新旧国际音标对照表(全)
英语国际音标变化表
英语国际音标变化表
更新日期：2009-06-15 14:46:17 所属分类/专题：英语音标
各位学友，你们在学习英语国际音标的过程中，会发现有些音标拼写发生了变化。
它变得更科学，更容易记忆。
我把新旧音标拼写变化做了个图表，方便大家对比学习。
新旧国际音标对照表：
各类英语新教材中，逐渐使用了新式音标。
本图表列出英语中所有的新、旧音标，通过对比的方式，可以轻易掌握其变化形式。
并且提供word文件下载，这样打字无法输入音标的问题就轻松解决！你可以通过粘贴的办法使用每一个符号。
:-) 点击下载此文件。
英语国际音标以及新旧国际音标对照表
英语国际音标表〔48个〕元音〔20个〕长元音/ɑ://ɔ:// ɜ://i://U:/短元音/ ʌ//ɒ//ə//ɪ//ʊ//e/ /eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ/双元音/ɪə//eə//ʊə//əʊ//aʊ/辅音〔28个〕轻辅音/p// t// k//f//θ//s/浊辅音/b//d/ /g//v//ð/ /z/ 轻辅音/ʃ// h//ts//tʃ//tr/浊辅音/ʒ// r/ /dz/ /dʒ//dr/鼻音/m//n/ /ŋ/半元音/ j// w/边音/ ǀ/新旧英语国际音标对照表英语音标及字母组合对照1.元音:1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie ei 〔eo ey i〕three tree green sheep meet beef see seekeat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean pleasehe she mepiece receive ceiling2) [ I ]发音字母i y e ui u asit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build missmyth many twenty happy dictionarydefect decide delicious3) [ æ ] 发音字母abag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man4) [e] 字母组合ea e a 〔ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay〕head bread pleasureelephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yesmany any5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third birdturn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heardterm her nerd servework worm work world6) [ε] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e u teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powderdoctor actor mayor author tractordelicious gracious pleasurefamiliar collar dollartogether tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control politearound account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan chinamen listenfamulus Saturday7) [a:] 字母组合ar acar farm card arm gardenfast class last glass plant aunt calm8) [ ʌ] 发音字母u o ou ooup supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love abovetrouble rough flourishblood flood9) [ɔ: ]字母组合al or au our arsmall wall talk tall hall ball call walkshort more lord horse for forty sport door floor storeauthor caught autumnfour mourn court boughtwarm quarrel quarter10) [ ɔ] ([ɒ])发音字母o a ouhot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not want wash watch11) [u:] 字母组合oo o ufood moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do twotrue truth blue full prude12) [u] 字母组合oo ou u olook good foot book woodshould couldput full bull pull pushwoman wolf13) [ei] 发音字母a ay ea ai eyname cake late gate plane Aprilplay say may waygreat breakrain paint plainthey grey14) [ai] 发音字母i ybike fine find die nine light night highmy try fly eye15) [au] 字母组合ou owhouse out flour ground account count sound loud around mouseflower down now cow how town16) [εu] 发音字母o ow oahome cold go no phone host ghostknow low below grow blow show flowboat coat goal17) [ ɔɪ] 字母组合oy oiboy toy joyoil soil voice choice18) [iε] 字母组合eer earbeer deerear nearhere fierce idea19) [ ɛə] ([eə])字母组合ear air erepear bearchair air fairthere wherecare20) [uε] [auə]字母组合our owerhour tourflower shower。
