动词和动词短语(知识梳理)

动词和动词短语

真题再现：

1. If you come to visit China, you will ______ a culture of amazing depth and variety.

A. develop

B. create

C. substitute

D. experience

2. Tom had to ______ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.

A. turn in

B. turn down

C. turn over

D. turn to

3. Body language can ______a lot about your mood, so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive.

A. take away

B. throw away

C. put away

D. give away

4. We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or ______our emotions than for straight facts.

A. block off.

B. appeal to

C. subscribe to

D. come across

5. The university started some new language programs to ________ the country’s Silk Road Economic Belt.

A. apply to

B. cater for

C. appeal to

D. hunt for

6. The whole team ________ Cristiano Donald, and he seldom lets them down.

A. wait on

B. focus on

C. count on

D. call on

7. Don’t worry. I’m sure your missing glasses will ______ sooner or later.

A. stand out

B. break up

C. get out

D. turn up

8. It is said that body language_____________ 55 per cent of a first impression while what you say just 7 per cent.

A. lies in

B. accounts for

C. consists of

D. goes with

9. The team are working hard to ______ the problem so that they can find the best solution.

A. face

B. prevent

C. raise

D. analyze

10. Peter will ______his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.

A. take up

B. put up

C. add up

D. break up

11. If steel is heavier than water, why are ships able to ______ on the sea?

A. float

B. drown

C. shrink

D. split

12. If you have any doubts about your health, you’d better______ your doctor at once.

A. convince

B. consult

C. avoid

D. affect

13. Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to ________ to their greatest potential.

A. accelerate

B. improve

C. perform

D. develop

14. In order not to be heard, she pointed her finger upwards to ____ that someone was moving about upstairs.

A. whisper

B. signal

C. declare

D. complain

15. There is no doubt that this candidate’s advantage _____ his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.

A. leaves out

B. goes against

C. lies in

D. makes up

16. See, your computer has broken down again! It doesn’t ______ sense to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars.

A. have

B. make

C. display

D. bring

17. Studies have shown that the right and left ear ______ sound differently.

A. produce

B. pronounce

C. process

D. download

解析：

1. D。本题考查的是动词的用法，A项为发展，B项为创造，C项为代替，D项为经历。根据语意选D。

2. B。本句考查的是动词词组的用法。句意：上个周汤姆不得不拒绝宴会的邀请，因为他太忙了。turn in 上交；turn down拒绝；turn over 移交；turn to求助。故选B。

3. D。句意：肢体语言可以透露很多的心情，所以把你的手折起来站着，表示你是有防范的。A意为“拿走”；B意为“扔掉”；C意为“放好”；D意为“泄露”。该题考查的是动词短语搭配。

4. B。句意：我们趋向于对于有一些记忆会比较清楚，这些东西是让我们激动或者是吸引我们的。block off意为“封锁”，appeal to意为“吸引”，subscribe to意为“订阅”，come across意为“遇到”。

5. B。本题考查动词词组的用法，句意为大学里开设了新的语言项目为的是迎合国家经济发展。

6. C。本题考查动词词组的用法，A项为等待，B选项为集中C选项依赖D选项号召，根据语意选C。

7. D。考查动词短语辨析。句意：别担心。我相信你丢失的眼镜迟早会出现的。stand out突出；break up 结束，解散，分手；get out 出去，出版，被泄露；turn up 出现，露面。故选D。

8. B。lies in在于；accounts for说明、引起，（比例）占；consists of包括；goes with相伴。该句意思为：据说身体语言占了第一印象的百分之五十五，而你所说的话只占百分之七。故选B。

9. D。考查动词词义辨析。句意：整个团队努力分析这个问题，以找到最好解决方法。找到解决方法只有先认真分析问题，所以选D。face the problem 面对问题；prevent 阻止；raise 提高，养育。

10. A。句意：Peter在这个月底将从事旅行社负责人的职位。take up拿起，开始从事；put up 竖立；搭建；add up加起来；break up结束；分解。所以选A。

11.A。句意：既然铁重于水，为什么船可以浮在水面上。float意为“漂浮”。drown意为“淹死”，shrink意为“收缩”，split意为“洒出”。

12. B。句意：如果你对你的健康有任何疑问，你最好立刻向你的医生咨询。A. convince 使……信服；B. consult咨询；C. avoid 避免；D. affect影响。故选B。

13. D。A选项“加速”，B选项“提高”，C选项“表现”，D选项“发展”。句意为：学校是一个活泼的地方，在这里每个人都被鼓励去发挥潜力。根据语意选D。

14. B。句意：为了能够不被听到，她手指向上指，示意有人正在楼上走动。whisper 低声说，私语；signal 发信号，（用手势）示意；declare （正式）宣称；complain 抱怨。故选B。

15. C。句意：毫无疑问，这位候选人的优势在于他能够用英语和外国人交流。leave out 遗漏，省略；go against 违背，与……作对；lies in 在于；makes up 编造，组成，化妆，弥补。故选C。

16. B。句意：看，你的电脑又坏了！只为省几美元买最便宜牌子的电脑是没有意义的。固定搭配：make sense有意义。故选B。

语法讲解：

高考对动词和动词短语的考查主要从词义入手，考查动词和动词短语的词义、动词与介词或者副词构成的固定搭配。题干简洁，意义清晰，提供了足够的信息和语境。要求同学们掌握动词的意义和用法，并能在真实的语境中对同义词和近义词进行辨析；掌握动词短语和

短语动词的意义和用法，能对常用动词与介词或副词构成的短语进行辨析。

动词概述

动词是表示动作或状态的词，在句中常起着连接主语和句子其他部分的作用。区别一个句子是否完整的方法之一就是辨别是否有能做谓语的动词。有些句子有一个或多个动词，但是一个完整的句子一般至少需要一个动词。动词是英语最复杂的一种词类。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词

注意：有些动词是兼类词。

We are having a meeting.（having是实义动词）

He has gone to New York.（has是助动词）

They work hard every day. （work是实义动词）

They look happy. （look为系动词）

They can go home now. （can为情态动词）

及物动词和不及物动词

根据其后是否可以带宾语，动词可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，缩写形式分别为vt.和vi. 同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才有动作的承受者。

She can dance and sing. （sing在此用作不及物动词。）

She can sing many English songs.（sing用作及物动词。）

You should improve your English. （improve为及物动词。）

Can you lend me two yuan? （lend用作及物动词，带双宾语。）

限定动词和非限定动词

根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分为限定动词和非限定动词。先动动词在句中做谓语，可与情态动词或助动词连用，与主语在人称和数上保持一致。

She sings very well.（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）

I can manage it myself.

They sat together around the table.

Someone wants to see you.

非限定动词有三种：不定式（包括带to的不定式和不带to的不定式）、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式。他们在句中不起谓语的作用，可以充当句中的主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语等。他们不受主语的人称和数的限制。

She wants to learn English well. （to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）

Doing this can save a lot of time and money. （-ing形式作句子的主语）

Looking at those beautiful mountains and rivers, I felt relaxed. (looking at...作句子的状语)

He stopped to have a rest. （不定式作目的状语）

I must get my bike repaired. (-ed形式作句子的补语)

单字词、动词短语、短语动词

根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、动词短语和短语动词。短语动词多由动词加副词构成，动词短语多由动词加介词构成，相当于一个实义动词，而不是各个词义的简单相加。他们之间的区别是：

动词短语相当于一个及物动词，必须接宾语意义才完整，如pay attention to；短语动词并非都接宾语，如adapt to接宾语；go out不接宾语。动词短语接宾语时，无论宾语为代词还是名词，一律放在介词后(look after it)；及物的短语动词接代词做宾语时，代词宾语必须放在动词和副词之间(turn it down)，接名词作宾语则无此限制。有些动词短语可以在动词和

介词之间加入副词（look carefully at the person）；短语动词则不行(break down)。

Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. (look up是短语动词)

The young ought to take care of the old. （take care of是动词短语）

动词五种形态

动词有五种形态分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。同学们必须熟记动词各种形式的变化规则，对于常见的不规则动词的第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式、过去分词形式要记熟。

We go to school every day. (go为动词原形)

He goes to school every day. (goes为动词第三人称单数形式)

He went to school yesterday. (went为动词过去式)

The book is interesting. （interesting为现在分词）

I’m interested in the book. （interested为过去分词）

系动词

系动词也称连系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（也称补足语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：

He fell ill yesterday.（fell是系动词，后跟补足语/表语，说明主语情况。）

He fell off the ladder.（fell是实义动词，单独作谓语）

系动词分为六类：

状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. （is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）

持续系动词：

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：

He always kept silent at meetings.

This matter remains a mystery.

表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：

He looks tired.

He seems (to be) very sad.

感官系动词：

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

This flower smells very sweet.

变化系动词：

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run

He became mad after that.

She grew rich within a short time.

终止系动词:

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如

The rumor proved false.

The search proved difficult.

His plan turned out a success.

实义动词

实义动词意义完全，可以独立用作谓语，是动词词组的中心词。

I came across him in the street yesterday.

