自考英语国家概况时间线
自考英语专业学习顺序
自考英语专业学习顺序英语专业（根底科）的课程设置分为公共课，考察教材内容的课程，考察考生运用英语能力的课程三大类。
公共课包括《马克思主义哲学原理》、《邓小平理论概论》、《法律根底与思想道德修养》、《大学语文》、《计算机应用根底》等，考生应首先学习这些课程，因为大多数考生曾学过这些课程的局部内容，心理上会觉得容易些。
考察教材内容的课程没有《综合英语（一）》、《综合英语（二）》、《阅读（一）》、《阅读（二）》等。
这类课程是学习英语专业的根底，《综合英语（一）》、《综合英语（二）》相当于大学一、二年级的精读课。
《阅读（一）、（二）》的难度差距并不大，只是要求的阅读量不同，考生可以准备充分些同时考，这样知识更具有连贯性。
考生有了第二类课程的学习根底就可以学习第三类课程-考察考生运用英语能力的课程了。
它们包括《水平考试（一）》、《水平考试（二）》、《英语写作根底》、《英语国家概况》等。
考生在学完《综合英语（一）》后所具备的能力应到达《水平考试（一）》的要求，可以将《综合英语（一）》与《水平考试（一）》一起考，同样，《综合英语（二）》可与《水平考试（二）》一起考。
《英语国家概况》和《英语写作根底》是所有课程中最难的，《英语国家概况》中不仅包括一些文学作品还包括英语国家的人文、历史、地理等内容，这就要求考生在平时有一定的阅读积累；《英语写作根底》对考生的词汇量、语法根底和运用语言的能力都有一定要求，把这两门课放到最后再考可能精力更集中，宜于学好这两门课。
英语专业本科段课程：考生仍先考公共课，然后按由易到难、由浅入深的原那么安排其它课程的考试，建议按以下顺序学习：《英语语法》、《英语词汇学》、《英语翻译》、《口译与听力》、《高级英语》、《英语写作》、《英美文学选读》、《欧洲文化入门》。
《英美文学选读》、《欧洲文化入门》要求考生对作品有较多涉猎，其中《欧洲文化入门》的考试范围比《英美文学选读》要广、难度也要大，考生尤其要下功夫。
山东省09年7月自考专业科目一览表
0522英语国家概况;
9059韩文写作基础;
2930中医学基础(一)(含中医 基础理论中医诊断学); 0015英语（二）;3708中国近 现代史纲要; 0015英语（二）;3708中国近 现代史纲要; 3708中国近现代史纲要; 0015英语（二）;3708中国近 现代史纲要;
20121
调查与分析(本 独立本科 )
山东大学; 0041基础会计学;2141计算机 0022高等数学(工专);0144企 山东大学; 网络技术; 业管理概论; 山东大学;潍坊医 2864微生物学与免疫学基础; 2899生理学; 学院;限卫生系统 山东大学;限卫生 2864微生物学与免疫学基础; 2899生理学; 系统人员报考 山东大学;潍坊医 3027植物化学; 学院;限卫生系统 山东大学;潍坊医 3056卫生经济学; 0152组织行为学; 学院;限卫生系统 人员报考 5677法理学; 0260刑事诉讼法学; 0260刑事诉讼法学; 5677法理学; 烟台大学; 山东大学; 山东警察学院;限 公安武警在职人员 0532中国古代文学作品选(一 山东师范大学; ); 山东大学;中国海 0795综合英语(二); 洋大学; 山东师范大学;鲁 6043商务日语; 东大学; 山东师范大学;青 岛大学;限济南、 0034社会学概论;0040法学概 山东大学; 论; 山东中医药大学; 限医药系统在职人 山东经济学院;山 0053对外经济管理概论; 东财政学 山东经济学院;山 0053对外经济管理概论; 东大学; 山东经济学院;青 0099涉外经济法; 岛大学; 烟台大学;限济南 、青岛、东营、威 0985餐饮经济学导论; 海报考 山东经济学院;
3706思想道德修养与法律基 2141计算机网络技术; 0022高等数学(工专); 础 3706思想道德修养与法律基 2275计算机基础与程序设计; 0022高等数学(工专); 础 0018计算机应用基础;3706思 2386土木工程制图; 0022高等数学(工专); 想道德修养与法律基础;
山东省18年4月份自考科目
00041基础会计学 00155中级财务会计
00020高等数学（一） 00144企业管理概论
00041基础会计学 00177消费心理学 00187旅游经济学 00193饭店管理概论 00041基础会计学 05364物流企业会计 07031物流管理概论 07786国际商务
00020高等数学（一） 00144企业管理概论 00015英语（二） 00194旅游法规 00012英语（一） 00020高等数学（一） 00144企业管理概论 03617采购与供应链案例 00020高等数学（一） 00144企业管理概论 00144企业管理概论
山东大学 中国海洋大学 山东师范大学 鲁东大学 鲁东大学
00012英语（一） 00034社会学概论 00040法学概论
山东大学
00688设计概论 00688设计概论 02185机械设计基础
00012英语（一） 00022高等数学（工专） 02205微型计算机原理与接口技术 00012英语（一） 00022高等数学（工专） 02323操作系统概论 00022高等数学（工专） 02389建筑材料 05746食品卫生学 05749中医营养学基础 00012英语（一） 00022高等数学（工专） 00144企业管理概论 02382管理信息系统 00015英语（二） 00053对外经济管理概论 00015英语（二） 00053对外经济管理概论 00099涉外经济法
020228
物流管理
专
020258
企业管理
专
020313
销售管理
专
00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 00072商业银行业务与经营 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 00089国际贸易 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 00146中国税制 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 00146中国税制 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00018计算机应用基础 00089国际贸易 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 07032运输与配送 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00018计算机应用基础 00054管理学原理 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00245刑法学 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00018计算机应用基础 00107现代管理学 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00018计算机应用基础 30002幼儿园教育活动设计与组织
英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备
英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备UKThe geographical names for the UK are the British Isles, Great Britain, England.On the island of Great Britain, there are three political divisions-England, Scotland, and Wales.At present, there are 50 member countries within the commonwealth(1991).The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east.The Celts began to arrive about 700B.C.In the mid-5th century, a new wave of Teutonic invaders came to Britain. The three tribes were Jutes, Saxons, Angles.Jutes, Angles and Saxons from northern Europe started to invade England in the mid-5th century.The small kingdoms of Essex, Sussex and Wessex in the southwest of Britain were established by the Saxons in the 5th century.The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The battle between English troops led by Harold and the Norman troops led by William was fought at Hastings in 1066.The Celts arrived in Britain between 600BC-150BC.Julius Caesar led his army and invaded England in 55BC.For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.Christianity was brought to Britain by St. Augustine in 597.The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Romanmissionaries gained the upper hand in 664.The Norman leader William established the Norman rule in England in 1066.The English language was introduced into England by the Anglo-Saxons who started to invade England in the mid-5th century. According to historical record, it appeared that in 1086 about half of the cultivated land in England was in the hands of 170 tenants-in chief.The Great Charter was signed in 1215 and had 63 clauses.The Hundred Years' War between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453.The Hundred Years' War could be divided into three outstanding stages.Black Death reduced England's population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of the 14th century.Black Death, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas, spread though Europe in the 14th century.The Black Death swept through England on the summer of 1348 without warning.Elizabeth I came to the throne when she was 25 and then she reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years.The Armada was defeated by England in 1588.The Renaissance began in Italy in the early 14 century.England and Scotland was officially united into Great Britain by the Act of Union of 1707.In 1707, the name Great Britain came into being.In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485. Traditional farming involved the open field village, a system that dated back to the 5th century.The open field system