英文演讲The-Gettysburg-Adress赏析

英文演讲The-Gettysburg-Adress赏析
英文演讲The-Gettysburg-Adress赏析

英文演讲The-Gettysburg-Adress赏析

英文演讲The Gettysburg Address赏析

想学好英文,不外乎几个途径——多听、多讲和多写。要听好的英语,最好是听英语世界的名人演讲,不单学习他们的腔调,也学习他们遣词造句的精髓,以及人生的智能。

演讲在西方有悠久的传统,希腊的学者和政治家在三千前,已经在广场向群众宣扬自己的学说和政治理念。从政者必须是一个出色的演说家,前美国总统林肯,就是最伟大的英语演说家之一,他的文辞浅白,从不在演语中乱丢书包、或故意卖弄,而且句子简洁、铿锵有力。发表于1863年的The Gettysburg Address可说是其中的佼佼者。下面我们来欣赏一下。

The Gettysburg Address

Abraham Lincoln

19 November 1863

Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fit and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate - we cannot consecrate - we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth.

葛底斯堡的演讲87年以前,我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新国家。它孕育于自由之中,奉行一切人生来平等的原则。

现在我们正从事一场伟大的内战,以考验这个国家,或者说以考验任何一个孕育于自由而奉行上述原因的国家是否能够存在下去。我们在这场战争中的一个伟大战场上集会。烈士们为使这个国家能够生存下去而献出了自己的生命,我们在此集会是为了把这个战场的一部分奉献给他们作为最后安息之所。我们这样做是完全应该而且非常恰当的。

但是,从更广泛的意义上来说,这块土地我们不能够奉献,不能够圣化,不能够神化。曾在这里战斗过的勇士们,活着的和死了的,已经把这块土地神圣化了。这远不是我们微薄的力量所能增减的。全世界将很少注意到、也不会长期地记起我们在这里所说的话,但全世界永远不会忘记勇士们在这里做过的事。毋宁说,倒是我们这些还活着的人,应该在这里把自己奉献于勇士们已经如此崇高地向前推进但尚未完成的事业,倒是我们应该在这里把自己奉献于仍然留在我们面前的伟大任务,以便使我们从这些光荣的死者身上汲取更多的献身精神,来完成他们已经完全彻底为之献身的事业,以便使我们在这里下定最大的决心,不让这些死者白白牺牲,以便使国家在上帝福佑下得到自由的新生,并且使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。

底斯堡战役是美国南北战争中一个具有决定意义的转折点,挫败南方军队向北的进攻。为了纪念这一具有历史意义的战役,北方各州

决定在葛底斯堡修建烈士公墓。1863年11月19日举行的烈士公墓落成典礼,林肯应邀出席并作了历史上有名的葛底斯堡演说。

在此演讲中, 6个字母及以上的词汇量的数目为57个,占21%的比例,同时不常见的词也较多,如consecrate, hallow, perish等;这些词完全可以被其它词或词组替换,如“fourscore and seven years ago”可以表达为“eighty - seven years ago”;“perish”可以被“disappear”替换。这样的用词增加了语言的难度,也可以使语言更加正式、准确、有严肃感。文中抽象词的数量比一般的文体多一些,如proposition, conceived, dedicated, consecrated, devotion, freedom等等,这同样是由《葛底斯堡演说》的内容决定的。在悼念勇士、振奋人心的基调上使用较多的抽象词是合乎情理的,并在使演讲具有感染力和增加听众对演讲人的信任度上取得了很好的效果。

在此演讲中出现最多的是第一人称“ I”,“we”,“our”,“us”,没有出现第二人称“you”,而且只有在指代那些牺牲的先烈们时使用了一次“they”。由此可见,演讲者不自觉地把听众拉到了自己的一边,增强了鼓动性和可信性,也赢得了演讲者与听众间的亲近感。

在整篇演讲中共有271个词, 10句话,平均每句话有27. 1个词,在最短的句子有10个词,而在最长的句子则由82词构成,很好地描绘了未来的方向,以独特的令人易接受的方式激励人们不懈地奋斗。从对演讲的统计可以看出,含词量大部分集中在每句20—30个词之间,而不存在含词量在10个以下的句子,这与日常生活对话的含词量大多在10个以下的形成鲜明的对照。随着句子长度的增加,句子结构也自

然的更复杂了,在构成整篇演讲词的10句话中,复合句占了9句(除第3句) ,比率高达90%之多,句子结构如此复杂是在日常谈话等交流中不常见的。此外,在短短的10句话中出现了4个动词不定式和4个动名词,这也无疑增加了句子的复杂性。在句子成分的组织上可以观察到,以主语开头的句子是7句,这样可以使读者经济便捷地抓住有效信息,同时3个以状语开头的句子的比重较日常用语有较大的增加,这样给读者设下悬念,能够引起读者兴趣,并使整个演讲富有变化、跌宕起伏,符合其文体特征和演讲目的。

在此篇中林肯的语言文采就表现在他经常使用的对偶和排比的修辞手法。使用这种修辞手法可以使语句整齐匀称,显示形式的整体美。这也是此篇演讲声调铿锵有力,语义丰富集中,说理有力的原因。其中的第二段是最好的例子,也是本篇的中心,共有167个词,分为5个句子,占了全文篇幅的三分之二。为了使语言简练,声调铿锵,说理有力,作者采用了对偶的修辞手法把三个简单句并列在一起,不用连词,仅用逗号把它们隔开;三个并列的简单句都重复we can not,为的是强调听众的印象。

But, in a larger sense,we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate,we can not hallow this ground.

接下去的一个并列句也是对偶句。两个并列句使用一对反义词(note, remember/forget)做谓语动词并各带一个以what引导的宾语从句:

The world will little note nor long remember what we say here,but it

can never forget what they did here.

跟着的是两个以it为形式主语,以不定式短语为真正主语的句子构成的平行结构,把对偶和层进(climax)相糅合。这两个对偶句在意义上又是递进的阐述,进一步深入,很有气势:

It is for us, the living,rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have this far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be dedicated here to the great task remaining before us…….

接下去是连续使用that,实际上是so that引导的目的状语从句。这又是一个对偶:

That that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain

最后又用了三个that引导的从句,但是引导的不是状语从句而是三个宾语从句。这也是对偶的修辞手法:

That we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth.

第三个宾语从句中的of the people, by the people, for the people也使用了排比的修辞手法。

《葛底斯堡演说》这篇演说辞虽然短小精悍,但是声调铿锵有力,

语义丰富,力量集中,说理有力。无论是从词汇层面,词组短语层面还是从句法层面都有其独特的文体特征。也正是这些独特的文体特征使得本篇演说辞更加富有感染力。

罗斯福就职演讲【英文】

FDR & a New Deal for America

“It is hard, today, to imagine the level of expectation that greeted Franklin Delano Roosevelt when he ascended to take the reins from the much-maligned Hoover‖ (Jennings 155).―People are looking to you almost as they look to God‖ (qtd. in Jennings 157). By the end of his twelve years as president, ―people would find it hard to remember a day when he was not their leader, when they could not expect, at a time of need, to hear his soothing voice‖ (Jennings 157).

Roosevelt Takes Office March 4, 1933

1933: A Nation in Crisis ?1933: The Great Depression was almost 4 years old. ?Hoover was seen as ineffective ?Roosevelt was a symbol of hope ?The economy including the stock market, banks and general unemployment was reeling.

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