北航在职研究生 科技写作英语Unit 7 - TechnicalReport
新一代英语2第七单元作文中国的一项科技成就
新一代英语2第七单元作文中国的一项科技成就The World Expo is called the World Expo, which is alarge-scale non trade product and technology exchange event held by the host country. With the consent of international organizations, its purpose is to promote the exchange and development of world economy, culture, science and technology, so that each participating country can make full use of this opportunity to publicize itself, show its achievements in various fields, and expand international exchanges First of all, many cities in Shanghai can speed up the process. Second, Shanghai's municipal construction will attract many tourists.Third, many enterprises in Shanghai will join the bidding operation to create more public welfare Haibao. The core idea of Haibao is "people" in Chinese characters, and the concept of "people-oriented". The letters "Haibao" in blue represent the earth, the earth, the earth, the earth and the earth The theme line "Haibao" is the main form of water.Water is the source of life. It shows China's new attitude of integrating into the world and embracing the world. Haibao is named as "the treasure of the world".It is in line with the principle of Chinese folk auspicious titles and treasures Slanted hair and thumbs are used to expressthe confident, lovely, happy and lively personality of treasure, and convey sincere greetings from China "welcome to Shanghai World Expo" to the world.。
航天航空科技类作文英语
航天航空科技类作文英语Aerospace technology has revolutionized the way we explore, understand, and utilize the vast expanses of our universe. From the first human-made satellite, Sputnik, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, to the recent Mars rover missions by NASA, aerospace advancements have consistently pushed the boundaries of human knowledge and capability.Advancements in TransportationOne of the most significant impacts of aerospace technologyis on transportation. Commercial aviation has made it possible to travel long distances in a matter of hours, connecting people and cultures like never before. The development of supersonic transport, while not yet widely adopted, holds the promise of even faster travel across oceans.Space Exploration and ResearchThe exploration of space has led to a deeper understanding of our solar system and the universe beyond. Satellites orbiting Earth have provided invaluable data for weather forecasting, climate research, and communication technology. Deep space probes, such as Voyager, have sent back stunning images and information from the outer planets, expanding our understanding of the cosmos.Military and Security ApplicationsAerospace technology plays a critical role in modern defense systems. Surveillance satellites help monitor global activities, while advanced aerospace engineering contributes to the development of fighter jets, drones, and missile defense systems, ensuring national security.Economic and Industrial GrowthThe aerospace industry is a major economic driver, creating jobs and fostering technological innovation. It also hasspin-off effects on other industries, such as electronics, materials science, and manufacturing, where aerospace-derived technologies find new applications.Challenges and Ethical ConsiderationsDespite the benefits, aerospace technology also presents challenges. The environmental impact of air travel, space debris, and the potential for space weaponization are serious concerns. Ethical considerations regarding the use of space resources and the potential for space tourism must also be addressed.The Future of Aerospace TechnologyLooking ahead, the future of aerospace technology is promising. With ongoing research in areas such as reusable rocket technology, hypersonic flight, and the potential for manned missions to Mars, the next generation of aerospaceadvancements will likely continue to inspire and reshape our world in profound ways.In conclusion, aerospace technology is a field of immense potential and progress. It has already transformed our lives in numerous ways and holds the key to unlocking further mysteries of the universe, while also posing challenges that require thoughtful and responsible stewardship. As we continue to reach for the stars, it is imperative that we do so with consideration for the impact on our planet and the sustainability of our endeavors.。
technical report
·Technical Information ReportSolar Thermal Power Plant in Parabolic Trough StyleCompiled by:————23 December,2011AbstractAs the enviornmental problems are becoming more and more serious whereas the demand of energy is increasing rapidly at the same time, people set to seek a solution of new energy that is clean and without greenhouse gas emission to replace the conventional fossil fuel. In this report,we are discussing solar thermal energy and how to take the advantage of it to produce electricity to meet the demand of power consumption.Compared with coal-fire power plant, solar thermal plant is a completely different conception. Instead of using boilers for steam generation to drive the turbine and produce electicity, a solar thermal power plant adapts solar power concentration technology for the following procedures. The thermal energy is absorbed from solar radiation before delivering to the heat exchangers to evaporate the water.In the first place, the report gives an general introduction of the background about solar radiation theory, different types of solar power plants. Then we concentrate on the Parabolic Trough(PT) type, which is the only one that has been in commercial operation at present. We will talk about it in detail in the aspects of components, functions, processes and so forth. To conclude, the report summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of PT plants and the potential for further develoment.Keywords: solar thermal energy, parabolic trough, power plantAcknowledgmentForemost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my friends for the provision of so much information on this subject and help in all the time of studying and writing of this report. Besides my friends, I would like to thank all the authors that I will define in the Referance for their unselfish of sharing.Table of ContentsChapter 1 General Introduction1.1 Background overviewDue to rapid expansion of energy-intensive industry sectors, the annual electricity demand in China had been growing at an average of 14.6% from 2002 to 2005. China has to build more and more power plants, and this trend is expected to exist further in the near and mid term.Coal is the major energy resource for power generation in China, representing 75.9% in total in 2005. Enviornmental negative influences caused by the dominant use of coal for electricity generation, such as ash disposal, air pollution and climate change, have been felt by Chinese people.Chinese government is looking for enviornment friendly renewable energy sources for electricity generation. Concentrating solar power(CSP) is a solution for pollution reduction, whose principle is similar to that of a conventional power plant, while the thermal energy driving Rankine steam power cycle is transferred from fuel combustion to solar radiation.The following sections are the basic conceptions in common solar thermal power plant.1.2 Basic solar radiation theoryAll the solar power plants are based on the solar energy input to transform to electricity, it is necessary that we get a knowladge about the solar radiation.1.2.1 TerminologiesAs we all know, the sun gives out energy day by day for millions of years and the earth, due to its rotation, can only receive half of the radiation theoretically. There are several terminologies shown below:1 AU=1.496 ×1011 m, which means the average distance from the sun to the earth;Isc=1367W/m2, which is defined as the solar constant, meaning the radiation received by the surface vertical to the sun beam and above the atomosphere at 1AU per square meter.DNI=Direct Normal Irradiation. This is what we have to measure to decide whether or not the site is suitble for the construction of a solar plant or how we arrange the plant to gurantee the rated output.TMY=Typical Meterological Years, which is used by the combination of DNI. We collect the data of DNI for at least 15 years and do some analysis to form a TMY. It is most important factor we have to consider when building the solar plant.1.2.2 Characteristcs of solar radiation and measurementThere are four main characteristics of the solar radiation:1）The existence of cycles2）Low density3）Geographic variation4）Random situationsAs a result, the energy that reaches the ground is just a small part. Usually, we have two ways to estimate the amout of DNI: Classic evaluation and Measurement.Classic evaluation is an approach that uses satellites for meterological images above the ground while special instrument is applied to Measurement, as shown in figure 1.1Fig.1 Instrument for DNI1.3 Types of solar power plantCSP system includes four different design alternatives: Parabolic Trough, Tower, Stirling Dish and Linear Fresnel. Parabolic Trough techonolgy has been demonstrated mature by many solar power plants developed in the world, especially in America and Spain in recent years. The operation experiences of these plants indicate a low technical and financial risk in developing near-term projects.The following compares the four types of plant.1）PT: Use