国贸1
国贸作业1
Assignment 1CHAPTER 2EARLY TRADE THEORIES:Mercantilism and the Transition to the Classical World of David RicardoPart 1. Multiple-Choice Questions (only one answer is right)1. In the price-specie-flow doctrine, a deficit country will __________ gold, and this goldflow will ultimately lead to __________ in the deficit country’s exports.a. lose; a decreaseb. lose; an increasec. gain; a decreased. gain; an increase2. In the Mercantilist view of international trade (in a two-country world),a. both countries could gain from trade at the same time, but the distribution of the gainsdepended upon the terms of trade.b. both countries could gain from trade at the same time, and the terms of trade were ofno consequence for the distribution of the gains.c. neither country could ever gain from trade.d. one country’s gain from trade was associated with a loss for the other country.3. According to the labor theory of value,a. the value of labor is determined by its value in production.b. the value of a good is determined by the amount of labor with which each unit ofcapital in an industry works.c. the price of a good A compared to the price of good B bears the same relationship asthe relative amounts of labor used in producing each good.d. the values of two minerals such as coal and gold with similar production costs may bevery different.4. If the demand for traded goods is price-inelastic, the price-specie-flow mechanism will1result ina. gold movements between countries that remove trade deficits and surpluses.b. gold movements between countries that worsen trade deficits and surpluses.c. negligible movements of gold between countries and hence little or no adjustment oftrade deficits and surpluses.d. a removal of the basis for trade between countries.5. In Adam Smith’s view, international tradea. benefited both trading countries.b. was based on absolute cost differences.c. reflected the resource base of the countries in question.d. all of the above.6. Which of the following policies would NOT be consistent with the Mercantilist balance-of-trade doctrine?a. payment of high wages to laborb. import duties on final productsc. export subsidiesd. prohibition of imports of manufactured goods7. During the price-specie-flow adjustment process to a trade imbalance, if demands forgoods are inelastic, then, when the price level __________ in the country with the trade deficit, the value of that country’s exports will __________ as the price-specie-flowprocess takes place.a. falls; increaseb. falls; decreasec. rises; increased. rises; decrease8. David Hume’s price-specie-flow mechanisma. reinforced the Mercantilist notion that a country could maintain a permanent“favorable” balance of trade where exports exceeded imports.b. works more effectively if demands for traded goods are “price-elastic” rather than“price-inelastic.”c. assumed that the countries involved have substantial unemployment.d. works equa lly effectively whether demands for traded goods are “price-elastic” or“price-inelastic.”29. The price-specie-flow mechanism suggested thata. a country could easily maintain a balance-of-payments surplus for a long period oftime.b. a deficit country would experience an increase in its money supply and its price level.c. a surplus country would experience an increase in its money supply and its price level.d. a country’s internal price level has no relation to the country’s foreign trade activities.10. The policy of minimum government interference in or regulation of economic activity,advocated by Adam Smith and the Classical economists, was known asa. the law of comparative advantage.b. laissez-faire.c. the labor theory of value.d. Mercantilism.11. A Mercantilist policymaker would be in favor of which of the following policies orevents pertaining to his/her country?a. a decrease in the size of the populationb. a minimum wage bill to protect the standard of living of workersc. a prohibition on the export of manufactured goodsd. an increase in the percentage of factors of production devoted to adding value toimported raw materials in order to later export the resulting manufactured goods. 12. In the context of David Hume’s price-specie-flow mechanism that challenged thefeasibility of the Mercantilist ideas regarding a trade surplus, which one of the following statements is NOT correct?a. There is a decrease in the money supply in the deficit country.b. There is an increase in the price level in the surplus country.c. There is an increase in real income in the surplus country.d. Price changes in the surplus country cause that country’s exports to decrease.13. In David Hume’s price-specie-flow doctrine or adjustment mechanism, the assumption ismade that changes in the money supply have an impact on __________. Further, thedemand for traded goods is assumed to be __________ with respect to price.a. prices rather than on output; elasticb. prices rather than on output; inelasticc. output rather than on prices; elasticd. output rather than on prices; inelastic14. The “paradox of Mercantilism” reflected that fact that3a. trade surpluses were fostered by protective tariffs.b. rich countries were comprised of large numbers of poor people.c. gold inflows led to higher prices and reduced exports.d. gold could not be hoarded and provide money for the economy at the same time.15. Given the following Classical-type table showing the number