法律翻译中的条款项目

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责任、赔偿、免责条款的翻译 Liability, Indemnification and Release

责任、赔偿、免责条款的翻译 Liability, Indemnification and Release

责任、赔偿、免责条款的翻译Liability, Indemnification and Release翻译实践1. Each party shall indemnify the other from any and all losses that may arise out of breach by such party of any of the warranties set forth in this Article, and each party shall indemnify the other party from any and all losses that may arise out of breach by such party of any of the agreed terms in this Agreement.2. Without limiting any right or remedy available to the non-defaulting party at law or in equity, upon the termination of this Agreement in accordance with Articles X, the defaulting party shall indemnify the other party for all damages, costs, charges and expenses suffered or incurred by it in connection with the termination due to the negligence, breach of duty or other default or wrongdoing of the defaulting party, its servants, employees, agents or contractors.3. The CJV shall be solely and fully responsible for the quality of the Products manufactured hereunder, for their conformity with the Technical Data and for their compliance with the laws and regulations from time to time in force in the Territory. The CJV shall indemnify Party B against any loss or damage directly or indirectly suffered by Party B as a result of the failure of the Products manufactured hereunder to comply with the Technical Data ("Defective Products") or to comply with such laws or regulations; provided, however, that such indemnification shall not exceed the total of ex-factory sales price, costs of delivery and transportation and other costs associated with the recall of these Defective Products.4. Each Party hereby indemnifies the other Party and undertakes to hold harmless and defend the other Party against any and all claims, suits, losses, damages, disbursements (including legal and management costs) arising out of any alleged or actual breach or failure to comply with the terms andconditions hereof including but not limited to any infringement of the other Party's intellectual property or other rights occurring as a result of the offending Party's fault, omission or activities in connection with the Project.5. Consultant hereby agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and defend Client from and against any and all claims, liabilities, losses, expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees), or damages (collectively "Liabilities") asserted against Client by a third party to the extent such Liabilities result from the infringement of the Works delivered on any third party's trade secret, trademark, service mark, copyright or patent issued as of the date of this Agreement (collectively, an "Intellectual Property Right"); provided that Client: (i) promptly notifies Consultant of any third party claim subject to indemnification hereunder, (ii) gives Consultant the right to control and direct the preparation of a defense, the defense and any settlement of any such claim, (iii) gives full cooperation to Consultant for the defense of same, and (iv) complies with Consultant's direction to cease any use of the Works which, in Consultant's sole judgment, is likely to be ruled an infringement on a third party's Intellectual Property Right.6. Each Party forever releases and discharges the other from all claims, debts, allegations, actions, causes of action and demands, whether known or unknown, arising from or in connection with the Claim and existing as at the date of this Settlement Agreement, including without limitation any liability for legal costs connected with or arising out of the subject matter of the Claim. Any other claims unrelated to the Claim that one Party may have against another, whether prior to or after the date hereof, shall not be affected or otherwise prejudiced by this Agreement.Party B irrevocably waives all rights that it may have in law or contract against Party A, its affiliates, subsidiaries and related companies howsoever arising in respect of or in connection with the Claim.参考译文责任、赔偿、免责1. 一方如果违反其在本条中的任何保证而使另一方发生损失,应向损失方做出赔偿;一方如果违反本协议任何约定条款而使另一方发生损失,亦应向损失方做出赔偿。

法律类笔译案例(3篇)

法律类笔译案例(3篇)

第1篇一、背景介绍随着全球化进程的不断深入,国际贸易往来日益频繁,法律文件的翻译工作也变得越来越重要。

本案例选取了一起中美贸易纠纷案,涉及的法律文件包括起诉状、答辩状、证据材料等。

以下是该案件的详细翻译过程及分析。

二、案件概述某中国公司(以下简称“原告”)在美国市场销售其自主研发的产品,因其产品在美国市场受到美国某公司(以下简称“被告”)的指控,认为原告的产品侵犯了其专利权。

