简明英语语法教程共40页
简明英语语法教程
简明英语语法教程1. 引言1.1 概述在学习英语语法之前，了解基本概念和结构是非常重要的。
掌握英语语法将帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语，无论是在口语交流还是写作中都会有所帮助。
本教程旨在通过简明易懂的方式介绍英语语法的基本知识和常见现象，为初学者提供一个全面的指南。
1.2 文章结构本文将分为五个主要部分来讲解英语语法。
第一部分将先给出整体概述，并阐述文章编写的目的和意义。
接下来的三个部分将重点讨论名词、动词、形容词以及句子结构相关的内容，这些是理解和运用英语基础要素的关键。
最后一个部分将聚焦拼写与标点符号，以及介绍一些特殊语法现象。
1.3 目的本教程的目标是以简单易懂的方式向读者传达关于英语语法的重要知识点，并帮助读者掌握正确运用这些知识点所需的技巧。
通过阅读本教程，读者可以对名词、动词、形容词以及句子结构等基本概念有更清晰的了解。
此外，读者还将学习不同语法现象的特殊情况，并获得一些关于拼写和标点符号的有用提示。
希望通过本教程的学习，读者能够提高英语语法运用能力，并在日常交流和写作中更加自信地运用英语。
2. 基本概念2.1 名词名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词语。
它可以用来作为主语、宾语、表语等在句子中承担不同的角色。
名词还可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词可以用单数形式和复数形式表示，而不可数名词只有单数形式。
2.2 动词动词是表示动作或状态的词语。
它在句子中通常充当谓语，说明主语所进行的行为或存在的状态。
动词可以根据时态来表示过去、现在和将来的时间。
此外，动词还有不同的时态和情态，用以表达各种不同的意义和态度。
2.3 形容词形容词是描述名词的性质或特征的词语。
它用来修饰并补充名词，并提供更多关于名词的信息。
形容词通常位于名词之前，但也存在位于系动词之后作为表语使用的情况。
形容词有比较级和最高级两种形式，用以表示程度上的差异。
以上是“2. 基本概念”部分内容简介。
该部分介绍了名词、动词和形容词的基本概念及其在句子中的作用和用法。
简明英语语法(全集)
不规则变化
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是
the Bowmans。
2）单复同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
以辅音字母+y 变y 为i
结尾的词
再加es 读 /z/
baby---babies
第三页，共209页。
) 以y 1结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，
变复数：
如： two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件
Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a
set of (finite or infinite) sentenБайду номын сангаасes, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”
• • • • •
Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
简明英语语法
简明英语语法English grammar can be a complex subject, but understanding the basics is essential for clear communication. Here's a straightforward guide to some key points of English grammar:1. Nouns: These are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They can be singular or plural. For example, "dog" is singular, and "dogs" is plural.2. Verbs: Verbs indicate actions or states of being. They can be in different tenses, such as past, present, or future. For instance, "walk" is the base form, "walked" is past tense, and "will walk" is future tense.3. Adjectives: These describe or modify nouns. They give more information about the noun, like "big," "red," or "happy."4. Adverbs: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing more detail about how something is done. Examples include "quickly," "very," and "well."5. Pronouns: Pronouns take the place of nouns in a sentence. Common pronouns are "he," "she," "it," "they," and "we."6. Prepositions: Prepositions show the relationshipbetween a noun or pronoun and other words in the sentence. Examples are "in," "on," "at," "by," and "with."7. Conjunctions: These connect words, phrases, or clauses. "And," "but," "or," and "so" are common conjunctions.8. Articles: Articles are words like "a," "an," and "the" that precede nouns to indicate whether the noun is being referred to in a specific or general sense.9. Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject of a sentence must agree with the verb in number. For example, "She walks" (singular subject with singular verb) and "They walk" (plural subject with plural verb).10. Tenses: English has various tenses to express actions at different times. The simple present is used for habitual actions or general truths, the past simple for completed actions, and the future simple for actions that will happen.11. Voice: There are two voices 英文版:12. Mood: Mood refers to the attitude or emotion associated with a verb. The indicative mood is used for statements, questions, and commands. The subjunctive mood is used for hypothetical or non-factual situations.13. Clauses: A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. There are independent clauses, which can stand alone as sentences, and dependent clauses, which cannot.14. Punctuation: Proper punctuation is crucial for clarity. Commas, periods, question marks, and exclamation points are essential for separating thoughts and indicating tone.15. Sentence Structure: A basic sentence structure in English is subject-verb-object (SVO), as in "The dog barks."Mastering these fundamentals will provide a solid foundation for more advanced grammar studies and improve your ability to communicate effectively in English.。
【培训课件】简明英语语法教程.pptx
不可数的物质名词和抽 象名词转化为可数名词
不可数名词“一件”、“ຫໍສະໝຸດ 个”的表 达法补充：❖a piece of news(work,information,furniture) ❖a bar of chocolate, a block of ice, a burst of applause（一阵掌 声） a fit of anger(一顿脾气）, a loaf of bread, a slip of paper, a(large)sum of money.