parabolic mirrors to concentrate solar radiation on linear tube reciever.Provides heat storage capabilities; is a long term commercially proven technology;has high maturity level, operational experience,modularity and large number of providers.2）Solar Tower: Concentrate solar radiation on a point receiver at the top of a tower.Enables operation at high temperature level and provides heat storage capabilities; has high net solar to electrical efficiency and is commercially proven technology.3）Stirling Dish: Use parabolic dish to concentrate solar radiation on a Stirling engine.Has high net solar to electrical efficiency with low water consumption; is highly modular and suitable for both small stand-alone,decentralized off-grid power systemsand large grid-connected power systems.4）Linear Fresnel: Use flat mirrors design to concentrate solar radiation on linear tube receiver.Enables other industrial uses such as steam processing; has high power-to-land ratio due to linear design and the usability of space below support structure; provides heat storage capabilities.1.4 Plant in Parabolic Trough styleIn general, the PT plant mainly consists of solar field and power island. The former part is where the solar radiation is transformed into thermal energy while the latter provides room for heat-to-electricity energy transition. Common configuration of a solar power plant is shown in Fig.1.2Fig.1.2 Configuration of solar power plantIn the middle is the power island, wich has four systems. There are heat exchanger system, thermal storage system, control system and power block.The machanism of this plant is that as the sun rises in the morning, the solar field starts to track the sun with heat collectors absorbing the solar radiation. Inside the collectors flows the Heat Transfer Fluid(HTF) that carries the thermal energy to the power island. The first station of the HTF is the heat exchangers between the fluid and water. The result of the process is the water becomes overheated steam who has the power to drive the turbine to produce electricity. In case that there is sufficient solar radiation that beyond the power block requirment, the thermal storage system then comes into work. We store the excessive energy here in preparation for cloudy days and nights when there is no more radiation. Throughout the whole plant the control system monitors the security and operation. There are also some auxiliary systems for different parts and we will discuss it in the next chapters.Chapter 2 Solar Field2.1 Overview on solar fieldSolar field plays a role of boilers in the conventional power plant. The whole solar field is made up by lots of loops while each loop has Solar Collector Assemblies(SCAs) which is composed of Heat Collector Element(HCE), Support Structure, Control Unit and Tracking Driver. The four parts work cooperatively to heat the HTF inside to a specific temperature.2.2 Heat collector elementThe element has two parts: mirrors and tubes. The mirror reflects the solar radiation from a particular angle that should help to concentrate the energy to the tube. We can calculate concentrate ratio and acceptance angle according to the incident angle and the reflect angle by the position of the sun with manufacture of the mirrors taken into consideration. For maintaince the mirrors should washed with treatedwater at intervals.The tube absorbs the radiation and delivers to HTF inside. The inner tube is made of metal with certain coating to increase the absorbtion and reduce reflection. Commonly, it is colore dark grey. The outter tube is a glass one for insulation. Between the two tubes is vacuum with a meter to monitor the degree of air content. At both end are expansion bellows to accommodate the expanded volumn.2.3 Support structureMainly, there are three kinds of support structures now being in use. All of them have merits and demerits.2.3.1 Torque tubeThis is the most popular one in the plants in operation. The support is made up with steel tubes and are connected by bolts as the installation is ongoing on site. To prevent the tubes from corruption, we usually coat them by galvanization in the workshop before transported to site.The advantage of this stlye is that we use less human resource and the installation is easy and convenient there. However, the whole support is of high quality steel tubes and the cost of it is high.2.3.2 Torque boxThe difference between Torque tube and Torque box is that we will weld the tubes in advance to make the four sides of a box and what we have to do on site is to bolt-fasten them to finish the box.It needs more manpower to do the work while the material cost is relatively lower. We need to take the actual conditions into account to strike a balance.2.3.3 Space frameThe frame is more like that in China’s traditional architectures where we use riveting to fix beams. It results in a sturdy and durable support but involves a lot of manpower. In the country where manpower is more expensive than the material, it is not recommanded although it has the best performance of the three.2.4 Control unitControl priority is given to the one that guard the security of the plant between DCS, the master control, and the local control that monitors a small area. In the solar field, DCS just tells the it to start or stop, the rest depends on local control. Normally, we compile a certain program beforehand into control system and it is the program that ensures sun-tracking. In addition to the initiative controling, there is a senser on the mirrors to sense the solar radiation and under circumstancs where the reflected sun beam cannot concentrate on the absorber due to position deviation it sends back to local control system a signal informing of the condition to be corrected.We know from the operating plants that a control unit is set in the middle of a SCA.2.5 Tracking driverThe SCA needs a driver to manage the movement of following the sun. Driving unit adopts hydraulic system or the electric motors with reduction gears. Because the motor can only stand for small scale of load and eroded quickly, hydraulic system is most common one.Chapter 3 Heat Exchange System3.1 General introductionIf we compare solar field to fossil fuel in a conventional power plant, the heat exchange system must be the boilers with an extra function of thermal storage. The system’s main component is the heat exchangers. There are various kinds of exchangers for different usage.At the outlet of solar field, the temperature of the HTF may reach 393degree as designed. Then it flows to the heat exchangers with the temperature nearly the same thanks to the insulation of those pipes. The hot fluid meets with cold water and starts the exchange. The outlet water temperature is several degrees lower than the HTF intlet temperature of course.The system is also called steam generation system, with four kind of heat exchangers here: preheater, evaporator, superheater and reheater.3.2 PreheaterPreheater is a place from which we can get the saturated water.As shown in the picture above, A is the outlet of water, B is for the inlet ofwater,C is HTFinlet and D is the outlet of HTF.3.3 EvaporatorSaturated water is at a transition point so when it comes into evaporator for further heating it becomes steam, but the steam cannot be used in the steam turbine and since it cannot meet the requirement of the turbine. The evaporator is also called steam generator.In this picture,A is for the HTF inlet, B is for the HTF outlet, C is the outlet of steam while D is the inlet of water.3.4 SuperheaterWe have to increase the temperature and pressure of the steam coming out from the steam genetator in the superheater.A is for the steam outlet,B is for the inlet of steam;C is for the HTF inlet andD is the outlet for HTF.3.5 ReheaterThere are both heat loss and pressure drop in the turbine, and they mey result in the efficiency decrease. So we need a reheater to compensate for the losses. Part of the steam is extracted from the turbine and reheated here.A is the outlet of steam,B is the inlet for the steam.C is the inlet of the HTF andD is the outlet for HTF.Chapter 4 Thermal Storage4.1 General introductionThere may be some days, especially in summer, that the sun shines brightly for almost 15hours a day. The solar field collects so much radiation that far more than the amount power block needed in that occasion. The extra energy then goes into the storage system. After sunset or in cloudy days when there is insufficient radiation, the stored energy begins to discharge for continuous operation. The system serves to extend the working time.The machanism of the thermal storage system is another heat exchanger between HTF and molten salt. The salt is heated with HTF during the hours when there is surplus energy to 386 degree. During period of low sun production, the stored in molten salt send the energy to the HTF,cooling to 292 ually, there are six exchangers between the two tanks. The structure inside is different from that in the steam generation system due to different working medium. But the six here is the same and we should guarantee the temperature at the outlet of the moten salt meets the requirement.The hot and cold salt is stored in separate tanks, so this system is called a two-tank system. It has the advantage that the process of the loading and unloading can be carried out at constant temperatures.4.2 Molten saltFor years of