lasted till 18th century.By the early 19th century, Britain had a rod network of some 125000 miles.In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Radicals in the Parliament were greatly influenced by ideals of Jeremy Bentham known as “Utilitarianism”.The Chartist Movement was officially launched at a great 1838 meeting in Birmingham, with the aim of pressing the Parliament to accept the People's Charter.In England no females were allowed to vote in national elections before 1918.V otes were granted to English women in the same terms as men after World War I.The spark of the First World War was struck at Sarajevo on June 28 1914, when the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.Queen Elizabeth II was born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953.The foundation of the welfare state of Britain was laid during the years immediately after World War II.The 1960s were known as the Swinging Sixties, the permissive age in Britain.In the general election, an MP candidate must deposit 500 pounds, which is returned if he or she receives 5% or more of the vote cast. The British monarchy can be traced back to at least the 9th century.Either the Conservative Party or the Labor Party has held power since 1945 in Britain.Sovereign's birthday is officially celebrated in June every year by Trooping the Color on Horse Guards Parade.The Houses of Parliament were rebuilt between 1835 and 1857 to the design of Sir Charles Barry after having been destroyed by fire. The House of Commons in the U.K. Consist of 651 Members of Parliament.In Great Britain, almost 80% of medical prescription items are supplied free.The first women priests of Church of England were ordained in March 1994.The position of the Church of Scotland was defined in the Treaty of Union, 1707, and further safeguarded by the Church of Scotland Act, 1921.Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973.The National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based at first on Acts of Parliament.There are nine public holidays in Great Britain, such as New Year's Day, Bank Holiday, Boxing Day, etc.In Britain education is compulsory and free for all between the ages of 5 and 16.About 90% of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attends comprehensive school.First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last 3 years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.In Britain, medical and veterinary courses normally require five years.There are some 90 universities in UK, including the Open University.There are about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published in Britain.The professional football season runs from August until May in U.K.Soccer has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century.The University Boat Race, between eight-oared crew from Oxford and Cambridge, has been rowed on the Thames almost every spring. Pantomime is a kind of play based on a traditional fairy tale and performed at Christmas time.IrelandThe Republic of Ireland's border with Northern Ireland is 434km.The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million, and was expected to reach 4 million by 2000.Migration in Ireland declined sharply after the establishment of the Irish Free State.The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 established an Irish Free State.The creation of Northern Ireland dates from 1921 when the Irish Free State was set up.Ireland declared itself a republic in 1949.The first census of Ireland began in 1821.Eire became the Republic of Ireland in April 1949.The name of the country was officially changed to Ireland in 1937.Today 93% of the Irish population are Roman Catholics.USAThe United Stated had a more or less open-door policy to immigration from independence until the 1960s.By the year of 2050, American population is expected to climb to 383 million.The biggest city in America is New York with a population of18 million (in 1990).The United States has less than 6% of the world's population; yet it produces about 25% of the total world output.The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.The first Negro slaves were brought to Virginia in 1619.Between 1607 and 1773, the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.Britain and America signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783 which recognized the independence of the United States.The American Constitutional system was went up to in 1791.The War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783.During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the old Northwest.The American Civil War broke out in 1861 and ended in 1865.The Civil War was won by the Union, but Lincoln was shot dead by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.The great Puritan immigration began in 1630.The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.The Purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803 from France almost doubled the size of the United States.The war with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848.The Civil War cost America 618000 lives.By 1900 there were 193000 miles of railroad in the United States.The United States government declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.As a result of WWI, the US had changed from a debtor nationto a creditor.The Second World War finally ended in 1945.China and the United States established formal diplomatic relations in 1979.The U.S. Has less than 6% of the world's population, but it produces about 25% of the total world output.The US imports about 13% of all world imports.In 1991, the America's financial deficit reached a record of 268.7 billion.The estimated number of the people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which makes up 14% of the total population. The first ten amendments to the Constitutions, as the foundation of the American constitutional system, were called the Bill of Rights. Woman obtained voting right from the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.In the United States, the first period of the party system arose in the last years of the 18th century over the debate on the ratification of the Constitution.