of days of labor inputrequired to obtain one unit of output of each of the two commodities in each of the twocountries:bicycles computersUnited States 4 days 3 daysUnited Kingdom 5 days 6 daysThe United States has an absolute advantage in the production of __________.a. bicycles (only)b. computers (only)c. both bicycles and computersd. neither bicycles nor computers16. With M S = supply of money, V = velocity of money, P = price level, and Y = real output,which one of the following indicates the quantity theory of money expression?a. M S Y = PVb. M S P = VYc. M S = PY - Vd. M S V = PY17. In the price-specie-flow mechanism, there is a gold __________ a country with a balance-of-trade surplus, and this gold flow ultimately leads to __________ in the surpluscountry’s exp orts.a. inflow into; an increaseb. inflow into; a decreasec. outflow from; an increased. outflow from; a decrease18. In the price-specie-flow adjustment mechanism, a country with a balance-of-trade surplusexperiencesa. a gold inflow and a decrease in the price level.4b. a gold outflow and an increase in the money supply.c. an increase in the money supply and a decrease in exports.d. a decrease in the money supply and a decrease in imports.19. Suppose that country A’s total exports are 10,000 units of good X at a price of $20 perunit, meaning that country A’s export earnings or receipts are $200,000. Suppose alsothat the foreign price elasticity of demand for country A’s exports of good X is (-) 0.6. If country A’s prices for all goods, including its exports, now rise by 10% because of a gold inflow such as in the Mercantilist model, then, other things equal, country A’s exports of good X will fall by __________ and country A’s export earni ngs or receipts will become __________.a. 600 units; less than $200,000b. 600 units; greater than $200,000c. 1,000 units; less than $200,000d. 1,000 units; greater than $200,000Part 2 DefinitionMercantilismCHAPTER 3THE CLASSICAL WORLD OF DAVID RICARDO AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEPart 1. Multiple-Choice Questions1. In the following Classical-type table showing the output per 10-days of labor input in eachof the two commodities in each of the two countries,Cameras Wine5France 100 units 40 unitsGermany 150 units 50 unitsa. Germany has a comparative advantage in both goods.b. France has an absolute advantage in both goods.c. France has a comparative advantage in cameras.d. the pretrade price ratio in France is 1 wine = 2.5 cameras.2. Given the following Ricardo-type table shows the labor input required per unit of outputin each of the two industries in each of the two countries:Shirts BrandyUnited States 4 days 12 daysFrance 6 days 12 daysWhich one of the following statements is correct?a. France’s pretrade price ratio is 1 brandy = 2 shirts.b. The U.S. pretrade price ratio is 1 shirt = 3 brandy.c. The United States has an absolute advantage in both goods.d. France will export shirts after trade begins.3. In the situation in Question #2 above, if the countries engage in trade at posttrade prices(terms of trade) of 1 shirt = 0.5 brandy, thena. France gets all the gains from trade.b. the United States gets all the gains from trade.c. neither country gains from trade.d. the two countries share equally in the gains from trade.4. The assumption of constant costs of production in the Classical model results in a__________ production possibilities frontier, and, in the case of a “small” country,__________ specialization in production when trade takes place.a. linear; incompleteb. concave-to-the-origin; completec. convex-to-the-origin; incompleted. linear; complete5. In the Classical (Ricardo) analysis,6a. if a country has an absolute advantage in a good, it also has a comparative advantagein the good.b. if a country has a comparative advantage in a good, it cannot have an absoluteadvantage in the good.c. a country can have a comparative advantage in a good at the same time that it has anabsolute advantage in that good.d. a country with an absolute advantage in all goods cannot gain from trade.6. Given the following Ricardo-type table shows the labor input required per unit of output ineach of the two industries in each of the two countries:Steel ClothUnited Kingdom 4 days 8 daysGermany 6 days 9 daysWhich one of the following statements is true?a. The United Kingdom has an absolute advantage in both goods and a comparativeadvantage in cloth.b. The pretrade price ratio in the United Kingdom is 1 steel:2 cloth.c. The United Kingdom has an absolute advantage in neither good but a comparativeadvantage in steel.d. The pretrade price ratio in Germany is 1 cloth:1.5 steel.7. Given the information in Question #6 above, suppose that Germany is a much larger country in terms of production and income than is the United Kingdom. In this situation, other things equal, when the countries engage in trade, the posttrade price ratio (terms of trade) would tend to settle __________, and __________ would therefore tend to have relatively large gains from trade.a. toward a value of 1 cloth:2 steel; the United Kingdomb. toward a value of 1 cloth:2 steel; Germanyc. toward a value of 1 cloth:1.5 steel; the United Kingdomd. toward a value of 1 cloth:1.5 steel; Germany8. Given the following Ricardo-type table showing the amount of labor input needed to get one unit of output in each industry in each country:Wheat