experience, the best working medium so far is molten salt,with ingredient of 40% potassium nitrate(KNO3) and 60% sodium nitrate(NaNO3). It is a fertilizer and no environmental risk. At normal ambient conditions it is a solid and once spilt,it can be easily collected. Properties are that the freezing point is 221 degree celsius and cristalizes at the 240 degree. So, in common practise, molten salt cannot be colder than 250degree. What we have to deal with at the first place is the anti-freezing work during the period when the ambient temperature is too low.At the very beginning before the plant starts to operate, the salt is trucked to site in the shape of small particles with special equipment there to turn it into powder. Then the powder is conveyed to a furnace for melting. After that,the molten salt is dumped to the cold tank till the level is 1meter lower than the top. The hot tank is also filled following that by extracting the salt from the cold tank but just to the minmum level. Both of the two tanks have to get a nitrogen atmosphere to prevent air,oxygen in particular, from coming inside the tank and causing explosion as the temperature of the salt is so high with flammable HTF beside.4.3 TanksEach tank is designed to contain a complete inventory of molten salt plus a safety margine. As the tank height is determined by the maximum length of the vertical submerged pump shaft, what we can change according to actual situation is its diameter. The whole tank is built by pieces of steel plates. The steel plates are welded on site in the same way a chimmey is eracted, that is we finish the roof first.Vertical walls and roof are insulted with mineral wools and calcium silicate(CaSiO3) blocks. Insulted thickness is different due to different load. At the bottom there are several layers of insulation to decrease heat losses.The tank is pressurized with N2, slightly higher above atomspheric pressure.4.4 Heat exchangersTo transfer the heat energy contained in the HTF to the molten salt for the energy storage at the highest possible temperature, we can use six heat exchangers in series type shell-tube. There is a highest temperature llimitation because higher temperature increases the risk of its degradation.The system is reversible since it can heat the salt as well as HTF. In either case, the HTF is always circulates inside the tube in a lower viscosity, and the molten salt always circulates outside the tubes in the shell. The tubes are expanded and welded to increase the reliability of the exchanger.All the heat exchangers are electrically traced for the conservation of heat inthem and piping. The medium heating maitains the temperature of the insulating shell above the freezing temperature of the salt.Heat exchangers here are designed to operate with very small differences of temperature in order to minimize the penalties of thermodynamic cycle efficiency of storage during the discharge and to maintain reasonable temperatures of the thermal fluid to his return to the solar field during the charge.4.4 Salt circulation pumpsVertical pumps are erected on the top of the tanks andpenetrate into the tanks with a long shaft for pumping from the buttom of the tanks. In each tank are installedfour pumps, three in operation and the last one in reserve. Due to the characteristics of the salt, there is no sealing and the leakage if there is will drop in the tank. It helps to save the cost.The main function of the pumps is to pump the molten salt from one tank to the other through the heat exchangers. In case of long shutdown, there is a recirculation system of the salt in the tank to prevent stratification. And the pumps play a role of recirculation pumps.4.5 Drainage systemThe drainage system is a relatively big pond located about 2meters below the ground level. The drain tank collects all the drain pipes and heat exchangers drains and finally are returned to the cold tank. There is a vertical pump to return to the cold tank salt and electrical tracing to avoid any risk of reezing. A leakage detection system is installed to detect and separate the HTF and the salt circuit as well as identify the extract location of the leak.Chapter 5 Auxiliary Systems5.1 General introductionThroughout the solar power plant, there are many auxiliary systems to aid the smooth operation. For example, the control system, which plays a significant part as the brain to a human. The anti-freezing protection, which is almost everywhere: the pipes and various kinds of equipments and in different types: electical resistance, traces, special anti-freezing boilers and so on. In winnter when the temperature is so low, HTF and molten salt are in danger of frozen, this system helps reduce the risk. Once part of them freezes somewhere, the whole plant is forced to stop and the repairing work is complicated. We will talk about the expension system and ullage system in detail below.5.2 Expansion sytemThe expansion system includes an expansion tank and two overflow tanks. They are associated with each other and the recirculation pump from the overflow tanks.The expansion tank is placed in the higher point of the power plant according to international standard. Inside should be high pressure nitrogen.The overflow tanks are side by side below the expansion tank and at the level that permits to contain all the HTF volume.They are resposible for absorbing the differences in volume when the fluid is heated.Under the three tanks there is a concrete walls recipient that should have the capacity and size to contain the HTF maximum volume of the three tanks. Theconcrete is covered with an imoermeable layer resistant to HTF absorption and thepit is emptied via an electric pump sump. The oily liquid accumulated in the pit could be sent to the collecting tank and the rain water is pumped to the raw water treatment plant through an oil trap.5.3 Ullage systemOver the years of operation, the HTF is degraded that has a bad impact on the performance. An ullage system is designed to solve the problem and prolong the life span of HTF.For the seperation of solid impurities such as dust or abrasion products of the HTF, a filter is erected in a bypass of the HTF header, purifying a small mass flow of HTF.The degraded products include high boiling components and low ones. The components of high boiling are removed by the gas purification system while the low boiling components are removed by a system called HTF cleaning system.The high boiling point components formation increases the pressure of the system. During the morning warm-up the pressure in the expansion tank is increasingwith the corresponding increasing of HTF temperature and thermal fluid expansion. Reaching its maximum volume, it is necessary draining nitrogen mixture, degraded gases and HTF steam of the expansion unit. The mixture enters into the tank "ullage" which always contains a minimum level of HTF. The HTF temperature must be high enough to allow the gaseous components of low boiling point pass through the tank, but should be low enough to condense the HTF steam to send it back to the discharge pump of the HTF cleaning system.The mixture of gaseous components coming from the HTF system, with low boiling point and nitrogen, goes out from the first tank “Ullage 1”, circulates through a second cooler and enters a second tank “Ullage 2”. Inside the temperature is low, so the components of low boiling point condense and can get out into a drain ullage tank for further treatment in the waste management and treatment. The nitrogen gets out from the second tank “Ullage 2” by natural ventilation.For ventilation, the operator will open the way to the tank to let some part of the nitrogen goes to the expansion tank. The components of high boiling point must be removed from the HTF system, before they pass their maximum solubility and begin to precipitate in the HTF system. This is done into the gas purification system. A small hot mass flow is sent to the special flash tank of gas purification. HTF steam goes to the first tank ullage, and the components of high boiling point are left behind to discharge by gravity into the drain tank of gas purification, they will be sent to treatments with waste management.Chapter 6 SummaryRecently, plants using solar thermal energy are developing rapidly as the global is aware of the urgency of employing new energy. The introduction above is just a glance of its normal composition and operation conditions. There is room for further improvement, and that depends on those engineers that decides where the plant will go tomorrow.As in China the research in the field of this kind of plants is still at the preliminary stage compared with some developed countries, such as America, Australia and Germany. In turn, we should concentrate on the advance of modern technology and learn from others modestly for the purpose of solving the energy and envionmental problems.。
科研情况汇报英文