(完整版)英语48个国际音标表(新版)word版
英语国际音标表（48个）元音（20个）辅音（28个）英语音标及字母组合对照1.元音:1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie ei （eo ey i）three tree green sheep meet beef see seekeat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean pleasehe she mepiece receive ceiling2) [ I ]发音字母i y e ui u asit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build missmyth many twenty happy dictionarydefect decide delicious3) [ æ ] 发音字母abag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black backglad flag shall man4) [e] 字母组合ea e a （ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay）head bread pleasureelephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yesmany any5) [ɜ:] 字母组合ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third birdturn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heardterm her nerd servework worm work world6) [ə] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e uteacher leader remember player speaker farmer powderdoctor actor mayor author tractordelicious gracious pleasurefamiliar collar dollartogether tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control politearound account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan chinamen listenfamulus Saturday7) [a:] 字母组合ar acar farm card arm gardenfast class last glass plant aunt calm8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母u o ou ooup supper lunch fun gun hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love abovetrouble rough flourishblood flood9) [ɔ: ]字母组合al or au our arsmall wall talk tall hall ball call walkshort more lord horse for forty sport door floor storeauthor caught autumnfour mourn court boughtwarm quarrel quarter10) [ ɔ ] ([ɒ])发音字母o a ouhot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash watch11) [ʊ:] 字母组合oo o ufood moon room gloom broom doom goose toothshoe do twotrue truth blue full prude12) [ʊ] 字母组合oo ou u olook good foot book woodshould couldput full bull pull pushwoman wolf13) [eɪ ] 发音字母a ay ea ai eyname cake late gate plane Aprilplay say may waygreat breakrain paint plainthey grey14) [aɪ ] 发音字母i ybike fine find die nine light night highmy try fly eye15) [aʊ] 字母组合ou owhouse out flour ground account count sound loud around mouseflower down now cow how town16) [əʊ] 发音字母o ow oahome cold go no phone host ghostknow low below grow blow show flowboat coat goal17) [ ɔɪ ] 字母组合oy oiboy toy joyoil soil voice choice18) [ɪə] 字母组合eer earbeer deerear nearhere fierce idea19) [ ɛə ] ([eə])字母组合ear air erepear bearchair air fairthere wherecare20) ] [aʊə]字母组合our owerhour tourflower shower48个英语音标犹如60个汉语拼音，只要熟练地掌握了它们，对学习英语的作用是相当大的。
新旧音标对照及最新英语国际音标表附字母组合对照
新旧英语国际音标对照表本图表列出了英语中所有的新、旧音标，通过对比的方式，可以轻易掌握其变化形式。
英语国际音标表英语音标一共有48个，其中元音有20个，辅音有28个。
