电子商务和国际贸易文献综述
毕业论文文献综述国际贸易研究进展
毕业论文文献综述国际贸易研究进展随着全球化进程的不断加深，国际贸易作为各国经济发展的重要组成部分，对于世界各国的经济增长和贸易平衡起着至关重要的作用。
国际贸易研究作为一个跨学科领域，涉及经济学、国际关系、政治学等多个学科，近年来取得了许多重要进展。
本文将对国际贸易研究的一些重要进展进行文献综述，以期为相关领域的研究者提供参考和启发。
一、国际贸易理论的发展国际贸易理论是国际贸易研究的基础，其发展历程可以追溯到古典经济学时期。
古典经济学家如亚当·斯密、大卫·里卡多等提出了比较优势理论和绝对优势理论，为后来的国际贸易理论奠定了基础。
随后，新古典经济学派的兴起，带来了希克斯-奥尔洛夫模型、利奥塔模型等一系列理论，进一步丰富和发展了国际贸易理论。
近年来，新贸易理论和新新贸易理论的兴起，为国际贸易研究注入了新的活力。
保罗·萨缪尔森、保罗·克鲁格曼等学者提出了内生增长理论、产品差异化理论等，对国际贸易研究产生了深远影响。
二、国际贸易政策的演变国际贸易政策是各国制定的关于对外贸易的政策和措施，对于国际贸易的发展和规范起着至关重要的作用。
在全球化背景下，各国之间的贸易关系日益紧密，国际贸易政策也在不断演变。
自由贸易和保护主义是国际贸易政策的两大主流，各国在制定贸易政策时需要权衡利弊，寻求最大化利益。
近年来，全球价值链的兴起，跨国公司的崛起，以及新兴经济体的崛起，都对国际贸易政策提出了新的挑战和机遇。
如何在全球化背景下制定更加开放、包容的贸易政策，成为各国政府和学者共同关注的焦点。
三、国际贸易与经济增长国际贸易对于各国经济增长具有重要影响。
通过国际贸易，各国可以充分利用各自的资源优势，实现资源配置的最优化，推动经济增长。
同时，国际贸易也带来了技术创新、产业升级等积极影响，促进了经济结构的优化和产业的升级。
然而，国际贸易也会带来一些负面影响，如贸易逆差、产业空心化等问题，需要各国政府和学者共同努力寻求解决之道。
跨境电商国际贸易与国际商务能力研究文献综述
跨境电商国际贸易与国际商务能力研究文献综述1国外文献综述（1）随着国外电子商务的兴起，外国的政府、大学、研究中心和经济学者对如何促进电子商务的发展开始关注，对电子商务的发展开始做出定性和定量的判断性行为，对此开始进行深入性的探讨。
很快跨境电子商务公司Yongchoi和一家跨境电子商务企业Daleo.Stahl（2001），对电子商务和经济进行了深入探讨和调查研究。
他们觉得电子商务就像一个大型市场，以买卖双方使用数字产品进行贸易作为要点。
笔者在关注经济问题的同时，也关注电子商务的技术、标准、政策和法律等多项复杂方面。
（2）电子商务的快速发展的今天，外国的经济学者认识到电子商务在全球发展和应用中成为一种必然，预测电子商务对全球经济贸易的具有重要的意义。
电子商务对国际贸易的深远影响，Micklethwait，Jone（2010）进入深入的探讨。
J.vanek（2012）提出了国际贸易人才作为商务英语的要求，具有良好的法律知识、金融专业知识、市场分析观察力和谈判技巧，精通承包业务、产品定制、办理进出口手续和分销等等多项业务。
国际贸易人才应具有深厚的计算机和网络专业背景、英语或其他语言的专业背景和国际贸易业务能力的复合型可持续发展人才。
3）就现如今而言，对于电子商务与国际贸易理论，国外经济学家将二者相互结合，根据理论角度，电子商务对国际贸易的影响进行研究。
通过运用经济学中的绝对优势和比较优势理论，站在全球贸易体系的角度研究电子商务。
David van（2003）认为，解析电子商务产品的内贸易可以由规模经济理论和不完全竞争理论解析l（2010）通过研究发现，跨境电子商务公司人才极具减少，行业整体人才流失率逐渐提高，跨境电子商务公司招聘和培训频率不断提高，跨境电子商务公司也使人才置换成本逐年上升，在人力资源管理、跨境电子公司支付成本、跨境电子商务职工关系等方面跨境电子商务公司也面临巨大挑战。
成本压力对跨境电子商务公司也带来了难题。
电商文献综述怎么写范文
电商文献综述怎么写范文电商文献综述范文：标题：电商文献综述摘要：本文通过对电子商务（电商）领域的文献综述，总结了电商的定义、发展历程、核心要素和影响因素等内容。
研究发现，电商在全球范围内迅速发展，成为经济增长的重要推动力。
然而，电商面临着诸多挑战，例如安全问题、法律监管和竞争压力等。
希望本综述能为电商研究提供基础知识，促进电商的可持续发展。
关键词：电子商务、电商、发展历程、核心要素、影响因素一、引言电子商务（Electronic Commerce，简称EC）是指利用电子技术，实现经济实体间的商务活动和商业信息的传输，包括信息检索、电子邮件、电子付款、网络购物等。
近年来，随着互联网技术的迅猛发展，电商在全球范围内得到了广泛的应用和推广。
二、发展历程电商的发展可以分为三个阶段：出现阶段、发展阶段和成熟阶段。
出现阶段主要是指电商的概念和基本模式的形成，如1995年亚马逊和eBay等电商巨头的出现。
发展阶段则是指电商在技术、市场和政策层面的快速发展，如电商平台的兴起和跨境电商的兴盛。
成熟阶段则是指电商已经成为经济社会的基础设施和商业行为的一部分，如移动电商和社交电商的兴起。
三、核心要素电商的核心要素包括电子商务平台、支付体系、物流配送和推销渠道等。
电子商务平台是指实现买卖双方交互的网络平台，如淘宝、京东等。
支付体系则是指实现安全、便捷的支付手段，如支付宝、微信支付等。
物流配送则是指实现商品快速、可靠的配送服务，如顺丰、菜鸟网络等。
推销渠道则是指实现商品促销和传播的方式，如社交媒体、搜索引擎等。
四、影响因素电商的发展受到多方面因素的影响，包括技术因素、市场因素和法律因素等。
技术因素主要是指互联网技术的发展和应用，如物联网、人工智能等。
市场因素则是指消费者需求和竞争压力等。
法律因素则是指有关电商监管和保护消费者权益的法律法规，如电子商务法等。
五、挑战与展望虽然电商在全球范围内取得了巨大的成功，但仍面临着诸多挑战。
国际贸易实践的电子商务综述-最新范文
国际贸易实践的电子商务综述摘要:本文结合统计数据,论述了我国的电子商务在国际贸易应用中存在的问题。
电子商务作为其主要业务模式也拥有了较好的发展环境,而解决目前存在的问题可以从提高公众认识、参加国际公约和贸易伙伴协议、进行关键技术研究等方面着手。
关键词:电子商务国际贸易公众认识关键技术1997年6月,ISO/IECJTC1成立了电子商务业务工作组(BT-EC)。
BT-EC!确定了电子商务急需建立标准的三个领域:(1)用户接口(2)基本功能(<3)数据及客体(包括组织机构、商品等)的定义与编码。
目前BT-EC 仅对其进行了阐述,其目的是通过解决关键问题,以扫清实现全球电子商务道路的障碍。
我国国际贸易中电子商务的发展较晚,1998年2月6日,国务院有关部门才最终审议通过了金关工程。
自2006年以来,国内对外贸易电子商务网站发展迅速。
在第87届中国出口商品交易会上,北京互联网发展中心(BIDC)开展了关于中国出口企业电子商务趋势的抽样调查。
据北京互联网发展中心周一斌主任介绍,调查中有4.5%的出口企业据称己经广泛开展电子商务,有31.2%的企业初步开始,有28.7%的企业已着手准备开展,12.0%的企业已有考虑,只有23.6%的企业还没有考虑。
今年据统计已经有越来越多的企业在阿里巴巴注册进行外贸,并有相应的外贸业务员进行外贸操作。
尽管发展电子商务为我国经济发展提供新的增长点。
李超认为目前我国企业利用电子商务的程度仍然不高。
当前,我国只能将工业化和信息化并存发展,文从维尼BBC模式的成功分析了电子商务对中国企业的影响,张迪说到电子商务的产生与发展给传统的国际经济贸易活动带来的深刻影响,它不仅给全球经济增加了活力,而且正在改变着人们传统的工作方式和思维方式。
目前的信息技术主要被发达国家所垄断,发达国家操纵着信息技术游戏规则,凭借其强大的经济实力,严格控制向我国转让核心技术,从而严重阻碍着我国赶超战略的实施。
电子商务 文献综述(一)2024
电子商务文献综述（一）引言概述：电子商务（E-commerce）是以互联网为基础的商业活动，通过电子方式展开商品交易、支付和物流等业务。
随着互联网的快速发展，电子商务在全球范围内得到了广泛的应用和推广。
本文将对电子商务领域的相关文献进行综述，旨在总结和分析当前电子商务的发展现状、核心问题和未来趋势。
一、技术发展与应用1. 电子商务的发展历程：从电子数据交换到互联网，再到移动互联网，电子商务的技术基础逐步完善。
2. 移动支付技术的应用：移动支付技术的发展使得消费者可以通过移动设备进行在线支付，提供了更便捷和安全的支付方式。
3. 大数据在电子商务中的应用：大数据技术的兴起为电子商务提供了更加精准的用户画像和个性化推荐，增强了用户体验和交易效率。
4. 人工智能在电子商务中的应用：人工智能技术的应用使得电子商务平台能够更好地理解和满足用户需求，提供智能化的推荐和客服服务。
5. 区块链技术在电子商务中的应用：区块链技术的引入提高了电子商务的安全性和可信度，解决了交易过程中的信任问题。
二、电子商务平台与商业模式1. 电子商务平台的分类和特点：根据交易主体和交易模式的不同，电子商务平台可以分为B2B、B2C、C2C等多种类型，各具特点。
2. 电子商务平台的发展趋势：移动端的迅速普及和社交媒体的崛起使得电子商务平台向社交化和娱乐化方向发展。
3. 新兴电子商务商业模式：共享经济、O2O模式、直播电商等新兴商业模式提供了不同的商业机会和消费体验。
4. 电子商务平台的运营与盈利模式：电子商务平台需要通过用户数量、活跃度、广告推广和服务费用等多个方面实现盈利。
5. 电子商务平台的法律与合规问题：电子商务平台在法律合规、知识产权保护和用户隐私等方面面临着不少挑战和风险。