科研情况汇报英文As a research scientist, I am pleased to present a comprehensive report on the current status of our research activities. This report will cover the progress we have made, the challenges we have encountered, and the future direction of our research.First and foremost, I would like to highlight the significant progress we have made in the past year. Our research team has been actively involved in several groundbreaking projects that have the potential to make a significant impact in the field of science. We have successfully published several papers in top-tier journals, presenting our innovative findings and contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge. In addition, we have secured funding for several new research projects, which will allow us to further explore exciting research avenues.However, it is important to acknowledge the challenges we have faced along the way. Conducting cutting-edge research is not without its difficulties, and our team has encountered various obstacles that have tested our resolve. From technical challenges to resource constraints, we have had to navigate through numerous hurdles to keep our research on track. Nevertheless, our team's resilience and determination have allowed us to overcome these challenges and continue to make significant strides in our research endeavors.Looking ahead, we are excited about the future prospects of our research. We have several ongoing projects that show great promise, and we are confident that they will yield impactful results in the near future. Furthermore, we are actively exploring new collaborations and partnerships that will enable us to expand the scope of our research and leverage complementary expertise. By staying at the forefront of scientific innovation and embracing new opportunities, we are committed to making meaningful contributions to the advancement of knowledge and the betterment of society.In conclusion, I am proud to report that our research activities are thriving, despite the challenges we have faced. We are making significant progress, overcoming obstacles, and looking forward to a future filled with exciting opportunities. I am confident that ourresearch will continue to make a positive impact, and I am excited to see what the future holds for our team. Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to sharing more updates on our research in the near future.。
航空科技英语作文
航空科技英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The aviation industry is constantly evolving with new technologies and innovations. From advanced aircraft design to cutting-edge navigation systems, the world of aviation is at the forefront of technological development.One of the most exciting advancements in aviation technology is the development of supersonic aircraft. These planes are capable of traveling at speeds faster than the speed of sound, drastically reducing travel time for passengers. With the potential to revolutionize air travel, supersonic aircraft represent a major leap forward in aviation technology.In addition to faster aircraft, the use of artificial intelligence in aviation is also becoming increasingly prevalent. AI technology is being used to improve flight safety, optimize air traffic control, and enhance aircraft maintenance procedures. By harnessing the power of AI, the aviation industry is able to operate more efficiently andeffectively than ever before.Furthermore, the integration of renewable energysources in aviation is another area of technological advancement. Solar-powered aircraft and electric propulsion systems are being developed to reduce the environmental impact of air travel. These sustainable technologies havethe potential to make aviation more eco-friendly and reduce its carbon footprint.Moreover, the use of advanced materials in aircraft manufacturing is also revolutionizing the industry. Lightweight composites and 3D printing technologies are being used to create stronger, more fuel-efficient aircraft. These materials not only improve the performance ofaircraft, but also contribute to reducing operating costs and environmental impact.Overall, the aviation industry is at the forefront of technological innovation. From supersonic aircraft to AI integration and sustainable technologies, the future of airtravel looks promising. As technology continues to advance, the possibilities for the aviation industry are endless.。
Technical Report 科技报告
Unit 2〓Writing Technical Reports2.2.1 Introduction2.2.1.1 Basic Principles of WritingTechnical Reports （TRs）are common written forms through which researchers communicate their findings. The main purpose of a technical report is to convey information. A good report needs careful planning that should identify clearly what is novel about your work, and how it relates to prior knowledge. Each TR should have a focused topic that is developed logically along some clearly identified perspective. Though writing style is inevitably individual, and refreshingly so, some basic principles are useful in guiding the prospective author in order to obtain a sound starting point and ease the daunting perspective of writing a lengthy document.2.2.1.2 Types of Technical ReportsTechnical reports come in all shapes and sizes, but they all share the same goal of communicating information clearly. Deciding what type of document you need to write is an important first step as it influences your approach. For example, the following demands different approaches.Research findings report: These documents describe the work done to gather information in the laboratory or field. They can be simple recording or data and include: the problem or issue examined, the method or equipment used, the data collected and the implications.Technical information report: This document explains a technical subject. It has no aim other than to make readers understand the topic clearly. For example, a technical report on investing in the future market would probably explain how the market evolved, how it works, the specialist terms used and so on.Technical specifications: Specifications typically consist of descriptions of the features, materials, uses and workings of new product. Good specifications concentrate on graphics, data and illustrations rather than written descriptions. Technical evaluation reports: Evaluation reports, sometimes called feasibility reports, present technical information in a practical and logical way to decide whether something is possible. For example, a technical evaluation report into setting up an internet site for a corporation would examine if this was possible, set out the steps needed and point out any problems. It does not recommend if the corporation should set up its own internet site.Technical recommendation reports: These reports lead to specific recommendations. It builds on the evaluation report and comes to specific recommendations to help the decision-maker adopt the best solution. Of course, some reports often have both the evaluation and recommendation reports rolled into one.Technical manuals and instructions: Here the emphasis is on using appliances, equipment or programs. The task here is to write step-by-step procedures anyone can understand and follow.2.2.1.3 FundamentalsIf you are planning a technical report, your job then is to define the following: Report topic: Decide what subject you are going to write on; narrow it as much as possible.Report audience: Define a specific person or group of people for whom you are going to write the report. Define the circumstances in which this report is needed.Report purpose: Define what the report will accomplish—what needs of the audience it is going to fulfill.Report type: Decide on the type of report—for example, technical background report, feasibility report, lab report, or some other.Y ou should arrange things so that the key facts and conclusions are very accessible. Not everyone will read the whole report, so ensure that your message will get across even if a person only skims the document. In the university environment your report will probably be read by lecturers. These people have a good knowledge of their subject in general, but will probably not know much about the specific field of yo ur report. Y ou should always bear this in mind.2.2.2 Writing T echniques2.2.2.1 Writing StyleWriting style is probably the most individual aspect of a report, but again there are useful guidelines which aid the readability, professionalism, objectiveness and impact of a report. There‟s no reason why technical writing shouldn‟t be lively and interesting. The real challenge is to express complex ideas simply. Too often technical writing has a flat style making documents difficult and tedious to read. As in all good writing, you should:1）put across your message in clear English and avoid complex words, acronyms, jargon and passive verbs.2）keep your average sentence length low.On the whole you should probably not write the way you speak, for two reasons. First, you probably use colloquial and ungrammatical expressions in your speech that the reader will not understand. Second, in writing you don‟t have access to the differences in emphasis and tone of voice that will help spoken communication.As you have to rely entirely on the words themselves, you need to choose them with some care. It‟s difficult to predict in advance exactly how long a report will be, but you should be able to decide whether you will be writing 2,000 words or 20,000 words. It‟s gen erally harder to write a short report than a long one, because it requires much better organization. In the university environment there may be official limitations on the size of the report. Many TRs are about 10-20 pages long, but it is not uncommon for TRs to be significantly longer. Quality and conciseness, not quantity, will be rewarded.2.2.2.2 Standard ModelsThe standard models refer to a formalization of