元音（20个）长元音/ɑ://ɔ:// ɜ://i://U:/短元音/ ʌ//ɒ//ə//ɪ//ʊ//e/ /æ/双元音/eɪ/ /əʊ/ /aɪ/ /aʊ/ /ɒɪ//ɪə//eə//ʊə/辅音（28个）清辅音/p/ / t/ / k//f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ / h/ /ts//tʃ/ /tr/浊辅音/b//d/ /g//v//ð/ /z//ʒ//dʒ//dz/ /dr/ / r/鼻音/m//n/ /ŋ/半元音/ j// w/边音/ ǀ/英语音标及字母组合对照一、元音1) [i:] 发音字母:ee ea e ie eithree tree green sheep meet beef seeeat tea meat leave teacher team mean speak clean please he she mepiecereceive2) [ɪ] 发音字母: i y esit picture it is list six pig big build missmany twenty happy dictionarydecide delicious3) [ æ ] 发音字母: abag hand and ant happy hat map black back glad flag man 4) [e] 发音字母: ea e ahead bread sweater breakfast heavy pleasureelephant remember sell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any5) [ɜ:] 发音字母:ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third birdturn burn murder nurse turtle purple Thursdaylearn early earth heardterm herwork worker word world6) [ə] 发音字母: er or o a e ur ureteacher under remember player father mother farmer after doctor actor forgettogether tomorrow today lesson welcome policeman around about ago elephant away banana China student children open differentSaturday picture7) [ɑ:] 发音字母: ar acar farm card arm garden askfast class last glass aunt8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母: u o ou ooup supper lunch fun run hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love abovetroubleblood flood9) [ɔ: ] 发音字母: al ar au or our oorall small wall talk tall ball call walkwarm quarterdaughter autumnshort horse for forty sport door floor storefour yourdoor floor10) [ɒ] ([ɔ]) 发音字母: o aorange hot lost lot fox box hop lot notwant what wash watch11) [u:] 发音字母: oo o utoo zoo food school room goose toothwho do two to shoe whosetrue truth blue full ruler12) [ʊ] 发音字母: oo ou u olook good foot book woodshould could wouldput full pull pushwoman wolf13) [eɪ] 发音字母: a ay ai ey ei eaname cake late gate plane Aprilplay say may way day awayrain paint eight eighteen eightythey greygreat break14) [əʊ] 发音字母: o ow oahome cold go no phone host ghostknow yellow below throw blow show rowboat coat goat15) [aɪ] 发音字母: i y ighbike fine find hi nine five rice write likemy try fly bylight night high16) [aʊ] 发音字母: ou owhouse out about ground count sound blouse around mouse flower down now cow how town brown17) [ɒɪ ] 发音字母:oy oiboy toytoilet oil noise18) [ɪə] 发音字母: eer ear erebeer deerear near dearhere19) [ ɛə ] ([eə]) 发音字母:ear air ere eirpear bearchair airthere wheretheir theirs20) [ʊə] 发音字母:uresure二、辅音[p] pea peach pig pink purple map[t] two too to boat ten twelve[k](k、c、ck)come cap cat bike cake black duck[f] fish frog foot face farm[θ] three mouth[s] snake sing face[ʃ] ship sheep shop she[h] hen house horse hand hair[ts] skirts students shirts[t∫] Chinses China peach beach chicken[tr] tree train trousers[b] bee big bye black bed bear book banana [d] bed dad do need duck head[g] bag pig dog egg girl[v] vest very live leave[ð] with this that mother brother father [z] zoo zebra[ʒ] measure pleasure[dʒ] orange juice[dz] words hands heads friends[dr] drink dress drive[r] rabbit red rice[m] monkey milk some come game [n] nose son sun run chicken pen [ŋ] king sing English[j] yes yellow you[w] water watermelon white[l] lion lemon blue leg lamp。