三、电子商务的消费行为与市场研究1. 电子商务的消费行为特点：相比传统零售，电子商务的消费行为更注重价格、便利性和个性化服务。
2. 电子商务用户的购买决策过程：从需求识别、信息搜索、比较评价、决策实施到后购行为，电子商务用户的购买决策过程具有独特性。
电子商务和国际贸易文献综述
电子商务和国际贸易文献综述电子商务和国际贸易文献综述本篇论文目录导航：【题目】电商环境下国际贸易发展问题研究【第一章】电商对国际贸易的影响探析绪论【第二章】电子商务和国际贸易文献综述【3.1 3.2】我国电子商务的发展及特点【3.3 3.4】电子商务环境下国际贸易存在的问题【4.1】佛山A公司的电商之旅案例分析【4.2 4.3】阿里巴巴的B2B平台案例分析【结论/参考文献】电子商务对国际贸易的作用分析结论与参考文献第2章文献综述对于电子商务的发展以及电子商务对国际贸易的影响，国内外的专家学者们在这些方面已经做了一些研究，但由于电子商务是近年来新兴的科学技术，而且电子商务在国际贸易中应用的时间很短，因此国内外的相关研究还不是特别充分。
我希望可以通过对国内外学者们之前已经取得的研究成果、存在问题进行归纳和整理，并在此基础上提出自己的看法。
2.1 国外文献综述（1）随着电子商务在国外的兴起，国外的政府、大学、研究中心以及经济学家开始把目光放在如何推进电子商务的发展上，开始对电子商务的发展进行定性和定量的判断，并开始深入的研究。
美国的多所着名大学已设立开展电子商务研究的机构，如德州大学电子商务中心，伯克利大学的信息系、麻省理工学院的电子商务中心和纽约州立大学的网络经济研究中心。
他们大多从宏观角度出发，对美国电子商务的发展做出定性和定量的判断。
Soon 一Yongchoi, Daleo.stahl（2001）对电子商务和经济学进行了深入的研究。
他们认为电子商务好比是一个市场，其核心是买卖双方利用数字进行产品交易。
作者在注意了电子商务的技术、标准、政策及法律方面复杂问题的同时，把重点放在了经济学问题上。
主要讨论了电子商务中中介的质量和作用等等。
作为利用数字化网络技术为工具进行交易的新型商务形式，电子商务由于降低信息搜索成本和流通成本从而减少了交易中间环节，这一特点也是电子商务与传统工业化社会以迂回生产中间环节增多为专业化分工深化特点的主要区别。
外贸文献综述总结范文
外贸文献综述总结范文一、引言外贸作为国际贸易的重要组成部分，在全球化的大背景下发展迅猛。
众多的研究者将目光投向外贸领域，对外贸文献进行综述和总结具有重要意义。
本文通过对外贸文献的综述，总结外贸发展的趋势、影响因素以及对策，以期为外贸相关研究提供参考。
二、外贸发展趋势综述1. 互联网与外贸随着互联网技术的飞速发展，外贸领域也随之发生了诸多变化。
互联网为外贸商家提供了全新的拓展方式，跨国电商平台的兴起极大地推动了外贸贸易发展。
同时，互联网也提高了外贸的效率，促进了外贸经营的转型升级。
2. 新兴市场近年来，一些新兴市场逐渐崭露头角，成为外贸的重要动力。
这些新兴市场的崛起不仅提供了更多的贸易机会，还推动了全球贸易格局的变化。
对于外贸企业来说，开拓新兴市场，深入研究其特点和需求，是提高竞争力的关键。
3. 商务模式转型随着全球经济的不断变化，商务模式也在转型。
传统的贸易方式受到冲击，新的商务模式不断涌现。
比如B2B（企业对企业）平台的兴起，为企业提供了更直接、高效的供应链管理；而C2C（个人对个人）模式则为中小企业提供了更低成本的渠道。
三、外贸影响因素综述1. 外部环境因素外部环境因素对外贸发展起着重要的影响作用。
政治、经济、法律等因素的变化都可能对外贸产生积极或消极的影响。
外贸企业需要密切关注外部环境的变化，及时进行调整和应对。
2. 内部因素内部因素是外贸发展的基础。
企业管理水平、技术实力、人力资源等都对外贸业务的开展产生影响。
外贸企业应加强内部管理，提高员工的素质和技能，保持竞争优势。
3. 国际市场变化外贸发展离不开国际市场的变化。
不同国家的贸易政策、市场需求的变化等都会影响到外贸的发展。
外贸企业需要及时关注国际市场的动态，做出相应的调整。
四、外贸对策综述1. 提高贸易便利化程度贸易便利化是外贸发展的重要推动力。
各国应加强合作，降低贸易壁垒，推动贸易便利化进程。
同时，外贸企业也需要提高自身的贸易便利化水平，通过技术手段和管理手段提高贸易效率。
电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述及外文文献资料
本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题: E-Commerce in India作者: Saini, Babita期刊: The International Journal of Business & Management卷: 2；；期: 2；页: 1-5；年份: 2014E-Commerce in IndiaAbstractE-commerce stands for electronic commerce and pertains to trading in goods and services through the electronic medium. B2B, B2C, C2C and similar opportunity help consumer preferences and consumer markets developing electronic- infrastructure for challenges of the future. E-commerce has revolutionized business, changing the shape of competition with internet (The NET) ,the computer communication network creating a e-commerce market place for consumers and business . Electronic commerce or business is more than just another way to sustain or enhance existing business practices. Rather, e-commerce is a paradigm shift. It is a "disruptive" innovation that is radically changing the traditional way of doing business. Ecommerce is showing tremendous business growth in our country. Increasing internet users have added to its growth. The present study has been undertaken to describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India . And to analyze the present trends of E-Commerce in India and examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India. This paper examines different opportunities of e-commerce viz., E-business, E-learning, It raises key challenges that are being faced by consumers relating to e-commerce .Now-a-days, the practice of E-Commerce has been dramatically changed, particularly in last five years . Therefore, E-Commerce form of marketing is a process or a modern technique used by business firms, companies, and industries for doing their business work through the e-net system.Keywords: Electronic Commerce, E-net, E-business1. IntroductionE-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. It means dealing in goods and services through the electronic media and internet. On the internet, it relates to a website of the vendor, who sells products or services directly to the customer from the portal using a digital shopping cart or digital shopping basket system and allows payment through credit card, debit card or EFT (Electronic fund transfer) payments. E-commerce or E-business involves carrying on a business with the help of the internet and by using the information technology like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). More simply put, E-Commerce is the movement of business onto the World Wide Web. E-Commerce has almost overnight become the dominant online activity. There is no single definition of E- Commerce, it means only commercial activity which is performed or linked to or supported by Electronic Communication. The effects of e-commerce are already appearing in all areas of business, from customer service to new product design.2. What Is E-Commerce?Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services. It also pertains to "any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network.3. The objectives of the StudyThe objectives of the present study are:* To describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India;* To analyse the present trends of E-Commerce in India;* To examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India.4. Reasons Behind the Growth of E -Commerce* Busy LifestyleThe lifestyle of people is so busy that they are unable to go to the crowded markets every time for shopping. The customers prefer to shop in a relaxed environment at their own convenience.* High Disposable IncomeWith growing job opportunities the income sources have also increased. Because of high spending power, customers are willingly able to pay for the products online.* Awareness of ProductsPeople are much more aware nowadays regarding thep roducts available in the markets. They are quite aware about new products, product features, availability, price etc. through the help of media like television, radio, newspaper etc. Because of these reasons they feel confident while shopping online.* Rising Computer Educational LevelDue to the efforts of Government and Private Educational Institutions in India, computer education is getting new horizons. People are much more aware regarding the tools and techniques of computers. Not only students of urban areas, students of rural areas, housewives and business persons are also attracted towards the advance technologies of computer like e - commerce and e- business. With the development of educational standards there is automatically a great demand to buy and use new products.* Increased Usage of Internet -Withmore than 100 million Internet users, the country is beginning to achieve a critical mass of users who are familiar with we services. In addition, over the past few years, relatively sophisticated online travel laments ("OTAs"), such as Make My Trip - which started turning these initial Webusers into Web consumers - have dominated Indian e-commerce. Saves Money -One another reason for adapting e- Commerce and online shopping technology is that the unwanted expenditure of petrol, parking and toll etc. is considerably reduced.* Easy to Find the Review of Products -It is quite easy to find the review of products by the help of online shopping. E-commerce has made it simpler to get information regarding the product and the customers can purchase the products after getting reviews and feedback of the product.5. Importance and Uses of E. Commerce* Exploitation of New BusinessBroadly speaking, electronic commerce emphasizes the generation and exploitation of new .business opportunities and to use popular phrases: "generate business value" or "do more with less".* Enabling the CustomersElectronic Commerce is enabling the customer to have an increasing say in what products are made, how products are made and how services are delivered (movement from a slow order fulfillment process with little understanding of what is taking place inside the firm, to a faster and rt1ore open process with customers having greater control.* Improvement of Business TransactionElectronic Commerce endeavors to improve the execution of business transaction over various networks.* Effective PerformanceIt leads to more effective performance i.e. better quality, greater customer satisfaction and better corporate decision making.* Greater Economic EfficiencyWe may achieve greater economic efficiency (lower cost) and more rapid exchange (high speed, accelerated, or real-time interaction) with the help of electronic commerce.