Chairs7Malaysia 3 days 2 daysIndia 10 days 8 daysa. Terms of trade of 1 wheat:1.25 chairs is not a feasible equilibrium terms of trade.b. Terms of trade of 1 wheat:1.5 chairs would give all the gains from trade to India.c. Malaysia has an absolute advantage in both goods and a comparative advantage inwheat.d. India has an absolute advantage in both goods and a comparative advantage in wheat.9. If a country’s relative price of X (compared to Y) in autarky is greater than the s ame relativeprices on the world market, then the country has a comparative advantage in good__________, and it will __________.a. X; export Y and import Xb. X; export X and import Yc. Y; export Y and import Xd. Y; export X and import Y10. As a country moves from autarky to trade, the relative price of the country’s import good will __________ for home consumers, and the relative price of the country’s export good __________ for home consumers.a. fall; will riseb. fall; also will fallc. rise; also will rised. rise; will fall11. Suppose that, in a Classical constant-opportunity-costs framework, country I can produce15 units of wheat if it devotes all of its resources to wheat production and 45 units ofclothing if it devotes all of its resources to clothing production. In a trading situation for this country, if the world price ratio is P wheat/P clothing= ⅓ (or P clothing/P wheat = 3), country Iwoulda. export wheat and import clothing.b. export clothing and import wheat.c. be indifferent to trade.d. export either clothing or wheat and import either wheat or clothing – cannot bedetermined without more information.12. Suppose that, with constant opportunity costs, Spain can produce 2,000 units of clothing ifit devotes all of its resources to clothing production and 8,000 units of wheat if it devotes all of its resources to wheat production. If Spain is opened to trade at a world price ratio of1 wheat:0.4 clothing (or 1 clothing:2.5 wheat), Spain will export __________; if the worldprice ratio were 1 wheat:4 clothing (or 1 clothing:2.5 wheat), Spain would __________.89a. wheat; also export wheatb. wheat; would export clothingc. clothing; also would export clothingd. clothing; would be indifferent to trade13.Given the following constant-cost production-possibilities frontiers for Pakistan and India:Pakistan has an autarky relative price of __________; if trade begins with India, then Pakistan would produce at point __________, assuming complete specialization.a. 1 cloth:0.5 wheat (i.e., P cloth /P wheat = 0.5); Ab. 1 cloth:0.5 wheat (i.e., P cloth /P wheat = 0.5); Bc. 1 cloth:2 wheat (i.e., P cloth /P wheat = 2); Ad. 1 cloth:2 wheat (i.e., P cloth /P wheat = 2); B14. Country A has the following constant-opportunity-costs production-possibilities frontier(PPF):Suppose that this country in autarky is located at point R on its PPF, where it is producing 300 units of good Y and __________ of good X. Suppose that country A is now opened to trade and can trade at a terms of trade of 1X:3Y. Assuming complete specialization inproduction, the country will now produce at __________.a. 50 units; point N and will export good X and import good Yb. 150 units; point N and will export good X and import good Yc. 50 units; point M and will export good Y and import good Xd. 150 units; point M and will export good Y and import good X15. If, in a two-commodity, two-country Classical world, Sweden can make a unit of furniturewith 10 days of labor and a unit of steel with 15 days labor, while Germany can make a unit of furniture with 12 days of labor and a unit of steel with 12 days labor, thena. Sweden has an absolute advantage in steel and Germany has an absolute advantage infurniture.b. Sweden has a comparative advantage in steel and Germany has a comparativeadvantage in furniture.c. the pretrade price ratios indicate that Germany will export steel if trade takes place.d. the pretrade price ratio in Sweden is 1 furniture:1.5 steel.16. Given the following Ricardo-type table showing the amount of labor input required toproduce one unit of output of each of the two goods in each of the two countries:Wheat ClothingUnited Kingdom 6 days 5 daysUnited States 4 days 3 daysa. The United Kingdom has an absolute advantage in neither good.b. The United States has a comparative advantage in wheat.c. The United States has a comparative advantage in both goods.d. A post-trade price ratio (terms of trade) of 1 wheat:1.5 clothing is a feasibleequilibrium post-trade price ratio.17. In Question #16 above,a. if the United Kingdom were a much larger country than the United States, then, otherthings equal, the terms of trade would tend to be located more toward the U.S.pre-trade price ratio than toward the U.K. pre-trade price ratio.b. if world demand (the sum of U.S. demand and U.K. demand) were directed more10toward clothing than toward wheat, other things equal, then the terms of tradewould tend to be located more toward the U.K. price ratio than toward the U.S.pre-trade price ratio.c. a post-trade price ratio (terms of trade) of 1 clothing:0.75 wheat would mean that theUnited Kingdom did not gain from trade.d. a post-trade price ratio (terms of trade) of 1 wheat:1.2 clothing would give all the gainsfrom trade to the United States.18. Which one of the following is NOT an assumption contained in the Classical/Ricardo trademodel?a. Factors of production (labor) are completely mobile within a