Introduction
nature对introduction的要求
nature对introduction的要求
Introduction 占全文比例10-15$\%$左右，字数控制在400-500字为宜。
在这一部分，你需要提出科学问题、研究假说，并向读者简要概述你的主题和研究的原因，设置研究背景并给读者留下良好的第一印象。
在写作过程中，你应该注意逻辑清晰，段落内容安排合理。
可以采用“起承转合”的四步心法框架结构和“漏斗式”的模式，逐步细化研究领域和背景介绍，给读者一个清晰的思路。
同时，你应该使用适当的参考文献来支撑你的观点，让读者感觉到你对研究的自信心。
请注意，不同的期刊和学科可能会对 Introduction部分有不同的要求，因此在写作之前，最好查阅相关的投稿指南或阅读往期的文章，以确保符合投稿要求。
英文文献-Introduction讲义
Chapter 2. Introduction2.1Introduction to Introduction2.2Build a Model of Introduction2.3Establishing the Narrowed Research Topic2.4Establish the Need/Gap2.5State the Purpose of Your Research2.6State Value of Research2.7Outline the Research2.8Moves and Steps of Introduction2.9Tenses in Introduction2.10Exercises2. _______________________________________________________________Suppose you were writing an article titled “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you plan to write the Introduction part? Brainstorm with your teammates and write d own a list of the key information.three questions:1.How do writers normally start the Introduction?2.What type of information shoul d be in my Introduction, and in what order?1.__________ What is the context of this problem?2.__________ Why is this research important?3.__________ What is the gap in our knowledge this research will fill?4.__________ What steps will we take to try and fill this gap or improve the situation?5.__________ Is the study limited to a specific geographical area or to only certain aspects of the situation?6.__________ Is there any factor, condition or circumstance that prevents the researcher from achieving all his/herobjectives?7.__________ In considering his/her method, model, formulation or approach, d oes the researcher take certainconditions, states, requirements for granted?research problem.•Do I introduce the topic in the first sentence?••••your work explores an area/issue/question that has previously not been explored, or not been explored in detail, in not explored in the way that you are going to use. There are four ways to demonstrate that you are adding to the•••••--claiming centrality (why this field of study is important) AND/OR --moving from general to specific AND/OR--reviewing relevant items of previous research AND/OR--describing the background AND/OR--definition of key words•Move 2: _________________________--indicating a gap OR--raising a question OR--continuing a previously developed line of inquiry OR--counter-claiming (disagreeing with an existing/accepted approach) •Move 3: _________________________--outlining purpose/setting objectives AND/OR--announcing present research (methodology) AND/OR--announcing principal findings (results) AND/OR________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________∙Too much detail, and hence too long.∙Repetition of words, phrases or ideas.∙Unclear problem definition.∙Poor organization.Now review your list of Introduction for the article “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you improve it into a better one?often used in the opening sentences. For example:1.Tungsten is a heavy metal with several unique physical and mechanical properties. (Effects of tungsten onenvironmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)2.When analyzing hydraulic networks, it is usually possible to identify three types of variables. (FuzzyApproach for Analysis of Pipe Networks, Roberto Revelli and Luca Ridolfi, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1.Earlier studies carried out on 0.5 Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V steel showed notch strengthening for shallow notches andtendency towards notch weakening for sharp notches. (Effect of Multiaxial State of Stress on Creep Rupture Behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo Steel, Sunil Goyal et al. / Procedia Engineering 55 ( 2013 ) 510 – 516)2.However, the vast majority of these studies have been confined to suspensions with millimeter- ormicron-sized particles. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.Keblinski, et. al. , International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 855-863)3.Nair (1982) notes in his study that another one of the reasons for lack of widespread use of more rigorousmathematical programming techniques is that is sometimes difficult (if not impossible) to isolate a problem for optimization using this technique. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science) Note that comparable options exist in the clauses.1.The effects of tungsten on environmental systems have not been investigated extensively and publisheddata are fragmentary. (Effects of tungsten on environmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)(environment engineering)2.Radaj [9] developed a n approach based on Neuber’s micro-structural support hypothesis by suggesting anadditional fictitious radius r f at the notch, which allows the local stress to be analyzed directly withoutrequiring a stress concentration factor or fatigue notch factor [8]. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)3.Rigorous mathematical programming optimization techniques are well established and numerous authorshave attempted to apply these techniques to practical structural engineering design problems with varying degrees of success. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K.Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference)(computer science)4.It has long been recognized that suspensions of solid particles in liqids have great potential as improvedheat-management fluids. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.accidently.1.This paper presents a model-based input-output synchronizing technique for reducing sense axismeasurement drift resulted from the mechanical structure imperfections. (Input-Output Synchronization for Bias Drift Reduction of MEMS Gyroscopes, Afshin Izadian, et. al., 2008 American Control Conference) (electronic and automatic control)2.In accomplishing these two tasks, this paper hopes to point out how two modeling approaches initiallyappearing very similar are in fact qualitatively different.(Wong, C. (2014) A Novel Operational Partition between Neural Network Classifiers on Vulnerability to Data Mining Bias. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 7, 264-272.) (software engineering)You may ask whether you should use is, was,has been, or will be when you describe the present research. Indeed, both is and was is used in the Introduction. Very rarely can has been or will be appear.1.In this study, a fatigue assessment for various welded joints of Invar alloy in an LNG carrier was performedusing the notch stress approach. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)2.Next, common structural engineering design and analysis software packages in the design office arediscussed, along with optimization techniques “built in” to the software. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science)3.To clarify the differences and similarities in each discipline, this study will examine the major academicvariations within the data mining field in relation to keywords, articles, books, courses offered, textbooks taught, and soft-ware used.( Data Mining Technology across Academic Disciplines, Lesley Farmer, et. al., Intelligent Information Management, 2011, 3, 43-48)(software engineering)4.In the present investigation, effect of notch on creep behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo steel has been studied. Thedifferent notch acuities have been introduced to study the multiaxial state of stress. The creep rupture of the material under multiaxial state of stress has been explained based on the stress distribution around the notch estimated using FE analysis. (material science)Note that using the Past Simple tense when you present the results in the Introduction means that the findings are linked only to the present research, while using the Present Simple tense means that you believe your finding are convincing enough to be considered as accepted facts.1.After three semesters of use of this architecture we found that we could archive a single integratedarchitecture that would serve both courses. (VLabNet: The Integrated Design of Hands-on Learning in Information Security and Networking, Valerie J. H. Powell, et. al., Information Security CurriculumDevelopment Conference’2007)(computer science)2.With our multi-scale feature sharing network, we achieve the state-of-the-art performance (97:3%) on LFWbenchmark. (Learning Deep Face Representation, Haoqiang Fan, et. al., ) (electronic and automatic control)(1) Establish the topic: _____________________________________(2) General research problem: _____________________________________(3) Brief overview of previous research _____________________________________(4) Establish the gap: _____________________________________(5) The purpose of the research: _____________________________________2.Identify the moves and steps by the model of the Introduction to test if it complies with them.3.What do you think the structure of Introduction is like? Why is Introduction shaped like this?。
英文科技学术论文Introduction写法
大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。
这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项。
与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。
好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。
Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。
先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。
因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。
具体而言，这“三波”如此展开：第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。
研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。
The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understanding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。
这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。
在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。