* Execution of InformationIt enables the execution of information-laden transactions between two ore more parties using inter connected networks. These networks can be a combination of "plain old telephone system' (POTS), Cable TV, leased lines and wireless. Information based transactions are creating new ways of doing business and even new types of business.* Incorporating TransactionElectronic Commerce also incol 1'orates transaction management, which organizes, routes, processes and tracks transactions. It also includes consumers making electronic payments and funds transfers* Increasing of RevenueThe firm uses technology to either lower operating costs or increase revenue. Electronic Commerce has the Potential to increase revenue by creating new markets for old products, creating new information-based products, and establishing new service delivery channels to better serve and interact with customers. The transaction management aspect of electronic commerce can also enable firms to reduce operating costs by enabling better coordination in the sales, production and distribution processes and to consolidate operations arid reduce overhead.* Reduction of Friction, ElectronicCommerce research and its associated implementations is to reduce the "friction" in online transactions frictions is often described in economics as a transaction cost. It can arise from inefficient market structures and inefficient combinations of the technological activities required to make a transaction. Ultimately, the reduction of friction in online commerce will enable smoother transaction between buyers, intermediaries and sellers.* Facilitating of Network FormElectronic Commerce is also impacting business .to business interactions. It facilitates the network form of organization where small, flexible firms rely on another partner, companies for component supplies and product distribution to meet changing customer demand more effectively. Hence, an end to end relationship management solution is a desirable goal that is needed to manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors and even competitors. The management of "online transactions" in the supply chain assumes a central roll.* Facilitating for Organizational ModelIt is facilitating an organizational model that is fundamentally different from the past. It is a control organization to the information based organization. The emerging forms of techno-organizational structure involve changes in managerial responsibilities, communication and information flows and work group structures .6. Opportunities for E-CommerceYoung Jun Choi1, Chung Suk Suh(2005) reported that the development of the internetin the 20th century led to the birth of an electronic marketplace or it is called e-marketplace, which is now a kernel of electronic commerce (e-commerce). An e- marketplace provides a virtual space where sellers and buyers trade with each other as in the traditional marketplace. Various kinds of economic transactions and buying and selling of goods and services, as well as exchanges of information, take place in e- marketplaces. E-marketplaces have become an alternative place for trading. Finally, an e-marketplace can serve as an information agent that provides buyers and sellers with information on products and other participants in the market. These features have been reshaping the economy by affecting the behavior of buyers and sellers. E-businesses E-business affects the whole business and the value chains in which it operates. It enables a much more integrated level of collaboration between the different components of a value chain than ever before. Adopting e-Business also allows companies to reduce costs and improve customer response time. Organizations that transform their business practices stand to benefit immensely from innumerable new possibilities brought about by technology (/sectors/task-forces/e-business/e-business.htm). E-commerce as anything that involves an online transaction. This can range from ordering online, through online delivery of paid content, to financial transactions such as movement of money between bank accounts. One area where there are some positive