country.b. Factors of production (labor) are completely mobile between countries.c. Marginal costs are constant as production increases for a firm/industry.d. Transportation costs of goods between countries are zero.19. Suppose that a country in the Classical model has the following production-possibilities frontier (PPF):If, in autarky, the country is producing 700 computers and is located at point Mon the PPF, the country would be producing __________ autos. If the country isnow opened to trade at a terms of trade of 1 auto: 2 computers (or 1 computer: 0.5auto), it would export __________.a. 120; autos;b. 120; computers;c. 280; autos;d. 280; computers20. In Question #19 above, suppose that the country, when it is opened to trade, did not11change its production combination from the production combination at point M. In this situation, how many units of its import good could the country obtain if it exported all of the export good that it produced?a. 240 units;b. 350 units;c. 500 units;d. 800 units;Part 2 DefinitionProduction-possibility frontier (PPF)CHAPTER 4EXTENSIONS AND TESTS OF THE CLASSICAL MODEL OF TRADE Part 1. Multiple-Choice Questions1. Suppose that, in a Classical model with two goods, Germany can produce 50 units of steelwith one day of labor and 30 units of textiles with one day of labor; Switzerland canproduce 45 units of steel with one day of labor and 45 units of textiles with one day of labor.If the exchange rate is fixed at 1 Swiss franc = 1 euro and if the Swiss wage rate is 10francs per day, then, in trading equilibrium, German wagesa. must be greater than 10 euros per day.b. must be less than 10 euros per day.c. must be equal to 10 euros per day.d. can be above, below, or equal to 10 euros per day – cannot be determined withoutmore information.2. You are given the following Classical-type table indicating the number of days of laborinput needed to make one unit of output of each of the five commodities in each of thetwo countries. Assume that the wage rate in England is £20 per day, that the wage rate in Portugal is 40 euros per day, and that the fixed exchange rate is £1 = 3 euros.Good A Good B Good C Good D Good E12England 1 day 5 days 2 days 1 day 4 daysPortugal 4 days 4 days 1 day 2 days 5 daysWith the given information, what will be the trade pattern if the two countries engage in trade?a. England will export good A and import goods B, C, D, and E.b. England will export goods A and D and import goods B, C, and E.c. England will export goods A, B, and E and import goods C and D.d. England will export goods A, B, D, and E and import good C.3. In Question #2 above, suppose that one-half day of labor must be used to transport agood internationally, no matter which good is considered and which country is doing the exporting. With this addition of transportation costs, England will export good(s)__________ and will import good(s) __________.a. A; B, C, D, and Eb. A and D; B, C, and Ec. A; B, C, and Ed. A; B and C4. You are given the following Classical-type table showing the output of 10 days labor in theproduction of each of the two commodities in each of the two countries. Assume thatthe U.K. worker’s wage is £30 per day and that the fixed exchange rate is $2 = £1.Food ClothingUnited States 30 units 30 unitsUnited Kingdom 20 units 15 units. If trade is taking place between the two countries, what is the “upper limit” to the U.S.worker’s wage per day?a. $30;b. $40;c. $90;d. $1205. In the situation in Question #4 above, if trade is taking place, what is the lower limit” tothe U.S. worker’s wage per day?a. $30;b. $40 ;c. $90;d. $1206. Given the following Classical-type table shows the number of days of labor inputrequired to obtain one unit of output of each of the three commodities in each of the two countries:13good T good X good YUnited Kingdom 4 days 5 days 3 daysUnited States 4 days 4 days 2 daysSuppose that the wage rate in the United Kingdom is £30 per day, the wage rate in theUnited States is $40 per day, and the exchange rate is £1 = $1. In this situation, theUnited Kingdom willa. export good T and import goods X and Y.b. export good Y and import goods T and X.c. export goods T and X and import good Y.d. export goods X and Y and import good T.7. In Question #6 above, if the U.S. wage rate is $40 per day and the exchange rate is £1 =$1, what is the upper limit to the wage rate in the United Kingdom that is consistent with two-way trade between the countries?a. £26⅔ per day;b. £30 per day;c. £32 per day;d. £40 per day8. In a Ricardo-type model, if Portuguese workers can produce three times as much wine perday as English workers but only twice as much cloth per day as English workers, then, if Portuguese wages are 30 euros per day, the upper limit to English wages per day is__________. (Assume 1 euro = £1.)a. £10 ;b. £15 ;c. £60;d. £909. The following Classical-type table shows the number of days of labor input required toobtain one unit of output of each of the two commodities in each of the three countries:clothing wheatSpain 3 days 6 daysUnited States 2 days 5 daysEngland 4 days 6 daysGiven this information, the United States has an absolute advantage over Spain ina. both goods, and the United States also has an absolute advantage over England inboth goods.b. both goods, but the United States has an absolute advantage over England in neithergood.c. neither good, but the United States has an absolute advantage over England in bothgoods.14d. neither good, and the United States also has an absolute advantage over England inneither good.10. In the three-country world in Question #9, which one of the following statements is TRUE?a. Posttrade prices (terms of trade) of 1 wheat:2.5 clothing (or 1 clothing:0.4 wheat)would give all the gains from trade to the United States.b. Posttrade prices (terms of trade) of 1 wheat:3 clothing (or 1 clothing:⅓ wheat) arepossible.c. At posttrade prices (terms of trade) of 1 wheat:1.6 clothing (or 1 clothing:0.625wheat), England would export wheat and Spain and the United States would exportclothing.d. At posttrade prices (terms of trade) of 1 wheat:2.25 clothing (or 1 clothing:0.44wheat), Spain would export clothing and import wheat.11. In the table in Question #9 above, when trade is taking place among the three countries,__________ will always be exporting wheat and __________ will always be exportingclothing.a. the United States; Englandb. England; the United Statesc. England; Spaind. Spain; the United States12. Given the following Classical-type table showing the fixed money prices of each good ineach of the two countries:Shoes WineUnited States $20/pair $10/bottleSwitzerland 100 francs/pair 40 francs/bottle If the exchange rate is flexible, the upper limit to the price of the dollar (i.e., the number of Swiss francs per dollar above which there is export of both goods by Switzerland) isa. 5 francs = $1;b. 4 francs = $1;c. 0.25 francs = $1;d. 0.20 francs = $1.13. Suppose that the labor requirements per unit of output in each of the two industries ineach of three countries are as follows:Wheat Cloth15Spain 2 days 3 daysFrance 2 days 2 daysUnited States 1 day 3 daysIn this situation, with an international terms of trade of 1 cloth:2 wheat (or 1 wheat:½ cloth), __________ would export cloth and import wheat; if the terms of trade were, instead, 1wheat:¾ cloth (or 1 cloth:1⅓ wheat), __________ would export cloth and import wheat.a. France and the United States; Spainb. Spain and France; Francec. France and the United States; Spain and the United Statesd. Spain and France; Spain and the United States14. Given the following Classical-type table showing the number of days of labor inputrequired to obtain one unit of output of each of the two commodities in each of the threecountries:wine clothingDenmark 4 days 6 daysGermany 3 days 3 daysPortugal 5 days 9 daysWhich one of the following statements is correct?a. If trade is taking place, Germany will always be exporting wine.b. If trade is taking place, Denmark will always be exporting clothing.c. If trade is taking place, Portugal will always be importing clothing.d. If trade is taking place and the terms of trade are 1 clothing:1.6 wine, Germany will beexporting clothing and Denmark and Portugal will be importing clothing.15. Suppose that the wage rate in country A is three times the wage rate in country B. In thissituation, in the context of the Classical/Ricardo trade model, country A would be able to export goods to country B in industries wherea. A’s workers were less than one-third as productive as B’s workers.b. A’s workers were equally as productive as B’s workers.c. A’s workers were less than three times as productive as B’s workers.d. B’s workers were less than one-third as productive as A’s workers.Part 2 Simple Questions1.Suppose the unit production conditions in Spain and UK are as follows:16Please determine which kinds of commodities these two countries should export and import (Suppose the exchange rate is 0.8 pound/euro)2.Suppose the labor requirements in Sweden, Germany and France are as follows:Please tell me which kinds of commodities these three countries should produce and export.17。
国贸阶段测试一1
汇总世界各国的进出口统计数据后，世界出口总额与世界进口总额相比较（）。
A.二者总是相等B.出口总额大于进口总额C.出口总额小于进口总额D.有的年份出口总额大，有的年份出口总额小【正确答案】：C【您的答案】：C 【答案正确】【答案解析】：由于各国在进行货物贸易统计时一般都是按照FOB价格计算出口额，按照CIF价格计算进口额，因此世界出口总额总是小于世界进口总额，故答案选C。
参见教材P42。
2、某年世界出口贸易额为1.6万亿美元，进口贸易额为1.7万亿美元，该年国际贸易额为（）。
A.1.5万亿美元B.1.6万亿美元C.1.7万亿美元D.3.3万亿美元【正确答案】：B【您的答案】：B 【答案正确】【答案解析】：通常所说的国际贸易额是指世界出口总额，故答案选B。
参见教材P42。
3、我国出口一批货物给香港某公司，该香港公司又将这批货物卖给美国某公司，这个贸易现象可称为中国对美国的（）。
A.间接进口B.间接出口C.转口贸易D.直接出口【正确答案】：B【您的答案】：D【答案解析】：转口贸易也称为中转贸易。
货物消费国与货物生产国通过第三国进行的贸易活动对生产国是间接出口，对消费国是间接进口，而对第三国而言就是转口贸易。
故答案选B。
参见教材P43。
4、下列国际服务贸易形式属于跨界供应的是（）。
A.国际旅游B.艺人演出C.国际长途电话服务D.保险公司通过设立分支机构向当地的消费者提供服务【正确答案】：C【您的答案】：C 【答案正确】【答案解析】：跨界供应是从一参加方境内向任何其他参加方境内提供服务，如国际长途电话服务。
参见教材P44。
5、当一国的出口额小于其进口额时，称为（）。
A.财政收支逆差B.对外贸易逆差C.国际收支顺差D.对外贸易顺差【正确答案】：B【您的答案】：B 【答案正确】【答案解析】：当一国的出口额小于其进口额时，称为贸易逆差。
参见教材P46。
6、（）指明一国出口货物和服务的去向与进口货物和服务的来源，从而反映一国与其他国家或国家集团之间经济贸易联系的程度。
国贸名词解释
第一部分⑴现汇贸易（Spot Exchange）指的是以国际货币作为清偿手段的国际贸易，又称自由结汇贸易（Free-Liquidation Trade）⑵易货贸易（Barter Trade）指以经过计价的商品作为清偿手段的国际贸易，又称记帐贸易（Clearing Account Trade）或换货贸易⑶直接贸易（Direct Trade）指商品直接从生产国（出口国）销往消费国（进口国），不通过第三国转手而进行的贸易，这两国之间的贸易称为直接贸易。
⑷间接贸易（Indirect Trade）指商品从生产国销往消费国中通过第三国转手的贸易。
对生产国和消费国来说，开展的是间接贸易；而对于第三国来说，则进行的是转口贸易。
⑸总贸易（General Trade）以国境为标准统计的进出口贸易。
⑹专门贸易（Special Trade）以关境为标准统计的进出口贸易。
⑺专门进口额:外国进入的关境的商品以及从保税仓库提出进入关境的商品的总额。
⑻专门出口额国内运出关境的本国产品和进口后未经加工又运出关境的商品总额⑼双边贸易（bilateral trade ）指两国政府之间商定的贸易规则和调节机制下的贸易。
⑽多边贸易（multilateral trade ）指在多个国家政府之间商定的贸易规则和调节机制下的贸易。
⑾a. 水平贸易（Horizontal Trade）:经济发展水平比较接近的国家之间开展贸易活动。
b.垂直贸易（Vertical Trade）:经济发展水平不同的国家之间的贸易。
⑿a.产业间贸易（Inter-industry Trade）是指一个国家或地区，在一段时间内，同一产业部门产品只出口或只进口的现象。
b.产业内贸易产业内贸易（Intra-industry Trade）也称部门内贸易，是指一个国家或地区，在一段时间内，同一产业部门产品既进口又出口的现象。
1.无差异曲线的斜率叫做边际替代率，指在效用水平不变的情况下，增加一单位X 商品必须放弃的Y 商品的数量2.生产可能性曲线PPC：表示一国在即定的资源与技术条件下，所能够生产的两种产品的最大数量组合的轨迹。
国贸实务作业一到八部分答案
作业一 一、名词解释 样品 买方样 卖方样 复样 对等样 参考样品 定牌中性 无牌中性 商品品质 商品数量 商品包装 中性包装 指示性标志 警告性标志、选择题1. 在国际贸易中，对于某些品质变化较大而难以规定统一标准的农副产品，其表示品质的方法常用。
( A )A. 良好平均品质B. 看货买卖C. 上好可销品质D. 凭说明书买卖2. 在国际上，对冷冻鱼或冻虾等没有公认规格和等级的商品，其交货时规定品质的方法常用。
( B )良好平均品质 B. 上好可销品质 C. 看货买卖 D. 凭样品买卖 对工业制成品交易，一般在品质条款中灵活制定品质指标，通常使用。
品质公差 B. 品质机动幅度 C. 交货品质与样品大体相等 D. 规定一个约量 买卖6. 对等样品也称之为 ( BC )7. 在国际贸易中最常见的计量办法。
(度不超过。
( C )A. 3%B. 5%C. 10%D. 15% 500 号出版物之规定， 在以信用证支付方式进行散装货物的买卖，若合同中未明确规定机动幅度，其交货数量可有的增减幅度为。
10. 目前，国际贸易中通常使用的度量衡制度有。
( ABCD ) A. 公制 B. 英制 C. 美制 D. 国际单位制 E. 法制11. 在货物买卖合同中，数量机动幅度的选择权可由 ( ABC )A. 船方行使B. 卖方行使C. 买方行使D. 保险公司行使E. 开证银选择12. 数量条款主要涉及 ( ABCD )A. 成交数量确定B. 计量单位确定C. 计量方法确定D. 数量机动幅度的掌握E. 品质公差确定A. 3. A.4. 以实物表示商品品质的方法有 ( AB )A. 看货买卖B. 凭样品买卖C. 凭规格买卖D. 凭等级买卖E. 凭标准买卖5. 在国际贸易中，按样品提供者的不同凭样品成交可分为。
( ABC )A. 凭买方样品买卖B. 凭卖方样品买卖C. 凭对等样品买卖D. 凭图样买卖E. 凭参考样品A. 复样B. 回样C. 确认样D. 卖方样品E. 买方样品A. 毛重B. 净重C. 理论重理D. 法定重量8. 根据国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》 500 号出版物之规定，对于“约量”允许其增减幅9. 根据国际商会 《跟单信用证统一惯例》 A. 3% B. 5% C. 10% D. 15%13. 根据包装程度的不同，目前绝大多数商品采用( A )A. 全部包装B. 局部包装C. 软性包装D. 硬性包装14. 直接接触商品并随商品进入零售网点与消费者见面的包装叫( B )A. 运输包装B. 销售包装C. 中性包装D. 定牌15. “唛头”是运输标志中的( A )A. 主要标志B. 目的地标志C. 原产地标志D. 件号标志16. 按照国际贸易惯例，在合同中不作规定时运输标志的提供方一般是( B )A. 开证行B. 卖方C. 买方D. 船方17. 运输包装的主要作用在于( AB )A. 保护商品B. 防止货损货差C. 促进销售D. 宣传商品E. 吸引客户18. 销售包装的标志和说明主要有( ABCD )A. 包装的装潢画面B. 包装上的文字说明C. 包装上的标签D. 条形码E. 唛头19. 按国际标准化组织的建议和推荐，标准运输标志的内容包括( ABCD )A. 收货人的英文缩写字母或简称B. 参考号C. 目的地D. 件数号码E. 条形码20. 包装条款的内容主要包括( ABCDE )A. 包装材料B. 包装方式C. 包装规格D. 包装标志E. 包装费用21. 在卖方同意接受买方提供包装时，合同中包括条款除一般内容外还要订明( ABCD )A. 寄送包装的方法B. 包装送达的日期C. 送交包装迟延的责任D. 运费包括费用的负担E. 包装的技术性能三、判断题1. 国际贷物买卖合同中，品名条款是合同中的次要条款。
(韩可卫)10国贸1-2.10贸法1-2《西方经济学(微观)》教学大纲(56)
《西方经济学(微观)》教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程中文名称：西方经济学课程英文名称：Microeconomics课程编码：090099课程类型：(学科基础课)总学时：56理论学时：56实验学时：0上机学时：0课外学时：0学分：3.5适用专业：国际经济与贸易专业本科生先修课程：高等数学开课院系：法商学院 / 经济教研室二、课程的性质与任务微观经济学是经济类与管理类专业本科生的学科基础课。
通过本课程的学习可以使学生在掌握微观经济学基本理论内容的基础上，提高学生的抽象思维能力和逻辑思维能力，培养学生运用经济学的分析方法分析问题和解决问题的能力，并使学生了解某些西方经济理论对我国当前的经济改革和开放的借鉴作用，帮助学生理解当今经济生活中的各种现象，特别是认识政府各项微观经济政策的理论背景，提高预见这些政策的现实影响的能力，为后续课程和实际工作打下坚实的基础。
三、课程教学基本要求本课程在阐明经济学的研究对象、基本内容和基本方法基础上，以价格理论为中心，以微观经济主体消费者与生产者的行为理论为重点阐述本课程的基本思想与内涵，同时要与马克思政治经济学相联系，与我国改革开放的实践相联系，坚持历史唯物主义与辩证唯物主义方法论，既要看到市场经济优点，又要看到其不足之处，为理解微观经济政策和西方经济学（宏观部分）打下基础。
四、理论教学内容和基本要求微观经济学，是现代管理科学的基础，其中心理论是理解价格如何实现资源配置最优化，即通常所言的亚当*斯密的“看不见的手”这一原理。
所以，其均衡价格理论、消费者行为理论、生产理论、厂商均衡理论、分配理论等内容都是围绕着“均衡价格”来展开的，并且作用于生产、消费、分配等有关方面的政策，都属于国家对价格调节作用干预的具体实施方案和表现形式。
在微观经济学的教学中，教师讲授为主，学生自学为辅，同时开展课程讨论。
第一章导言第一节经济学的研究内容与对象第二节微观经济学与宏观经济学第三节经济学的研究方法第四节现代西方经济学的由来和演变第五节为什么要学习经济学基本要求：⑴了解：经济学产生的原因。
国贸第一章-第三章练习答案
一、判断题1.出口贸易中，为了明确责任，最好采用既凭样品，又凭规格买卖的方法。
（F）2.根据《公约》规定，如卖方所交货物多于约定数量，买方可以全部收下合同规定和卖方多交的货物，也可以全部拒收合同规定和卖方多交的货物。
（F）3.若卖方交付货物的品质在约定的品质机动幅度或品质公差范围内，除非买卖双方另有约定，一般不另行增减价格。
（T ）4.包装费用一般包括在货价内，不另行计算。
（F ）5.运输包装上的标志都必须在运输单据上表明。
（T ）6.CFR EX Ship’s Hold Rotterdam是指卖方必须把货物运到鹿特丹，在舱底交货。
（T ）7.按《2000年通则》的规定，以C组贸易术语成交签订的合同都属于装运合同。
（T ）8.佣金和折扣都可分明佣（扣）和暗佣（扣）两种。
（T）9.按CIF贸易术语成交时，只要货物已在运输途中灭失，即使出口方提供全套正确的货运单据，进口方也是有权拒收单据和拒付货款的。
（F ）10.FOB价格术语的变形是因装货费用的负担问题而产生的，而CIF价格术语的变形则是因卸货费用的负担问题而产生的。
（T ）二、填空1.为了保证货样一致，某公司根据来样复制并要求进口方确认，这种复制的样品称为复样。
2.按国际惯例，卖方交货数量如果超过合同规定的数量时，买方有权全部收下合同规定和卖方多交的货物，也可以拒收卖方多交的货物。
3.国外开来L/C，为规定所到货物不得增减，在支取金额不超过L/C金额的条件下，对L/C规定的数量允许有5%的伸缩，但此项伸缩仅适用于散装货。
4.在规定品质条款时，对某些较难掌握其品质的工业制成品或农副产品，我们多在合同中规定品质机动幅度。
5.在交货数量前加上“约”字样，按UCP500的规定，可解释为交货数量不超过10% 的增减幅度。
6.对价值较低的商品，往往采取以毛做净计算其重量。
7.合同中未注明商品重量的计量方法时，习惯上应按净重计算。
8.我国现行的法定计量单位制是国际单位制。
国贸实务习题1-33
第三篇货物的交付第七章交货时间和地点学习目标：了解货物交付过程中卖方的主要义务，包括涉及交货的时间、地点和方式，装运地、目的地、运输方式、运输单据、分批装运和转运的问题等。
熟悉国际货物买卖合同中有关货物交付的条款制定。
一、单项选择题以下各题的备选答案中，均只有一个选项是最正确的1、交货时间是指（ C ）。
A．卖方按照自己方便的时间将合同货物交付给买方的时间。
B．卖方自行决定将合同货物交付给承运人的时间。
C．卖方按买卖合同规定的时间将合同货物交付给买方或承运人的时间。
D．卖方按买卖信用证规定的时间将合同货物交付给买方或承运人的时间3、《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》规定，如果合同未规定交货日期或一段交货时间，卖方则应（D ）。
A．拒绝交货B．与买方另行商定交货日期C．立即交货D．在合同订立后一段合理时间交货5、在INCOTERMS规则中“交货”一词是用于表示货物灭失或损坏的风险自（ B ）的时间和地点。
A．卖方转移至承运人B．卖方转移至买方C．卖方转移至保险公司D．卖方转移至船公司7、在国际贸易的实际业务中，买卖双方应根据（B ）正确选择和确定交货地点。
A．信用证要求的装运地点B．买卖合同中使用的贸易术语和运输方式C．卖方距离最近的地点D．货物情况和交货季节9、根据《跟单信用证统一惯例》的解释，除非信用证明示不准转运，卖方（B ）。
A．不得转运货物B．有权转运货物C．与买方协商是否转运货物D．与承运人协商是否转运货物二、多项选择题下述各题备选答案中至少有两个选项是正确的。
1、《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》规定，如卖方在合同规定的时间以前交货，或者延迟交货，买方（ABC ）。
A．有权要求损害赔偿B．有权拒收货物C．有权宣告合同无效D．必须收下货物E．与买方另行协商解决3、在出口业务中，我方决定可否接受国外客户提出的目的港和目的地时，通常应考虑的因素包括（ABE ）。
A．对目的港或目的地的规定应尽量明确具体B．目的港必须是船舶可以安全停靠的港口C．以CIF或CFR条件成交的对内陆国家出口交易，应选择距离我国目的地最近的我方能够安排船舶的港口为目的港。
国际贸易复习知识点
国际贸易复习知识点《国际贸易》第一章绪论1、对外贸易依存度：它指一个国家在一定时期内进出口贸易值与该国同时期国民经济生产总值的对比关系。
解析：是衡量一国国民经济对进出口贸易的依赖程度和衡量一国对外开放程度的一个重要指标。
对外贸易依存度=进出口额/GNP*100%；出口依存度=出口总额/GNP*100%；进口依存度=进口总额/GNP*100%2、贸易条件：被定义为一个国家在一定时期内出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的对比关系，反映了该国当年的对外贸易状况和商品的国际竞争力状况，一般以贸易条件系数表示。
其经济学的含义是，随着出口商品相对于进口商品价格的变化，出口每单位商品所能换回的进口商品的数量。
解析：（TOT=出口价格指数/进口价格指数*100）如果该系数大于1，则说明该国的当年贸易条件得到了改善；如果该系数小于1，则说明该国的当年贸易条件恶化了。
3、贸易差额：一个国家（地区）在一定时期（如一年）内，出口额与进口额的相差数。
BT=总出口—总进口=∑ex-∑im（一年或半年）>0顺差，<0逆差评价：是衡量一国对外贸易状况的重要指标之一。
解析：顺差：（利）表明竞争能力强、对外支付能力强、有利于吸收外资、币值稳定、对外谈判地位高（不利）本币升值导致出口价格竞争力下降、资金积压、外汇占款增加易导致通货膨胀、外贸关系紧张。
因此，顺差应适度，不同国家区别看待。
4、转口贸易、过境贸易的区别P7转口贸易（价值增长角度）：是指商品生产国与商品消费国不直接买卖商品，而是通过第三国参与进行的商品买卖。
第三国对此类商品的买进，时专门为销往商品消费国的。
第三国参与了这笔买卖的商品价值转移活动，但不一定参与商品的实体活动，即这批货物可以运往第三国的口岸，但不能入境，也可以直接运往商品消费国。
过境贸易（运输角度）：是指商品生产国与商品消费国之间进行的商品买卖活动，其实物运输过程必须穿过第三国的国境。
