第二章 贸易术语

• — Responsibilities of chartering. • — Shipping advice. • The most commonly used variations of CFR are: • i. CFR liner terms
• ii. CFR Ex ship’s hold
• iii. CFR landed
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3. DAF: Delivered At Frontier (…named place)
• DAF means that the seller fulfills his obligations to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named place at the frontier, but before the
• ii. Time and place of delivery.
• iii. Documents and expense. • iv. Title to goods. • (2) To Explain the Price Composition. • i. Type of currency. • ii. Price per unit. • iii. Measurement unit. • iv. Trade Terms.
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(3) CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight (…named port of destination). When adopting the CIF terms, the following points should be paid attention to:
i. Division of costs and risks
ii. Duty of insurance iii. Document transaction iv. Variations of CIF — CFR liner terms — CFR Ex ship’s hold — CFR landed
• EXW means that the seller’s only responsibility is to make the
goods available at his premises during the contracted time
and bear the charges and risks before the goods are delivered to the buyer. He is not responsible for loading the goods onto the vehicle provided by the buyer, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears the full cost and risks involved in carrying the goods from there to be desired destination. EXW thus represents the minimum obligations undertaken by the seller.
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Section 1 Trade Terms and INCOTERMS 2000
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1. The Concept of Trade terms
• (1) To Define the Delivery of Goods. • i. Responsibilities and associated cost.
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2. FAS: Free Alongside Ship (…named port of shipment)
• Under FAS terms the seller’s obligations are fulfilled when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters. This means that the buyer has to bear all cost and risks of , losses of, or damage to the goods from that moment. • FAS＝EXW＋All risks and expenses before the goods to be placed alongside the vessel on the quay.
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2. Trade Terms Suitable for All Modes of Transportation
•(1) FCA: Free Carrier at (…named place)
•This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport,
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2. The Purpose of Trade Terms
• When quoting prices to his overseas buyer, an exporter will naturally take into account payment of the various expenses involved in getting the goods from the factory or warehouse in his own country to the buyer’s premises. For example, an exporter, in calculating his export price, work out dock charges, clearing and forwarding charges, freight and insurance, and certainly also adds their profit margin, to the price paid to the manufacturer, to make it say CIF Hamburg. What is “CIF Hamburg”? It is one of the trade terms, or delivery terms as we usually call them.
including multi-modal transport. •(2) CPT: Carriage Paid to (…named place of destination) •This means that the buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered. •(3) CIP: Carriage and Insurance Paid to (…named place of destination) •This means that the buyer bears all risks and any additional
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3. International Commercial Terms
(1) The General Introduction of Incoterms In 1936, the International Chamber of Commerce first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms. These rules were known as INCOTERMS 1936. Amendments and addition were later made in 1953, 1967, 1980, 1990 and presently 2000 in order to bring the rules in line with the current international trade practices. (2) A View of the Structure of Incoterms 2000 For the purpose of easier reading and understanding, the terms in Incoterms 2000 are grouped in four basically different categories: ① Group E terms, ②Group F terms, ③Group C terms, and ④Group D terms, with increasing responsibilities, costs and risks for the seller and decreasing responsibilities, costs and risks for the buyer.
costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.
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Section 3
Other Trade Terms in INCOTERMS
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1. EXW: Ex Works (…named place)
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• (2) CFR: Cost and Freight (…named port of destination). • When adopting the CFR term, we shall pay attention to the following points: