读写教程第四册reading-aloud+翻译+商务英语match
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新视野大学英语(第二版)第四册读写教程课文翻译An artist who seeks fame is like a dog chasing his own tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it.艺术家追求成名，如同狗自逐其尾，一旦追到手，除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。
The cruelty of success is that it often leads those who seek such success to participate in their own destruction.成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。
"Don't quit your day job!" is advice frequently given by understandably pessimistic family members and friends to a budding artist who is trying hard to succeed.对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢！”他们的担心不无道理。
The conquest of fame is difficult at best, and many end up emotionally if not financially bankrupt.追求出人头地，最乐观地说也困难重重，许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒，也是几近精神崩溃。
Still, impure motives such as the desire for worshipping fans and praise from peers may spur the artist on.尽管如此，希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。
【免费下载】21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册Reading Aloud
Unit 1一种“永不屈服”的态度。
西蒙顿说，如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种坚持不懈地追求成功的动力。
“往往有人认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西，”他解释道。
“但研究表明，有些伟人并没有惊人的智力有的只是程度上的差异而已。
伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。
”A “never surrender ”attitude. If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There’s a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal, he explained. But what comes out of the research isthat there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It’s a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.他举了二战时期的英国首相温斯顿丘吉尔作为永不放弃敢于冒险的典范。
丘吉尔在全国士气最为低落的时候被推上了台，并出色地领导了英国人民。
在“我们1940 年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次演讲中，他的话激励了全国人民，决不会退缩、永不失败。
我们一定要坚持到底......我们永远不会屈服。
He cited Winston Churchill, Britain’s prime minister during World War 2, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his country's morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said, We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end... We shall never surrender.Unit 2有些人不愿表达感激之情，因为他们觉得这不会受欢迎。
新视野大学英语读写教程(第二版)第四册 Unit 9 Section A Make Euro Disney More European
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Text Study — Structure Analysis
Tips
Para. 1 “Get yourself up and make something of yourself, buddy!”
Para. 4
Para. 8
“If there’s one thing I can’t stand, it’s a quitter.”
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Text Study — Understanding
Difficulties father died, three babies, lots of bills to pay Part 2 (Para. 5)
quit college for work; Mother’s lose our house; response take shelter with Allen; work as a grocer at ten dollars a week
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Text Study — Understanding
wished to be hired by The My Times; offered, one of the most Progress prized assignments: a regular Part 3 III opinion piece in The New York (Paras. Times. 17-19) Mother’s not mentioned; response proof, my mother’s scheme, III absolutely right.
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Text Study — Understanding
