微观经济学-(英文版)名词解释
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释1经济周期,经济学;经济，国家的经济状况缺乏的，罕见的.功效; 效率，效能;实力，能力; [物]性能;.同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;[ɜː'nælɪtɪ]外部性’s a 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人a[ɪn'ɪʃ(ə)n]增加的 a权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散a a 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləɪt]a ( ) a’s2a 家庭; 家庭，户[æəʊiːkə'nɒmɪ; ], , ,[ɪəʊiːkə'nɒmɪ['nɔːmətɪv]标定，规定; 指定，规定;美[ɪˈɪb]准的['ʌɪə） a3aa a美[də'ɪɪ】合乎国内的Array4完全竞a ['ə] 同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛɪkəl] a 争市场互补品a['kɑəmə]需求曲a a线需求表 a a[ɪ'lɪɪəm]a均衡均衡价格a , , a劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə], , a需求原理, , a供给原理a aa , ,普通商品需求量 a a aa a a a ['s ɜəs] a5需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a a , [æ'ɪs ə] n . 弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a 需求的收入弹性a a a ’ , 需求价格弹性a a a ,供给的价格弹性 a a a , ( a )总收入; 总收益 a ,6['ːl ɪŋ] a ['mæɪm əm] a a a ['ɪɪd(ə)]a a7[k ən'ːm ə]['s ɜːəs]消费者剩余 a a ['ɪn əs] a a a a ’s美[ˌæləˈɪʃn]分配，配给受益者负担 a a8无谓损失又为社会净损失 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜəs] a 变形; 失真[d ɪˈɔr ʃən], a9n . 关税;关税表; 价格表aa10['θɪər əm] 科斯定理, 外在性矫正税 a a [ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ] n . 外形; 外在性; 外部事物;（经济学名词） 外部效应’s a内化 [ɪn's ɛɪv][æn'zæk ʃən]交易 a11可排他的; 包括在外的;–成本效益分析a a [ɪːd ə'b ɪl ətɪ]排他性a a[释义]坐享其成，无本获利; a a 消费竞争 a ’s ’s公共地悲剧 a 寓言; 格言; a12[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则; an.预算赤字; a 亏空; 缺空 预算结余 纳税横向均等;总量税 a 边际税率累进税 a a 分数; 一小部分 比例税率 a累退税 a a纵向公平 a13清楚的，明确的边际产量递减规律规模不经济,规模经济最小有效规模固定成本 隐性成本 边际成本a a ( )a[释义]变动成本;14a a沉没成本 a15[m ə'nɒp(ə)lɪ]a an.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品; a a a a16垄断竞争市场 a求过于供的市场情况; a a17<经>卡特尔，企业联合 a ['ːnɪs(ə)n]a<经>卡特尔，企业联合 a a a['ə]缩减指数 a 100纳什均衡a[,ɑl ə'g ɑp ə] a a寡头’ [d ɪˈə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型 a “” 18边际产量递减规律a边际价值19补偿微分 a [d ɪɪm ɪ'ɪʃ(ə)n] ; 歧视, , , , 效率工资 平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[əˈl ɪəm] *人力资本 , ,n . 攻击; 罢工[课，市]; 发现移开; 撤回 a aa , ,。
西方经济学名词解释 英文版
西方经济学名词解释英文版第一章Macroeconomics 宏观经济学The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. 研究国民收入的各方面。
Microeconomics 微观经济学The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as individual firms, households, and consumers.研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。
GDP 国内生产总值 (Gross Domestic Product)The total market value of all final goods and services producedwithin the borders of a nation during a specified period.一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。
It isoften seen as an indicator of the standard of living ina country.Gross Domestic Product,consumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exportsEconomic Growth 经济增长steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed inreal as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate isa measure of the rate of change that a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national product (GNP) can also be used if a nation's economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds onto the economic growth rate by taking into account the effect that inflation has on the economy. The real economic growth rate is a "constant dollar" and therefore a more accurate look at the rate of economic growth because the real rate is not distorted by the effects of extreme inflation or deflation.GDP deflator GDP指数In economics the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the change in prices of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period.Nominal GDP 名义GDPA gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation.Real GDP 实际GDPThis inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. Often referred to as "constant-price", "inflation-corrected" GDP or "constant dollar GDP". Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can accountfor changes in the price level, and provide a more accurate figure.Potential output 潜在产量/潜在GDPIn economics, potential output (also refered to as "natural real gross domestic product") refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term.GDP Gap GDP缺口The forfeited output of an country's economy resulting from the failure to create sufficient jobs for all those willing to work. A GDP gap denotes the amount of production that is irretrievably lost. The potential for higher production levels is wasted because therearen't enough jobs supplied.(与书异)Net Exports 净出口The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open economy. In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home country's goods and services exceeds the home country's spending on foreign goods and services.Recession 经济衰退A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's GDP.Notes: Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle. A recession generally lasts from six to eighteen months.Interest rates usually fall in recessionary times to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates at which to borrow1money.Depression 经济萧条A severe and prolonged recession characterized by inefficient economic productivity, high unemployment, and falling price levels. In times of depression, consumer's confidence and investments decrease, causing the economy to shutdown. Value Added 附加值The enhancement a company gives its product or service beforeoffering the product to customers. This can either increase the products price or value.