indications of e-commerce is financial services. Online stock trading saw sustained growth throughout the period of broadband diffusion. E-shopping is available to all these who use a computer. Over the past year , ebay India, Indiatimes have seen a rapid growth in categories such as mobile handsets, jewellery, fashion apparel, books, gift items and other items.7. Challenges for E CommerceInternet based e-commerce has besides, great advantages, posed many threats because of its being what is popularly called faceless and borderless. Some examples of ethical issues that have emerged as a result of electronic commerce. All of the following examples are both ethical issues and issues that are uniquely related to electronic commerce. Ethical issues: Jackie Gilbert Bette Ann Stead (2001),reported thefollowing ethical issues related to e-commerce.* PrivacyPrivacy has been and continues to be a significant issue of concern for both current and prospective electronic commerce customers. With regard to web interactions and e- commerce the following dimensions are most salient: (1) Privacy consists of not being interfered with, having the power to exclude; individual Privacy is a moral right.(2) Privacy is "a desirable condition with respect to possession of information by other persons about him/herself on the observation/perceiving of him/herself by other persons"* Security ConcernsIn addition to privacy concerns, other ethical issues are involved with electronic commerce. The Internet offers unprecedented ease of access to a vast array of goods and services. The rapidly expanding arena of "click and mortar" and the largely unregulated cyberspace medium have however prompted concerns about both privacy and data security.* Other Ethical IssuesManufacturers Competing with Intermediaries Online "Disintermediation," a means eliminating the intermediary such as retailers, wholesalers, outside sales reps by setting up a Website to sell directly to customers. Disintermediations include (1) music being downloaded directly from producers (2) authors distributing their work from their own Web sites or through writer co-operatives.8. Advantages of E-CommerceE-commerce provides multiple benefits to the consumers in form of availability of goods at lower cost, wider choice and saves time. People can buy goods with a click of mouseButton without moving out of their house or office. Similarly online services such as banking, ticketing (including airlines, bus, railways), bill payments, hotel booking etc. have beenof tremendous benefit for the customers. The Indian e-commerce portals also provide goods and services in a variety of categories like apparel and accessories for men andwomen, health and beauty products, books and magazines, computer and peripherals, vehicles, software, consumer electronics, household appliances, jewelry, audio and videos, entertainment, goods, gift articles, real estate and services.9. Facilitators of E-Commerce in India9.1. Information DirectoriesPortals like / and / maintain directories giving trade details on almost any topic, whether it is from apparel to toys, from gems to heavy machinery, or form food to employment. The products and services are listed with appropriate sub-headings to make it easy for a serious information-seeker to find what he wants. Some other similar sites are /, / and /. Allied services provided by them are message boards, chat rooms, forums, etc.9.2. Banks* Net banking/phone banking: This is an online banking facility available for savings account holders as well as current account holders. Some of the special Net banking services are: Demat accounts for sale/purchase of stocks and shares, Foreign Exchange services, Direct/Instant payment of bills on the account-holder's behalf, Financial Planning etc.