When do will you attend your next exam?

助动词

助动词本身无词汇意义，不能单独用作谓语，协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组。助动词可大致分为三类：基本助动词do，be，have；情态助动词can，could，may，might，will，would，shall，should，ought to，need，dare等；半助动词be going to，be able to，have to，used to，happen to，seem to等。最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

例如：

He doesn’t like English. （doesn’t是助动词，无词义，帮助构成否定句型；like是主要动词，有词义)

Your letter has been received. (has为助动词，帮助构成现在完成时)

It will be my birthday next Monday. (will为助动词，帮助构成一般将来时)

助动词功能：

表示时态：

He is singing.

He has got married.

表示语态：

He was sent to England.

构成疑问句：

Do you like college life?

Did you study English before you came here?

与否定副词not合用：

I don’t like him.

加强语气：

Do come to the party tomorrow evening.

He did know that.

助动词be的用法

助动词be有多种变化形式，is，am，are，was，were，being，been，to be.

be +现在分词，构成进行时态：

They are having a meeting.

English is becoming more and more important.

“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态：

The window was broken by Tom.

English is taught throughout the world.

“be + 动词不定式”用法：

表示最近、未来的计划或安排

He is to go to New York next week.

We are to teach the students some living skills.

表示命令

You are to explain this.

He is to come to the office this afternoon.

征求意见

How am I to answer him?

Who is to go there?

表示相约、商定

We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow.

用于代替上文，以免重复：

—Are you going to see the film?

—Yes, I am.

助动词have的用法

have +过去分词，构成完成时态：

He has left for London.

By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.

have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时

I have been studying English for ten years.

have + been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态：

English has been taught in China for many years.

助动词do 的用法

构成一般疑问句

Do you want to pass the NMET?

Did you study German?

do + not 构成否定句

I do not want to be criticized.

He doesn't like to study.

In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.

构成否定祈使句

Don't go there.

Don't be so absent-minded.

注意：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。

放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气：

Do come to my birthday party.

I did go there.

I do miss you.

用于倒装句：

Never did I hear of such a thing.

Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so等。

用作代动词：

—Do you like Beijing?

—Yes, I do.（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）

He said he would go there and he did.

I like swimming. So does Tom. (does代替like swimming)

助动词shall和will的用法

shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时：

I shall study harder at English.

He will go to Shanghai.

注意：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:

He shall come.（shall有命令的意味。）

He will come.（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）

助动词should, would的用法

should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：

I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.

would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。“I will go,” he said.

He said he would come.

常考动词短语：

1. break

break away (from) 突然逃离；断绝往来，脱离；改掉，破除

break down (机器等)坏了；(计划等)失败；(谈话等)中断；(健康等)变坏；感情失去控制break in 突然进来，强行进入；插嘴，打岔；训练，使适应

break into 强行进入；突然……起来；打断，插嘴；占用时间

break off 停止讲话；暂停，休息；(使)折断

break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生，爆发

break through 突破；克服，征服；强行穿过；(太阳等)从云层里出来

break up 解散，驱散；(学校等)放假；结束，破裂；击碎；绝交

break with 与……绝交，与……决裂

2. bring

bring about 引起，实现，导致

bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法；使苏醒；顺便把某人带来串门

bring back 送还；使想起，使恢复

bring down 击落；打死，打伤；使倒下；降低

bring forth 产生，引起，结果

bring in 收获；获利；介绍，引进；聘请；逮捕

bring off 从船上救出；设法做成

bring on 带来，引起；促使生长；帮助提高

bring out 取出，拿出；显示出，使出来；出版

bring over 说服，使改变(思想等)

bring through 使度过(困难，危机等)

bring together 使和解

bring up 提出，提起；抚养，培养；呕吐

3. call

call at (车船等)停靠；到(某地)拜访

call away 叫走，叫开；转移(注意力等)