被告向美国法院提起诉讼,要求法院禁止原告在美国销售涉案产品,并要求原告赔偿损失。

原告随后向中国法院提起反诉,认为被告的行为侵犯了原告的商标权和反不正当竞争权。

三、翻译任务本案例的翻译任务主要包括以下几个方面:1. 将原告和被告提交给美国法院的起诉状和答辩状翻译成中文;2. 将双方提交的证据材料翻译成中文;3. 将双方在中国法院提交的反诉状和答辩状翻译成英文;4. 翻译相关法律术语和专有名词。

四、翻译过程1. 前期准备在开始翻译之前,译者首先对案件背景进行了深入了解,包括涉案产品的技术特点、双方的争议焦点、美国和中国的相关法律法规等。

同时,译者查阅了大量相关法律文件和案例,以确保翻译的准确性和专业性。

2. 翻译过程(1)起诉状和答辩状的翻译起诉状和答辩状是案件的核心文件,直接关系到案件的走向。

在翻译过程中,译者遵循以下原则:- 准确传达原文意思:确保翻译内容准确无误地反映了原文的意思,避免因翻译错误导致误解或误导。

- 尊重法律格式:按照美国和中国的法律格式要求,对起诉状和答辩状进行排版和格式调整。

- 法律术语的准确翻译:对涉及的法律术语和专有名词进行准确翻译,确保法律文件的专业性和权威性。

(2)证据材料的翻译证据材料包括合同、专利证书、市场调研报告等。

在翻译过程中,译者注意以下几点:- 准确理解原文内容:对证据材料进行仔细阅读,确保准确理解原文内容。

- 保持原文格式:尽量保持原文的格式,以便法官和当事人更好地理解证据材料。

- 对专业术语进行注释:对涉及的专业术语进行注释,方便法官和当事人理解。

法律英语翻译常用词汇

法律英语翻译常用词汇

Accord和解或和解协议,如reach an accord达成和解协议,accord and satisfaction 和解与清偿等。

Accused被告 Accused通常指刑事案件的被告,民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant;而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent(答辩人)。

acquireacquire指对公司的购买,收购,我们通常所说的M&A,即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。

如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。

Acquittal罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后,被告罪名不成立被释放,称为“The accused is acquitted”。

Acquittal是名词。

详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。

Actact作为,与不作为forbear相对应。

如:Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。

Action诉讼,相当于suit或lawsuit,如initiate an action提起诉讼,win an action 在诉讼中获胜,defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。

Adjourn休庭,押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟,称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。

2024年-不同场合版翻译项目保密协议

2024年-不同场合版翻译项目保密协议

翻译项目保密协议【委托方名称】【委托方地质】【委托方联系方式】【翻译方名称】【翻译方地质】【翻译方联系方式】鉴于:3.双方同意在翻译服务过程中对原文及相关翻译资料进行保密。

因此,为了明确双方在保密方面的权利和义务,经双方友好协商,特订立本协议,以便共同遵守。

第一条保密内容1.1保密内容指所有与翻译服务相关的原文、翻译资料、译文、工作底稿、参考资料、通信记录等一切形式的信息。

1.2保密内容包括但不限于技术信息、商业信息、财务信息、客户信息、市场信息等。

1.3保密内容包括双方在签订本协议之前、签订本协议过程中和签订本协议之后所获悉的所有保密信息。

第二条保密义务2.1双方同意对保密内容承担保密义务,未经对方书面同意,不得向任何第三方披露、传播、复制、使用或允许他人使用保密内容。

2.2双方应采取一切必要措施,确保保密内容不被泄露、丢失或损坏。

包括但不限于:(1)对保密内容进行标识、分类、归档、加密等安全管理措施;(2)限制对保密内容的访问权限,仅限于相关人员知晓;(3)对涉及保密内容的计算机系统、网络设备等进行安全防护;(4)对涉及保密内容的纸质文件进行妥善保管,防止遗失或被盗。

