随着全球化的加速，跨国航空公司的不断扩张将为仪表等级飞行员提供更多的就业 机会和国际化发展机遇。
(精品)仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-109RNAV-GPS1A
GPS Architecture
The GPS Positioning Concept
• Two principal pieces of information are required to determine a GPS position: ➢Position of each satellite ➢Range from the satellite to the user
What might a Flight Management System do for a pilot?
•Position •Airspeed •Groundspeed •Altitude hold •ETE / ETA •Heading •Course
• Ground Track • Fuel Burn
Once the Waypoint is set up in the receiver, the pilot simply treats it as though it were a real VOR
Programming the RNAV
Flight Management Systems: A Definition
• A minimum of four satellite signals are required to solve for an unaided, unique, position and time solution.
How Does GPS Work? Basic Function of GPS
Ground Antennas
GPS Architecture
User Element
• Consists of antennas and receiver/processors on board an aircraft, automobile, ship, cellular telephones and other new items like watches that provide positioning, velocity and precise timing to the user.
飞行员国外培训飞行的培训一共分为三个大的阶段-私照(PPL)、仪表等级(IR)、多发商照(MECPL)-
一般情况下，从出国到达航校开始，你的培训就开始了，从达到航校到离开航校之前，英语都是大家学习的重点，这个也是国内航空公司送大家出国培训的一个原因，英语的培训可以分为两个方面，第一是日常英语，这个是大家在国外立足生活的根本。
另外一方面的是陆空通话，陆空通话是大家飞行的一个重点，基本的飞行大家都没有问题，但是问题往往就是陆空通话是大家的难点。
飞行的培训一共分为三个大的阶段，私照（PPL）、仪表等级（IR）、多发商照（MECPL），其中每个阶段都是40课。
每个阶段一般都分为不同的小的阶段分别对学习的内容进行考核，每小个阶段的考核基本都分为两部分——口试部分和飞行部分，口试部分先进行，如果口试部分不通过，则不进行飞行部分的考试，如果考核不通过则重新和教员进行复习飞行，直到考核通过则进行下一个阶段的学习。
私照（PPL）共分为3个阶段，其中第一阶段为第19课，口试的内容包含：Takeoff and landing Data / Weight and Balance / Weather（起飞着陆的数据的计算/装载和配平的计算/基本的天气信息的获得和分析）、FAR Part 61 and 91（联邦航空飞行条例61部和91部相关内容）、Airspace pertaining to the local airports and practice areas（与飞行训练区和训练机场有关的空域分析）、Performance and Limitations of the PA 28- 181（训练用飞机PA28-181的基本性能参数和限制）；飞行的学习和考核的内容包含：Normal Crosswind Takeoffs（正常和侧风起飞）、Traffic Pattern Operations（起落航线的操作）、Normal and Crosswind Landings（正常和侧风情况下的降落）、Steep Turn（大坡度转弯）、Slow Flight（慢速飞行）、Stalls（失速：带动力和不带动力失速）、Emergency Landings（紧急着陆）、ATC Communications（陆空通话）、Rejected Landing（中断着陆、复飞）。
仪表等级飞行员理论培训
仪表等级飞行员理论培训概述仪表等级飞行员（Instrument Rating，简称IR）是指具备在飞行中依赖于仪表设备进行导航与飞行操作的能力。
仪表飞行是在无法直接依赖于目视条件进行飞行的情况下，通过仪器设备和导航工具来进行飞行。
仪表等级飞行员理论培训是获得仪表等级飞行资质的重要步骤，本文将详细介绍该理论培训的内容和要求。
仪表等级飞行员理论培训的目标仪表等级飞行员理论培训的主要目标是让飞行员具备通过仪器设备进行飞行操作和导航的能力。
具体目标包括：1.理解和应用仪表飞行规则（Instrument Flight Rules，简称IFR）；2.掌握基本仪器的操作技巧和原理；3.熟悉仪表导航系统和导航工具的使用；4.理解仪表飞行中的气象条件和飞行特性；5.掌握仪表飞行中的通讯规范和流程；6.具备正规仪表进近和着陆的能力。
培训内容仪表等级飞行员理论培训包括多个科目和模块。
以下是主要的培训内容：1. 仪表飞行规则仪表飞行规则（IFR）是飞行员在飞行中依赖仪器设备进行导航和飞行操作的规则。
培训内容包括：•IFR的基本原则和要求；•IFR飞行计划和航路的规划；•IFR飞行中的大气条件和气象对飞行的影响；•IFR航空器的仪表配备和系统。
2. 仪表飞行的基本概念和技巧培训内容包括：•仪表飞行中的姿态和自动驾驶系统；•仪表飞行中的操纵技巧和飞行规程；•仪表飞行中的急进和急减技术。
3. 仪表飞行导航系统培训内容包括：•仪表飞行导航系统的原理和功能；•仪表飞行导航系统的操作和维修；•仪表飞行导航系统的故障排除。
4. 仪表飞行通讯培训内容包括：•仪表飞行通讯的标准和流程；•仪表飞行通讯的基本术语和短语；•仪表飞行通讯中的常见问题和解决方法。
5. 仪表飞行中的气象条件培训内容包括：•仪表飞行中的气象条件和飞行特性；•仪表飞行中的天气观察和飞行计划；•仪表飞行中的天气报告和预报。
6. 仪表进近和着陆培训内容包括：•仪表进近和着陆的基本概念和程序；•仪表进近和着陆的仪表要素和要求；•仪表进近和着陆的常见问题和处理方法。
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-103 GYROS-COMPASS
A ltimeter (adjustable) B all (slip & skid indicator) C lock A ttitude Indicator R ate of turn indicator D irectional gyro DME at & above FL 240
• Airworthiness Directives (recurring/one-time) • VOR (preceding 30 days) • Inspections (Annual/100 hour if for hire) • Altimeter (preceding 24 calendar months • Transponder (preceding 24 calendar months) • ELT (preceding 12 calendar months) • Static system (preceding 24 calendar mo.)