英语国际英标(整理打印版)
新旧英语国际音标对照表英语国际音标表（48个）元音（20个）长元音/ɑ://ɔ:// ɜ://i://U:/短元音/ ʌ//ɒ//ə//ɪ//ʊ//e//æ/ /eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ/双元音/ɪə//eə//ʊə//əʊ//aʊ/辅音（28个）轻辅音/p// t// k//f//θ//s/浊辅音/b//d/ /g//v//ð/ /z/轻辅音/ʃ// h//ts//tʃ//tr/浊辅音/ʒ// r/ /dz/ /dʒ//dr/鼻音/m//n/ /ŋ/半元音/ j// w/边音/ ǀ/英语音标及字母组合对照1.元音:1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie ei （eo ey i）three tree green sheep meet beef see seekeat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean pleasehe she me piece receive ceiling2) [ I ]发音字母i y e ui u asit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build missmyth many twenty happy dictionarydefect decide delicious3) [ æ ] 发音字母abag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man4) [e] 字母组合ea e a （ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay）head bread pleasureelephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third birdturn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heard term her nerd servework worm work world6) [ε] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e uteacher leader remember player speaker farmer powderdoctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar collar dollartogether tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen famulus Saturday7) [a:] 字母组合ar acar farm card arm gardenfast class last glass plant aunt calm8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母u o ou ooup supper lunch fun gun hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourish blood flood9) [ɔ: ]字母组合al or au our arsmall wall talk tall hall ball call walkshort more lord horse for forty sport door floor storeauthor caught autumn four mourn court boughtwarm quarrel quarter10) [ ɔ ] ([ɒ])发音字母o a ouhot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash watch11) [u:] 字母组合oo o ufood moon room gloom broom doom goose toothshoe do two true truth blue full prude12) [u] 字母组合oo ou u olook good foot book wood should couldput full bull pull push woman wolf13) [ei] 发音字母a ay ea ai eyname cake late gate plane April play say may waygreat break rain paint plain they grey14) [ai] 发音字母i ybike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye15) [au] 字母组合ou owhouse out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town16) [εu] 发音字母o ow oahome cold go no phone host ghostknow low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal17) [ ɔɪ ] 字母组合oy oiboy toy joyoil soil voice choice18) [iε] 字母组合eer earbeer deerear nearhere fierce idea19) [uε] [auə]字母组合our owerhour tour flower shower20) [ ɛə ] ([eə])字母组合ear air erepear bearchair air fairthere wherecare。
英语国际音标(新旧对照表)
元音（20个）
新旧 新版 旧版 辅读 新版 版本
长元音 /ɑ:/ /ɑ:/ / ʌ/ /Λ / 短元音 /aɪ/ /ai/ 双元音 /ɪə/ /ɔɪ/ /ɔ:/ /ɒ/
旧版
辅读 新版 旧版 辅读 新版 旧版 辅读 新版 旧版 辅读 新版 旧版 辅读 新版 旧版 辅读 新版 旧版 辅读