2.3双方同意在翻译服务过程中,如需与其他第三方合作或聘请分包商,应确保第三方或分包商遵守本协议的保密义务,并承担相应的保密责任。

第三条保密期限3.1本协议的保密期限自签订之日起计算,至【保密期限】止。

3.2双方同意,在保密期限届满后,如需继续披露、使用保密内容,应重新签订保密协议或取得对方书面同意。

第四条保密协议的终止(1)双方履行完毕翻译服务合同约定的全部义务;(2)双方协商一致解除本协议;(3)一方违反本协议,导致另一方无法实现合同目的,另一方有权解除本协议。

4.2本协议终止后,双方仍需承担本协议项下的保密义务,直至保密期限届满。

第五条违约责任5.1一方违反本协议的保密义务,导致另一方遭受损失的,应承担违约责任,赔偿对方因此所造成的直接经济损失。

责任、赔偿、免责条款的翻译Liability,IndemnificationandRelease

责任、赔偿、免责条款的翻译Liability,IndemnificationandRelease

责任、赔偿、免责条款的翻译Liability, Indemnification and Release翻译实践1.Each party shall indemnify the other from any and all losses that may arise out of breach by such party of any of the warranties set forth in this Article, and each party shall indemnify the other party from any and all losses that may arise out of breach by such party of any of the agreed terms in this Agreement.2.Without limiting any right or remedy available to the non-defaulting party at law or in equity, upon the termination of this Agreement in accordance with Articles X, the defaulting party shall indemnify the other party for all damages, costs, charges and expenses suffered or incurred by it in connection with the termination due to the negligence, breach of duty or other default or wrongdoing of the defaulting party, its servants, employees, agents or contractors.3.The CJV shall be solely and fully responsible for the quality of the Products manufactured hereunder, for their conformity with the Technical Data and for their compliance with the laws and regulations from time to time in force in the Territory. The CJV shall indemnify Party B against any loss or damage directly or indirectly suffered by Party B as a result of the failure of the Products manufactured hereunder to comply with the Technical Data ("Defective Products") or to comply with such laws or regulations; provided, however, that such indemnification shall not exceed the total of ex-factory sales price, costs of delivery and transportation and other costs associated with the recall of these Defective Products.4.Each Party hereby indemnifies the other Party and undertakes to hold harmless and defend the other Party against any and all claims, suits, losses, damages, disbursements (including legal and management costs) arising out of any alleged or actual breach or failure to comply with the terms andconditions hereof including but not limited to any infringement of the other Party's intellectual property or other rights occurring as a result of the offending Party's fault, omission or activities in connection with the Project.5.Consultant hereby agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and defend Client from and against any and all claims, liabilities, losses, expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees), or damages (collectively "Liabilities") asserted against Client by a third party to the extent such Liabilities result from the infringement of the Works delivered on any third party's trade secret, trademark, service mark, copyright or patent issued as of the date of this Agreement (collectively, an "Intellectual Property Right"); provided that Client: (i) promptly notifies Consultant of any third party claim subject to indemnification hereunder, (ii) gives Consultant the right to control and direct the preparation of a defense, the defense and any settlement of any such claim, (iii) gives full cooperation to Consultant for the defense of same, and (iv) complies with Consultant's direction to cease any use of the Works which, in Consultant's sole judgment, is likely to be ruled an infringement on a third party's Intellectual Property Right.6.Each Party forever releases and discharges the other from all claims, debts, allegations, actions, causes of action and demands, whether known or unknown, arising from or in connection with the Claim and existing as at the date of this Settlement Agreement, including without limitation any liability for legal costs connected with or arising out of the subject matter of the Claim. Any other claims unrelated to the Claim that one Party may have against another, whether prior to or after the date hereof, shall not be affected or otherwise prejudiced by this Agreement.Party B irrevocably waives all rights that it may have in law or contract against Party A, its affiliates, subsidiaries and related companies howsoever arising in respect of or in connection with the Claim.参考译文责任、赔偿、免责1. 一方如果违反其在本条中的任何保证而使另一方发生损失,应向损失方做出赔偿;一方如果违反本协议任何约定条款而使另一方发生损失,亦应向损失方做出赔偿。