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in the U.S.The US Constitution was officially adopted on March 4, 1789.The federal system set up by the U.S. Constitution has two layers of rule.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The drafters of the U.S. Constitution devised a dual process by which the Constitution could by changed.The Articles of Confederation in the US provided that each state had one vote in Congress, a lawmaking body set up according to the Articles.In the dual process by which the Constitution could be charged, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.Urbanization was realized in the US after WWI.Some of the 77% population in the US lived in more than 283 city areas in 1988.Eduction was made a function of the state under the T enth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.Public education in the United States covers twelve years.Elementary and secondary education in the United States covers 12 years.The total financial support for public schools makes up about 7 percent of the American GNP.High schools are made up of three different types of schools with somewhat different tasks in the U.S.Higher eduction in the U.S. Consists of six types of institutions.The community college made its appearance in the early 1900s.Easter falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon that coincides with, or comes after, the spring equinox.The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 13, 1621.CanadaCanada is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Generally speaking, Canada can be divided into six geographical regions.The bare, thinly populated region of Northern Canada takes up four fifths of the country.The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the 15th century.The English Hudson Bay Company was established in 1670.Since the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.Canada has admitted over 11 million immigrants since Confederation in 1867 and approximately 4.5 million since the end of WWII. AustraliaAustralia is in the southern hemisphere.Australia lies south of the equator(赤道).Australia is located between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.Australia is surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean.In 1996 Australia's population is about 18 million, or about two people to the square kilometer.80% of Australians live in the south and east.Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with 80% of its population living in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns.About 60% of the land in Australia is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties called stations.With regard to its size, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.New ZealandNew Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean.New Zealand is situated about 1500 km to south east of Australia.Because the country is very narrow, no place in New Zealand is more than 110km from the sea.Over ? of the land in New Zealand is more than 200 metres above sea level.New Zealand's climate is temperate and various.。
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第三章
Chapter 3第三章The Shaping of the Nation （1066-1381）英国的形成（公元1066-1381）I. Norman Rule （1066-1381）诺曼统治（公元1066-1381）1. William's Rule （1066-1087）威廉⼀世的统治（公元1066-1087）England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William， the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system， the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country， so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons， who had become William's tenants-in-chief， parceled out land to the lesser nobles， knights and freemen， also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord， but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确⽴。
2020年河南省上半年自考课程及考试时间安排【可修改文字】
08131财务分析与案例研究
00233税法
10622国际会计
020202工商企业管理(本科)
00051管理系统中计算机应用
00054管理学原理
00153质量管理(一)
00015英语(二)
00067财务管理学
00149国际贸易理论与实务
00154企业管理咨询
00152组织行为学
12656毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论
00407小学教育心理学
00415中外文学作品导读
00416汉语基础
00410小学语文教学论
00417高等数学基础
00418数论初步
03706思想道德修养与法律基础
04729大学语文
050102秘书(专科)
00345秘书学概论
00315当代中国政治制度
020208市场营销(本科)
00051管理系统中计算机应用
00149国际贸易理论与实务
00055企业会计学
00015英语(二)
00058市场营销学
00150金融理论与实务
00184市场营销策划
00098国际市场营销学
00179谈判与推销技巧
00178市场调查与预测
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
020115经济学(本科)
00051管理系统中计算机应用
00009政治经济学(财经类)
00138中国近现代经济史
00015英语(二)
00139西方经济学
00054管理学原理
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
00140国际经济学
00143经济思想史
英语国家概况-时间中文说明
1756-1763英法，七年战争，1763（巴黎条约）加拿大交给英国
1800s /18世纪末，19世纪初，《圈地法》地公布.The open field system
1806年，DomesdayBook英国国王土地志,《末日审判书》
1830，英国成为世界工厂
1832，rotten borough（英国1832年前）有名无实的选区
1922.Rose Perot罗斯·佩罗run for thepresidentindependent candidate and gain 19% of votes
1929.10.24The Great Depression大萧条black Thursday黑色星期四
1932，罗斯福新政FranklinD.Roosevelt, the new deal
1978,the new federal immigration act
澳大利亚
1971，采纳多元文化政策
新西兰
1840，（外坦基条约）毛利人和英国人。The treaty ofwaitangi
1947，杜鲁门向希腊和土耳其提供援助
1947,6月5日。Marshalplan马歇尔计划
1950.麦卡锡主义，McCarthyism
1954，9月US sign a mutualdefencetreatywithTaiwan共同防御条约
1960年以后，美国,open-door policy移民政策有改变
1835-1857. UK parliament英国议会被烧
1836—1848,Thecharistmovement宪章运动
1914到1918年第一次世界大战WWI.
1918.允许妇女参加选举National election inEngland1918 allow female to vote
《英语国家概况》自学教材目录及考试大纲