… ; however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated previously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。
绪论(introduction)简要
质量范围
质量范围举例(单位:kg) 银河系 2.21041 太阳 2.01030 地球 6.01024 月亮 7.41022 地球上的海洋 1.41021 远洋轮船 108 大象 103 人 ~6.0101 葡萄 10-3 灰尘 10-10 烟草花叶病毒 2.310-13 青霉素分子 5.010-17 铀原子 4.010-26 质子 1.710-27 电子 9.110-31 中微子 <2.010-35
铃声再一响，又一响，又过去一堂课，嚎~~。
学生上学体验：
老师上课常要点名！
就是“去上课了，老师没点名！” 上学这一天最痛苦的事儿是啥，你知道嘛？
就是“没去上课，老师点名了！” 上学这一天最最痛苦的事儿是啥，你知道嘛？ 上学这一天最最最痛苦的事儿是啥，你知道嘛？ 就是“第一节课去了不点名，第二节课走了老师点名了！”
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10-18
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物质存在与时空尺度
数量级的概念
时间尺度
时间尺度举例 (单位：s) 宇宙年龄 1018 太阳系年龄 1.41017 原始人 1013 最早的文字记录 1.61011 人类平均寿命 2.2109 地球公转（一年） 3.2107 地球自转（一天） 8.6104 太阳光到地球的传播时间 5102 人类心脏跳动周期 1 声波的周期 10-3 无线电波的周期 10-6 p+介子的平均寿命 10-9 分子振动周期 10-12 原子振动周期（光波周期） 10-15 光穿越原子的时间 10-18 最短的粒子寿命 10-25
Introduction
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英文科技学术论文Introduction
大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓 Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。
这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。
好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。
Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。
先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。
因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。
第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。
研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。
The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understan ding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。
这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。
在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。
… however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated p reviously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。
INTRODUCTION结构框架
INTRODUCTION结构框架：1、论文涉及到的选题和核心概念的文献回顾.（1）研究领域（2）前人工作（3）问题所在（4）本文贡献1.Begin the Introduction by providing a concise background account of the problem studied.研究背景介绍）2.State the objective of the investigation.Your research objective is the most important part of the introduction.（研究的必要性）3.Establish the significance of your work: Why was there a need to conduct the study?（研究的意义）4.Introduce the reader to the pertinent literature. Do not give a full history of the topic. Only quote previous work having direct bearing on the present problem.5.Clearly state your hypothesis, the variables investigated, and concisely summarize the methods used.6.Define any abbreviations or specialized terms.7.Provide a concise discussion of the results and findings of other studies so the reader understands the big picture.8.Describe some of the major findings presented in your manuscript and explain how they contribute to the larger field of research.9.State the principal conclusions derived from your results.10.Identify any questions left unanswered and any new questions generated by your study.abstract例句：精美句子总结：To the author’s knowledge*****,There is little information available in literature about ****We conducted this study to determine wether******。
英文论文Introduction的写作技巧-2015-0126
有各自的特点，掌握这些特点会使写作过程化难为易。下面将对引言各层次的写作特点和 技巧分别加以介绍。 2 如何写引言的开头
英文论文 Introduction 的写作技巧 —as a "hook" to attract the readers
学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画（The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper.Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your audience to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper） 。 The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”. 1 引言的内容与结构布局
引言的开头常用句型有： 句型 1：研究主题+谓语动词 be… ．例 a．Fuel cell(燃料电池)is a technology for the clean and efficient conversion from chemical
INTRODUCTION写法
INTRODUCTION写法
一般为三段论
【A 】概论。
研究对象和研究问题，研究对象是什么、意义何在。
研究的问题有哪些，我要研究什么。
本人一般就用四句话说清楚，不多不少。
【B】问题。
别人的研究概况，并指出问题，举2-4个最新例子或观点，每个一句话要有层次！并用1-2句话最后指出问题。
【C】我要做什么。
研究问题的具体诉述。
本论文采用什么新方法、观念、有什么新发现（注意不是结论，但要卖关子的），本方法的意义。
一般4-5句话。
总之，我的INTRODUCTION一般不超过700 Words。
另外，Abstract我喜欢的写法
一个总的原则就是结构化（逻辑上的和数据上的！）
第一句话概括本论文的研究问题。
第二句话就是本论文的发现，
一般喜欢用
（i）；
（ii）；
and（iii），
最后一句话总结意义。
注意（i）、（ii）and（iii）的逻辑关系！
并且一定要用短句，言简意赅！
外国人尤其是美国人不喜欢用那么多有定语的或意思转进的复合长句！
总的说来，前言要从宏观到一般问题再到具体问题，逐层叙述。
a. 首先一般要讲所研究问题在这一领域内的重要性或者提供背景信息
b. 其次要叙述所研究地区能够解决的诸多问题
c. 在这一地区已经开展的前人工作。
一般可以按时间先后顺序列出前人工作的重点
d. 提出前人工作的不足，从而转折到自己要做的重点问题
e. 总结自己的观点
在总结部份，提出自己预期的目标以及有待改进的问题。
英国论文中Introduction的六个层次“公式”
英国论文中Introduction的六个层次“公式”有小伙伴们觉得英文论文写作不难，但却总是拿不到高分，非常奇怪。
其实是大家把它想简单了，就好比I n t r o d u c t i o n部分，看似简单，其实要写好真的很难。
引言（I n t r o d u c t i o n）作为对论文的内容和结构的概括可以遵循一定的“公式”，也就是说引言（I n t r o d u c t i o n）可以被解构为6个层次的内容，下面就给大家讲解一下。
六个层次“公式”即：背景；现状及分歧；目的；原因；意义；o u t l i n e。
具体写作层次如下：第一层次描述这个所选t o p ic的背景和重要性背景写作的主要目的是引出所选t o p ic以往的研究文献也及该课题以往的研究观点，因此在写作上虽然会比较宏观一些，但一定要紧密联系t o p i c，可以用一两句话带过。