第三国要对此批货物进行海关监管，并把此类货物作为过境贸易额加以统计。
国贸名词解释
一、名词解释：1．国际贸易：一国（地区）同别国（地区）进行货物和服务交换的活动。
它是世界各国或地区对外贸易的总和，反映了世界各国之间的相互依赖关系。
2．净进口：是指一国同类商品上有出口也有进口，进口额大于出口额的部分。
3．国际贸易额：又称国际贸易值，是指以货币表示现行世界市场价格计算的各国（地区）的进口总额或出口总额之和，它能够反映某一时期内的贸易总额。
4．对外（国际）贸易量：是指以一定时期不变价格为标准计算的各个时期的对外（国际）贸易额，即用以固定年份为基期计算的进口或出口价格指数去除以当时的进口额或出口额的办法，得出按不变价格计算的进口额或出口额。
计算公式为：对外（国际）贸易量＝对外（国际）贸易额／价格指数。
5．贸易顺差：当出口总额大于进口总额时，其差额称为贸易顺差，或称贸易黑字，我国也称之为出超。
6．贸易逆差：当出口总额小于进口总额时，其差额称为贸易逆差，或称贸易赤字，我国也称之为入超。
7．转口贸易：也称中转贸易，是指通过第三国（地区）转口商分别同生产国与消费国签订进口合同与出口合同所进行的贸易（以营利为目的，通常有一个正常的商业加价）。
对生产国和消费国而言是间接贸易，对第三国（地区）而言，是转口贸易。
8．对外贸易依存度：又称对外贸易系数、对外贸易密度，是一国在一定时期（通常为一年）内对外贸易总额在该国国民生产总值（ＧＮＰ）或国内生产总值（ＧDＰ）中所占的比重。
它反映了一国国民经济对外的依赖程度，是衡量一个国家经济开放程度的基本指标。
9．贸易条件：又称交换比价或贸易比价，指一国的出口商品价格对其进口商品价格的比率。
10．总贸易：以国境为标准划分进出口的贸易活动。
凡进入国境的商品一律列为进口，即总进口。
凡离开国境的商品一律列入出口，即总出口。
总出口额与总进口额之和即为总贸易额。
11．专门贸易：以进出关境为标准划分进出口的贸易活动，从外国进入关境和从保税仓库提出进入关境的商品，称专门进口。
离开关境的商品称专门出口。
国贸名词定义(1)
定义1 实际全损：Actual Total LossIt means that the insured goods are totally suffered from loss or deteriorated, or th e goods cannot be restored after being damaged. It may also refer to the fact that the title of goods cannot be owned by the insurant or the vessel has missed for q uite a long time (half year for example) and with no information.2 推定全损：Constructive Total LossIt is an insurance loss where the expense of recovering or repairing the insured go ods would exceed their value after this expenditure had been incurred.3 单独海损：Particular AverageIt means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of dama ge does not reach a total loss, which shall be borne by the owner of this individual consignment. It always refers to any other accidents except General Average, i. e. the partial loss caused directly by perils.4 共同海损：General AverageIt refers to the loss which is the result of a sacrifice voluntarily made or an expens e incurred; for the sole purpose of saving a ship and its cargo in face of a commo n danger (e. g. jettison of cargo to lighten a ship in distress). If the action taken i s successful, each party to the adventure----all cargo owners and the vessel owner----bear the loss and expenses incurred based on the value of each shipment in prop ortion to the total value of cargo and vessel. The cargo owners whose goods are s afe and sound or uninsured in the marine perils must also contribute to pay for the loss and expenses.5 平安险：Free from Particular AverageThis is a very limited cover confining the insurer’s liability, strictly speaking, to only total loss of the insured cargo except where the carrying vessel or craft is grounde d, sunk or burnt, and only in such latter cases will partial loss of or damage to the cargo be answerable.6 水渍险：With (Particular ) AverageIt covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/ or flo od as well as the risks covered under Free from Particular Average condition as me 7 一切险：All RisksAll risks provide additional coverage besides the cover under Free from Particular Av erage and With (Particular) Average conditions. Contrary to its name, the clause dos e not protect against all risks. The more common perils it does cover are theft, pilferage, non-delivery, fresh water damage, contamination, breakage, and leakage. Inh erent vice, loss of market, and losses caused by delay are not covered.8 清洁提单：Clean B/LThis is a B/L which bears no superimposed clause or notation（没有叠加的条款或批注）which declares a defective condition of the goods and/or the packaging（货物或包装有缺陷）.&不清洁提单:Unclean：与清洁提单相反9 已装船提单：On Board B/L or Shipped B/LIt is a B/L acknowledging that the relative goods have been received on board for shipment on a specified vessel.10 收妥备运提单：Received for shipment B/LIt refers to a B/L acknowledging the receipt of goods by a carrier for shipment ona specified vessel.11 直达提单：Direct B/LIt is issued by the carrier or his agent to the shipper when the goods are to be tr ansported from the port of loading direct to the port of destination. Buyers usually prefer to such B/Ls because transshipment increases the chance of cargo damage a nd loss. Sometimes an L/C prohibits transshipment of goods.12 转船提单：Transshipment B/LIt is issued when there is no direct service between two ports, but when the ship owner is prepared to transship the goods at an intermediate port at the expense of his own. The intermediate port must be shown in the B/L.13 联运提单：Through B/LThis B/L covering a shipment of goods by more than one mode of transportation. T he first carrier collects the freight for the whole voyage and is responsible for arran ging transshipment and forwarding of the goods at ports other than the port of des tination. This arrangement is advantageous to the shipper since otherwise he has to deal with the other individual carriers by himself.14 租船提单:Charter Party B/LWhen a businessman has a large amount of goods for shipment, he will charter a s hip to move the goods because it is more economical than consigning them by line rs. 银行不接受15 班轮提单:Liner B/LIt is a bill issued by the carrier when the goods are transported by liner. 