* Credit/Debit Cards- Banks facilitate E-commerce by providing the most vital trade instrument, namely the Credit or Debit Card, without which E-commerce would be impossible. Some of the major Indian players in these fields are: /, / and .10. Presents Trends of E-Commerce in IndiaIndia is developing rapidly and if development is to be measured, how can we ignore the role of ecommerce in it. The internet user base in India might still be a mere 100 million which is much less when compared to its penetration in the US or UK but it's surely expanding at an alarming rate. The number of new entrants in this sphere is escalating daily and with growth rate reaching its zenith; it can be presumed that in years to come, customary retailers will feel the need to switch to online business.Insights into increasing demand for broadband services, rising standards of living, availability of wider product ranges, reduced prices and busy lifestyles reveal this fact more prominently thereby giving way to online deals on gift vouchers. Going by the statistics, According to a statement released by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), the ecommerce market was expected to touch Rs 46520 crore turnover marks in 2011. The table-1 shows market size of different verticals of ecommerce industry since 2007 to 2011. The growth in ecommerce business clearly implies the growing number of internet users .The online purchases are limited to certain categories like gaming subscription, food delivery, online classifieds, buying movie tickets, travel related purchases and electronics items etc. The growth in ecommerce industry is primarily driven by online travel industry which has contributed 80 % (Rs 25298 crore) in 2010 and expected to touch 81 % (Rs 37890 Crore) in 2011 of total ecommerce market and is building user confidence. The online travel industry includes sale of domestic air travel, international travel, hotel bookings, railway tickets, bus tickets, tour packages and travel insurance etc.11. Single Product E-CommerceSome Indian portals/websites deal in a specialized field, for example* In Automobiles, the portals are / and /, on these sites we can buy and sell four-wheelers and two-wheelers, new as well as used vehicles, online. Some of the services they provide are; car research and reviews, online evaluation, technical specifications, vehicle insurance, vehicle finance, dealer locator etc.* In Stock and Shares Markets some of the sites are /, /. Some of the services offered to registered members are; Online buying/dealing of stocks and shares, market analysis and research, company information, comparison of companies, research on equity and mutual funds, tracking market trends etc.* In Real Estate, the portals like / facilitate online dealing in real estate. They offer either outright purchase or lease of a property through their portal. They provide information on new properties as well as for resale.One can deal directly with developers/builders or through consultant/brokers. Some of the allied services are housing finance, insurance companies, architects &interior designers, property management consultant services etc.* In Travel and Tourism industry, India has a rich history and heritage and e-commerce is instrumental, to a large extent, in selling India as a product, encouraging Indians as well as foreigners to see its multifaceted culture and beauty. A major Government of India portal, / has a vast variety of information for a potential tourist. The tourist destination sites are categorized according to themes like: eco-themes pertains to jungles, flora and fauna, beaches of India, architectural attractions, forts and places, hill resorts, adventure-trekking, mountain climbing etc. Allied services offered are passport and visa, travel &accommodation information, weather information, festival &fair dates, shopping, tour operators and more. There are also sites that highlight the tourist destinations of a specific region in India, like /, which covers North East India.* In Gift Items: In the bygone days, one had to plan what to gift a loved one, trudge across to your favorite shop, and browse for hours before purchasing a gift. Today there are specific Indian websites making the act of gifting quick and easy to suit ones lifestyle. One such site is httpV/www.indiangiftsportal.conV. The gifts are categorized as collectibles like paintings and sculptures, toys &games, chocolates, flowers, wood-craft &metal craft, luxury items like leather goods, perfumes, jewelry boxes, etc.