the way that scientific reports have usually been written over the last fifty years or so. Contrary to what we are taught in schools, however, it is not the only accepted way to write in science. Nevertheless, it is the way that most professional scientists and engineers choose to write. Although you are free to organize your report in any way you see fit, the body of your report is highly recommended to organize according to the standard outline of scientific papers. Most standard model reports will contain some or all of the following sections. Each of these sections will be discussed in details below.Preliminaries: cover page, table of contents, abstract or summary, acknowledgements Body: introduction, method or methodology or procedures, results, discussion or interpretationConclusions: conclusion, recommendation, references or bibliography, appendices 2.2.2.2.1 The PreliminariesCover page: It includes a meaningful title, your name, the date, and the organization or person for whom the report was prepared. A logical, accurate, descriptive, and grammatically correct title should be as short as possible, while still satisfying the criteria. Avoid cute titles that violate these criteria. Try your best to avoid titles that exceed 17 words.SampleThe Wool Tradeof Australia2001-2004Compiled by:AnnieBrown & Patrick Stevens28 March, 2005Table of contents: A good table of contents makes it easy for the reader to locate specific sections of the report. Label the sections with meaningful headings and subheadings.SampleAbstract:An abstract should contain a brief overview of the report, including its conclusions and recommendations if there are any. The abstract of a scientific paper or report is considered to be capable of…standing alone‟ and being published separately. An informative abstract approximates 200 words. Make sure that your abstract is informative—your abstract should serve as a substitute for your paper. The abstract should be informative yet understandable to most researchers in your general field with a list of appropriate keywords. These keywords should identify the field of your report and its major topics. Choose keywords to be helpful to researchers in locating your work in document-retrieval systems. What words and phrases should someone use to find your report？Be specific, and use only standard phrases. If an abstract is appropriate to summarize each section of the report in a sentence or two, your final abstract should be a short, informative, well organized independent document. Sample〓〓This report was commissioned to examine why the sales volume of Choice Chocolate has dropped over the past three years since its peak in 2002 and to recommend ways of increasing the volume.〓〓The research draws attention to the fact that in 2002, the market share of Choice Chocolate was 37%. The shares of their key competitors such as V enus and Bradbury were 22% and 18% respectively. The size of the chocolate market then was $36 million. In 2004, the market shares of the three leading brands remained more or less constant.〓〓Choice Chocolate‟s share had actually increase d by 1% to 38%. However, their sales volume had decreased. At the same time, the market size of chocolate dropped to $29 million. Further investigations reveal that there is a growing number of people who tend to regard the milk and sugar ingredients in chocolate as bad for health. Moreover, since the second half of 2004, an increasing number of rival “health candies” had appeared on the market. These claimed to offer the consumers a healthy alternative.〓〓The report concludes that the primary reason for the decline in sales is brought about by a reduction in the market size of chocolate due to an increased health consciousness of consumers. There is also the mounting challenge of rival “health candies.” It appears that Slim Choice, the latest chocolate rang e put forward by the R. & D. Department of Choice Chocolate would be an ideal candidate to meet the challenge and could satisfy the new consumer.Acknowledgments: Acknowledge any help you received, including any use ofcomputer equipment. Be specific. It is polite to give a brief note of thanks to those people who have helped directly in the work the report describes. Examples are given in 2.4.8.3.2.2.2.2.2 Body of T echnical Reports〓〓This will be the main part of the report and provide all of the results and discussions which someone who wished to examine the work in detail would require. Introduction: The introduction sets out what the report is about, and what its role is in relation to other work in the field. In describing experiments, the introductio n will usually summarize other related experiments, and show how the work to be described extends or supersedes these earlier studies. If the report is about development （e.g. software development）the introduction will often set out what the purpose of the development is, who will benefit, and how it will be used. If the report is a review, it will usually just state the scope of the report and the readership for which it is intended.〓〓In most technical reports, the introduction will say something about the context of the report, that is, how the work it describes forms part of the overall body of work in that subject area. When describing an investigation, the introduction will usually state explicitly what the investigators set out to find. Y ou should focus on the scientific content of the project—your questions and answers, identify and explain interesting and important phenomena, emphasize what is new about your project. In addition, briefly comment on the engineering aspects of your work: what problems you face, what decisions you make, and what the consequences of these decisions are. Although it is crucial to explain your experimental procedures, be concise and do not bore your reader with lengthy descriptions of routine implementation concerns. Pay attention to important transitional sentences, especially the first and last sentences of the report.Sample〓〓Unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs）have removed the human pilot from the aircraft, utilizing software that integrates output from a diverse array o f sensors to control actuators governing flight, potentially allowing significant autonomy. The tasks involved in controlling an aircraft are difficult and multi-scale. At a low level, the flight actuators must be regulated using appropriate data to produce desired thrust while maintaining stability. At a middle level, changes in airspeed, encounters with turbulence and approaching obstacles must be detected. And at a high level, a desired trajectory must be tracked or other mission objectives met. Although operating at different spatial and temporal scales, control at one level is coupled to the others. Sensor data arrives from instruments with different spatial ranges, temporal dynamics, and functions, including imaging devices, gyroscopes, air speed sensors, and chemical detectors. Despite the use of onboard processing to provide some degree of autonomy, the challenge presented by these issues remains daunting. UAVs often require both a human operator to provide higher levels of control and powerful computers capable of performing the remaining tasks. How do we begin to think about creating a system which solves these problems completely autonomously, which does so despitechanging and potentially adverse environmental conditions, and which is capable of doing so without vast computational resources？〓〓Almost all the characteristics necessary for such a completely autonomous flying device may be found within the control systems of a common fly（see Figure 1）. Successful strategies for high-level behavior, such as localization of a food source by a fly, require an integration of visual, olfactory, and mechanosensory information into a motor program that simultaneously meets low-level needs （e.g. stable forward flight, obstacle avoidance）and serves higher-level functions （efficient search of a region of interest）. The robustness of the tactics used by flies is evident upon consideration of the large range of internal and external perturbations （damaged wings, gusts of wind）and varied environments （a sun-parched desert, an orchard floor, or even a dark kitchen trash can）over which flies live. The apparent simplicity of the fly nervous system may provide insight into the principles by which high level goals are achieved in a robust manner. The nervous system of a fly contains approximately 350,000 neurons, about half of which are dedicated to visual processing. When compared to mammalian systems with many orders of magnitude more neurons, it is apparent that flies have found a reduced yet successful solution. This solution does not require learning or training; flies fly like aces from the moment they emerge from their puparium （a flies …cocoon‟）. Much of the seemingly intelligent behavior of flies may result as an emergent behavior arising from the ongoing activity of multiple sensory motor control rules acting simultaneously and in concert with each other to govern wing movements and ultimately the trajectory through the environment and success at a given task.