翻译项目服务合同协议模板

翻译项目服务合同协议模板

翻译项目服务合同协议模板甲方(以下简称“委托方”):乙方(以下简称“翻译方”):根据《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国翻译条例》等法律法规的规定,双方在平等、自愿、公平、诚实信用的原则基础上,就甲方委托乙方提供翻译服务事宜,达成如下协议:一、翻译服务内容1.1 委托方委托乙方翻译的文件包括:(具体列出文件名称、数量、格式等)。

1.2 翻译服务语言为:(源语言)至(目标语言)。

1.3 翻译服务范围包括:文字翻译、审校、排版等。

1.4 翻译交付时间:乙方应按照甲方的要求,在约定的时间内完成翻译任务并交付翻译成果。

具体交付时间见附件一。

二、翻译服务质量2.1 乙方应保证翻译服务的质量,确保翻译结果准确、通顺、符合原文含义。

2.2 乙方应按照约定的翻译标准进行翻译,确保翻译内容的准确性、规范性和可读性。

2.3 乙方应按照甲方的要求,对翻译成果进行审校和排版,确保翻译成果的格式规范、整洁。

三、翻译服务费用3.1 翻译服务费用为:(人民币金额),大写:(金额大写)。

3.2 乙方应在收到甲方支付的翻译服务费用后,按照约定的时间交付翻译成果。

3.3 翻译服务费用的支付方式为:(银行转账、现金等)。

四、保密条款4.1 乙方应对在翻译过程中获得的甲方商业秘密、技术秘密等保密信息予以保密。

4.2 保密期限自本协议签订之日起至翻译服务完成之日止。

五、违约责任5.1 乙方未按照约定的时间、质量完成翻译任务的,应向甲方支付违约金,违约金为翻译服务费用的(百分比)。

5.2 甲方未按照约定时间支付翻译服务费用的,应向乙方支付滞纳金,滞纳金为应付款项的(百分比)。

六、争议解决6.1 本协议的签订、履行、解释及争议解决均适用中华人民共和国法律。

6.2 双方在履行本协议过程中发生的争议,应首先通过友好协商解决;协商不成的,任何一方均有权向合同签订地人民法院提起诉讼。

七、其他约定7.1 本协议自双方签字(或盖章)之日起生效,有效期为(期限),自协议生效之日起计算。

关注法律翻译中的“重神似”!

关注法律翻译中的“重神似”!

关注法律翻译中的“重神似”!1 .关于“国家有关规定”的译法:进行法律文件的中译英时,我们常常遇到这样的词语:“应当符合国家有关规定”、“依照国家有关税收的规定”、“依照国家外汇管理规定”等等中“国家有关规定”,如按字面“形”的含义译出,译成“the relevant state provisions ”或“the relevant provisions of the state ”显然不正确,没有把深层含义译出。

按照牛津高阶英汉双解词典的定义,provision 〔 C 〕意为condition or stipulation in a legal document ,比如:“根据协议的规定”可译成:“under the provisions of the agreement ”。

上面“国家有关规定”译成“the relevant state provisions ”,把国家与法律文件(a legal document )等同起来显然不妥。

那么,“国家有关规定”应怎么理解才能使译文符合原文的含义?首先,我们应清楚,“国家法规”应包括两大部分,即由全国人民代表大会发布的法律(laws) 和由国务院及国务院有关部门发布的行政法规(regulations) 。

故“国家有关规定”一般应理解为“国家颁发的有关法律、法规的规定”,译成: “the provisions of the relevant laws and regulations issued by the state ”。

然而,“国家有关规定”已成了“国家有关部门的规定”的习惯用语,因此,应译成:“the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the state ”。