seven years later, cover the My White House, reporting from Progress the Oval Office, a big honor, a Part 3 II success. (Paras. 13-16) chance, make something; Mother’s warned, marginal progress, response not being too proud of oneself, II watch out, a “harder fall”.
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册ReadingAloud
Unit 1If greatachiev ers shareanythi ng, said Simont on, it is an unrele nting driveto succee d. There’s a tenden cy to thinkthat they are endowe d with someth ing super-normal, he explai ned. But what comesout of the resear ch is that thereare greatpeople who have no amazin g intell ectua l proces ses. It’s a differ encein degree. Greatn ess is builtupon tremen dousamount s of study, practi ce and devoti on.He citedWinsto n Church ill, Britai n’s primeminist er during WorldWar 2, as an exampl e of a risk-takerwho wouldnevergive up. Thrust into office when his countr y's morale was at its lowest, Church ill rose brilli antly to lead the Britis h people. In a speech follow ing the Allied evacua tionat Dunkir k in 1940,he inspir ed the nation when he said, We shallnot flag or fail. We shallgo on to the end... We shallneversurren der.西蒙顿说，如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种坚持不懈地追求成功的动力。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后答案及翻译
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后练习答案及翻译（Unit1-Unit6）Unit 1Text AComprehension of text1. He defines greatness as the lasting contribution which a person makes or has made to human civilization.2. The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3. Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4. A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5. Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6. The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7. They simply don‟t devote the amount of time required.8. The study showe d that enjoying one‟s work is the best form of motivation.V ocabulary1 chat 2.acknowledge 3.motivated 4.charcteristic5 despite 6.influential 7.cited 8.obstacle9 intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13 contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.morale1 left behind 2.rise 3.made history 4.were endowed with5 put up with 6.going nowhere 7.ifocuses on 8.be built on9 put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartWord buildingefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1 fluency 2.proficiency 3.emergency4.Efficiency 5 tendency 6.frequencyStructure1. For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time —it's that they don‟t have good study habits.2. Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they arebrought up in different environments.3. The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4. I‟m really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5. You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.1. President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.3. We shouldn't focus on minor points. Instead, we should try to solve the problem of the greatest urgency at present.4. He doesn‟t get anybody else to help him. Instead, he likes to attend to everything himself.5. Teaching success shouldn't be measured by the scores the students receive on tests. Instead, it should be measured by whether the students have internalized the ability and desire to learn. Close1-5 BCBAD6-10 DCABA11-15 DABCATransition西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。