(与书异)Gross National Product – GNP 国民生产总值An economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. GNP is a measure of a country's economic performance, or what its citizens produced (i.e. goods and services) and whether they produced these items within its borders.Disposable Income 可支配收入The amount of after-tax income that is available to divide between spending and personal savings. This also known as your take home pay.Unemployment Rate 失业率The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.Labor force 劳动力the group of people who have a potential for being employed.Frictional Unemployment 摩擦性事业Unemployment that is always present in the economy, resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information.Structural Unemployment 结构性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the basic composition of the economy. These changes simultaneously open new positions for trained workers.Cyclical Unemployment 周期性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the business cycle.Natural Unemployment 自然失业率(与书异)The lowest rate of unemployment that an economy can sustain over the long run. Keynesians believe that a government can lower the rate of unemployment (i.e. employ more people) if it were willing to accept a higher level of inflation (the idea behindthe Phillips Curve). However, critics of this say that the effect is temporary and that unemployment would bounce back up but inflation would stay high. Thus, the natural, or equilibrium, rate is the lowest level of unemployment at which inflation remainsstable. Also known as the "non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment" (NAIRU).Notes: When the economy is said to be at full employment, it is atits natural rate of unemployment. Economists debate how the natural rate might change. For example, some economists think that increasing labor-market flexibility will reduce the natural rate. Other economists dispute the existence of a natural rate altogether!Frictional unemployment — This reflects the fact that it takes time for people to find and settle into new jobs. If 12 individuals each take one month before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as a single unemployed worker. Technological change often reduces frictional unemployment, for example: the internet made job searches cheaper and more comprehensive.Structural unemployment — This reflects a mismatch between theskills and other attributes of the labour force and those demanded by employers. If 4 workers each take six months off to re-train before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as two unemployed workers. Technological change often increases structural unemployment, for example: technological change might require workers to re-train.Natural rate of unemployment — This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment. It is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, seeing as some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%, or on its meaning —some associate it with"non-accelerating inflation.The estimated rate varies from countryto country and from time to time. Demand deficient unemployment — In Keynesian economics, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rateis most likely2due to insufficient demand in the overall economy. During a recession, aggregate expenditure is deficient causing theunderutilization of inputs (including labour). Aggregate expenditure (AE) can be increased, according to Keynes, by increasing consumption spending (C), increasing investment spending (I), increasing government spending (G), or increasing the net of exports minus imports (X?M).{AE = C + I + G + (X?M)}Okun's Law 奥昆法则A relationship between an economy's GDP gap and the actual unemployment rate. The relationship is represented by a ratio of 1 to2.5. Thus, for every 1% excess of the natural unemployment rate, a 2.5% GDP gap is predicted.Inflation 通货膨胀The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling.Deflation 通货紧缩 steadily falling pricesA general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in thesupply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation,deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression. Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀Extremely rapid or out of control inflation.Inflation rate 通货膨胀率In economics, the inflation rate is the rate of increase of the average price level (a measure of inflation). If one likes analogies, the size of a balloon is like the price level, while the inflation rate is how quickly it grows in size. Alternatively, the inflation rate is the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money.Consumer Price Index (CPI) 消费价格指数The CPI, as it is called, measures the prices of consumer goods and services and is a measure of the pace of US inflation. The US Department of Labor publishes the CPI every month.Demand,pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀inflation due to high demand for GDP and low unemployment, also known as Phillips Curve inflation. Cost,push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀nowadays termed "supply shock inflation", due to an event such as a sudden increase in the price of oil. Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers tryingto keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle".Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as"inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation".Indexing 指数化The adjustment of the weights of assets in an investment portfolio so that its performance matches that of an index. Linking movements of rates to the performance of an index.Notes:1. Indexing is a passive investment strategy. An investor can achieve the same risk and return of an index also by investing in an index fund.2. Types of rates that could be linked to the performance of an index are wage or tax rates.Phillips Curve 菲利普斯曲线An economic concept developed by A. W. Phillips stating thatinflation and unemployment have a stable and inverse relationship. The theory states that with economic growth comes inflation, which in turn should lead to more jobs and less unemployment. The concept has been proven empirically and some government policies are directly influenced by it.