✓ 某些外来词的特殊的变化: curriculum(curricula)课程， bacterium(bacteria)细菌，medium(media)媒体，crisis(crises)危机， basis(bases)基础
复合名词的复数形式
主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by, son(s)-in-law, commander(s)-in-chief,editor(s)-in- chief 等
名词的不规则复数形式
✓变内部元音：foot-feet, man-men, mouse-mice,tooth-teeth, woman-women, goose-geese,ox-oxen,child-children.
✓单复数同形：deer, sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, means,series,等
a ten-pound note, two 14-year-old girls, a four-week holiday a six-minute walk, five-foot tall(五英尺高）
Three years is a long time to be without a job. Six miles is too far for me to walk. I’m going to take a taxi.
英语语法：名词性从句-40页精选文档
2）wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于 句末，例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
四、if, whether引导的名词从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑
五、否 定 转 移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语 从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句 的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 注意：若谓语动词为hope, 宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. when
7.The question is ______ it is worth doing.
A. if
B. whether
C. which
D. what
8.The reason he has made such great progress is _______ he has
基本英语语法大全PPT课件PPT42页
“四大基本句型”
.
1第2页，共42页。
什么是四大基本句型
1 主动句型：主语+谓语（动词或 动词短语）
I study. We listen to the music. She takes care of her baby.
.
2第3页，共42页。
2 被动句型：主语+谓语（ Be的过去分词）
I am thirsty.
My father is an engineer.
It will be cloudy tomorrow.
He has been in Beijing.
.
21第22页，共42页。
2变得：get, turn, grow, go, fall, become, come
He got angry. The leaves have turned red. The man has grown old. It never goes wrong. She soon fell asleep. My dream has come true.
一、时态的定义：时间+状态 二、时态的划分方法： 三、对四个时间段和四种状态的定义 时间分为：现在，过去，将来，过去将来。 状态分为：一般，进行，完成，完成进行。共 组合16种时态，其中8种是常用的。
.
23第24页，共42页。
感官联系动词：看起来， 听上去，闻 起来， 尝起来，摸起来，看来，显得 等等。
You look great.
His advice sounds reasonable.
The cheese smelled terrible.
The table feels smooth.
英语语法EnglishGrammar共40页
8.eight 18.eighteen 90.ninety 一亿 one
9.nine 19.nineteen 10.ten
hundred million 十亿 billion
基数词的构成（二）
1. 20--100之间各数词要在十位和个位之间加连字符号
2.