21世纪大学生读写教程第四册READING ALOUD汉英+课后翻译
21世纪大学生读写教程第四册Reading Aloud汉英+课后翻译Unit 1If great achievers share anything,said Simonton,it is an unrelenting drive to succeed.”There‟s a tendency to think they are endowed with something super-normal,”he explained.”But what comes out of the research i s that ther are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes.It‟s a difference in degree.Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study,practice and devotion.”He cited Winston Churchill,Britain‟s prime minister during World WarⅡ,as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up.Thrust into office when his country‟s morale was at its lowest,Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people.In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said,”We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end...We shall never surrender.”西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册答案及课文翻译
Unit 1Text AComprehension of text1. He defines greatness as the lasting contribution which a person makes or has made to human civilization.2. The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3. Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4. A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5. Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6. The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7. They simply don’t devote the amount of time required.8. The study showed that enjoying one’s work is the best form of motivation.Vocabulary1 chat 2.acknowledge 3.motivated 4.charcteristic5 despite 6.influential 7.cited 8.obstacle9 intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13 contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.morale1 left behind 2.rise 3.made history 4.were endowed with5 put up with 6.going nowhere 7.ifocuses on 8.be built on9 put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartWord buildingefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1 fluency 2.proficiency 3.emergency4.Efficiency 5 tendency 6.frequencyStructure1. For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time —it's that they don’t have good study habits.2. Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they are brought up in different environments.3. The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4. I’m really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5. You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.1. President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.4. Some actors’ fame is built on their innate beauty, bu t despite his short stature, Dustin Hoffman rose above and it is his excellent acting that set him apart.5. After he took charge, we discovered that there were striking differences between him and his predecessor. He had the drive and passion, came up with many new ideas, and focused his work on how to raise our morale.6. Deng Xiaoping made history when he declared China's reform and opening-up policy. Despite tremendous obstacles, he made lasting contributions to our country's modernization with his unrelenting efforts.7. Why could someone with a genius IQ be left behind by a hardworking person with an