附：自学考试《英语国家概况》自学考试教材目录（课程代码：0522）Part one The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleChapter2The Origins of a Nation(5000BC-AD1066)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(1066——1381)Chapter4Transition tO the Modern Age(1455——1688)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688——1990)Chapter6The EconomyChapter7Government and AdministrationChapter8Justice and the LawChapter9Social AffairsChapter10Cultural AffairsPart Two The Republic of IrelandChapter11Geography and HistoryChapter12Ireland TodayPart Three The United States of AmericaChapter13GeographyChapter14Population．Race and Ethnic GroupsChapter15American History(I)(1600——1900)Chapter16American History(II)(1900-1945)Chapter17American History(III)America in Post Era(1945-1980s)Chapter18The EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsChapter20EducationChapter21Literature．Architecture and MusicChapter22Holidays and FestivalsPart Four CanadaChapter23Geography and HistoryChapter24The EconomyChapter25Government and PoliticsChapter26Society and CulturePart Five AustraliaChapter27Land and PeopleChapter28Australian History(I)Australia to FederationChapter29Australian History(II)Australia Since FederationChapter30The EconomyChapter31Government and PoliticsChapter32Society and CulturePart Six New ZealandChapter33The Making of New ZealandChapter34New Zealand Today第一部分英国概况第一章国土和人民第二章英国民族起源（5000BC~AD1066）第三章民族的形成（1066~1381）第四章向现代过渡时期的英国（1455~1688）第五章大英帝国的兴衰（1688~1990）第六章经济第七章英国政府机构第八章法律与司法机构第九章英国社会第十章英国文化第二部分爱尔兰概况第十一章爱尔兰地理与历史第十二章今日爱尔兰第三部分美国概况第十三章美国地理第十四章人口、种族和种族集团第十五章美国历史（I）（1600~1900）第十六章美国历史（II）（1900~1945）第十七章美国历史（III）二次大战后的美国（1945-1980S）第十八章美国经济第十九章政治体制第二十章教育第二十一章文学、建筑和音乐第二十二章假日和节日第四部分加拿大概况第二十三章加拿大地理与历史第二十四章加拿大经济第二十五章加拿大政府与政治第二十六章加拿大的社会与文化第五部分澳大利亚概况第二十七章土地与人民第二十八章澳大利亚联邦成立之前的历史第二十九章澳大利亚联邦成立以来的历史第三十章澳大利亚经济第三十一章澳大利亚政府与政治制度第三十二章澳大利亚社会与文化第六部分新西兰概况第三十三章新西兰地理与历史第三十四章今日新西兰附件：《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》的考核目标Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleI.Different Names for Britain and its PartsChapter2The Origins of a NationI．Early Settlers3．The CeltsII．Roman BritainIII．The Anglo-SaxonsⅣ．The Viking and Danish InvasionsV．The Norman ConquestChapter3The Shaping of the NationⅠ．Norman Rule1.William’s RuleⅡ．The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1.The Great CharterⅢ．The Hundred Years’War with FranceⅣ．The Black Death and the Peasant UprisingChapter4Transition to the Modern AgeⅠ．Transition to the Modern AgeⅡ．The English ReformationⅢ．Elizabeth I1.Elizabeth and Parliament2.Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3.Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ．The English RenaissanceVII.The Civil WarsVIII.The CommonwealthIX.The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of1688Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireⅠ．Whigs and ToriesⅡ．Agricultural Changes in the Late18th CenturyⅢ．The Industrial RevolutionⅣ．The Chartist MovementVII．Twentieth Century1.Britain and the First World War3.Britain and the Second World War4.Postwar BritainChapter7Government and AdministrationⅠ．The MonarchyⅡ．Parliament1.The House of Lords2.The House of CommonsⅢ．The Cabinet and MinistryⅣ．The Privy CouncilChapter8Justice and the LawIV．The JudiciaryV．PoliceChapter9Social AffairsⅠ．Health and Social Services1．The National Health ServiceⅢ．Religion1．Established churchesⅣ．Festivals and Public Holidays1．Christian festivals2．Other festivals3．Public holidaysChapter10Cultural AffairsⅠ．Education3．Higher educationⅡ．The Media1．NewspapersⅢ．SportsⅣ．The Arts3．DramaPart Two The Republic of Ireland Chapter11Geography and HistoryI.Geographical FeaturesII.Climate and WeatherIII.Population and ReligionIV.Historical backgroundPart Three The United States of America Chapter14Population,Race and Ethnic GroupsI.IntroductionIV.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1．BlacksChapter15American History(I)Ⅰ．Discovery of the New WorldⅡ．The Colonial PeriodⅢ．The War of IndependenceⅣ．A New Form of GovernmentⅥ．Territorial Expansion and Westward MovementⅦ．The Civil WarⅧ．Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil WarChapter16American History(II)Ⅰ．Economic DevelopmentⅡ．ProgressivismⅢ．World War I and the United StatesⅣ．The United States in the1920sⅤ．The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ．World War II and the United StatesChapter17American History(III)Ⅰ．The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ．The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan V．McCarthyismVII．American Society During the Postwar Boom:1945-1960s VIII．The Cuban Missile CrisisIX．The Vietnam WarX．United States’Relations with ChinaXII．Watergate ScandalChapter18The Economy(Two paragraphs)Ⅰ．The Economic System of the United StatesV．Foreign TradeVI．Problems in the U.S.EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsⅠ．The U.S.Constitution1．The Federal system2．Separation of powers:checks and balances3．Provisions for amendmentⅡ．The Executive Branch1．The Presidency2．Presidential PowersⅢ．The Legislative Branch2.Powers of the House and Senate3.Officers of the Congress4.Functions of the CongressⅤ．Political Parties(two-party system)Chapter20EducationⅠ．Characteristics of American EducationⅡ．Elementary and Secondary EducationⅢ．Higher EducationⅤ．Education ReformsChapter21Literature,Architecture and MusicⅠ．American Literature1．Washington Irving2．Emerson and Hawthorne3．Mark Twain4．Whitman and Dickinson5．Theodore Dreiser6．T.S.Eliot7．Ernest Hemingway8．Hughes and WrightChapter22Holidays and FestivalsⅠ．New Year’s DayIV．Valentine’s DayVI．Easter DayVIII．Independence DayIX．HalloweenXI．Thanksgiving DayⅩII．Christmas DayPart Four Canada Chapter23Geography and HistoryⅠ．Geographic Features4.Geographic regionsⅡ．The making of Canada1．The European discovery3．Self-government and Confederation4．