/ɜ:/ /ə/
/ɔ:/ /ɔ/ /ɔi/
/ə:/ /ə/
/i:/ /ɪ/
/i:/ /i/
/U:/ /u:/ /ʊ/
/u/
/e/
/e/
/æ / /æ/
/eɪ/ /ei/
/iə
/eə/ /ε ə/
/ʊə/ /uə/
/əʊ/ /əu/
/aʊ/ /au/
辅音（28个）
轻辅音 /p/ 不改变 浊辅音 /b/ 不改变 轻辅音 /ʃ/ 不改变 浊辅音 /ʒ/ 不改变 鼻音 /m/ 不改变 / t/ /d/
不改变
/ k/ 不改变 /g/ 不改变 /ts/ 不改变 /dz/ 不改变 /ŋ/ 不改变
/f/
不改变
/θ / 不改变 /ð/ 不改变 /tr/ 不改变 /dr/ 不改变
/s/ 不改变 /z/ 不改变
不改变
/v/ 不改变 /tʃ/ 不改变 /dʒ/ 不改变
/ h/ 不改变 / r/ /n/
不改变
不改变Leabharlann 半元音 / j/ 不改变 边音 / ǀ/ 不改变
/ w/ 不改变
国际音标新旧对照、分类及相应单词举例
国际音标一、国际音标新旧对照表国际音标有新版和旧版之分，近年来，各类英语教材中逐渐使用了新式音标，下面给出对照表，供学习参考、对照用。
二、元音元音的特点：发元音时气流从肺中压出, 经过气管进入口腔, 在口腔中不受到发音器官的阻碍, 而是受到舌、唇等发音器官的调节。
舌的前后、高低和唇的圆扁都会影响从肺里出来的气流, 使之发出不同的元音来。
发元音时声带震动, 叫做浊音, 元音都是浊音。
单元音前元音：/ i: /, / i /, / e /, / æ/,后元音：/ ɑ:/, / ɔ /, / ɔ:/, / u /, / u: /,中元音：/Λ/, /ә: /, / ә /双元音/ ei /, / әu /, / ai /, / au /, / ɔi/, / iә /, /εә /, / uә /三、辅音辅音的特点：辅音是气流从肺中压出后受唇、齿、舌、咽喉等发音器官阻碍的结果。
辅音有清浊之分, 发音时声带震动的是浊音，不震动的是清音。
爆破音：/ p /, / b /, / t／, / d /, / k /, / ɡ/摩擦音：/ f /，/ v /，/θ/，/ ð /，/ s /，/ z / ，/∫/ ，/ ʒ /，/r/ ，/h/ 破擦音：/ t∫/，/ dӡ /，/tr/，/dr/，/ts/，/dz/鼻音：/ m / , / n /, / ŋ /半元音：/ j/，/ w/舌边音：/ l /四、逐个讲解元音：/ i: / be是meat肉sheep羊/ i / it它big大rich富有/ e / best最好的never绝不/ æ/ at在have有stand站/ ɑ:/ art艺术fast快March三月/ ɔ / hot热的boss老板doctor医生/ ɔ:/ born出生morning早上talk讲话/ u / book书good好的put放/ u: / tooth牙齿June六月school学校/Λ/ up向上but但是money钱/ә: /sir先生third第三early早/ ә /about关于again再次teacher老师/ ei / eight八day天、日gate大门/ әu /snow雪cold冷的close关/ ai / eye眼睛knife刀sky天空/ au / out外面cloud云朵/ ɔi/ boy男孩joy欢乐enjoy享受noise噪音/ iә /ear耳朵clear清晰的/εә / air空气hair头发/ uә /poor穷苦的、可怜的sure确保tour旅行辅音：/ p / 和/ b /pig猪pay付钱happy高兴blue蓝色bike自行车/ t／和/ d /too也take拿、带right正确的do做card卡片sudden突然/ k /和/ ɡ/book书like像、喜欢gate大门get取、拿到egg鸡蛋/ f /和/ v /fly飞far远laugh笑very非常live住save节约/θ/和/ ð /thank谢谢think想teeth牙齿this这that那these这些/ s /和/ z /so所以sir先生dress裙子zoo动物园zero零use用eraser橡皮/∫/和/ ʒ /she她sheep羊wish希望、愿望pleasure高兴、快乐vision视野/ r / right正确的read读run跑/ h / he他how怎样/ t∫/和/ dӡ /child孩子check脸颊teach教reach到达job工作page页just仅仅/ tr /和/dr/try试试tree树trick把戏true真的、对的dream梦drive开车drop滴落/ ts /和/ dz /pets宠物们cats小猫们friends朋友们apples苹果（多个）/ m / me我my我的farm农场moon月亮/ n / need需要name名字know知道nine九/ ŋ / sing唱song歌English英语/ j / yes是的you你year年/ w/ we我们week星期/ l / late晚、迟low低long长的。
最新国际音标表附字母组合（彩色对照）
新旧英语国际音标对照表你可以通过粘贴的办法灵活运用每一个符号。
Vowels 元音新i: Іe æ З:əΛu: ʊɓ: 旧i: i e æ ə: əΛu: u ɓ: 新ɒɑ: eI aI ɓI əʊaʊIəeəʊə旧ɓɑ: ei ai ɓi əu au iəεəuəConsonants辅音无变化p b t d k g f v s z ϑðm n ŋl r h w j ∫ʒt∫dʒtr dr ts dz 英语国际音标表英语音标一共有48个，其中元音有20个，辅音有28个。
个。
英语音标及字母组合对照一、元音ee—thr ee tr ee gr ee n sh ee p m ee t b ee f s eeea—ea t t ea m ea t l ea ve t ea cher t ea m m ea n sp ea k cl ea n pl ea see —h e sh e m e w e b eie—p ie ce ei—rec ei ve 2) [ɪ] 发音字母: i y ei—s i t p i cture i t i s l i st s i x p i g b i g bu i ld m i ss y—man y twent y happ y dictionar ye—d e cide d e licious 3) [ æ ] 发音字母: aa—b a g h a nd a nd a nt h a ppy h a t m a p bl a ck b a ck gl a d fl a g m a n 4) [e] 发音字母: ea e aea—h ea d br ea d sw ea ter br ea kfast h ea vy