* Hobbies: The most popular hobbies from time immemorial are reading, music and films. On the India website / one can buy more than 300000 titles of books, cassettes, VCDs and DVDs. The books cover a wide range of topics like business, art, cookery, engineering, children's stories, health, medicine etc. As for music and videos, they are available in English as well as in Indian languages to cater to the varied tastes and the topics range from devotional songs, old-time favorites and retro and jazz to the latest pop, rap etc.* Matrimony: It is said that marriage is made in heaven, but in the world ofe-commerce they are made on marriage portals like / and /. One can search for a suitable match on the websites by region of residence (India or abroad), religion or caste. Once registered with them, they have e-mail facility and chat rooms too, so that the couple gets to know more about each other before making the biggest decision of their lives. Allied services for registered are astrological services, information on customs and rituals, legal issues, health and beauty etc.* In the field of employment two major portals like and are instrumental in providing job seekers with suitable employment at the click of a mouse. They have directories categorized under headings employers and job-seekers. The service for job seekers is free and for employment they charge a nominal fee. Jobs are available online in fields, ranging from secretarial to software development, and from real estate to education.12. Present Scenario and Statistics of EcommerceIt has been estimated that the worldwide E-Commerce market will exceed $46 billion in consumer transactions by the year 2001 (courtesy IDC) and 15% of all WWW users have used it to purchase a product or service online (courtesy CommerceNet/Nielsen Media). The Figure below illustrates the statistics of some of these market predictions. * In 2011 E-Retailing industry was Rs crore 3600.* The number of transaction presently in India is 10 million, which is expected to increase by 38 million by 2015.* Currently the Estimated number of internet user in India is 376 million by 2015.* In 2011 Ecommerce Ventures Raised Around -1622.6 crore of private* Retailer giant Macy's and some other began shipping to India.* In 2012 Amazon entered into India with .* In 2011 growth in online sale of Tesco recorded was 15.2%.* Retail in India is tiny in comparison to $550 billion market which is unorganized.* 12 of ACCEL's 38 investments are e-commerce.* No. of employee in FLIPKART is 3500, this number is 800 at Share of E-commerce industry wise* Travel- 51%* E-Retailing-40%* Cothiers-09%13. ConclusionE-commerce creates new opportunities for business; it also creates new opportunities for education and academics. It appears that there is tremendous potential for providing e-business education. Initially, new Internet users would be reluctant to conduct any kind of business online, citing security reasons as their main concern. In order to increase consumer adoption of e-services, the sources of consumer confusion, apprehension and risk need to be identified, understood and alleviated. E-commerce provides tremendous opportunities in different areas but it requires careful application for consumer protection issues. Growth of e- commerce would also depend to a great extent on effective IT security systems for which necessary technological and legal provisions need to be put in place and strengthened constantly. E-Commerce is the future of shopping. With the deployment of 3 G and 4G wireless communication technologies, the internet economy will continue to grow robustly. In the next 3 to 5 years, India will have 30 to 70 million internet users which will equal, if not surpass, many of the developed countries.二、文献综述电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述摘要本文对电子商务、贸易中介与国际贸易三者间的相互关系进行了梳理，所涉及的文献研究表明，电子商务时代，贸易中介在国际贸易中扮演的角色逐渐发生变化，中介的商品转卖和信息匹配功能优势逐渐丧失，而规模经济、范围经济、降低产品不确定性、资源整合等功能日益突出。
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电子商务和国际贸易文献综述本篇论文目录导航：【题目】电商环境下国际贸易发展问题研究【第一章】电商对国际贸易的影响探析绪论【第二章】电子商务和国际贸易文献综述【3.1 3.2】我国电子商务的发展及特点【3.3 3.4】电子商务环境下国际贸易存在的问题【4.1】佛山A公司的电商之旅案例分析【4.2 4.3】阿里巴巴的B2B平台案例分析【结论/参考文献】电子商务对国际贸易的作用分析结论与参考文献第2章文献综述对于电子商务的发展以及电子商务对国际贸易的影响，国内外的专家学者们在这些方面已经做了一些研究，但由于电子商务是近年来新兴的科学技术，而且电子商务在国际贸易中应用的时间很短，因此国内外的相关研究还不是特别充分。