第二章Aggregate Demand 总需求The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Also3known as "total spending".Notes:Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M)C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services.I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods.G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services.X = Exports of goods and services.M = Imports of goods and services.Aggregate Supply 总供给The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output thatfirms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising pricesare usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "totaloutput".Notes:A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by theprice level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.Exogenous Variable 外生变量A variable whose value is determined outside the model in which itis used.An economic variable that is related to other economic variables and determines their equilibrium levels. For example, rainfall is exogenous to the causal system constituting the process offarming and crop output. An exogenous variable by definition is one whose value is wholly causally independent from other variables in the system.Endogenous Variable 内生变量A value determined within the context of a model.An economic variable which is independent of the relationships determining the equilibrium levels, but nonetheless affects the equilibrium.Consumption 消费in economics, direct utilization of goods and services by consumers, not including the use of means of production, such as machinery and factories (see capital). Consumption can be divided into public and private sectors.Investment 投资An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be soldat a higher price. In the financial sense investments include the purchase of bonds, stocks or real estate property. Government Purchases 政府购买Expenditures made in the private sector by all levels of government, such as when a government entity contracts a construction company to build office space or pave highways. A component of Keynesian expenditures, government purchases can be used as a tool for agovernment to influence the business cycle and provide economic stimulation when it is deemed necessary. Keynesian Economics 凯恩斯经济An economic theory stating that active government intervention inthe marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the government's job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation.Classical Economics 古典经济学4Classical Economics refers to work done by a group of economists in the 18th and 19th centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. Famous economists of this thinking include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill.Equilibrium of AD and AS 总供给和总需求的均衡supply and demand result in an equilibrium price (the interest rate) Stagflation 滞胀A condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation.第三章Fiscal Policy 财政政策Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates, and government spending, in an effort to control the economy.Government spending 政府支出consists of government purchases, including transfer payments, which can be financed by seigniorage (the creation of money for government funding), taxes, or government borrowing It is considered to be one of the major components of gross domestic product.Multiplier Effect 乘数效应The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold on reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.The multiplier effect depends on the set reserve requirement. The higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the money supply, which results in a lower multiplier effect for every dollar deposited. The lower the reserve requirement, the larger the money supply, which means more money is being created for every dollar deposited.Crowding Out Effect 挤出效应An economic theory explaining an increase in interest rates due to rising government borrowing in the money market. Notes: Governments often borrow money (by issuing bonds) to fund additional spending. The problem occurs when government debt 'crowds out' private companies and individuals from the lending market. Increased government borrowing tends to increase market interest rates. The problem is that the government can always pay the market interest rate, but there comes a point when corporations and individuals can no longer afford to borrow.Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) 边际消费倾向refers to the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) that occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensityto consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents.Mathematically, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) function is expressed as the derivative of the consumption (C) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to consume is measured asthe ratio of the change in consumption to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. One minus the MPC equals the marginal propensity to save. Marginal propensity to save (MPS) 边际储蓄倾向refers to the increase in saving (non-purchase of current goods and services) that results from an increase in income. For example, if a family earns one extra dollar, and the marginal propensity to save is 0.35, then of that dollar, the family will spend65 cents and save 35 cents. It can also go the other way, referring to the decrease in saving that results from a decrease in income. It is crucial to Keynesian economics and is the key variable determining the value of the multiplier. Mathematically, the marginal propensity to save (MPS) function is expressed as the derivative of the savings (S)function with respect to disposable income (Y).5In other words, the marginal propensity to save is measured as the ratio of the change in saving to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. It is the opposite of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In the example above, the marginal propensity to consume would be 