这样就把“国家有关规定”的“神似”的含义译出来了。

例1:原文:公司名称应符合国家有关规定。

原译文:A company’s name shall be in conformity with the relevant provisions of the State.Notes:按上面的“重神似”的原则,原文“国家有关规定”应译成:the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the State。

法律英语用词特点和法律条款英译

法律英语用词特点和法律条款英译

法律英语用词特点和法律条款英译摘要:本文就合同法律文件用词特征,着重探讨法律文件正规性问题。

文中列举若干中英文原文条款的翻译实例,论述法律术语及专业词汇怎样在汉译英时起到译文与原文功能对等的效应。

关键词:法律术语,译入语,专业词汇合同法律文件的翻译要求严谨,而翻译中的用词准确是达到这一要求的重要一步。

无论是汉语还是英语在合同法律用语上都自成一格,有鲜明的用词特点。

汉译英时须将译入语的用词定位于正规、精确、鲜明,使译文具有法律文件的严谨性、准确性、权威性。

本文就合同法律文件翻译的用词正规问题谈两点看法。

一、使用恰当的法律术语不论是汉语合同还是英语合同都有自己的法律术语。

合同法律文件的汉译英就是要在充分理解原语(汉语)的法律术语的基础上,正确选择、使用译入语的法律术语。

为保证译入语能精确地表达原语的含意,研究英语的法律术语、法律英语的用词特点就显得十分重要。

一部分法律英语的的专门术语常常以here-, there-, where-作前缀与另一个词构成一个正式法律词语,如:hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith, thereafter, thereby, therefrom, therein, thereafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereupon, therewith; whereas, whereby, wherein, whereon, etc. 下面列举几个实例来解释汉译英时使用这些词的意义及用法:例1:“合同生效后,当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的,可以协议补充;……”(《中华人民共和国合同法》第61条)。

翻译此条款时,应从语内译入手,因该条款暗含一个条件句:“如果合同生效后,当事人就……约定不明确的,”其主句是“可以协议补充;……”因此可以译为:If, after the contract made by and between the parties becomes effective, there is no agreement therein on the terms and provisions regarding quality, price or remuneration and place of performance, etc. or such agreement is unclear, the parties may, through consultation, agree upon supplementary terms and provisions.译文there is no agreement后面用了therein,为agreement下了明确的界说,指agreement in the contract,因therein表示 in that; in that particular context; in that respect之意,在此它指上文所指的范围。

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法律翻译中的条款项目(摘抄整理)2008-12-04 11:14:32New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。

将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。

例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”(seven articles)。

再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。

根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106),Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. 再如,美国《法律词典》(A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36),Article: Subdivision of a written instrument; particularly①a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections.②one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看,“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的,显著的部分”。

所以,将之译为我国法律条文中的“条”是合适的。

“Article”与“Articles”的区别:“Articles”应译为“条例”。

例如,在《美国宪法》之前颁布的《邦联和永久联合条例》(Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union),这一宪法性文件直接称自己为“Articles”,不过,我们仍将该“条例”中的具体的13个“Article”译为“条”。

(2)关于section一词的翻译主要有两种观点。

第一种观点:“section”应译为“条”或者“节”,而绝不可以译为“款”。

如陈忠诚先生在其力作《汉英-英汉法律用语辩证词典》中讲“以个人有限的认识而论,在英美有以‘article’称‘条’的,也有以‘section’称‘条’的。

以‘article’译‘条’为常,以‘section’译‘节’为常。

……而未见有以‘section’译‘款’的”(陈忠诚,2000:604)。

第二种观点:“section”可译为“款”。

本文作者认为,section一词在英汉法律英语翻译中,通常译为“节”,也可以译为“条”,极少数情形下可译为“款”。

把Section译为“节”,是因为“section”这一概念有时很大,它比“article”(条)还大,若译为“款”、“项”、“目”过小,译为“章”、“编”则又过大。

例如,在《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,简称Trips协议)中,第二部分《关于知识产权效力、范围和使用的标准》(Standards Concerning the Availability,Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights)包括8个section,第三部分《知识产权的实施》(Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights)包括5个section,每个section又包括若干条article。