call back 唤回，叫回；回电话，再打电话

call for 喊(某人)来，喊人取来(某物)；来或去取(某物)，来或去接(某人)；需要，要求

call in 叫进，请进；找来，请来；来访

call off 叫走，转移开；取消，不举行

call on [upon] 拜访，看望

call out 大声叫(喊)；叫出去；召唤，请来，调去

call up (给……)打电话；想起，回忆起

4. come

come about (某情况)发生

come across 被理解(不及物)；给予印象(不及物)；(偶然)发现或遇见come along 一道去；赶快

come for 来取，来拿，来找

come on 跟着来，快点，来吧

come out 出来，出现，开花

come over 来访，来玩

come to 来到，来参加；合计；有意义，有价值；苏醒；谈到，说到5. cut

cut down 砍倒；削减，压缩，缩减

cut in 插入，插话；插队，超车

cut off 切断，隔断，断绝

cut out 剪成，戒掉

cut up 切碎；抨击；歼灭

6. die

die away (声音、风、光线等)渐息，渐弱

die down (慢慢)熄灭，平静下来

die off 一个一个地死去

die out (家族、习俗、观念等)灭绝，绝迹

7. fix

fix on 选定，确定，决定

fix sb. up with 为某人安排或提供

fix up 决定，安排；清理，修理，整理

8. get

get about [around] 到处走动，旅行；传播，流传

get along 离开；相处；进展

get away 离开，逃离；逃避责罚，免受处罚

get back 返回；取回

get down 下来，取下，放下，写下，打下，吞下

get down to 开始做，认真处理

get in 进站，到达；请来；插话；收获

get off 起飞，动身，出发；下班，下车；从轻处罚，被放过

get on 上车；进行，进展；相处

get out 出来，出去，离开；拿出，取出；出版，发表；泄漏，传出get out of 逃避，躲掉；使说出；放弃，戒除

get over 走过，越过，渡过；克服，战胜；恢复，痊愈

get through 做完，用完，吃完；通过(考试)，接通(电话)，度过(时间) get together 聚会，联欢

get up 起床，起身；打扮；举办

9. give

give away 分发，赠送；背弃；暴露

give in 上交；让步，投降

give off 发出(光、热、声音、气味等)

give out 分发，散发；用完；垮掉；失灵，出故障；发表；发出(热、声音等

give up 放弃，戒掉；交出，让出；投降，认输

10. go

go away 离开；消失；变淡

go back 返回；追溯；重操旧业；改变主意

go by (时)消逝；依……办；根据……判断

go on (时)消逝；继续；上场；发生；(灯)亮

go over 检查；复习；转至；使……干净；反应(如何)

go out (灯)熄；不流行

11. look

look after 照顾(某人)；看管(某事物)

look around 环顾四周

look at 看；看待；看得上；检查；考虑

look for 寻找；寻求；期待

look into 调查；窥视

look on 旁观

look out 小心；留意；找出

look up 仰视；好转；查寻；探望

12. make

make for 走向；有助于；促进

make out 理解；看清，(勉强)辨认出；填写；假装

make up 构成，组成；编写，编辑；编造；和解；弥补；化妆；凑足；准备好

13. pick

pick out 选择；找出

pick up 捡起；收拾，整理；学会，获得；(用车)来接，去取；改善；继续；感染(疾病等) 14. put

put away 收拾；放弃，打消；存蓄

put down 放下，写下，使下车；镇压，击败

put off 推迟；推脱；使不高兴

put on 穿，戴；上演，装(样子)；开(灯等)；增加

put out 扑灭，使熄灭；生产；公布，发表；打扰，使不高兴

put up 举起，架起，撑起；盖起，修建；张贴，挂；住宿，留宿

15. see

see about 负责处理(安排)

see off 为……送行。如：

see out 送某人出门；度过(熬过)；进行到底

see through 看穿，识破；帮助度过(困难等)；进行到底

16. set

set about 开始，着手

set against 使敌视，使对立

set apart 使与众不同；留出，拨出(时间、金钱等)

set aside 留出，拨出(时间、金钱等)；把……置于一旁，不理会

set back 推迟，耽搁；使花费

set down 写下，记下

set in 开始，来临

set off 出发，启程；导致，引起；使运转，使爆炸

set on [upon] 袭击，攻击

set out 动身，起程；开始，着手；摆放，摆设；陈述，解释

set up 创办，成立，建立；竖立，架起；组织，计划，安排；创下(纪录)；开业，开始经商；安装

17. take

take away 拿走，带走；消除(病痛等)；减去

take down 取下；记下；拆掉；吞下；病倒

take out 拔掉；切除；带(某人)出去；获得

take off 脱掉(衣)；(飞机)起飞；(突然)离去；受欢迎

take up 占去；占据；以……作为爱好或消遣；从事；改短(衣物)；吸收

18. turn

turn into 拐入；进入；(使)变成；(使)成为

turn off 关掉；使厌烦；转入另一条路；不注意

turn on 打开(收音机，电视机等)；展示；取决；进攻；以……为议题

turn over 翻转；反复考虑；营业额达到；移交

turn to 翻到；求助于；转向；积极行动

turn up 将音量调大；找到；发现；出现

turn down 调小音量；拒绝

turn out 结果是；证明是；露面