Heading Indicator
How An HI Works
• Vacuum powered • Gyro spins on vertical plane • Senses rotation about the vertical axis • Free vs. Slaved gyros
– free, must align with magnetic compass – slaved, automatic north-seeking
Turns and G forces
• The pendulous vanes operate asymmetrically under:
– Load – Centrifugal force
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-212 ILS
Missed Approach Procedure
Localizer Approach
Can be flown even though glide slope is working. Higher minimums - MDA Seen also as separate approaches Localizer back course approach:
DME
Many times placed near localizer or glide slope transmitter DME in lieu of outer marker DME association
–Compare ILS RWY 11L @ Tucson –ILS/DME RWY 21L @ Prescott
Compass Locators Low power <25 watts / 15 miles range Low or medium frequency (L/MF) radio beacon Collocated with OM or MM
– OM, called Locator Outer Marker (LOM) – MM, called Locator Middle Marker (LMM)
•
•
If angle exceeds 30o then only circling minimums are published Comparable utility and accuracy to Localizer; some LDAs are equipped with a glide slope
ILS Components
Localizer
Alignment with runway centerline Emits a navigational array from far end of runway
仪表等级飞行员 理论培训
• Mandatory Instruction Signs • Location Signs • Direction Signs • Destination Signs • Information Signs • Runway Distance Remaining Signs
Airport Signs • Most airfield signs are standardized.
LAHSO
• Land and Hold Short Operations
– In effect at some controlled airports
• Could be at:
– Intersecting runway – Intersecting taxiway – Designated point on the runway
– Xs or simply blocked off
• Displaced Threshold
– Begin/end normal operations for takeoff and landing rollout, not fordisplaced threshold
• Determination of available landing distance (ALD)
Lighting Systems
• Approach Light System • Visual Glide Slope Indicators • Tri Color VSI • Runway Lighting • Airport Beacon and Obstruction Lights
intending to land.
Causes of Runway Incursion
Airport Signs • Most airfield signs are standardized.
LAHSO
• Land and Hold Short Operations
– In effect at some controlled airports
• Could be at:
– Intersecting runway – Intersecting taxiway – Designated point on the runway
– Xs or simply blocked off
• Displaced Threshold
– Begin/end normal operations for takeoff and landing rollout, not fordisplaced threshold
• Determination of available landing distance (ALD)
Lighting Systems
• Approach Light System • Visual Glide Slope Indicators • Tri Color VSI • Runway Lighting • Airport Beacon and Obstruction Lights
intending to land.
Causes of Runway Incursion
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage2-116REGSPART91,NTSB
• N- Notams (all available info concerning flight) • W- weather reports and forecasts • K - known traffic delays • R –runway lengths • A- alternatives available • F -fuel requirements • T –Take Off/Landing Distance info, Section (b)
14 CFR 91.109
• Flight Instruction; Simulated Instrument Flight and Certain Flight Tests
• Section (b) No person may operate an aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless
– 29.92 “Flight Levels”
• Lowest usable flight levels
– determined by atmospheric pressure to avoid overlap of MSL & pressure altitude if current altimeter setting is lower than 29.92 (see table in 91.121)
– Safety pilot = private pilot rated in aircraft (Category/Class)
– Safety pilot has adequate vision forward and side
– Fully functioning dual controls
14 CFR 91.109
• Flight Instruction; Simulated Instrument Flight and Certain Flight Tests
• Section (b) No person may operate an aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless
– 29.92 “Flight Levels”
• Lowest usable flight levels
– determined by atmospheric pressure to avoid overlap of MSL & pressure altitude if current altimeter setting is lower than 29.92 (see table in 91.121)
– Safety pilot = private pilot rated in aircraft (Category/Class)
– Safety pilot has adequate vision forward and side
– Fully functioning dual controls