0.65. In general MPS = 1 - MPC.Money Supply 货币供给 (与书异)The entire quantity of bills, coins, loans, credit, and other liquid instruments in a country's economy. Money supply is divided into three categories--M1, M2, and M3--according to the type andsize of account in which the instrument is kept. The money supply is important to economists trying to understand how policies will affect interest rates and growth. M1The category of the money supply that includes all physical moneylike coins and currency. It also includes demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts. M1 is the narrowest idea of "money." This is used as a measurement for economists trying to quantify the amount of money in circulation.M2A category within the money supply that includes M1 in addition toall time-related deposits, savings deposits, and non-institutionalmoney-market funds. M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. Economists use M2 when looking to quantify the amount of money in circulation and trying to explain different economic monetary conditions. M3The category of the money supply that includes M2 as well as alllarge time deposits, institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets. This isthe broadest measure of money it is used by economists to estimate the entire supply of money within an economy. (书没有)Fiat Money 【美】(根据政府法令发行的)不兑现纸币Money that a government has declared to be legal tender, despite the fact that it has no intrinsic value and is not backed by reserves. Most of the world's paper money is fiat money.Legal tender 合法货币;偿付债务时债主必须接受的货币is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtueof law.Transactions demand 交易性需求is the demand or foreign currency. It is used for purposes of business transactions and personal consumption. transactions demand is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Speculative demand 投机性需求is the demand for financial assets, such as securities, money or foreign currency, or financing. It is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Liquidity Preference Theory 流动性偏好理论The hypothesis that forward rates offer a premium over expectedfuture spot rates. Proponents of this theory believe that, according to the term structure of interest rates, investors are risk-averse and will demand a premium for securities with longermaturities. A premium is offered by way of greater forward rates in order to attract investors to longer-term securities. The premium received normally increases at a decreasing rate due to downward pressure from the decreasing volatility of interest rates as the term to maturity increases. Also known as "liquidity preference hypothesis."Interest Rate 利率The monthly effective rate paid (or received if you are a creditor) on borrowed money. Expressed as a percentage of the sum borrowed.Nominal Interest Rate/the money interest rate名义利率The interest rate unadjusted for inflation. Not taking into account inflation gives a less realistic number. Real Interest Rate 实际利率6The amount by which the nominal interest rate is higher than the inflation rate. The real rate of interest is approximated by taking the nominal interest rate and subtracting inflation. The real interest rate is the growth rate of purchasing power derivedfrom an investment.Intermediate targets 中间目标An intermediate target is a variable (such as the money supply) that is not directly under the control of the central bank, but that does respond fairly quickly to policy actions, is observable frequently and bears a predictable relationship to the ultimate goals of policy.Open Market Operations 公开市场业务The buying and selling of government securities in the open marketin order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. Purchases inject money into the banking system and stimulate growthwhile sales of securities do the opposite.Notes: Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy. (The discount rate and reserve requirements are also used.) The U.S. Federal Reserve's goal in using this technique is to adjust the federal funds rate--the rate at which banks borrowreserves from each other.Discount Rate 贴现率The interest rate that an eligible depository institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank. This type of borrowing from the Fed is fairly limited. Institutions will often seek other means of meeting short-term liquidity needs. The Federal funds discount rate is one of two interest rates the Fed sets, the other being the overnight lendingrate, or the Fed funds rate.Lender of Last Resort 最后的贷款者/偿付者An institution, usually a country's central bank, that offers loansto banks or other eligible institutions that are experiencing financial difficulty or are considered highly risky or near collapse. In the U.S. the Federal Reserve acts as the lender of last resort to institutions that do not have any other means of borrowing and whose failure to obtain credit would dramatically affect the economy.Notes: The lender of last resort functions both to protectindividuals who have deposited funds, and to prevent panic withdrawing from banks who have temporary limited liquidity. Commercial banksusually try not to borrow from the lender of last resort because such action indicates that the bank is experiencing financial crisis. Critics of the lender-of-last-resort methodology suspect that the safety it provides inadvertently tempts qualifying institutions to acquire morerisk than necessary -since they are more likely to perceive the potential consequences of risky actions to be less severe.Reserve Requirements 法定准备金Requirements regarding the amount of funds that banks must hold in reserve against deposits made by their customers. This money must be in the bank's vaults or at the closest Federal Reserve Bank.Notes: Set by the Fed's Board of Governors, reserve requirements are one of the three main tools of monetary policy. The other two tools are open market operations and the discount rate. Also known as required reserves.第四章Supply-side economics 供给经济学A theory of economics that reductions in tax rates will stimulate investment and in turn will benefit the entire society.Laffer Curve 拉弗尔曲线Invented by Arthur Laffer, this curve shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue collected by governments. The chart below shows the Laffer Curve:7The curve suggests that, as taxes increase from low levels, tax revenue collected by the government also increases. It also shows that tax rates increasing after a certain point (T*) would cause people not to work as hard or not at all, thereby reducing tax revenue. Eventually, if tax rates reached 100% (the far right of the curve), then all people would choose not to work because everything they earned would go to the government.Notes: Governments would like to be at point T*, because it is the point at which the government collects maximum amount of tax revenue while people continue to work hard.Tax revenue税收is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the peopleBudget deficit 联邦预算赤字The amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues.Unemployment benefits 失业救济are sums of money given to the unemployed by the government or a compulsory para-governmental insurance system. Depending on the。
微观经济学名词解释
1.绝对优势(Absolute advantage)如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么,这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势｡2.逆向选择(Adverse choice)在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体｡3.选择成本(Alternative cost)如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本,也可以称之为机会成本｡4.需求的弧弹性( Arc elasticity of demand)如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P2 和Q2 为第二组值,那么,弧弹性就等于-(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2)5.非对称的信息(Asymmetric information)在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同｡例如,在旧车市场上,有关旧车质量的信息,卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多｡6.平均成本(Average cost)平均成本是总成本除以产量｡也称为平均总成本｡7.平均固定成本( Average fixed cost)平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量｡8.平均产品(Average product)平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量｡9.平均可变成本(Average variable cost)平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量｡10.投资的β(Beta)β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险｡对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化｡11.债券收益(Bond yield)债券收益是债券所获得的利率｡12.收支平衡图(Break-even chart)收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的｡收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量｡13.预算线(Budget line)预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合｡它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1｡14.捆绑销售(Bundling)捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段,出售两种产品的厂商,要求购买其中一种产品的客户,也要购买另一种产品｡15.资本(Capital)资本是指用于生产､销售及商品和服务分配的设备､厂房､存货､原材料和其他非人力生产资源｡16.资本收益(Capital gain)资本收益是指人们卖出股票(或其他资产)时所获得的超过原来为它支付的那一部分｡17.资本主义(Capitalism)资本主义是一种市场体系,它依赖价格体系去解决基本的经济问题:生产什么?如何生产?怎样分配?经济增长率应为多少?18.基数效用(Cardinal utility)基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义上可以度量的效用(它意味着效用之间的差别,即边际效用,是有意义的)｡序数效用与它相反,它只在序数的层面上才有意义｡19.卡特尔(Cartel)卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开和正式协议这样一种市场结构形态｡20. 科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的生产函数Q=AL“IK”2 Mi3｡式中,Q为产量;L为劳动的数量;K为资本的数量;M为原材料的数量;A,31,12,23均为常数｡21.勾结(Collision) 勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格､产量和其他事宜的协议｡22.比较优势(Comparative advantage)如果与生产其他商品的成本相比,一个国家生产的某种产品的成本比另一个国家低,那么,该国就在这种商品的生产上与另一个国家相比具有比较优势｡23.互补品(Complements)如果X和Y是互补品,X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向变化｡24.成本不变行业(Constant-cost industry)成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大并不会引起投入品价格的上升或下降｡25.规模收益不变(Constant returns to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量也以相同的百分数增加,就是规模收益不变的｡26.消费者剩余(Consumer surplus)消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付的最大数量与他实际支付的数量之差｡27.可竞争市场(Contestable market)可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退出没有成本的市场｡可竞争市场的本质在于它们很容易受到打了就跑的进入者的伤害｡28.契约曲线(Contract curve)契约曲线是(在消费者之间进行交换时)两个消费者的边际替代率相等的点的轨迹,或者(在生产者之间进行交换时)两个生产者的边际技术替代率相等的点的轨迹｡29.角点解(Corner solution)角点解是指这样一种情形,预算线在位于坐标轴上的点处达到最高的可获得的30.需求的交叉弹性(Cross elasticity of demand)需求的交叉弹性是指商品Y的价格发生1%的变化时所引起的商品X的需求量变化的百分比｡31.垄断的无谓损失(Deadweight loss of monopoly)如果一个完全竞争的市场转变为一个垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少就是无谓损失｡32.买方垄断的无谓损失(Deadweight loss of monopsony)如果一个完全竞争的市场转变成一个买方垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少即为无谓损失.33.成本递减行业(Decreasing-cost industry)成本递减行业是指具有向下倾斜的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大会引起平均成本下降｡34.规模收益递减( Decreasing return to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量增加的百分数小于该百分数 ,就是规模收益递减的｡35.需求曲线(Demand curve)需求曲线表示在每一价格下所需求的商品数量｡36.可贷资金的需求曲线(Demand curve of loanable funds)可贷资金的需求曲线表示可贷资金的需求量与利率二者之间的关系｡37.贴现率( Discount rate)当利率用于计算投资的净现值时,它被称为贴现率｡38.可分散风险(Diversifiable risk)可以通过多样化来避免的风险是可分散风险｡39.主导厂商( Dominant firm)在寡头垄断的行业中,主导厂商是一个制定价格的大型厂商,它允许该行业中的小厂商在此价格下销售它们想出售的全部数量的商品｡40.优势策略(Dominant strategy)不论其他局中人采取什么策略,优势策略对一个局中人而言都是最好的策略｡41.双头垄断(Duopoly)双头垄断是指有两个卖主这样一种市场结构｡古诺模型,以及其他模型中都涉及双头垄断｡42.经济效率(Economic efficiency)经济效率是指这样一种状况,所进行的任何改变都不会给任何人带来损失而能增加一些人的福利｡这样一种状态就是经济的有效率状况(或者帕累托效率或帕累托最优)｡43.经济利润(Economic profit)经济利润是指厂商的收益与它的成本之差,后者包括从最有利的另外一种厂商资源的使用中可以获得的收益｡44.生产的经济区域(Economic region of production)生产的经济区域是指等产量线斜率为负的投入品组合｡没有一个厂商会在等产量线斜率为正的点上运行,因为在这种点上总会有一种投入品的边际产品为负｡45.经济资源(Economic resource)经济资源是指一种稀缺的､要求一个非零价格的资源｡46.范围经济(Economies of scope)范围经济是指由厂商的范围而非规模带来的经济｡只要把两种或更多的产品合并在一起生产比分开来生产的成本要低,就会存在范围经济｡47.有效市场假说(Efficient markets hypothesis)根据这一假设,投资者在买卖股票时会迅速有效地利用可能的信息.所有已知的影响一种股票价格的因素都已经反映在股票的价格中,因此根据这一理论,股票的技术分析是无效的｡(这个假设有三种形式｡)48.财富状况(Endowment position)财富状况是指消费者每年的收人｡49.恩格尔曲线(Engel curve)恩格尔曲线反映的是所购买的一种商品的均衡数量与消费者收入水平之间的关系｡它是以19世纪德国的统计学家恩斯特•恩格尔的名字命名的｡50.均衡(Equilibrium)均衡是指没有任何变化趋势的状态｡例如,均衡价格就是一种能够维持的价格｡