pl ea see—el e phant r e member s e ll l e sson b e tter b e d d e sk hot e l y e s a—m a ny a ny 5) [ɜ:] 发音字母:ir ur ear er orir—g ir l sh ir t sk ir t th ir ty th ir teen th ir d b ir d ur—t ur n b ur n m ur der n ur se t ur tle p ur ple Th ur sday ear—l ear n ear ly ear th h ear d er—t er m h eror—w or k w or ker w or d w or ld 6) [ə] 发音字母: er or o a e ur ureer—teach er und er rememb er play er fath er moth er farm er aft eror—doct or act or f or get a—a round a bout a go eleph a nt a way b a nan a Chin a e—stud e nt childr e n op e n diff e r e nt ure—Sat ure day pict ure7) [ɑ:] 发音字母: : ar ar aar—c ar f ar m c ar d ar m g ar den a—a sk f a st cl a ss l a st gl a ss a unt 8) [ ʌ] 发音字母: : u u o ou oou—u p s u pper l u nch f u n r u n h u nt c u p b u s o—c o me m o ther d o se br o ther l o ve ab o ve ou—tr ou ble —bl oo d fl oo d 9) [ɔ: ] 发音字母: al ar au or our ooral—al l l sm al l w al l t al k t al l b al l c al l w al k ar—w ar m qu ar ter au—d au ghter au tumn or—sh or t h or se f or f or ty sp or t do or flo or st or e our—f our y ouroor—d oor fl oor10) [ɒ] ([ɔ]) 发音字母: o ao—o range h o t l o st l o t f o x b o x h o p l o t n o t a—w a nt wh a t w a sh w a tch 11) [u:] 发音字母: oo o uoo—t oo z oo f oo d sch oo l r oo m g oo se t oo th o—wh o d o tw o t o sh o e wh o se u—tr u e tr u th bl u e f u ll r u ler 12) [ʊ] 发音字母: oo ou u ooo—l oo k g oo d f oo t b oo k w oo d ou—sh ou ld c ou ld w ou ld u—p u t f u ll p u ll p u sh o—w o man w o lf 13) [eɪ] 发音字母: a ay ai ey ei eaa—n a me c a ke l a te g a te pl a ne A pril ay—pl ay s ay m ay w ay d ay aw ayai—r ai n p ai nt ei—ei ght ei ghteen ei ghty ey—th ey gr eyea—gr ea t br ea k 14) [əʊ] 发音字母: o ow oao—h o me c o ld g o n o ph o ne h o st gh o st ow—kn ow yell ow bel ow thr ow bl ow sh ow r ow oa—b oa t c oa t g oa t 15) [aɪ] 发音字母: i y ighi—b i ke f i ne f i nd h i n i ne f i ve r i ce wr i te l i ke y—m y tr y fl y b yigh t n ight h ighigh— l i gh16) [aʊ] 发音字母: ou owou—h ou se ou t ab ou t gr ou nd c ou nt s ou nd bl ou se ar ou nd m ou seow—fl ow er d ow n n ow c ow h ow t ow n br ow n 17) [ɓi] 发音字母:oy oioy—b oy t oyoi—t oi let oi l n oi se 18) [uə] 发音字母:eer ear ereeer—b eer d eerear—ear n ear d earere—h ereear—p ear b earair—ch air airere—th ere wh ereeir—th eir th eir s20) [ʊə] 发音字母:ureure—s ure二、辅音p ea p each p ig p ink p urple p[t] —t wo t oo t o boa t t en t welve [k](—c ome c ap c at k e ca k e bla ck ck—f ish f rog f oot f ace f arm [θ] —th ree th—s nake s ing fa ce∫] sh ip sh eep sh op sh e h en h ouse h orse h and h air skir ts studen ts ts—Ch inses Ch pea ch bea ch ch icken —tr ee tr ain tr ousers b ee b ig b ye b lack b ed b ear b ook b anana d d a d d o d d uck d—v est v ery li v e lea v e wi th—z oo z ebra s—s ure plea s ure dr ink dr ess dr ive —r abbit r ed r ice —m onkey m ilk so m e co m e ga m e —n ose so n su n ru n chicke n pe n ki n g si n g E n glish —w ater w atermelon wh ite —l ion l emon b l ue l eg l amp 。