〓〓Experiments involving simulated, artificially evolved agents show that simple artificial neural networks are capable of implementing successful high-level behaviors such as landmark localization using purely instantaneous control of motor output based on visual input. The similarity of such artificially evolved solutions to actual insect behavior in this case indicates that this approach, a simultaneous exploration of simulated and biological agents, may reveal general solutions to the demands of the task rather than reflections of historical constraints.Methods: In this section, you should describe the way the work was carried out, what equipment you used, and any particular problems that had to be overcome. If the report is describing a survey, you should say how you chose your subjects, how you checked for bias, and how you analysed the results.SampleDesign of the survey〓〓The survey involved 1 200 respondents over the age of 15. Those between ages 20 and 50 were regarded as key clients and were specially targeted. The respondents were drawn from neighbourhood of the twelve intended retail outlets of Romantic Flora in Wesney. 100 respondents were selected from each neighbourhood. Due to time constraints, the results were processed as a single batch, rather than as twelve separate batches.The survey procedure〓〓The respondents were individually interviewed, based on a list of items in a standard questionnaire. The interviews were conducted by twelve interviewers of F. M. Marketing Consultants over a seven day period. Prior to the interviews, the respondents were given a briefing on the objectives of the study.The questionnaire〓〓The questionnaire consisted of four parts. Part 1 aimed to establish personal particulars of the respondents such as sex and age brackets. It comprised Questions 1 and 2. Part 2 aimed to elicit information regarding customer behaviour such as purchase frequency, preferred retail outlets, preferred occasions for purchase, as well as preferences for flowers and floral arrangements. It comprised Questions 3 to 7.〓〓Part 3 related to pricing. It aimed to find out the most preferred retail price range for flowers. It was presented by Question 8. Part 4 aimed to establish essential services that consumers expected. These included delivery service and membership of Friends of Romantic Flora which offered discounts and special services. It comprised Questions 9 to 12. A copy of the questionnaire is provided in Appendix A.〓〓The questionnaire consisted of two types of questions. The first required respondents to choose a single item from two or more options. Ten of the twelve questions in the questionnaire belonged to this category. Four of these questions provided two options, two provided four options, two provided five options and the two remaining ones provided six options. With these questions, if the first option was selected, the answer was coded as “1”. If the second option was selected, the answer was coded as “2”, etc. Therefore, a selection of the sixth option in one of these questions would entail the answer being coded as “6”.〓〓The second type of question required respondents to select one or more options from a given list. Questions 5 and 6 belonged to this category. Question 5 comprised nine options while Question 6 comprised seven. Each of these options was treated as a single item in the encoding process. A selected option was coded as “1” while an unselected one was coded as “0”. Throughout, blank and non-responses were treated as “missing cases” and were coded as“9”.〓〓Although there were twelve questions, according to the encoding method described above, there was a total of 26 items. Items 01, 02, 03 and 04 represented Questions 1,2, 3 and 4 respectively. Items 05 to 13 represented the nine options in Question 5. Items 14 to 20 represented the seven options in Question 6. Items 21 to 26 represented Questions 7 to 12 respectively.Results: In the standard model, results are usually given as plainly as possible without any comment. It is often difficult to know how much data to put into this section. Y ou should include enough data to enable readers to be confident that you have done what you said you would do, and that your conclusions will be trustworthy. Try to summarize the results into a few tables and graphs.Discussion:In this section you will provide an interpretation of the results, compare them with other published findings, and point out any potential shortcomings in thework. The discussion section of a traditional report is the place where you are allowed to be less objective than usual. In this section it is acceptable to mention opinions and speculate slightly about the significance of the work. In particular, if your findings are unusual, or very much at odds with other people‟s conclusions, you should explain why you think this might be. Otherwise, the reader will probably assume you have just made a mistake.SamplesFlower Purchase Behaviour of W esney Consumers〓〓In terms of flower buying frequency, the results demonstrate that an overwhelming majority of respondents （80%）bought flowers three times or more a year. Given the average population of 15+ year olds of a neighbourhood is 100,000, according to this survey, 80,000 people in a neighbourhood will buy flowers at least three times a year, totalling a minimum of 240,000 purchases. It was also found that about a quarter （26%）of the respondents bought flowers at least once every two months. This suggests that 26,000 people in a given neighbourhood will make a minimum of 156,000 purchases in a year. Moreover, those who bought flowers seven times or more a year belonged mostly to the 20-50 age groups. There is an extremely high correlation between these two factors, with a correlation coefficient of 0.92.〓〓Flower shops located in shopping centres were identified as the most favourable venue for flower purchase. This suggests that if Romantic Flora set up their retail outlets in shopping centres, they would have more business.〓〓Birthdays had been identified as the most favourable occasion for buying flowers. Over 97% of respondents who selected this were 20 years of age or above. It seems that teenagers are not too keen on buying flowers for birthdays. V alentine‟s Day was the second most favourable occasion. There was an even distribution of responses across the age groups. This shows that V alentine‟s Day i s the single most important day/festival in a year for the floral retail business.〓〓Roses, with 40% support, are by far the most popular flowers. Lilium were a distant second with 16% support, while carnations were third with 15% support. The results suggest that the most important flowers to stock are roses. Then came lilium and carnations. Other flowers such as daffodils, Australian native flowers, dried flowers, African violets, daisies, freesias, jacaranda, sunflowers and tulips are less popular.〓〓Over half of the respondents preferred to buy their flowers in a bunch. It seems a sound business to have at least half of the flower stock in bunches. Some products should also be available in baskets, vases and flower pots. Moreover, a fair proportion of the stock should consist of flowers in creative floral arrangements as 16% of respondents were in favour of buying these.〓〓The Optimum Retail Price Range for Flowers〓〓Over 75% of respondents preferred to pay $20 or less each time for their flowers. The $11 to $20 price bracket was the most favourable one. These results suggest that about a fifth of the flowers stock should cost under $5 and a further fifth between $5 and $10. Half of the stock should be between $11 and $20.〓〓A notable result is that 15% of respondents stated that they were willing to pay over $40 each time for their flowers as compared to 9% in the $21 to $40 bracket. This suggests that consumers prefer either buying cheap and affordable flowers or going for the extravagant category. A further comparison of the results reveals that those who had selected the meeting someone special and visiting sick friends categories have high correlations with the willing to pay over $40 category, with correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.73 respectively. This demonstrates that many consumers are willing to spend a handsome amount of money on the top of the range products when they are meeting someone special or when they are visiting a sick friend, who is likely to be someone special as well.〓〓Those who were willing to spend $11 or more on flowers each time belonged mostly to the 20-50 age group. There is a high correlation between these two factors, with a correlation coefficient of 0.89.〓〓Consumer Preferences for Special Services〓〓Most respondents preferred to collect flowers in person rather than using delivery service. However, there was still an 18% support for such service. Some level of delivery service seems necessary to keep all customers happy.〓〓About a third of the respondents were interested in becoming members of Friends of Romantic Flora, a proposed flower club run by Romantic Flora. This suggests that it would be worthwhile to run the club.〓〓As 37% of prospective club members welcomed the idea of having a 10% discount on all purchases, this concession appears to be a sound move to keep valued customers happy and to cultivate repeat business. Other benefits exclusive for members could include complimentary greeting cards with flowers, discounts for floral arrangement classes and free deliveries.