51.过剩生产能力(Excess capacity)过剩生产能力是指成本最低产量与长期均衡中的实际产量之差｡52垄.断竞争理论有一个著名的且颇有争论的结论,它认为这种市场结构之下的厂商往往会在还有过剩生产能力的情况下进行生产｡53.扩张路径( Expansion path)扩张路径是指与各种产量相对应的等产量线与等成本线相切的点的轨迹｡(所有投入品都是可变的｡)54.期望货币价值(Expected monetary vale)为了确定一项投机的期望货币价值,计算每一种可能出现的结果的货币收益(或损失) 与其出现的概率相乘以后的和｡55.预期利润(Expected profit)预期利润就是长期的平均利润值,也就是用所出现的概率加权以后的各种可能的利润水平之和｡56.完全信息的预期价值(Expected value of perfect information) 完全信息的预期价值是指决策者获得完全信息所导致的预期的货币价值的增加｡它是决策者为获得完全的信息而能支付的最大数量｡57.显成本(Explicit costs)显成本是指账目上所包括的厂商的正常费用,诸如工资成本和原材料支付｡58.外部不经济(External diseconomy)外部不经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法补偿的成本｡59.外部经济(External economy)外部经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法索取的收益｡60.先动优势(First-mover advantages)先动优势是由于在博弈中第一个采取行动的局中人所拥有的优势｡61.固定成本(Fixed cost)固定成本为每个时期不变投入品的总成本｡62.不变投人品(FIXed input)不变投入品是指生产过程中所使用的(如厂房和设备)､在考察的期间数量不变的资源｡63.自由资源(Free resource)自由资源是指特别富裕以致在零价格就可以获得的资源64.一般均衡分析(General equilibrium analysis)一般均衡分析是指(与局部均衡分析相反)把各种市场和价格的相互作用都考虑进去的分析｡65.吉芬反论(Giffen`s paradox)吉芬反论是指商品的需求量与价格成正向关系这样一种状况｡当劣质商品价格的替代效应并不足以抵消收人效应时就会发生这样的情况｡66.隐成本(Implicit cost)使用企业所有者拥有的资源(诸如他的时间与资本)的选择成本就是隐成本｡ 67.收入补偿的需求曲线( Income-compensated demand curve)收入补偿的需求曲线表示,当消费者的收入调整到不论价格如何都可以购买最初的市场篮子,这时在每一种价格下消费者所需求的商品的数量有多少｡68.收入--消费曲线(Income-consumption curve)收入一消费曲线是把代表与全部可能的消费者货币收入相应的均衡市场篮子的点连接而成的一条曲线｡这种曲线可以用于推导恩格尔曲线｡69.收人效应(Income effect)收入效应是指,所有价格不变时完全由于消费者满足水平的变化所引起的商品X的需求量的改变｡70.需求的收入弹性(income elasticity of demand)需求的收入弹性是指,当价格保持不变时消费者收入发生1%的变化时,所引起的需求数量变化的百分比｡71.成本递增的产业(Increasing-cost industry)成本递增的行业是指具有向上倾斜的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大会引起投入品价格的上升｡72.规模收益递增(increasing returns to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量增加的百分数大于该百分数 ,就是规模收益递增的｡73.无差异曲线(Indifference curve)无差异曲线表示对消费者没有区别的市场篮子的点的轨迹｡74.劣质商品(Inferior good)劣质商品是指其收入效应使得实际收人增加导致需求量减少的商品｡75.创新(Innovation)当一项发明第一次使用时,我们称之为创新｡76.投人品(Input)生产过程中所使用的任何资源都是投入品｡77.利率(lnterest rate)如果他借出1美元一年,一年后借出者收到的贴水为利率｡如果利率为r,他一年后将收到(1+r)美元｡78.中间品(Intermediate good)中间品是指用于生产其他商品和服务的产品｡79.内部收益率(Internal rate of return)内部收益率是使一项投资项目的净现金流的现值等于项目投资支出的利率｡80.投资(Investment)投资是指创造新资产的过程｡81.投资需求曲线( Investment demand curve)投资需求曲线表示投资的总数量与额外1美元投资的收益率之间的关系｡82.等成本曲线( Isocost curve)等成本曲线表示一个固定的总支出所能得到的各种投入品组合｡83.等利润曲线( Isoprofit curve)等利润曲线表示能够产生某一利润水平的所有投入品组合｡84.等产量曲线(Isoquant)等产量曲线表示能够产生某一产量的所有可能的(有效率的)投入品组合.85.等收益线( lsorevenue line)等收益线表示能够产生相同总收益的两种商品产量的全部组合｡86.折弯的需求曲线(Kinked demand curve)折弯的需求曲线是垄断厂商面对的在现行的价格下有一个折点的需求曲线,需求在价格上升时要比价格下降时更富有弹性｡87.劳动( Labor)劳动是指生产商品和服务的过程中所使用的人们的努力､体力和脑力｡88.土地( Land)土地是指用于生产的､包括矿产和土地在内的自然资源｡89.边际收益递减律(Law of diminishing marginal returns)根据这一法则,如果不断添加相同增量的一种投入品(且若其他投入品保持不变),这样所导致的产品增量在超过某一点后将会下降,也就是说,边际产品将会减少｡90.边际效用递减律(Law of diminishing marginal utility)根据这一法则,当一个人消费越来越多的某种商品时(其他商品的消费保持不变),商品的边际效用最终会趋于下降.91.勒纳指数(Lerner index)勒纳指数度量一个厂商所拥有的垄断势力的大小,它等于(P—MC)/P,此处P是厂商的价格,MC是边际成本｡92.学习曲线(Learning curve)学习曲线表示一种商品的平均成本与生产者的累积总产量之间的关系｡ 93.限制性定价(Limit pricing)限制性定价是指为了阻止其他厂商进人而采取的一种定价｡限制性价格是一种使得进入者失望或阻止它们进入的价格｡94.长期(Long run)长期是指所有投入品都是可变的时间期限｡在长期中厂商可以全部改变它所使用的资源｡95.边际成本(Marginal cost)边际成本是指由于增加最后一单位产量导致的总成本的增加｡96.边际成本定价(Marginal cost pricing)边际成本定价是指这样一种定价规则,厂商或国有企业使得价格等于边际成本｡97.边际支出曲线(Manginal expenditure curve)边际支出曲线表示厂商增加1单位投人品X所引起的成本的增加｡98.边际产品(Marginal product)边际产品是指由于增加最后一单位某种投入品(其他投入品的数量保持不变)所带来的总产量的增加｡99.边际产品转换率(Marginal rate of product transformation)边际产品转换率是指生产可能性曲线斜率的负数｡100.边际替代率(Marginal rate of substitution)边际替代率是指如果消费者在收到额外一单位商品X之后要保持满足水平不变而必须放弃的商品Y的数量｡101.边际收益(Marginal revenue)边际收益是指出售额外一单位产品所带来的总收益的增加｡102.边际收益产品(Marginal revenue product)边际收益产品是指由于使用额外一单位投入品X所带来的总收益的增加｡边际收益产品是指由于使用额外一单位投入品X所带来的总收益的增加｡它等于投入X的边际产品乘以厂商的边际收益｡103.边际效用( Marginal utility)边际效用是指(当所有其他的商品的消费水平保持不变时)从额外一单位商品中所获得额外满足(即效用)｡104.市场(Market)市场是指为了买和卖某些商品而与其他厂商和个人相联系的一群厂商和个人｡105.市场需求曲线(Market demand curve)市场需求曲线表示在整个市场中产品的价格和它的需求量之间的关系｡106.市场周期(Market period)市场周期是指一种商品的供给量保持不变的一段时期｡107.市场结构( Market structure)四种一般的市场类型是完全竞争､垄断､垄断竞争和寡头垄断｡一个市场的结构依赖于买者和卖者的数量以及产品差别的大小｡108.市场供给表( Market supply schedule)市场供给表表示在各种价格下一种商品所能够供给的数量｡109.加成定价(Markup pricing)加成定价是指,为了确定一种产品的价格而把一个百分比(或绝对的)数量加到所估计的产品平均(或边际的)成本上,这就意味着该数量要计入某些无法化归任何具体产品中去的成本,并且旨在维持厂商的某一投资回报率｡110.最大最小策略(Maximin strategy)最大最小策略是指局中人使得能够获得的最小收益最大化的策略｡111.微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学是经济学的一部分,它分析像消费者､厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为(宏观经济学与之相反,它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为)｡112.工厂的最小有效规模(Minimum efficient size of plant)在长期中平均成本处于或接近其最小值的最小的工厂规模｡模型(Model)模型是指以对现实进行简化和抽象的假设为基础的理论,根据它可以引申出对现实世界的预测或结论｡113.货币收人(Money income)货币收入是指用每个时期的实际美元数量度量的消费者的收入｡114.垄断竞争(Monopolistic competition)垄断竞争是指这样一种市场结构,在该市场中有很多有差别产品的卖者,进入很容易并且厂商之间没有勾结行为｡115.垄断(Monopoly)垄断是指一种产品只有一个卖者的市场结构｡公共事业通常就是这样的情形｡116.买方垄断(Monopsony)买方垄断是指一种产品只有一个买者的市场结构｡雇用一个工业城镇的全部劳动力的厂商就是一个例子｡117.道德风险(Moral hazard)道德风险是指,在购买了保险之后一个人或厂商的行为发生变化以致增加了保险公司承担的盗窃､火灾和其他损失发生的概率｡ 118.跨国公司(Multinational firm)跨国公司是指在其他国家投资并且在国外生产和销售产品的厂商｡119.多厂垄断( Multiplant monopoly)多厂垄断是指拥有和经营不止一个工厂并且要决定每个工厂产量的一个厂商｡ 120.多产品厂商( Multiproduct firm)多产品厂商是指生产不止一种产品的厂商｡例如,杜邦公司生产化工､石油等方面的种类繁多的产品｡ 121.共同基金(Mutual fund)共同基金是把大量投资者和雇员的钱集中在一起,从而购买各个厂商的股票｡ 122.纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)纳什均衡是指博弈论中的一种均衡,如果给出每个其他局中人的策略,在此均衡下,所有局中人都没有理由改变他自己的策略｡ 123.自然垄断(Natural monopoly)自然垄断是指这样一种行业,在此行业中,在产量大到足以满足全部市场的情况下商品的平均成本达到最小,因此不可能存在竞争,仅有的一个厂商就成为垄断者.124.净现值规则(Net-Present-Value Rule)净现值规则要求厂商应该从事净现值为正的投资项目｡投资的净现值是投资未来现金流的现值减去投资的成本｡ 125.不可分散的风险(Nondiversifiable risk)不可分散的风险是指不能通过多样化来减小的风险｡126.非价格竞争(Nonprice competition)由研究开发和风格的变化使商品特征的各种改变,以及厂商间的广告与其他营销手段来进行的竞争,都是非价格竞争｡ 127.正常商品(Normal goods)需求量随消费者的实际收入上升而增加的商品称为正常商品｡ 128.寡头垄断(Oligopoly)寡头垄断是指这样一种市场形态,在其中只有少数卖者,商品可以是同质的也可以是有差别的｡例如,计算机和石油市场就是这样的｡ 129.买方寡头垄断(Oligopsony)买方寡头垄断是指只有少数买者的市场形态｡ 130.机会成本(Opportunity cost)如果以最好的另一种方式利用某种资源,它所能生产出来的价值为机会成本,也称为选择成本｡131.最优投人品组合(Optimal input combination)如果投入品组合是经济上有效率的或者使得利润最大化(也就是说,从利润最大化的厂商的角度出发是最优的)或者两者兼而有之,这一组合就是最优投入品组合｡132.序数效用(Ordinal utility)在序数的意义上可以度量的效用是序数效用,这表明一个消费者只能根据各种市场篮子给他带来的满足来给这些市场篮子排序｡