“-”。
22 twenty-two 99 ninety-nine
times that of 2019 in our college. • 我们大学现在的学生人数是2019年的2.8倍。 • Its capacity was 4.3 times as great as that in
1981. 它的生产能力为1981年生产能力的4.3倍。
Task 1.7 Multiples
倍数
• 通常用time表示倍数 • The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
地球的大小是月球的49倍。 • The output of computers was more than 3
times greater. • 计算机产量增长了3倍多。 • It is 8 times as big as Japan. • 它有日本8倍大。
如数字较小， 车
可用以下两 种形式：
中山路118 118 Zhongshan Road 号
1）名词+基 数词
2）the+序数 词+名词
第八课
第二次世 界大战
Lesson eight 或 the Eighth Lesson World War Two或
The Second World War
基数词的复数形式
4.four 14.fourteen 50.fifty 十万one hundred
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两个构成部分都变为复数：man-doctor(men-doctors), man cook (men cooks), man-writer(men-writers),woman-doctor(women-doctors) woman cook(women cooks),woman writer(women writers).
everyone else’s opinion • 固定词组：at one’s wit’s end, a stone’s throw • 表示度量，时间，空间，如a week’s holiday, today’s post, • 表示某些国家，城市，天体等名称的，the earth’s surface,
可数名词和不可数名词
个体名词和集体名词一般都是可数的，如：two computers a happy family, two football teams.
抽象名词和物质名词一般都是不可数的，如 Translation is an art. 翻译是一种艺术。 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声的速度快。
不可数的物质名词和抽 象名词转化为可数名词
不可数名词“一件”、“一个”的表 达法
补充：
a piece of news(work,information,furniture) a bar of chocolate, a block of ice, a burst of applause（一阵掌 声） a fit of anger(一顿脾气）, a loaf of bread, a slip of paper, a(large)sum of money.
a ten-pound note, two 14-year-old girls, a four-week holiday a six-minute walk, five-foot tall(五英尺高）
Three years is a long time to be without a job. Six miles is too far for me to walk. I’m going to take a taxi.
复数的一些习惯用法
只以复数形式出现的词：trousers, jeans, scissors,glasses,等 往往和“a pair of ” 连用。
以s结尾的名词但非复数：mathematics, economics, physics politics(政治）, news, gymnastics简明英语语法教程第一元 名词名词（Noun)
专有名词 London Mary the United Nations 个体名词 table, computer,gun
普通名词
集体名词 family, committee 物质名词 rain, fire, air
抽象名词 youth, success, beauty
可数与不可数名词间的转化
The trees are now in flower. 可数的个体名词转化为不可 There’s no school tomorrow. 数的物质名词
Long Jing is a well-known tea. Two coffees, please. We met with many difficulties. He’s had many odd experiences.
名词的不规则复数形式
变内部元音：foot-feet, man-men, mouse-mice,tooth-teeth, woman-women, goose-geese,ox-oxen,child-children.
单复数同形：deer, sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, means,series,等
名词的所有格
’s 所有格的构成方法： • 单数名词在末尾加’s，the boy’s father • 以s结尾的复数形式名词，末尾仅加’,如the two boys’mother • 以s结尾的单数人名变为所有格时，一般加’s,Thomas’s brother • 几个词作为一个单位时,’s应加在最后一个词的末，
名词的规则复数形式
一般情况加s，如desks, books, girls, 以 s,x,sh,ch收尾的词，加es,如glasses,roses,brushes,churches 以f或fe结尾的词，则一般变为ves, 如:wife(wives),bookshelf(bookshelves),wolf(wolves),thief(thieves)
以辅音+y结尾的词，则变y为i，再加es, 如party(parties),city(cities) family(families), university(universities)
名词的规则复数形式
以辅音+o结尾的，一般加es,如hero(heroes),potato(potatoes),tomato (tomatoes), echo(echoes),但有一些外来词只加s，如piano(pianos), radio(radios),photo(photos),studio(studios). 有关字母，数字，缩写词以及引语的复数形式详见书本（略）
某些外来词的特殊的变化: curriculum(curricula)课程， bacterium(bacteria)细菌，medium(media)媒体，crisis(crises)危机， basis(bases)基础
复合名词的复数形式
主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by, son(s)-in-law, commander(s)-in-chief,editor(s)-in- chief 等