〓〓About a tenth of the respondents reported that they had unsatisfying experience in buying flowers. To ensure that all customers are fully satisfied with Romantic Flora‟s products, it is essential to stock a wide range of products which correspon d to the findings of this survey. In addition, it is important that Romantic Flora only sell fresh flowers at reasonable prices, together with a choice of attractive gift wrapping. Conclusions〓〓The conclusions give the overall findings of the study. It is important to realize that the conclusions do not just mean the last bit of the report. Y our conclusions should really be statements that can be concluded from the rest of the work. Conclusions and recommendations: A conclusion is not a summary. In this section you normally include any advice you wish to offer the reader. This is the heart of your report. Analyze and evaluate your data and use that evidence to support your conclusions. The connection between the objective of the research should be clear. Develop your conclusions carefully; remember that in the future you will be paid to analyze information and come to reliable conclusions. If the report is about making some sort of business decision, the appropriate course of action will usually be recommended here. Some people use the recommendations section for suggestions offurther work. This section provides suggestions based upon the results and conclusions. Basically, this is where the research is evaluated and possible applications are considered.SampleConclusion〓〓We have developed an integrated framework for simulating the flight dynamics and control strategies of the fruit fly. By taking a bottom-up approach based on physically and biologically realistic components, we are able to formulate and test explicit hypotheses regarding flight control at levels ranging from stroke-by-stroke stabilization of pitch to long-range flight through a tunnel. Special emphasis is placed on the sensory feedback components of the model, which limit the potential information available to controllers in our model, just as real sensory systems must do in real flies. The availability of the modeling environment enables inquiry and analysis into the principles underlying insect flight control in a closed-loop, feedback driven system. This approach is necessary due to tight coupling between motor output and multi-modal sensory input, making flight control difficult to study with traditional reductionist approaches that elucidate feed-forward mechanisms. By adopting this integrative modeling approach in conjunction with further biological experimentation, we hope we will be able to provide some insight into the nature of the solutions that endow flies with their remarkable flight and goal directed behaviors. Such an endeavor seems worthwhile, because, as anyone who has tried to rid a kitchen of fruit flies knows, these animals are robust performers in a wide range of environments and in the face of severe environmental perturbations.Recommendation〓〓Based on the results, the following recommendations are made:1）That Romantic Flora set up its retail outlets in shopping centres. This is the most important recommendation as floral shops in shopping centres generally attract more customers.2）That Romantic Flora target at capturing a major share of the Wesney floral retail market. The market size of each neighbourhood is estimated at a minimum of $ 2.64 million a year, out of a total of 240 000 purchases.3）That the 20 to 50 year olds be targeted. Not only are they the most frequent buyers, but they also spend the most on flowers.4）That Romantic Flora take good care of its birthday flowers market and be well prepared for V alentine‟ s Day each year by ensuring a good level of supply of stock. 5）That Romantic Flora stock a wide range of products which correspond to the findings of this study. Roses, in particular, should always be available in wide ranging colours and species. Lilium and carnations are also important items. To provide the customers with a reasonable choice of products, a wide range of seasonal flowers should also be available.2.2.2.2.3 References and Bibliography。
我国航空科技成就介绍英语作文
我国航空科技成就介绍英语作文English: China has made significant achievements in aviation technology in recent years. The country has successfully developed its own passenger aircraft, the Comac C919, which has entered commercial service with several airlines. In addition, China has made advancements in military aviation with the J-20 stealth fighter jet and the Y-20 transport aircraft. The country has also been actively participating in international aviation projects, including collaborations with Russia on the CR929 wide-body passenger aircraft. These achievements have demonstrated China's growing capabilities in the aviation industry and its commitment to becoming a major player in the global aviation market.中文翻译: 中国近年来在航空科技方面取得了显著成就。
该国成功研制了自己的客机C919，已经投入商业运营并与几家航空公司合作。
此外，中国在军用航空领域也取得了进展，包括J-20隐形战斗机和Y-20运输机。
航空科技英语作文
航空科技英语作文The Development of Aviation Technology。
Aviation technology has played a crucial role in shaping the modern world. From the invention of the first airplane by the Wright brothers to the development of supersonic jets, aviation technology has continued to evolve and revolutionize the way we travel, communicate, and conduct business. In this essay, we will explore the history of aviation technology, its impact on society, and its future prospects.The history of aviation technology can be traced back to the late 19th century when the Wright brothers successfully flew the first powered aircraft in 1903. This groundbreaking achievement laid the foundation for the development of modern aviation technology. Over the years, advancements in aircraft design, propulsion systems, and navigation technology have led to the creation of faster, more efficient, and safer aircraft.One of the most significant developments in aviation technology is the invention of the jet engine. Jet engines have revolutionized air travel by enabling aircraft to travel at higher speeds and altitudes, resulting in shorter travel times and increased fuel efficiency. Theintroduction of jet-powered commercial airliners in the 1950s marked the beginning of the jet age and transformed the aviation industry.Another major milestone in aviation technology is the development of supersonic aircraft. The Concorde, a supersonic passenger jet, was capable of flying at speeds exceeding Mach 2, or twice the speed of sound. Although the Concorde was retired in 2003, its legacy lives on as a testament to the incredible advancements in aviation technology.In addition to aircraft design and propulsion systems, aviation technology has also made significant strides in navigation and communication. The invention of radar, GPS, and satellite communication has greatly improved the safetyand efficiency of air travel. These technologies enable pilots to navigate through adverse weather conditions, communicate with air traffic control, and ensure the safe and timely arrival of aircraft.The impact of aviation technology on society cannot be overstated. Air travel has made the world more interconnected by facilitating the movement of people, goods, and ideas across the globe. It has also contributed to economic growth by creating jobs, stimulating tourism, and fostering international trade. Furthermore, aviation technology has enabled humanitarian aid and disaster relief efforts to reach remote and inaccessible areas, saving countless lives in the process.Looking ahead, the future of aviation technology holds great promise. Advancements in materials science,artificial intelligence, and renewable energy are poised to revolutionize the aviation industry. The development of electric and hybrid-electric aircraft, for example, has the potential to reduce carbon emissions and make air travel more sustainable. Furthermore, the emergence of autonomousaircraft and urban air mobility solutions could transform the way we commute and travel within cities.In conclusion, aviation technology has come a long way since the days of the Wright brothers. From the inventionof the first airplane to the development of supersonic jets, aviation technology has continued to push the boundaries of what is possible. Its impact on society has been profound, and its future prospects are exciting. As we look ahead to the next chapter in the evolution of aviation technology, one thing is certain: the sky is no longer the limit.。
科研成果英语作文