举个例子：“O n e o f t h e m o s t c o m m o n d i l e m m a s f a c i n g m a n y s t u d e n t s i nt h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s b e e n t h e q u e s t i o n o fw h e t h e r o r n o t t o t a k e a p a r t-t i m e j o b.R i s i n g t u i t i o n f e e s a n d l i v i n g e x p e n s e s m a k e l i f e v e r y d i f f i c u l t f o r s t u d e n t s w h o d o n o t b e n e f i t f ro m t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f t h e i r p a r e n t s o r o t h e rs p o n s o r s.I n o r d e r t o s u r v i v e,t h o u s a n d s o f s t u d e n t s t a k e o u ts e v e r a l l o a n s a n d i n c u r s e r i o u s d e b t i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e i r y e a r sa t u n i v e r s i t y.H o w e v e r,o t h e r s a t t e m p t t o e a s e t h e f i n a n c i a lb u r d e n o f f u l l-t i m e s t u d y b y f i n d i n g a p a r t-t i m e j o b.”介绍该课题目前的研究现状以及存在的分歧在这一部分不仅要对前人的研究做简要说明，还要总结这些文献的g a p，也就是目前的研究中都存在哪些争议，或者没有涉及到的研究。
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Workshop Overview
Objective
– –
comfortable with NCL; minimize learning curve workshop will not make you an expert access, process and visualize data
self describing
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(ideally) all info contained within the file – no external information needed to determine file contents portable [machine independent]
Parts of netCDF file
VARIABLES: Names , Types, Attributes, Coordinate Variables variables: float lat(lat) lat:long_name = "latitude" lat:units = "degrees_north" time=UNLIMITED (12 currently) float lon(lon) lon:long_name = "longitude" FILE ATTRIBUTES lon:units = "degrees_east" global attributes: int time(time) title = “Temp: 1999” time:long_name = "time" source = “NCAR” time:units = "Month of Year" conventions = double T(time, lat, lon) "None” T:long_name = “Temperature” T:units = “C" exercise: T:missing_value = 1.e+20f T:_FillValue = 1.e+20f ncl_filedump FOO.nc | less
ncl-talk@
users must subscribe /Support/ncl_talk.shtml
[haley@ , shea@]
Schedule
–
– – –
day 1: Introduction, File I/O, [lunch] , Web Tour, Lab day 2: Graphics, [lunch] , Lab day 3: Functions and Data Analysis: Lab day 4: Lab (optional)
x
name: type: shape: size: values:
x float [real] 2-dimensions 6 (rows) x 5 (columns) x(2,3) = 8.46 [row major]
long_name: “Temperature” Meta units: “C” data named dimensions: x(time,lat) lat: (/ -60, -30 ,0, 30, 60 /) time: (/2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006 /)
; grb/hdf
attributes
long_name _FillValue units add_offset scale_factor etc.
NCL reads the scalar/array, attributes, and coordinate variables as an object X
NCL Overview
• Integrated processing environment
Vis5D
• • • •
freeware: supported, public domain
portable: linux/unix, windows (cygwin), MacOS
general purpose: unique capabilities
4.35 4.36 9.73 17 -0.63 -4.29 4.39 4.66 -5.84 3.68 -4.12 0.07 0.27 3.77 0.89 5.08 -2.51 5.85 -3.35 -1.66 8.46 0.14 1.76 0.87 -6.90 4.06 10.39 -5.63 -1.43 8.65
–
–
•
ncview: visualize file contents [COARDS conven]
[ more general ]
–
• ncl_filedump file_name
netCDF3/4, GRIB-1,GRIB-2, HDF, HDF-EOS [HDF5]
ncdump –h foo.nc (or ncl_filedump foo.nc)
DIMENSION SIZES dimensions: lat = 64 lon = 128 time = 12
netCDF/NCL variable
• •
array [could be of length 1 (scalar)] (may) have additional information
– –
• •
ncdump -v U file_name | less
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NCL equivalent: ncl_filedump –v U file_name | less
not a netCDF Operator (NCO / CDO) not associated with NCL
Note: ncdump is a Unidata utility
Labs important: you must invest the time – “osmosis” method of learning does not work
NCL variable model is based on the netCDF variable model
netCDF files
excellent graphics (2D, limited 3D)
NCL Support
•
Documentation and Examples
–
–
/
numerous downloadable examples to get you going downloadable reference manuals [pdf], FAQ
ncl 2 > printVarSummary (u)
; overview of variable
Variable: u Type: float Total Size: 65536 bytes 16384 values Number of Dimensions: 3 Dimensions and Sizes: [time | 2] x [lat | 64] x [lon | 128] Coordinates: time: [ 1 .. 7 ] lat: [ -87.8638 .. 87.8638 ] lon: [ 0 .. 357.185] Number of Attributes: 5 _FillValue : 1e36 units : m/s long_name : Zonal Wind Component short_name : U missing_value : 1e36
Supported by many software tools / languages – NCL, IDL, Matlab, ferret, GrADS, F, C, C++,Java – command line file operators: NCO, CDO
perform various tasks very efficiently on files http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/fileadmin/software/cdo quick visualization: COARDS
will have the same [consistent] structure
powerful programming aid
facilitates writing netCDF and HDF files facilitates writing robust functions
functions can query, add, use meta data
–
ncview
/~pierce/ncview_home_page.html
Many modelling groups use netCDF [IPCC]Exam源自ning a netCDF file
• •
ncdump file_name | less
visual: simple 2D netCDF Variable
coordinate variables (rectilinear grid)
Latitude coordinate variable (1D, &)
attributes @:
• long_name
• units
Longitude coordinate variable (1D, &)
some functions access/use the meta data