此时,译为“节”最好。

事实也如此,例如,第二部分中的“SECTION 1: COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS”,中文翻译便将之译为了“第一节:版权和相关权利”。

把section译为“条”,这点很好理解。

当section译为“条”时,subsection 则译为“款”。

根据A Dictionary of the Law (Clapp, 2000: 389),Section: a subdivision of a statute or document, represented by the symbol§(or§§for“section”). Most statutes and codes are divided into sections.另外,subsection: A part within a section of an act .Each section in a Statute may be further divided into subsections…A subsection is denoted as a number with brackets. For example, s.78(1)of the Trade Practices Act would read as section 78 subsection 1.(陈忠诚,2000:605),上述解释说明,section可译为“条,”subsection则可译为“款”。

由于人们常将上述《美国宪法》中第1-4条(article)中数目不等的“section”译为“款”,而很少有人将这里的“section”译为“节”,所以,将“section”译为“款”,已经是人们约定俗成的一种情形。

总之,英汉法律翻译中的“section”是个相对的词,翻译的时候,译者需发挥主观能动性,选择合适的对应词为好。

但是,同一篇法律条文中,必须遵循“译名同一律”,不可毫无规矩。

(3)关于paragraph, subparagraph的翻译。

本文作者认为,应将paragraph, subparagraph分别译为“条”、“款”。

以往的翻译中,人们也大都将paragraph,译为了“条”。

例如:Subparagraph 1 (b) and 1 (c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 shall not apply to the settlement of disputes under this Agreement for a period of five years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.自《WTO协定》生效之日起5年内,GATT 1994第23条第1款(b)项和(c)项不得适用于本协定项下的争端解决。

(4)其他词的翻译。

“Item”一词译做“目”非常合适。

因为“Item”常常是subparagraph(项)下的一个部分。

参考Black’s Law Dictionary (Garner 1999: 837)中对此的解释,Item: In drafting, a subpart of a text that is next smaller than a subparagraph.关于clause一词的翻译,除了可以将其译为“目”之外,更多的情形下应将其译为泛指意义上的“条款”。

例如,《新英汉词典》(1985:208)中对“clause”这个词的解释就是“条款”、“款项”。

此外,不少工具书也均认可“条款”这一译法(费曼,2004:245;薛波,2003:233)。

比如,“clause of devolution”译为“义务承担条款”。

还有rule以及regulation的翻译。

虽然它们与“条款”有一定关系,但不应该有某些工具书中“条”的译法。

rule应该译为“规则”,例如,美国刑法中精神病(insanity)抗辩事由中的“The M’Naghten Rule”(麦那顿规则)、“The Durham Rule”(德赫姆规则),都可以译为“规则”。

再如,Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 译作《联邦民事诉讼规则》,Rules of Evidence译作“证据规则”等等。

regulation则应译为“条例”、“规章”。

依据Black’s Law Dictionary, Regulation 一词在美国指“A rule or order, having legal force, issued by an administrative agency or a local government”(Garner, 1999: 1289)。

所以,它是指行政机构颁发的法规,在我国行政机关颁布的法规一般称为“条例”或“规章”。

最后是关于provision以及stipulation的翻译。

有人常将provision与stipulation混用。

实则万万不可。

Stipulation指“契约或协定中的实质性条款”(薛波,2003:1294)。

它只指契约的而不指法律的规定,因此陈忠诚先生主张将其译为“(以契)约(规)定”。

依据Black’s Law Dictionary, stipulation 1. A material condition or requirement in an agreement. 2. A voluntary agreement between opposing parties concerning some relevant point(Garner, 1999: 1427)。

如,stipulated damages (约定损害赔偿金),因此,stipulation应译为“(契约)规定”;而provision 则多指“(法律)规定”。

二、汉英法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”事实上,在英汉法律翻译中,经我们分析到最后,只有六个词即:article, section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, item与法律条文翻译中的条、款、项、目有关。

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