我希望可以通过对国内外学者们之前已经取得的研究成果、存在问题进行归纳和整理，并在此基础上提出自己的看法。
2.1 国外文献综述（1）随着电子商务在国外的兴起，国外的政府、大学、研究中心以及经济学家开始把目光放在如何推进电子商务的发展上，开始对电子商务的发展进行定性和定量的判断，并开始深入的研究。
美国的多所着名大学已设立开展电子商务研究的机构，如德州大学电子商务中心，伯克利大学的信息系、麻省理工学院的电子商务中心和纽约州立大学的网络经济研究中心。
他们大多从宏观角度出发，对美国电子商务的发展做出定性和定量的判断。
Soon 一Yongchoi, Daleo.stahl（2001）对电子商务和经济学进行了深入的研究。
他们认为电子商务好比是一个市场，其核心是买卖双方利用数字进行产品交易。
作者在注意了电子商务的技术、标准、政策及法律方面复杂问题的同时，把重点放在了经济学问题上。
主要讨论了电子商务中中介的质量和作用等等。
作为利用数字化网络技术为工具进行交易的新型商务形式，电子商务由于降低信息搜索成本和流通成本从而减少了交易中间环节，这一特点也是电子商务与传统工业化社会以迂回生产中间环节增多为专业化分工深化特点的主要区别。
传统中介，如零售商、代理商、分销商在商品流通环节中所起的作用在电子商务时代被大大弱化了。
早期关于电子商务中介的文献主要探讨电子商务的出现和发展如何弱化了中介结构的市场参与，如Malone（1987 年）、Bakos （1991 年）等；Benjamin 和Wigand（1995 年）通过对电子商务中厂商的价值链分析认为最终所有传统零售商都将不复存在。
68%的消费品制造商已经计划开展网上销售业务，同时工业制成品的在线销售额占到电子商务零售总额的35%.（2）随着电子商务的迅猛发展，国外的经济学家意识到电子商务在全球发展应用的必然趋势，并且预言电子商务的发展对全球经济和贸易的重要性。
Mann,Catherine,Aarah Cleeland Knight （2000）发表了《全球化的电子商务》，文中提出电子商务必将在全球应用的趋势，并且分析了其重要意义。
Micklethwait,Jone 和Adrian Wooldridge（2000）发表的文章《一个未来的完美实现：全球化的挑战和隐式诺言》中，也深入探讨了电子商务对国际性贸易的深刻影响。
（3）近年来，国外的经济学家把电子商务和国际贸易理论相结合，从理论的角度去研究电子商务对国际贸易的影响。
迈克尔波特（1985）出版了《竞争优势》一书，其认为，每一个企业都是用来进行设计、生产、营销、交货以及对产品起辅助作用的各种活动的集合。
在这些相互联系的不同活动中会产生价值增值，其总和便构成了企业的价值链。
DavidVanHoose（2003）发表了《电子商务经济学》一书，他用经济学中的绝对和比较优势理论，站在全球贸易体系的高度上对电子商务进行研究，认为不完全竞争和规模经济理论可以用来解释通过电子商务进行的行业内贸易。
M.Bloch 和 A.Segev（2005）利用波特的竞争优势框架，深入的研究了电子商务对于旅游产业竞争优势的影响。
l（2010）研究了电子商务与出口的行为，他通过对20 世纪的最后20年中的51 家印度企业进行调查研究，在国际市场上，采用电子商务的企业比那些没有采用的企业可以取得更好的经营效果。
2.2 国内文献综述（1）2000 年开始，我国国内的学者开始把电子商务和国际贸易结合起来，首次提出全球化国际贸易这一概念，并且开始初步的分析在电子商务环境下的国际贸易的新特征。
姚钟华（2002）分析了国际贸易实务的新特点，首次提出全球化国际贸易这一概念，还表明它将成为新时代下最为关键的贸易形式。
赖春萍（2006）提出由于电子商务的出现，使信息得以在国家之间飞速传递，从而改变了国际贸易原有的运作模式。
同时新的信息贸易又可以为国际贸易增添了许多新的内容。
（2）随着电子商务在国际贸易中的应用日渐成熟，电子商务对于国际贸易的促进作用也逐渐明显，我国的经济学家开始从不同的角度分析电子商务对于国际贸易的影响。
李静（2011）提出电子商务的飞速发展即将对国际贸易产生深远影响，主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）电予商务使国际贸易的方式发生改变；（2）电子商务使国际贸易营销模式发生改变；（3）电子商务使国际贸易管理方式发生改变；（4）电子商务使国际贸易监管方式发生变化；（5）电子商务将对我国现行的税收制度产生影响。
王敏聪，张倩（2011）在电子商务对于我国国际贸易的影响中指出，电子商务是以Internct 网上交易和电子数据交换为主要内容的新型的商务模式。
其主要特征为全球性、地域性、开放性、低成本和高效率等，在符合商业经济发展内在要求的基础上，还超越了作为新的贸易形式所应该具有的价值。
因此，他们认为，电子商务不仅改变了企业本身生产、经营、管理的过程，而且对传统的贸易方式产生了冲击，主要以增加了贸易机会、降低贸易成本、提高贸易效益为主要标志。
在带动经济结构发生变革的同时，对整个现代经济生活也产生了巨大且深远的影响。
窦雯璐（2011）结合了当前国际和国内的新的经济背景，对电子商务在国际贸易的应用过程中出现的新情况、新问题做出具体分析，指出电子商务的应用在很大程度上降低了国际贸易成本，提高了企业的外贸效率，同时电子商务的发展还引起了国际市场环境的新变化，有利于企业实现经营管理方面的创新。
外贸企业应用电子商务可以使其适应世界市场上的竞争，提高企业的国际竞争力。
学者樊茂勇、王海东（2001）等人对于电子商务对国际贸易的影响和促进都进行了系统的研究。
学者岑彩云、李贻伟、贾明江、刘瑞华等人还具体的讨论和分析了电子商务中国际贸易的成本和收益问题。
（3）电子商务对我国的国际贸易有着促进的作用但同时也存在着一些问题，我国的专家学者开始寻找电子商务环境下国际贸易存在的问题。
袁魁，王嫒（2011）指出，电子商务对我国国际贸易的发展起到了促进的作用，但同时存在一些问题。
他们认为促进的作用体现在：第一，促进国际分工，使比较优势得以充分发挥.电子商务使供求双方可以直接进行接触和洽谈，不但减少了中间的很多环节，而且还极大的缩短了生产消费间的距离，使国际分工逐渐朝着虚拟化、网络化的方向进行发展。
第二，增加商业机会。
体现在信息透明化，创建新的贸易形势，实施电子支付、电子资讯等辅助手段，促进国际贸易的发展。
第三，有利于我国的中小型外贸发展国际贸易。
中小企业一方面可以通过建立属于自己的网站对自己的产品和服务进行宣传；另一方面，还可以主动联系客户，充分掌握市场的动态，满足顾客的需求，增加自身的竞争优势。
第四，促进管理方式的变革。
李冰洁（2011）在对电子商务在国际贸易中的应用和影响的研究中通过对以下几个方面的阐述，说明了电子商务的迅猛发展，既给国际贸易带来了前所未有的挑战，也提供了十分难得的发展机遇。
第一，国际贸易的运作环境将发生变化。
第二，国际贸易的业务流程将发生改变。
第三，国际贸易的竞争方式将有所不同。
第四，促进中小企业更好地进入国际市场。
周洁（2011）在对外部环境和内部环境的分析之后，指出了在国际电子商务平台的建设过程中存在的问题是电子商务框架不健全。
信息基础设施还比较薄弱，网络规模较小。
网络安全需要重视。
法律法规还不健全。
而从内部环境看，外贸企业对于电子商务的意识淡薄，人才缺乏等也制约了电子商务在外贸操作过程中的应用。
2.3 文献评述国外的经济学家对于电子商务和国际贸易之间的研究已经比较深入，在最初电子商务兴起之时就有很多学者把目光投向电子商务，随着电子商务的进一步发展，学者们也开始对电子商务的应用以及对国际贸易的影响进行更加深入的探究，他们认为电子商务将在全球进行广泛的应用以及将对国际贸易产生巨大的影响。
与此同时，学者们也开始试着把电子商务和国际贸易理论相结合，如美国贝勒大学的学者DavidVanHoose 先生在《电子商务经济学》一书用绝对优势和比较优势的理论研究了电子商务和国际贸易的关系。
他认为规模经济和不完全竞争将帮助我们更好的解释通过电子商务进行的行业内贸易。
当长期平均成本随着所有生产因素的更多利用而导致的总产量扩大时，一个公司或一个行业经历规模经济。
在一个公司或行业的最低效率规模，长期的平均成本是最小的。
任何产量的进一步增加都会使长期平均成本提高，导致规模经营管理不善。
对国际贸易开放的国内边界，包括互联网卖方跨国界市场营销和销售都给那些公司已经历规模经济的国家以成本方面的优势。
该国的这一行业可以更迅速的趁机利用这个机会，扩大该行业商品或服务生产产量的最低的效率规模。
我国的经济学家和学者对于电子商务对于国际贸易影响的研究，主要集中在两个方面。
一方面是电子商务对国际贸易的应用领域以及对国际贸易产生的促进作用；另一方面是电子商务在国际贸易应用的过程中存在的不足。
如国内学者姚钟华教授首次在《国际贸易电子商务全攻略》一书中提出了“E-国际贸易”的概念，指出在电子商务时代，E-国际贸易将成为一种重要的全新贸易形式，分析了其特点及其与国际贸易实务的具体结合。
但是这些研究还是偏重于现象描述，缺乏理论方面的研究和分析。
在对国内外文献综述进行分析研究的基础之上，本文更侧重于用理论和实际相结合的方法分析电子贸易对国际商务产生的影响。
通过国际贸易中的交易成本理论和竞争优势理论，并结合佛山 A 公司以及阿里巴巴平台的中小企业的案例，用理论结合实际的方式从不同的侧面阐述电子商务对于国际贸易产生的影响以及在此过程中可能产生的问题和对策。
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