The Canadian nationChapter26Society and CultureI．Canadian Society1．Population2．Immigration3．Bilingualism4．MulticulturalismPart Five Australia Chapter27Land and peopleⅠ．The Geographical Structure1．The Great Western Plateau2．The Eastern Highlands3．The Central Eastern LowlandsⅡ．Climate3.Causes and effects of the hot and dry climate Ⅳ．People1．Population2．Population density and distributionⅤ．Australia’s Built Environment1．Sprawling cities2．Rural areasⅥ．Political Divisions1．New South Wales2．Victoria3．Queensland4．South Australia5．West Australia6．TasmaniaChapter32Society and CultureIV．Australian Culture1．Aboriginal culture2．Modern Australian culturePart Six New Zealand Chapter33The Making of New ZealandⅠ．GeographyⅡ．ClimateⅢ．Plants and AnimalsⅣ．Historical Background2．The Treaty of Waitangi1840VI.Maoritanga5.Race relations《<英语国家概况>自考辅导》目录（配合《英语国家概况》余志远，外语教学与研究出版社2005版）Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North IrelandChapter1Land and People(英国的国土与人民)Chapter2The origins of the Nation(国家的起源)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(英国的形式)Chapter4Transition to the Modern Age(向现代过度的英国)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(英帝国的兴衰)Chapter6The Economy(英国经济)Chapter7Government and Administration(英国政府机构)Chapter8Justice and the Law（法律和司法机构）Chapter9Social Affairs(社会事务)Chapter10Cultural Affairs(文化事务)Part Two The Republic of IrelandThe Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰共和国)Part Three United States of AmericaChapter1A Survey of American Natural Circumstances and Geography(美国的自然环境和地理概况)Chapter2People and Ethnic Groups(人口和名族)Chapter3American History(Ⅰ)(1600-1900)(美国历史)Chapter4American History(Ⅱ)(1900-1945)(美国历史)Chapter5American History(Ⅲ)(1945-1980s’)(美国历史)Chapter6American Literature(美国文学)Chapter7American Economy(美国经济)Chapter8American Politics(美国政治)Chapter9American Education(教育)Chapter10American Music,Architecture and Newspaper（音乐、建筑和报纸）Chapter11Holidays and Festivals（美国的节假日）Part Four CanadaChapter1The History of Chanada（加拿大的历史）Chapter2Canadian Geography(加拿大地理)Chapter3The Economy（经济）Chapter4Government and Politics（政府和政治）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Five AustraliaChapter1Australia”s Land and People（澳大利亚的国土与人口）Chapter2Australian History（澳大利亚历史）Chapter3Australian Economy（澳大利亚经济）Chapter4Polotical System(澳大利亚政治体制）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Six New ZealandChapter1The making of New of New Zealand（地理与历史）Chapter2New Zealand Today（今日新新西兰）。
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第二章
Chapter 2第⼆章The Origins of a Nation （5000BC-1066）英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。
2. At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。
3. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。
4. The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。
II. Roman Britain （55BC-410AD）罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年—410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC， Julius Caesar， a Roman general，invaded Britain twice. In AD 43， the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years， Britain was under the Roman occupation， though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。
自考英语国家概况汇总版（1）
⾃考英语国家概况汇总版（1）The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.Heptarchy—seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons:Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Marcia and Northumbria. Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state:divide the country into shires,later counties;the narrow-strip,three-field farming system;manorial system;Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen,）,the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.King of Wessex“Alfred the Great”，his contributions:“the father of the British navy”;reorganized the fyrd（the Saxon army）;translated into English Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People;established schools and formulated a legal system.the Norman Conquest of1066is the best-known event in English history;the feudal system was completely established in England. England’s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established.According to this system,the King owned the land personally.William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.The barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services.At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villains of serfs,unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.Class structure:the king;barons-tenants-in-chief;lesser nobles,knights,and freemen;villains\serfsDomesday Book:record of lands,tenants,and their possessions,for taxes.Not unlike the Book of Doom.In order to have a reliable record of all his lands,his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes,William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day.Magna Carta,1215The barons’charter,or Magna Carta as it came to be known,was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of1215at a conference at Runnymede,an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor.1.contents-63clauses:No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council;no freeman should bearrested,imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land;the Church should possess all itsrights,together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges,and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons,a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. significance:regarded as the foundation of English liberties;the spirit-the limitation of the powers of the kingthe hundred years’war with France the intermittent war,1337-1453;the name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted form1337to1453.the causes:partly territorial and partly