133.帕累托标准(Pareto criterion)帕累托标准是确定一种改变是否是一种改进的标准,根据这一标准,不损害任何人而能使大多数人(在他们看来)变得更好的改变才是一种改进｡134.局部均衡分析( Partial equilibrium analysis)局部均衡分析是指这样一种分析,(与一般均衡分析相反)它假设一个市场上的价格改变时不会导致其他市场的价格发生明显的变化｡135.货币收益( Pecuniary benefits)由于经济对一个项目的调整引起的相对价格的变化带来的收益(用以与增加社会福利的真实收益相区别)｡136.完全竞争(Perfect Competition)完全竞争是这样一种市场结构,在其中同质的商品有很多卖者,没有一个卖者或买者能控制价格,进入很容易并且资源可以随时从一个使用者转向另一个使用者｡例如,许多农产品市场就具有完全竞争市场这些特征｡137.不可兑换的公司债券(Perpetuity)不可兑换的公司债券是指永远支付一个固定年息的债券｡138.掠夺性定价( Predatory pricing)掠夺性定价是指为了把竞争性厂商从行业中赶走从而制定一个低价的做法｡139.现值( Present value)现值是现在和将来(或过去)的一笔支付或支付流在今天的价值｡140.最高限价(Price ceiling)最高限价是指政府对某种商品所规定的最高价格｡例如,纽约市的租金控制就规定了房租的上限｡141.价格--消费曲线(Pric-consumption curve)价格--消费线是把与在一种商品的各种价格下消费者所选择的市场篮子相对应的各个均衡点连接而成的一条曲线｡142.价格歧视( Price discrimination)价格歧视是指这样一种做法,出售同一种商品,厂商向一个买者索取的价格高于其他的买者｡143.富有价格弹性(Price elastic)如果需求的价格弹性大于1,那么商品的需求就是富有价格弹性｡144.需求的价格弹性(Price elasticity of demand)需求的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的需求量变化的百分比(习惯上通常以正数表示 )｡145.供给的价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply)供给的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的供给量变化的百分比｡146.最低限价(Price floor)最低限价是指政府对某种商品所规定的最低价格｡例如,联邦农业计划规定了小麦和玉米的最低价格｡147.缺乏价格弹性(Price inelastic)如果需求的价格弹性小于1,那么商品的需求就是缺乏价格弹性｡148.价格领导者( Price leader)价格领导者是指在寡头垄断的行业中制定价格并且其他厂商愿意跟随的厂商｡149.价格系统(Price system)在价格系统下,商品和服务都有一个价格,在纯粹的资本主义经济中价格执行一个经济系统的基本职能(决定生产什么､怎样生产､每个人应该得到多少以及一个国家的增长率应该是多少)｡150.委托--代理问题(Principal-agent problem)由于经理或工人可能会追求自己的目标,即便这样做会减少企业所有者的利润,从而导致了委托--代理问题｡经理或工人是为所有者工作的代理人,所有者是委托人｡151.囚犯困境(Prisoner`s dilemma)囚犯困境是指这样一种情形,此时两个人(或厂商)合作要比不合作好,但是每个人都觉得不合作符合他的利益,因此每个人的状况都要坏于如果他们合作时的境况｡152.私人成本(Private cost)私人成本是指单个使用者为了能够使用某一资源而带来的费用｡153.概率(Probability)概率是指在长期中某种结果发生的次数与总次数之比｡例如,如果多次掷骰子并且 1 点出现的次数是总次数的 1/6,那么出现 1点的概率就是 1/6｡154.生产者剩余(Producer surplus)生产者剩余等于厂商生产一种产品的总利润加上补偿给要素所有者超出和低于他们所要求的最小收益的数量｡从几何的角度看,它等于价格曲线之下､供给曲线之上的区域｡155.生产可能性曲线( Production possibilities curve)生产可能性曲线表示用一定数量的资源所能够生产出来的两种商品的各种数量组合｡156.生产函数(Production function)生产函数表示在每个时期所使用的各种投入品的数量与每个时期所能生产出来的最大产量之间的关系 157.利润(Profit)厂商的收益减去它的成本就是利润｡ 158.公共物品(Public good)公共物品是指非竞争性和非排他性的物品｡所谓非竞争性,意指为另一个消费者提供这一物品所带来的边际成本为零｡所谓非排他性,意指不能排除其他人消费这一物品(不论他们是否付费)｡ 159.准租金(Quasi-rent)准租金是指对供给暂时不变的投入品的支付｡例如,厂商的厂房在短期中是不能改变的,对它和其他不变投人品的支付就是准租金｡ 160.配额(Quota)配额是指对一种商品每年能够进口的数量所施加的限制｡161.射线(Ray)射线是指从某些点出发向空间延伸的线｡如果资本在一个轴上,劳动在另外一个轴上,那么从原点出发的一条射线就描述了资本一劳动比率不变的全部投入品组合｡ 162.反应曲线( Reaction curve) 反应曲线表示一个双头垄断者生产和销售多少数量,该曲线依赖于一个厂商认为另一个双头垄断。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)
曼昆经济学原理（第七版）微观经济学分册名词解释中英文归纳CHAPTER 1Ten Principles of EconomicsScarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources稀缺性:社会资源的有限性Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整Incentive: something that induces a person to act激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
宏微观经济学名词解释英语
宏微观经济学名词解释英语Macroeconomics and Microeconomics TerminologyMacroeconomics:1. Aggregate Demand (AD): The total demand for all goods and services in an economy at a given time and price level.2. Aggregate Supply (AS): The total supply of all goods and services in an economy at a given time and price level.3. Business Cycle: The periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by variables such as GDP, employment, and inflation.4. Fiscal Policy: The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.5. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a countryin a given period.6. Inflation: The sustained increase in the generalprice level of goods and services in an economy over time.7. Monetary Policy: The actions taken by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve, to influence the money supply and interest rates to achieve economic objectives.8. Recession: A period of temporary economic decline, generally identified by a fall in GDP for two consecutive quarters.9. Unemployment: The state of being without a job, actively seeking employment, and available for work.Microeconomics:1. Demand: The willingness and ability of consumers to purchase a good or service at different prices.2. Supply: The willingness and ability of producers to offer a good or service for sale at different prices.3. Equilibrium Price: The price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.4. Elasticity: A measure of the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable.5. Marginal Cost: The additional cost of producing one more unit of a good or service.6. Marginal Revenue: The additional revenue earned from selling one more unit of a good or service.7. Opportunity Cost: The value of the next bestalternative that must be forgone to pursue a certain action.8. Perfect Competition: A market structure characterized by many small firms selling identical products, with no individual firm having the ability to influence the market price.9. Monopoly: A market structure with a single seller ofa product for which there are no close substitutes.10. Externality: A cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.宏观经济学和微观经济学术语宏观经济学:1. 总需求(AD)：在某一时间和价格水平下,经济中所有商品和服务的总需求。
《微观经济学》名词解释
1、微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学是经济学的一部分,它分析像消费者厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为(宏观经济学与之相反,它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为)2、需求：消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
3、供给：生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够出售的该种商品的数量。
4、均衡价格：均衡的最一般意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件下的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。
均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。
5、消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的总数量和实际支付的总数量之间的差额。
6、生产者剩余：生产者剩余指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。
7、需求的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
8、需求的收入弹性：表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消费者收入两变动的反应程度。
9、需求的交叉弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动对于它的相关商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