银行接受16 全式提单:：Long Form B/LThis refers to a B/L form with all terms and conditions written on it. Most B/L’s are in short term forms which incorporate the long form clauses by reference.17 简式提单：Short Form B/LIt is a B/L without the terms and conditions written on it. The terms are incorporat ed by reference to the long form B/L.18 正本提单：Original B/LIt is issued by the carrier or the master or his agent with his signature and the da te of issue shown on it.And the word”original”must be shown on it to show the diff erence from a Copy.It is an effective instrument by law or by commercial terms.19 副本提单: Copy B/LIt is issued by the carrier or the master or his agent with no signature and for ref erence only.The word”copy”or”non-negotiable”is usually shown on it.20 倒签提单：Ante-dated B/LWhen the actual loading date is later than the date of shipment prescribed by the L/C, in order to avoid non-acceptance of the B/L by banks, the carrier, at the requ est of the shipper, sometimes will issue a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement of the L/C. The B/L thus signed is an ante-dated B/L.21 预借提单：Advanced Bill of LadingAn advanced B/L is issued at the request of the shipper before the commencemen t of the actual loading operation. When the expiry date of the L/C is due and the s eller has failed to get the goods ready for shipment, he will ask the carrier to issue an advanced B/L in order to negotiate payment at the bank before the credit expir es.22 舱面提单:On Deck B/LThe goods are stowed on deck.So it may incur more losses and the carrier is reluct ant to be responsible for damage. 多运动植物、危险品。
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1票据是由债务人按期无条件支付一定金额，并且可以转让流通的有价证券。
票据有广义和狭义之分广义：一切商业上的权利赁证。
狭义：以支付一定金额为目的，可以转让流通的证券。
2,汇票是出票人签发的，委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。
（我国票据法）3汇票的种类：①根据出票人的不同，汇票分为银行汇票和商业汇票。
②按照有无随附单据，汇票可以分为光票和跟单汇票。
③按照付款时间的不同，汇票可以分为即期汇票(和远期汇票。
④按照承兑人的不同，汇票可以分为商业承兑汇票和银行承兑汇票。
4、汇票的行为及其使用：①出票②提示③承兑④背书⑤付款⑥：拒付⑦追索⑧贴现5本票：是指一个人向另一个人签发的，保证即期或定期或在可能确定的将来时间，对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件书面承诺。
简言之，本票是出票人对持票人承诺无条件支付一定金额的票据。
6本票的种类按出票人的不同分为商业本票和银行本票。
7本票和汇票的主要异同：①汇票是委付式票据，有三个基本当事人；而本票是允诺式票据，本票的基本当事人只有两个。
②远期汇票必须经过承兑才能确定付款人对汇票的付款责任。
而本票的付款人即是出票人本身，无须承兑。
③汇票在承兑前，出票人就是主债务人；在承兑后，承兑人是主债务人。
而本票在任何情况下，出票人都是主债务人。
8支票：是以银行为付款人的即期汇票。
它是银行存款人(出票人)对银行(付款人)签发的授权银行对某人或其指定人或持票来人即期支付一定金额的无条件书面背书命令，常代替现钞作为一种支付工具而加以使用。
9支票的种类①记名支票②不记名支票③划线支票④保付支票⑤空头支票。
10支票和汇票的区别①付款人的身份不同②付款期限不同11汇付：是指付款人通过银行或其他途径主动将款项汇交收款人。
在汇付业务中通常有四个当事人：1汇款人2收款人3、汇出行4、汇入行12信汇：是汇出行应汇款人的申请，将信汇委托书寄给汇入行，授权解付一定金额给收款人的一种汇款方式。
信汇的特点是费用较低，但收款人收到汇款的时间较迟。
13票汇：是汇出行应汇款人的申请，在汇款人向汇出行交款并支付一定费用的条件下，代替汇款人开立的以其分行或代理行为解付行支付一定金额给收款人的银行即期汇票，交给汇款人，由汇款人寄交收款人，由收款人凭以向汇入行取款。
14票汇与电汇、信汇有两点不同：（1）票汇的汇入行，即汇票的付款行无须通知收款人，而由收款人自行持票上门取款；（2）电汇、信汇的收款人不能将收款权转让，所以涉及的当事人较少，而票汇的收款人可以通过背书转让汇票，可能涉及的当事人较多。
15汇付方式的性质和特点。
汇付方式虽然通过银行来办理，但它是由买卖双方根据贸易合同互相提供信用，因此属于商业信用。
特点：1风险大2、资金负担不平衡3手续简便，费用少16托收：托收是指债权人(一般为出口商)开具汇票，委托当地银行通过它在进口地的分行或代理行向债务人(一般为进口商)收取货款的一种支付方式。
作为支付工具的票据传送与资金的流通呈相反方向，所以属逆汇方式。
17托收的性质极其利弊。
托收的性质为商业信用。
银行有“三不管”：一是不负责审查单据；二是不负责买方是否付款；三是不负责货物的真实情况。
因此跟单托收对出口人有一定风险，但对进口人却很有利，他不但可以免去申请开立信用证的手续，不必预付银行押金，减少费用开支，而且有利于资金融通和周转。
由于托收对进口商有利，所以在出口业务中采用托收，有利于调动进口商采购货物的积极性，从而有利于促进成交和扩大出口，故出口商都把采用托收作为推销库存货物和加强对外竞销的手段。
18 信用证信用证(Letter of Credit，L／C)，是开证银行根据开证申请人的请求和指示，或开证行以自身的名义，向受益人开立的，具有一定金额，在一定期限内凭规定的单据实现支付的书面保证文件。
信用证付款的性质是一种银行开立的有条件的承诺付款的书面文件。
也是开证银行对受益人的一种保证，只要受益人履行信用证所规定的条件，即受益人只要提交符合信用证所规定的各种单据，开证行就保证付款。
因此，在信用证支付方式下，开证行成为首要付款人，故属于银行信用。
19信用证付款方式的特点1开证银行负有第一性付款责任2信用证是一项独立自足的文件。
信用证虽以贸易合同为基础，但信用证一经开出就成为独立于合同之外的另一种契约。
开证银行只受信用证的约束而与该合同完全无关。
3信用证是一种单据的买卖。
在信用证方式之下，实行的是凭单付款的原则，不问货物、服务或其他行为。
20信用证支付的一般程序（跟单信用证）1、开证申请人申请开立信用证。
2、开证银行开立信用证。
3、通知信用证4、审查和修改信用证。
5、交单议付6、寄单索汇7、开证行付款收单8、开证人付款赎单。
21信用证的种类。
1以信用证项下的汇票是否附有货运单据分（1）跟单信用证(2)光票信用证。
2以开证行所负的责任为标准分：（1）不可撤消信用证（2）可撤消信用证3按有没有另一家银行加以保兑分：（1）保兑信用证（2）不保兑信用证4根据付款时间的不同分：（1）即期信用证（2）延期付款信用证5根据受益人对信用证的权利可否转让分（1）可转让信用证（2）不可转让信用证6循环信用证包括（1）按时间循环信用证。
（2）按金额循环信用证7对开信用证8、对背信用证9、预支信用证22各种支付方式的结合使用（一）信用证与汇付相结合。
信用证与汇付相结合是指部分货款凭信用证支付，余数用汇付方式结算。
（二）信用证与托收相结合。
一般做法是：信用证规定出口人开立两张汇票，属于信用证部分的货款凭光票付款，而全套单据附在托收项下，按即期或远期付款交单方式托收。
（三）托收与备用信用证或银行保证书相结合。
一般做法是：出口人在收到符合合同规定的备用信用证或银行保证书后，就可凭光票与声明书向银行收回货款。
（四）汇付、托收和信用证相结合。
在成套设备、大型机械产品和交通工具的交易中，因为成交金额较大，产品生产周期较长，一般采用按工程进度和交货进度分若干期付清货款，即分期付款和延期付款的方式。
采用此类付款方式时，往往将汇付、托收和信用证付款方式结合使用。
贸易术语：用来确定买卖双方在国际贸易中的责任费用，风险的专用术语。
中性包装：是指在出口商品及内外包装上都不标明生产国别、地名和厂商名称的包装。
定牌中性包装：是在中性包装的基础上，按照买方的要求，在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或牌号。
无牌中性包装：在商品包装上既不使用任何商标牌名，也不注明生产国别的包装实际全损：一般是指被保险货物全部灭失，或全部变质或全部不能归还货主所有等情形而言。
推定全损：一般是指保险标的物受损后并未全部灭失，但若进行施救、整理、修复所需的费用或者这些费用再加上续运至目的地的费用的总和，估计要超过货物在目的地的完好状态的价值。
共同海损：是指载货船舶在海上遇到灾害、事故，威胁到船货等各方面的共同安全，为了解除这种威胁，维护船货安全，使航程得以继续完成，船方有意识地、合理地采取措施，造成某些特殊损失或者支出特殊额外费用。
共同海损与单独海损的区别: （1）致损原因不同。
单独海损是由海上风险直接导致船、货受损；而共同海损是为解除或减轻风险，人为地有意识地造成的损失。
（2）损失的承担者不同。
单独海损的损失由受损方自行承担，而共同海损的损失是由各受益方按获救财产价值的多少，按比例分摊。
提单是承运人或其代理人在收到货物后应签发给托运人的一种证件，它是交接货物、处理索赔与理赔以及向银行结算货款或进行议付的重要单据。
2、性质与作用①是承运人或其代理人出具的货物收据；②是代表货物所有权的凭证：③是承运人和托运人之间运输契约的证明。
FOB:装运港船上交货（--装运港），当货物在指定的装运港装上船时，卖方即完成交货。
CIF:成本+运费+保险费（--指定目的港），当货物在指定的装运港装上船时，卖方即完成交货。
但卖方须支付将货物运至指定的目的港所必须的运费(负责安排运输)和保费（负责办理保险）。
CFR：成本+运费(--指定的目的港)，当货物在指定的装运港装上船时，卖方即完成交货。
但卖方须支付将货物运至指定的目的港所必须的运费（负责租船）。
CFR与CIF不同之处仅在于：CFR合同的卖方不负责办理保险手续和不支付保险费，不提供保险单据。
有关海上运输的货物保险由买方自理。
FCA：货交承运人（--指定地），指卖方在指定地将经出口清关的货物交给买方指定承运人，即完成交货。
（卖方不安排运输，不办理保险）CPT：运费付至（--指定目的地），指当货物已被交给卖方指定承运人时，卖方即完成交货。
但卖方还必须支付将货物运至指定目的地所需的运费（负责租船）。
（卖方负责安排运输，而买方负责货物运输保险）CIP：运费、保险费付至（--指定目的地），指卖方除了承担CPT术语下同样的义务外，还须对货物在运输途中灭失或损坏的买方风险取得货物保险，订立保险合同，并安排运输，支付保险费。
一，出口贸易的基本程序1、出口贸易前的准备（1）开展国际市场调研（2）制定出口贸易计划2、出口贸易磋商和出口合同订立（贸易磋商的一般程序是：询盘、发盘、还盘、接受。
）3、出口合同的履行（CIF术语、L/C支付方式）（1）准备货物，落实L/C（2）商品检验，申报出口（3）安排运输，办理保险（4）申报通关，装运货物（5）缮制单据，收取货款二、进口贸易的基本程序1、进口贸易前的准备（1）国际市场调研（2）制定进口贸易计划2、进口贸易磋商和进口合同的订立3、进口合同的履行（FOB术语、L/C支付方式）（1）申报进口（2）开立L/C，修改L/C（3）托运，投保（4）审单，付款（5）提货，报关（6）商品检验。