average IQ? It has to be acknowledged that besides one's IQ, many other factors have much to do with one's achievements.8. This teacher is really remarkable in first motivating her students so she can really teach them something. It's not that she is talented, it's that she focuses completely or drawing their full attention in class.Text BGuessing meaning of the context1-5BADAC6-10ACCAB11-14DCABVocabulary exercises1 scandal 2.stirred 3.projected 4.attain 5.transformed6.faking7.conveyed8.eloquent 9 humiliate 10 coherent11 analysis 12 rally 13 determined 14 consoledError correction年出版的《伟大：谁创造了历史，原因何在》一书的作者。
21世纪大学英语(读写教程)第四册课文全翻译
如何变得有天赋朱利叶斯·法斯特芭芭拉·法斯特在一项对教育方法的研究中，一位教师被告知她的新班中全是有非凡天赋的孩子。“你应该从他们那儿获得高于平均水平的成绩，”有人这样通知她，而到了期末她所得到的正是这个——超出平均水平的成绩。这件事的引人注目之处在于事实上这个班的学生并非异乎寻常。他们只是一群中等水平的、智商处于正常范围之内的学生。这位老师被告知的并不是他们真实的潜力。这项研究揭示了许多关于教学和孩子问题的许多答案，但它留下的未回答的问题更多。但它的确非常清晰地表明了一点，即当一个孩子相信老师的期望是真诚的时候，他通常是不会辜负这种期望的。一个没有回答的问题是：那位老师是以什么方式向学生们表明他们是特殊的，能取得优异成绩的呢？她没有用许多话告诉他们这一点，但显然在她的态度中有某种东西使学生们确信他们是有非凡天赋的。进一步的研究表明，老师态度中那种特别的“东西”，一部分是她给全班布置的作业，一部分是她布置作业的方式。但最强有力的“东西”还是老师本人和她对全班学生及其能力的态度。当她说“你们是聪明的孩子”时，她的声音中有更多的信心和关注。一直有一种鼓励性的语气在告诉他们他们会取得进步，很大的进步。孩子们收到了这些信号，并对它们作出了积极的反应。某个学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事。当这种情况发生时，那个学生面对的不是失望、愤怒或恼怒。相反，老师认为这是一次例外，一件偶然的事情，倒霉的一天，一次暂时的失误——而学生相信了她，并消除了疑虑。下一次，他更加努力了，决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。很难精确地确定老师传达的信息：“我期待着最好的成绩，”中到底是哪一部分告诉了孩子。它的一部分包括显示信心的平和语调，言语上的耐心，及没有讽刺、贬低和恼怒等消极因素。期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提问，因为她知道她得到的答案将是正确的，而孩子也感受到了那种信心。这一信息大多是通过声音传递的，但也有相当惊人的一部分表现在态度、接触和面部表情上。跟这个对“天才”儿童所做的实验相类似的实验也在“天才”老鼠的身上做了。一位科学家得到的是一群普通的老鼠，但却被告知它们是一个特殊的品种，曾接受过在创记录的时间里穿越迷宫的训练。在与这些老鼠一起工作时，这位科学家发现它们确实比其他老鼠学得快，穿越迷宫也的确更迅速。但是老鼠对我们的语言一无所知。那位科学家是怎样得以将他的期望传达给它们的呢？对实验中所有变量的检查表明，这些异常好的结果应归功于他对待老鼠的方式，他对它们讲话的方式和语调，他声音中的信心、安抚和确定无疑。老鼠理解了所有的信息，并照着做了。从更广泛的角度看这两个实验，那位老师和那位科学家都运用了一个对所有社会各个阶层的人都通用的原则——贴标签原则。我们所有的期待都带有偏见，我们对于不同的人有着完全不同的期望，甚至对各个民族也是如此。我们依据民族特点来判断人。我们认为美国人贪婪，想赚大钱，我们在心里给他们贴上了这样的标签。我们给德国人贴的标签是整洁而有条理，英国人是冷漠、不友好和矝持寡言，意大利人是易动感情，日本人彬彬有礼——等等等等。我们在一个非常宽阔的、远非同质的群体上贴了一张非常狭小的标签。我们在种族层面上也是这样。黑人有音乐感，印第安人坚忍，东方人神秘莫测。我们甚至给性别贴上标签——男人积极进取、女人消极被动。在家庭层面上，标签有时是由邻居们贴上的。“琼斯一家都是废物……总是依靠救济。”有时标签也许是由那家人自己贴的。“我们史密斯一家宁愿挨饿也不会请求政府帮助！”史密斯家的男孩因带着这个令人敬畏的独立标签长大，很容易与自己的标签名实相符，正如琼斯家的女孩很容易与她的标签名实相符一样：“他们都认为我们是废物？那我就表现得像废物！”这种标签也许不太全面，甚至带有性别歧视。某个家庭也许会自豪地说，“我们家的男人一直都是专业人员。”当这个家庭里的一个儿子比尔发现木工活是他最喜爱的工作时，他便面对着同家庭的冲突——以及同自己的冲突。他内心的力量也许能使他按照自己的意愿坚持到底，成为一个木匠，但另一方面他也知道他没有符合家庭的标签，因此他怀着一种负罪感度过一生。他甚至可能给自己创造标签。“我是一个失败者，真的。”即使比尔在自己这一行里是个成功者，经过一段时间以后拥有了自己的企业，比他当律师的兄弟鲍勃赚的钱还多，那也没用。比尔仍然不是一个专业人员，因此他内心的标签上仍然写着失败。在家庭内部贴标签很早便开始了。在宝宝听得懂口头语言之前，他便能对肢体语言和间接交流作出反应了。他在懂得词语之前，已经从父母的声音中感受到爱，他也感受到嫌弃、冷淡、恐惧或敌意，他也对这些情绪作出了反应。如果他得到的是爱和温柔，他也以爱和温柔作出反应。以后，当他理解言语时，他便接受他的标签。吉米是家里的乖孩子，而一向难弄的莎莉则得到了惹是生非者的标签。每个孩子除了名字外还得到一个标签。她是聪明的。他爱出风头。诺曼老是迟到。贝蒂不招人爱。芭芭拉很冷漠。杰克很野。纳塔莉很甜，等等等等。这些标签也许反映了事实。纳塔莉也许很甜，但往往是标签把现实强加于孩子身上。如果纳塔莉经常听到别人说她很甜，她便开始表现得很甜。你往往会使自己与你的标签名实相符。同样，参加教学实验的学生们被加上了聪明的标签，于是他们便设法变得聪明，超常地发挥了他们的许多当面或在电视上听我讲话的人，或者那些读到我讲话的人都以为我的学历远远不止八年级。这一印象完全归功于我在监狱中的学习。这是在查尔斯顿监狱真正开始的，当时宾比第一次让我对他渊博的知识感到了羡慕。无论参与什么交谈，宾比总是起着主导作用，而我也曾经试图效仿他。但我找到的每本书中，几乎每句句子都有一个以上甚至几乎全部的单词我压根儿不认识。当我跳过那些词时，我最终当然不知道书中所云。所以我来到诺福克监狱时，仍然只有看看书的意愿。要不是我后来获得了动力，我本来很快就会连这些愿望也丢弃的。我明白我最好是能弄到一本字典——为的是学习，学一些单词。幸好我还想到应该努力提高一下自己的书写水平。我的书写很糟糕，甚至于不能将字写在一条直线上。这两个想法促使我要求诺福克监狱学校给我一本字典以及一些便笺簿和铅笔。头两天我还拿不定主意，只是随便翻了翻字典。我从来没有意识到会有这么多单词！我不知道哪些词是我需要学习的。最后，为了开始某种行动，我便开始了抄写。我把印在第一页上的所有东西甚至标点符号，慢慢地、费力地、歪歪斜斜地抄到了我的便笺簿里。我记得那花了我一天的时间。然后，我便把写在便笺簿上的每个词大声读给自己听。我一遍又一遍地把自己写的东西大声读给自己听。第二天早上醒来时我还想着那些词——我无比自豪地意识到，我不仅一下子写了那么多，还写了许多我从来不知道存在于这个世界上的词。而且，我稍微动一下脑筋还能记得其中许多词的意思。我复习了那些被我忘记了意思的单词。有趣的是，就在此刻，词典第一页上的“土豚”一词竟跳入了我的脑海之中。字典上有它的一幅插图，一种长尾、长耳、会挖洞的非洲哺乳动物，以白蚁为食，像食蚁动物捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头来捕食白蚁。我完全被迷住了，于是又继续干下去——我抄写了字典的下一页。当我学习它时我获得了同样的体验。随着以后的每一页，我还了解了人物、地方和历史事件。实际上字典就像一部小型百科全书。最后，字典的A部分抄满了一整本便笺簿——于是我便继续抄写B部分。我就这样开始抄写了整本字典。如此多的实践帮我提高了书写速度，所以以后我抄得快多了。包括我写在便笺簿上的词和写的信，我猜我在后来的囚禁日子里足足写下了一百万词。我认为随着词汇量的增加，我肯定能第一次拿起一本书来读并开始理解书中讲的内容了。任何一个博览群书的人都能想象得出那个被打开的新世界。让我告诉你一些事；从那以后直到我离开那所监狱，在我的每一段空闲时间里，我不是在图书馆里看书，就是在我的床上看书。你哪怕用楔子也休想把我跟书分开。我学习穆罕默德先生的教导，我跟别人通信，我会客，我读书，日子就这样一个月一个月地过去了，我甚至没有想到自己是在坐牢。事实上，在那之前，我在生活中从来没有那样真正自由过……正如你能想象的，尤其在一个特别强调改造的监狱里，如果一个犯人表现出对书籍异乎寻常的强烈兴趣，他就会受到赞许。犯人中有相当多的博览群书者，尤其是受广欢迎的辩论家。一些人被公认为活的百科全书。他们几乎成了名人。当这个新世界，这个能够阅读并理解的新世界向我敞开时，我贪婪地阅读文学作品，数量之多超过了任何一所大学对任何一个学生的要求。我在自己的房间里比在图书馆里读得更多。一个以读书多而出名的犯人能超出规定借出更多的书。我更喜欢在与外界完全隔绝的自己的房间里读书。当我发展到开始读非常严肃的读物时，每天晚上10点左右，我会因为“熄灯”而愤怒不已。它似乎总是在我正读到引人入胜之处时来跟我捣乱。幸好在我的门外面有一盏走廊灯把光线照到我的房间里。一旦我的眼睛适应之后，这点光线就足以让我读书。所以“熄灯”后，我就坐在地板上，借着那点光继续读书。夜间看守每隔一小时就走过每个房间。每次听到越来越近的脚步声，我就跳到床上假装睡觉。看守一走过去，我就从床上回到地板上那块亮的地方，再读上58分钟——直到看守再次走过来。这样一直持续到每天凌晨三四点钟。每天晚上睡三四个小时对我来说就足够了。在流落街头的那些日子里我经常睡得更少。我经常思考阅读为我打开的那些新的远景。我当时在狱中就知道，阅读已永远改变了我的人生历程。正如我现在所认识到的，阅读能力唤醒了在我内心潜伏已久的对于思想活跃的渴望。我当然不是在追求任何学位，那只是大学授予学生一种地位象征的方式。我通过自学所受到的教育使我每读一本新书就更意识到正在折磨着美国黑色人种的聋、哑和盲。不久前，一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了我几个问题。其中一个问题是，“你的母校是哪儿？”我告诉他，“是书。”在任何一个空闲的十五分钟里，你都会发现我在学习一些我觉得可能有助于黑人的东西……每次乘飞机，我都带一本想读的书——至今已读了很多书。如果我现在不是每天出来同白人斗争，我会将余生用于阅读，仅仅是为了满足我的好奇心——因为你几乎说不出什么东西是我不感到好奇的。 我想任何人都没有像我那样从坐牢中获得了那么多。事实上，如果我的生活是另一个样子，如果我上了大学，我就不能像在监狱里那样能更集中地进行学习。我想上大学最大的麻烦之一就是有太多让人分心的事。除了监狱还有什么地方能让我有时候每天集中学习15个小时来克服我的愚昧无知呢？
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Unit 4When a stud ent's work did not measure up to the teacher's expectations,as often happened,the stud ent was not treated with disappointment,anger,or annoyance.Instead,the teacher assumed that this was an exception,an accid ent,a bad day,a momentary〔短暂的〕slip-and the stud ent believed her and felt reassured〔安心〕.The next time around,he tried hard er,d etermined to live up to what the teacher knew he coul d d o.The exact part of communication that tells a child,I expect the best,is difficult to pinpoint〔确定〕.In part it consists of a l evel tone showing assurance,a lack of verbal impatience,an absence of negative qualities such as irony〔挖苦〕,put-d owns,and irritation〔刺激〕.The teacher who expects the best asks her questions with conviction〔确信〕,knowing the answers she gets will be right,and the chil d picks up that conviction.学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事。
当这种情况发生时，那个学生面对的不是失望、气愤或恼怒。
相反，老师认为这是一个例外，一次意外事件，倒霉的一天，一次暂时的失误----而学生相信了她，并消除了疑虑。
下一次，他更加努力了，决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。
在老师传达的信息中到底是哪一点告诉了孩子“我期待着最好的成绩〞，这很难精确说明。
其中一局部是显示信心的平和声调，是没有言语上的不耐烦，是不挖苦，不贬低，不发火，不带有诸如此类的消极因素。
期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提问，因为她知道她得到的答案将是正确的，而孩子也感受到了那种信心。
Unit 6EQ is not the opposite of IQ.Some peopl e are bl essed with a l ot of both,some with little of either.What reseachers have been trying to und erstand is how they compl ement each other,how one's ability to handl e stress,for instance,affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence to use.Among the ingredients〔组成局部〕for success,researchers now generally agree that IQ counts for about 20%,the rest d epends on everything from class to luck to the neural〔神经的〕pathwaysthat have d eveloped in the brain over millions of years of human evolution〔演化〕.情商不是智商的对立面。
一些人有幸两者都拥有很多，一些人那么每一样都拥有很少。
研究者们一直试图理解的是它们如何互补；比方，一个人对付压力的能力如何影响其集中思想和发挥才智的能力。
研究者们大多同意，在成功的要素中智商约占20%；其余那么取决于多种因素，从所属的阶级到运气到在人类进化的几百万年中已在大脑中形成的神经通道。
Unit 7As a child, I id entified so strongly with my mother that I thought my father was just a long-term house guest with spanking privileges〔打小孩屁股的特权〕. She and I are bookish〔书呆子〕, introverted〔内向的〕worriers. My father is an optimist who has never had a sleepl ess night in his life.Like most fathers and sons, we fought. But there was no cooling-off period between rounds. It was a col d war lasting from the onset of my ad ol escence until I went off to coll ege in 1973.I hated him. He was a former navy fighter pilot with an Irish temper and a belief that all the problems of the worl d-including an overprotected son who never saw anything through to completion-could be cured by the application〔适用〕of more discipline.小时侯，我和母亲特别亲，而认为父亲只是一个长期住在我家并享有打孩子屁股特权的客人。
母亲和我爱读书，性格内向，多愁善感。
父亲那么很乐观，一生中从来没有睡不着觉的时候。
像大多数父子一样，我们常斗气。
但在各个回合之间却没有休战期。
这是一场冷战，从我的青春期开始一直持续到1973年我离家去上大学。
我恨他。
他以前是一名海军战斗机驾驶员，脾气火暴，他坚信世界上所有的问题----包括宠爱有加、做事一向虎头蛇尾的儿子----都能通过严隶法纪来解决。
翻译；21世纪英语读写教程第四册课后翻译答案Unit4A Minus or a Plus for Learning小议考试的利与弊人们对应试教育不满，主要是因为各种测试削弱、甚至替代了正常的课堂教学Peopl e disapprove the practice of “teaching to the test〞because various tests have weakened or even replaced the regular teaching in class.至于考试本身，也绝非一无是处的祸患。
妥善设计的测试，可以显示我们对某一学科的学习状况，有助于进一步掌握新学到的知识As to l earn, it is no evil in itself. Tests and exams are an indispensibl e part in any l earning circumstance. Well-d esigned tests serve to show what we have l earned about a subject and help make our new knowl edge permanent.有时甚至还能帮助我们了解自身的长处和短处。
不幸的是，测验、考试的真正目的，早就被置之脑后。
我们关心的就是成绩和分数Sometimes tests can even help us know ourselves- our strengths as well as weaknesses. Unfortunately, the actual purpose of exams and tests has l ong been ignored and or attention goes to grades and scores.没人冷静思考一下学校教学的性质和质量。
本杰明富兰克林说过：说给我听的，我忘记了。
手把手教我的，我记住了。
让我投身去历练的，我学到手了。
No one gives a thought to the nature and quality of what is taught. “Tell me and I forget,〞Benjamin Franklin says. 〞Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I l earn. 〞所以我们不妨将课堂测试当作一种亲身历练，由此在我们内心激起一股对学习本身的热爱。
So we may just take testing as a sort of “involvement〞which might help inspire in us a l ove of l earning itself.Unit61.他生来就有残疾，但他从不沮丧，也从未屈服于任何困难。
He was disabl ed from birth, but he never felt frustrated, nor did he give in to any difficulty.2.汤姆一直坚决要求提升。
当时机出现时，他立即抓住了。
Tom had been hol ding out for a promotion. When the opportunity showed up, he grabbed it at once.3.他对所有的标准化考试都不信任并认为应该有某种更好的东西来取代它们。
He distrusts all standardized tests and believes that there shoul d be something better to substitute for them.4.我的论点是，我们应当马上对这些有争议的问题逐个进行调查。
My thesis is that we shoul d carry out a survey of these controversial issues one by one right now.5.贝蒂勤劳而又可靠。