科研成果英语作文Scientific research has been a driving force behind the advancement of human civilization for centuries. From the groundbreaking discoveries of ancient philosophers to the cutting-edge innovations of modern-day scientists, the pursuit of knowledge and understanding has transformed our world in countless ways. In this essay, we will explore some of the most significant scientific research achievements that have had a profound impact on our lives.One of the most remarkable scientific achievements in recent history is the development of renewable energy technologies. As the world grapples with the pressing issue of climate change, the need for sustainable energy solutions has become increasingly urgent. Researchers and engineers have risen to the challenge, developing innovative technologies that harness the power of the sun, wind, and water to generate clean, renewable electricity. Solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, and hydroelectric dams are just a few examples of the remarkable advancements in renewable energy research.These technologies not only help to reduce our carbon footprint andmitigate the effects of climate change, but they also have the potential to provide affordable, accessible energy to communities around the world. In many developing countries, access to reliable and affordable electricity remains a significant challenge, but the proliferation of renewable energy solutions is helping to bridge this gap. By investing in and supporting further research in this field, we can continue to drive progress and create a more sustainable future for all.Another area of scientific research that has had a profound impact on our lives is the field of medicine and healthcare. From the development of life-saving vaccines to groundbreaking surgical techniques, medical research has transformed the way we approach the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. One particularly noteworthy achievement in this field is the development of mRNA vaccines, which have proven to be highly effective in the fight against COVID-19.The rapid development and deployment of these vaccines, which were made possible by decades of prior research into mRNA technology, have saved countless lives and helped to curb the devastating effects of the pandemic. This achievement not only highlights the power of scientific research but also the importance of continued investment and collaboration in this critical field. As we face new and emerging health challenges, the ability to rapidlydevelop and deploy effective treatments and preventative measures will be crucial.In addition to advancements in renewable energy and healthcare, scientific research has also made significant contributions to our understanding of the natural world. From the exploration of deep-sea ecosystems to the study of the cosmos, researchers have uncovered a wealth of knowledge about the complex and interconnected systems that shape our planet and the universe beyond.One particularly notable example is the field of climate science, which has provided invaluable insights into the causes and effects of global climate change. Through rigorous research and the analysis of vast amounts of data, climate scientists have been able to paint a clearer picture of the threats we face and the actions we must take to mitigate them. This knowledge has been instrumental in driving policy changes and inspiring global efforts to address the climate crisis.Similarly, the field of evolutionary biology has greatly expanded our understanding of the origins and diversity of life on Earth. From the discovery of new species to the study of genetic adaptations, this research has shed light on the complex processes that have shaped the natural world over billions of years. This knowledge has not onlysatisfied our innate curiosity about the world around us but has also informed our efforts to preserve and protect the delicate balance of our ecosystems.Beyond these broad areas of scientific research, there are countless other examples of groundbreaking achievements that have transformed our lives in ways both large and small. From the development of advanced materials and nanotechnology to the breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and quantum computing, the pace of scientific progress shows no signs of slowing.As we look to the future, it is clear that continued investment and support for scientific research will be essential to addressing the complex challenges facing our world. Whether it is finding solutions to the climate crisis, developing new medical treatments, or expanding our understanding of the universe, the power of scientific inquiry and discovery will be crucial in shaping the world of tomorrow.In conclusion, the scientific research achievements highlighted in this essay represent just a small fraction of the remarkable advancements that have been made in recent decades. As we continue to push the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding, we can be confident that the future holds even greater discoveries and innovations that will transform our world in ways we can scarcelyimagine. By supporting and nurturing the scientific community, we can ensure that the benefits of these achievements are shared with people around the globe, and that the pursuit of knowledge and understanding remains a driving force in the ongoing progress of human civilization.。
科技会议英文作文
科技会议英文作文英文：Attending technology conferences is always an exciting experience for me. It not only provides me with the opportunity to learn about the latest technological trends and advancements, but also allows me to network with like-minded individuals.One of the most memorable conferences I attended was the CES (Consumer Electronics Show) in Las Vegas. The sheer size and scale of the event was overwhelming, with thousands of exhibitors showcasing their products and services. I was particularly impressed by the advancements in virtual reality technology, which has the potential to revolutionize the gaming and entertainment industry.Another conference that left a lasting impression on me was the Google I/O developer conference. The keynote speeches and breakout sessions were informative andengaging, and I was able to learn about the latest updates to Google's products and services. I also had the opportunity to network with other developers and exchange ideas and best practices.Overall, attending technology conferences has helped me stay up-to-date with the latest trends and advancements in the industry, and has allowed me to connect with other professionals in the field.中文：参加科技会议对我来说总是一次令人兴奋的经历。
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Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Writing a Technical Report - 2
• Report topic • Report audience and situation • Report purpose • Report type
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Types of Technical Report - 3
Feasibility, Recommendation reports • A feasibility report tells whether a project is "feasible“ - that is, whether it is practical and technologically possible • A recommendation report compares two or more alternatives and recommends one (or, if necessary, none). Study a problem or opportunity and then makes a recommendation.
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Types of Technical Report - 5
Primary Research reports • Primary research refers to the actual work someone does in a laboratory or in the field, such as experiments and surveys • Sometimes commonly called as a "lab report" • Present your data and draw conclusions about it; also explain your methodology, describe the equipment and facilities you used, and give some background on the problem.
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Typical Report Format
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Title Page – Title should be meaningful and informative Executive Summary – 1 page or less Table of Contents Introduction and Background Body Conclusion/Summary Recommendations List of References/Bibliography Appendices
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Types of Technical Report - 4
Evaluation or Assessment reports • An evaluation or assessment report studies something in terms of its worth or value • For example, a college might investigate the feasibility of giving every student an e-mail address and putting many of the college functions online. The same college might also seek recommendations on the best hardware and software to use (after the feasibility report had determined it was a good idg & Communications 2007 - 2008
Writing a Technical Report - 4
• Report purpose: Define what the report will accomplish—what needs of the audience it is going to fulfill • Report type: Decide on the type of report—for example, technical background report, feasibility report, instructions, or some others
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Front cover of a Technical Report.
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Types of Technical Report - 1
Technical-background report • Provides background on a topic : for example, solar energy, global warming, CD-ROM technology, a medical problem, Java 2 EE, , Software Architecture
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Writing a Technical Report - 1
• Normally involves some research • Information may comes from the library • Also from sources outside the library, including non published things such as interviews, correspondence and video tapes • May include results from your own work • May also uses binding and covers • And special elements such as a table contents, title page, and graphics.
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Writing a Technical Report - 3
• Report topic: Decide what subject you are going to write on, with a good understanding about the subject • Report audience: Define a specific group of people for whom you are going to write the report. Also define the circumstances in which this report is needed
Technical Writing and Business Communication
Session 7 - Technical Report
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
A technical report is a document that describes the process or results of technical or scientific research, or the state of a technical or scientific research problem
Technical Writing & Communications 2007 - 2008
Types of Technical Report - 2
Instruction report - For Examples • User manuals for an appliance, equipment, or program • Backup procedures for the job an employee does at his work