economicBlack Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague,an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.It spread through Europe in the14th century,particularly in1347-1350.It killed between one half and one third of the population,reduced England’s population from4 million to2million by the end of14th century.3.Consequences:much land was left untended,and there was a terrible shortage of labor.The government tried to keep down wages.The economic of the Black Death were far-reaching.As a result of the plague,much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.It intervened for the first time to establish rules to keep down wages.the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses1.the nature:a revival of baronial activity;the wars of the roses was fought between tow branches of the Plantagenet family,the House of Lancaster(symbolized by the red rose)and the House of York(the white rose)between1455and1485.This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,the House of Lancaster and the House of York between1455and1485.2.the name of roses was coined by19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott.The name wars of the roses was,in fact,coined by the great19th century novelist sir Walter Scott,but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great house of Lancaster,symbolized by the red rose,and that of York,symbolized by the white.结果：Although the wars of the roses were waged intermittently for thirty years,ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual.From these wars feudalism received its death blow.The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme.English reformation—three causes for the religious reform:a desire for change(Martin Luther);privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented;Henry needed money.purpose:to get rid of the English church’s connection with the Pope,and to make an independent church of England.1.two laws:the act of succession of1534and the act of supremacy of1535影响：The power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position;Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before.Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.Mary Tudor,“bloody Mary”:to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism.And many people were persecuted for their protestant religious views.She also lost the French port of Calais.Elizabeth was able to work with parliament.This was because the puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the queen although they demanded further religious reform.but often turbulent.(动荡不安)Elizabeth treated5questions as personal and private.These were her religion,her marriage,her foreign policy,the succession to the throne,and her finance.distinctive features of the English renaissancerenaissance---the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history;the transitional period between the middle ages and modern times,1350-1650;it saw the challenge of the supremacy of the roman catholic church by the reformation,the rise of Humanism,the growth of large nation-states,the far-ranging voyages of exploration,and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual.5characteristics:English culture was revitalized mainly by contemporary Europeans;insular country;native literature(14th century poet Chaucer);English renaissance literature is primarily artistic;coincided with the reformation.the English civil war is also called the puritan revolution—because the king’s opponents were mainly puritan,and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and catholic.结果：it not only overthrew feudal system in England,but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.as the beginning of modern world history.the restoration:the parliament asked the late king’s son to return from his long exile in France as king Charles II(1660-1685). the glorious revolution:the English politicians rejected James II,a catholic,and appealed to a protestant king,William of Orange, James’s Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary,James’s daughter.The takeover was relatively smooth,with no bloodshed.Bill of rights 1689,a compromise:excluding any roman catholic from the succession;confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy;guarantee free speech within both houses.意义：the age of constitutional Monarchy-a monarchy with powers limited by parliamentWhigs---Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers,opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists;earl of Shaftsbury-first leader;care for the interests of merchants and bankers;later,with dissident Tories,became the liberal party.Tories–Irish word meaning thugs,supported hereditary monarchy,reluctant to remove kings;traditionalists who want to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of England;the Tories were the forerunners of the conservative party,which still bears the nickname today.the enclosure acts(<圈地法>):during the late18th and early19th centuries the open field system ended when the enclosure acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide into enclosed fields.good results:farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small;more vegetables,more milk and more dairy produce were consumed,and diet became more varied;bad results:a disaster for the tenants,enclosure leading to mass immigration,est.to the New World;a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.the industrial revolution–refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late18th and early19th centuries.the chartist movement(1836-1848)the chartist movement was,however,the first nationwide working class movement anddrew attention to serious problems.Lenin said that Chartism was“the first broad,really mass,politically formed,proletarian revolutionary movement.”Winston Churchil l邱吉尔His first lord of the Admiralty took over as prime ministe r in1940.Thatcherism——Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.Mrs.Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and privatization.Her polices are popularly referred to as Thatcherism.It included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries,the use of monetarist policies(the supply of money in Britain)to control inflation,the weakening of trade unions,the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy,and an emphasis on law and order.The British Constitution There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom,unlike the constitutions of most other countries,the British constitution is not set out in any single document.It is made up of statute law，common law and conventionsConstitutional Monarchy The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy:the head of State is a king or a queen.In practice,theSovereign reigns,but does not rule，it means the momarchy’s powers are limited by law and Parliament.the momarchy actually has no real power.it began in1689after the Gloious Revolution in1688.The Queen(sovereign)is the symbol of the whole nation.In law,she is head of the executive（⾏政）,an integral part of the legislature （⽴法）,head of the judiciary,the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the“supreme governor”of the established Church of England.The Queen also formally appoints many important office holders,including the Prime Minister.The main functions of Parliament are：1)to pass laws;2)to provide,by voting for taxation,the means of carrying on the work of government;3）to examine government policy and administration,including proposals for expenditure;4)to debate the major issues. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.（神职贵族和世俗贵族）The Lords Spiritual（26）are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and24senior bishops of the Church of England.Its main function:to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.In other words,the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision,complementing but not rivaling the elected House.It is presided over by the Lord Chancellor（议长）.The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of651Members of Parliament.It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.Each member represents an area orconstituency,so651constituencies.two-party system:the Conservative Party and the Labor Party since1945.The Prime Ministe r:the leader of the majority party.The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen.He is also,by tradition,First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.The Prime Minister’s official residence is No.10Downing Street in London.The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet,and is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of the general business of the Government.two established churches in Britain—churches legally recognized as official churches of the state:Church of England and the Church of Scotland.Christian Festivals include Christmas,Easter,and Whit Sunday 5.New Year’s Day:part of Scottish“Hogmanay”,which is more important than Christmas to Scots.The birthday of the British Monarch:a National Day in Britain1..The only really important patriotic festival—Remembrance Sunday（Armistice Day）..Bank holidays:Official public holidays are also called“bank holidays”.The term“Bank Holiday”goes back to the Bank Holidays act of 1871,which owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified.The Secretary of State for Education（教育国务⼤⾂）has overall responsibility for school and postschool education in England. LEAs—Local education authoritiesGM schools—self-governing grant-maintained schoolsThe Open University:a non-residential university based in the new town of Milton Keynes,Buckinghamshire.It is so named because it is open to all to become students.Founded in1969and began its first courses in1970.The University offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other member countries of the European Union.It uses a combination of specially produced printed texts,correspondence tuition,television and radio broadcasts and audio/videocassettes.The national newspapers can be divided into two groups:national dailies and national Sundays.Quality newspapers—directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters.Popular newspapers—appeal to people wanting news of more entertaining character,presented more concisely.The national newspapers can be divided into two groups:national dailies and national Sundays.Middle-market”newspapers cover the mid-market.Football:“soccer”,the most popular sport in England;has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the19th century. Rugby:invented at Rugby School in Warwichshire in the early19th century.Cricket（板球）:the most typically English of sports,has been in existence since the16th century.Tennis:Although tennis has been played for centuries,the modern game originated in England in the late19th century; Horse racing is a major British industry and takes two forms—flat racing,and National Hunt（steeplechasing and hurdle racing）.The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the17th century.Snooker is thought to have been invented by Sir Neville Chamberlain in India in1875.the Emerald Isle:because of its rich green countryside..Ireland is divided into two political units.Northern Ireland,which is part of the United Kingdom;the Republic ofIreland（Eire）,which is an independent country.Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands.Variety is the main feature of the lowlands.The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River.It provides electric power for much of the Republic.Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape.mild,moist and changeable:”Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. two official languages in Ireland:Irish（or Gaelic）and English..one of the most Catholic countries of Europe.Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influence on national life and culture. Today93%of the Irish population are Roman Catholics.The arrival of St.Patrick in AD432was perhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture.Irish Republican Army（IRA）War broke out between the Irish Republican Army（IRA）and the British government（1919-1921）.In 1921the Anglo-Irish Treaty,establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.The biggest city is New York,followed by Los Angeles,Chicago,San Francisco,and Philadelphia.Live in the city area.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US is the blacks who number about12.1%of the total population.The1st blacks were brought to North America as slaves in1619.Their life of slaves was no better than that of cattle.Two novels giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves:Uncle Tom’s Cabin,and Roots.The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in1863,and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in1865.Christopher Columbus:an Italian navigator,supported by the Spanish queen;thought he had reached AsiaAmerigo Vespucci—the land was named America after him.Causes of the colonization of the New World in search of opportunity（for a better life）and religious freedom Characteristics of the Puritans:religious intolerance;respect for achievement;and respect for learning.The first English colony in the Americas—Jamestown,Virginia,in1607.Between1607and1733,13British colonies along the east coast of North America:Maine,New Hampshire,Massachusetts, Connecticut,Rhode Island,New York,New Jersey,Pennsylvania,Maryland,Virginia,North Carolina,South Carolina,and Georgia.the American War of Independence and its consequencesno taxation without representation”:without their（Americans’）representatives taking part in decision-making,they had no obligation to pay taxes.Saratoga—a great turning point of the war,leading to an alliance between the US and France.Significance:1）,in a just war,a weak nation can defeat a strong one;2）,a historic event:the American people gained independence, giving capitalism a chance for freer development;3）,great international influence:the colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another.The Articles of Confederation unusual in many ways:no king,a republic;a central government in form of a Congress, emphasis on state power;a written constitutionManifest Destiny”—by a Democratic politician John L.O’Sullivan;its implications are three-fold:1）,the inevitability of the founding of the United States of America;2）,the legitimacy of the expansion of American territory;3）,the spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the Lord’s work.rapid growth of capitalism after the Civil War原因：a stable political environment;（2）enough labor supply（free blacks and immigrants）;（3）science and invention;（4）high taxes on foreign imports;（5）rich in natural resources.The Muckrakers—a group of reform-minded journalists,made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.The Progressive Movement—a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions;not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals;a number of diverse efforts at political,social and economic reforms.Roosevelt’s contributions:forest reserves,the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona;the active use of Sherman Antitrust Act;the Hepburn Act of 1906to regulate railroad prices.Wilson’s program of New Freedom:reduction of tariffs;Federal Reserve Act;regulation of trusts;the19th amendment of voting right for women.characteristics of the1920s1920s A period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.1)The death sentence of Sacco and Vanzetti2)The revival and growth of KKK（Ku Klux Klan）:first organized after the Civil War;in 1924,claimed a membership of four to five million.The black Thursday—the first blow to the stock market,on October24,1929;the stock market crash was the beginning of a long economic depression.Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal.The New Deal:in the first100days,with the purpose of preventing the further worsening of the economic situation and helping the needy people.The aim was to“save American democracy.”内容：Government regulation and control of banking,credit and currency systems;establishment of the social security systems;recovery of industry and agriculture;raise the role of labor;improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.Isolationist policy to keep the US out of war;three neutrality actsAmerican policy towards the Soviet Union was centered on there considerations（1）to keep the Soviet Union in the war so that the United States win the war with the least sacrifice;（2）to get the Soviet Union into the war against Japan;（3）to influence Soviet foreign policy so that there would be some kind of cooperation after the war but at the same time to be very watchful about Soviet expansive intention.The US,Soviet and British leaders met3times:Teheran,Yalta,and Potsdam.Cold War原因Disagreement and conflict between the US and the Soviet Union;separate concepts of postwar world orderThe Truman Doctrine:President Truman's speech,March12,1949:the US government would support any country which said itwas fighting against Communism.The Marshall Plan:in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion,the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid;announced by Secretary of State George Marshall,onJune5,1947;from1947to1952,13billion USD. characteristics of the US economy a free-market economy with a dominant private sector。