是该商品的需求量的变动率和它的相关商品的价格的变动率的比值。
10、供给的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
11、效用：指商品满足人的欲望的能力，或者说，效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。
12、基数效用论：基数效用论者认为，效用如同长度、重量等概念一样，可以具体衡量并加总求和，具体的效用量之间的比较是有意义的。
13、序数效用论：认为效用的大小是无法具体衡量的，效用之间的比较只能通过顺序或登记来表示。
14、边际效用递减规律：在一定的时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
微观经济学名词解释汇总(完整版)
微观经济学名词解释汇总(完整版)微观经济学名词解释汇总一、供给（Supply）在经济学中，供给是指市场上出售的商品或服务的数量。
供给的决定因素主要包括生产成本、技术进步、生产要素的供给以及预期市场价格等。
供给曲线通常是一个向上倾斜的曲线，表示在价格上升的情况下，供给的数量也会增加。
二、需求（Demand）需求是指消费者在一定价格下愿意购买的商品或服务的数量。
需求的决定因素主要包括价格、消费者收入、相关商品价格和个人偏好等。
需求曲线通常是一个向下倾斜的曲线，表示在价格上升的情况下，需求的数量会减少。
三、均衡价格和均衡数量（Equilibrium Price and Quantity）均衡价格和均衡数量是指供给和需求达到平衡时的价格和数量。
在均衡价格下，市场上供给的数量和消费者需求的数量完全相等，市场处于供需平衡的状态。
这一均衡的价格和数量由市场自主调节形成。
四、边际效用（Marginal Utility）边际效用是指消费者从每多消费一单位商品或服务中获得的额外满足程度。
边际效用逐渐递减的原理认为，随着继续消费，每多消费一单位商品或服务的满足程度逐渐减少。
五、边际成本（Marginal Cost）边际成本是指企业在生产中每多生产一单位产品所承担的额外成本。
边际成本逐渐增加的原理认为，随着生产规模的扩大，每增加一单位产量的成本逐渐增加。
六、弹性（Elasticity）弹性是指需求或供给对价格或收入变化的反应程度。
根据弹性变化的幅度，需求和供给可以分为弹性、非常弹性和完全不弹性。
弹性需求表示价格变化对需求变化的反应很大，而非常弹性需求表示价格变化对需求变化的反应很小。
七、垄断（Monopoly）垄断是指市场上只有一个卖家或供应商的市场形式。
垄断者通常会通过限制和控制市场中的供给，来操纵产品或服务的价格。
这种市场结构下，垄断者通常能够获得较高的利润。
八、竞争（Competition）竞争是指市场上存在多个卖家或供应商的市场形式。
微观经济学名词解释
经济学(Economics)：研究人和社会对具有不同用途的稀缺资源配置并加以选择的科学；其目标是有效利用稀缺资源来生产商品和劳务，并在现在或将来把它们合理地分配给社会成员或集团以供消费之用。
微观经济学(Microeconomics)：研究微观(Micro)、或“小型”经济单位的经济行为，如单个消费者、生产者和单一市场的经济行为。
宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)：研究社会总体的经济行为及其后果，即对整个社会的消费、投资、生产、收入等进行分析研究。
经济人(Economic man)：作出决策的出发点是个人利益，寻求个人利益最大化。
需求（Demand）：一种商品的需求是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够购买的该种商品的数量。
需求函数（Demand function）：用来表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间相关关系的数学表达式。
供给（Supply）：一种商品的供给是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
供给函数（Supply function）：用来表示一种商品的供给数量和影响该供给数量的各种因素之间相关关系的数学表达式。
均衡（Equilibrium）：指各个经济决策者（消费者、厂商）所作出的决策正好相容，在外界条件不变的情况下，每个人都不愿意再调整自己的决策，是一种相对静止的状态。
均衡价格（Equilibrium price）：指商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。
均衡数量（Equilibrium quantity）：在均衡价格水平下相等的供求数量。
均衡点（Equilibrium point）：一种商品的市场需求曲线和市场供给曲线的交点。
需求量的变动（Variation of demand quantity）：仅仅因价格因素的变动而引起的需求数量的变动,是一种线上运动。
需求的变动（Variation od demand）：由于价格以外的因素的变动而引起的需求数量的变动,是一种线的移动。
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微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity：the limited nature of society's resources。
Economics：the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency：the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources。
Equity：the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society。
Opportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational people：people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives. Marginal changes：small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive：something that induces a person to act。
Market economy：an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。
Property rights：the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。
Market failure:a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.Externality:the impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market power：the ability of a single economic actor （or small group of actors）to have a substantial influence on market prices。
Productivity：the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.Inflation：an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Business cycle：fluctuations in economic activity，such as employment and production。
CHAPTER 2Circular-flow diagram：a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms。
Production possibilities frontier：a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology。
Microeconomics：the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics:the study of economy—wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth。
Positive statements:claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.Normative statements：claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be。
Chapter 3Absolute advantage:the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producerOpportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some itemComparative advantage:the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer Exports：goods produced domestically合乎国内的and sold abroadImports：goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyCHAPTER 4Market:a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceCompetitive market:a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market priceQuantity demanded：the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase。
Law of demand：the claim that, other things equal，the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.Demand schedule:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve:a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Normal good：a good for which, other things equal，an increase in income leads to an increase in demand。
Inferior good:a good for which，other things equal，an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand。
Substitutes：two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.Complements：two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.Quantity supplied：the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.Law of supply：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.Supply schedule:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve：a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Equilibrium:a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.Equilibrium price：the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded。
Equilibrium quantity：the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price。
Surplus：a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Shortage：a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied。
Law of supply and demand：the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance。