the role of derivational morphology in word acquisition
英语四种构词法
英语四种构词法English Derivational MorphologyLanguage is a complex and intricate system, constantly evolving to meet the needs of its users. At the heart of this system lies the fundamental building blocks of words, known as morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language, and they play a crucial role in the formation and understanding of words. In the English language, there are four primary methods of word formation, each with its own unique characteristics and applications. These methods are known as the four types of derivational morphology: affixation, compounding, conversion, and back-formation.Affixation is the process of adding an affix, either a prefix or a suffix, to a base word to create a new word. Prefixes are morphemes that are added to the beginning of a word, while suffixes are added to the end. Prefixes can modify the meaning of a word, often indicating direction, location, or negation. For example, the prefix "re-" in the word "rebuild" suggests the action of rebuilding something that was previously constructed. Suffixes, on the other hand, can change the part of speech of a word, such as turning a verb into a noun (e.g.,"teach" becomes "teacher") or an adjective into an adverb (e.g., "quick" becomes "quickly").Compounding is the process of combining two or more words to create a new word with a distinct meaning. Compound words can be formed by combining two nouns (e.g., "sunflower"), a noun and a verb (e.g., "dishwasher"), or an adjective and a noun (e.g., "greenhouse"). Compound words can be written as single units (e.g., "bedroom"), hyphenated (e.g., "well-being"), or as separate words (e.g., "ice cream"). The meaning of a compound word is often different from the sum of its parts, and can be more specific or more general than the individual words.Conversion, also known as zero-derivation, is the process of changing the part of speech of a word without adding any affixes. This can be done by using a word in a different grammatical context, such as using a noun as a verb (e.g., "to google") or a verb as a noun (e.g., "a run"). Conversion is a highly productive process in English, and it allows speakers to create new words quickly and easily to meet their communication needs.Back-formation is the process of creating a new word by removing an affix from an existing word. This is often done to create a verb from a noun or an adjective, such as "edit" from "editor" or "babysit" from "babysitter." Back-formation can also be used to create nounsfrom verbs, such as "peddler" from "peddle." This process is less common than the other derivational morphology methods, but it can still be found in various areas of the English language.Each of these four types of derivational morphology plays a crucial role in the expansion and evolution of the English language. Affixation allows for the creation of new words with specific meanings, compounding enables the combination of existing words to form new concepts, conversion provides a flexible way to change the part of speech of a word, and back-formation creates new words by removing affixes from existing ones. Together, these processes contribute to the richness and diversity of the English lexicon, allowing speakers to express a wide range of ideas and concepts with precision and nuance.。
2024年高中英语哲学思想单选题30题
2024年高中英语哲学思想单选题30题1.Which of the following is a famous quote by Plato?A."I think, therefore I am."B."The unexamined life is not worth living."C."To be is to be perceived."D."Knowledge is power."答案：B。
解析：选项 A 是笛卡尔的名言“我思故我在”；选项B 是苏格拉底的名言，柏拉图是苏格拉底的学生，经常引用苏格拉底的话；选项C 是贝克莱的名言“存在就是被感知”；选项D 是培根的名言“知识就是力量”。
2.What does the term "metaphysics" refer to?A.The study of moral values.B.The study of the nature of reality.C.The study of human behavior.D.The study of language.答案：B。
解析：“metaphysics”指的是形而上学，是对现实本质的研究；选项A 是伦理学的研究内容；选项C 是心理学等学科的研究内容；选项D 是语言学的研究内容。
3.Who is considered the father of Western philosophy?A.Socrates.B.Plato.C.Aristotle.D.Pythagoras.答案：A。
解析：苏格拉底被认为是西方哲学之父；柏拉图是苏格拉底的学生；亚里士多德是柏拉图的学生；毕达哥拉斯是古希腊数学家、哲学家，但不是西方哲学之父。
4.The statement "Man is the measure of all things" is attributed to which philosopher?A.Protagoras.B.Democritus.C.Heraclitus.D.Sophocles.答案：A。
英语语言学概论第三章习题及答案
2017级英语语言学概论第三章习题请认真填写学号和姓名。
每次答题仅第一次提交有效。
个人信息：[矩阵文本题] *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the first letter given.11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Morpheme)12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：grammatical)13. B________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound)14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d______ affixes. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivative)15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivative)16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：suffix)17. C________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Compounding)18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m______ rules. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：morphological)19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivation)20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：stem)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) （） [单选题] *A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme(正确答案)22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound （）. [单选题] *A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.(正确答案)23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of （）. [单选题] *A. the first elementB. the second element(正确答案)C. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. （） are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [单选题] *A. Free morphemesB. Bound morpheme(正确答案)C. Bound wordsD. Words25. （） is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [单选题] *A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. Morphology(正确答案)D. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is （）. [单选题] *A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammatical(正确答案)D. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that （）. [单选题] *A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.(正确答案)28. （） modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. [单选题] *A. Prefixes(正确答案)B. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. （） are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. [单选题] *A. WordsB. Morphemes(正确答案)C. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is （）. [单选题] *A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affix(正确答案)D. a rootIV. Define the following terms.31. Morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.)32. Free morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth¬er morphemes.)33. Bound morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen¬dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.)34. Suffix [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.)35. Derivation [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.)。
语言学期末考试填空题题库
Chapter 11.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is the conventionality of a language that is more worth noticing that its arbitrariness.2.In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is arbitrary.3.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection betweena particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.4.The features that define our human languages can be called design features5.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.This quality is labeled as displacement.6.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the level are composed of elements of the level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.7.Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and interpersonal functions.8. Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the metalingual function of language.9.Interpersonal function is realized by mood and modality.10.When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is phatic function.11.Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called performatives12.Linguistics is usually defined as the scientific study of language.13.The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called phonetics.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structures of words is called morphology.15.Phonetics mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16.Semantics and pragmatics investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.17.In linguistics, syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentence.18.Pragmatics can be defines as the study of language in use.19.If a linguistics, synchronic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be prescriptive20.In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundation of a historical study.ngue refers to the abstract linguistics system shared be all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.22.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance, the actual use of this knowledge in linguistic communication.23.”A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature of arbitrariness.24.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are not mutually intelligible, which shows that language is culturally transmitted25.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.Chapter 21.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one worddifferent from another in meaning, are allophones.2. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are the pharynx, mouth, and nose. six places of articulation according to Fromkin and Rodman throat,palate,palate top,teeth,lips,nose,4. Name five of English front vowels: i:, i, e, æ, a.5.The sound [p] can be described with “ voiceless, bilabial, stop”6.In the production of a velar sound, the back of the tongue is raised so that it touches the soft palate to form a kind of obstruction.7. By the position of the highest part of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.8.Pitch,as a principal suprasegmental features, can be defined as the relative intensity of soundness with which a syllable is uttered.9.In English, the sound [b] has the same phonetic features as the sound [p] except the feature of voicing.10. Assimilation refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.11. The oral stops in English are b, p, d, t, g and k.12.When pitch, stress and length variation are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.1.The sound [p] can be described with " voiceless, bilabial, stop".2.The sound [b] can be described with " voiced, bilabial, stop"3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and manner of articulation.4.Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.5.The present system of the cardinal vowels derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London.6.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and manner of articulation.7.The sound /k/ can be described with “voiceless,velar,stop”.8.Narrow transcription should transcribe all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades.9.Assimilation refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sounds.10.Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.11.The syllable structure in Chinese is CVC or CV or V.12.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are allophone of airstream.13.In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different phonemes and the 2 words are a minimal pair.14.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without obstruction of airstream.15.In English there are a number of diphthong,.which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.16.According to the maximal onset principle, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda17.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ -/v/.This is an example for illustrating minimal pairs.Chapter 31.Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the affixes2. On, before and together are grammatical words ---- they are words which do not take inflectional endings.3. Give the regular allomorphs of plural in English: /n/, /i:/, /s/, /z/, /iz/.4. Give the regular allomorphs of past tense in English: /iə/, /t/, /d/.5. Nouns, verbs and adjectives are context words other than function words.6. In the addition of new words, smog is a(an) blending.7.Waltz is borrowed from German.8. As a result of assimilation, the negative morpheme in imperfect and impossible is “im-”rather than “in-”.9. The linguistic term used for the common factor of a set of verbs, such as writing, wrote, written, write and writes is lexeme.10. A bound morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.1.As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones affixes.2.In traditional grammar, pronoun is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item.3.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into Grammatical words and lexical words.4.The morpheme is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.5.There are 2 fields of morphology: the study of inflectional morphology and the study of derivational morphology.6.A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself7.Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.8.Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from smoke and fog.9.Back-formation”refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by detecting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.10.Word is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form.11.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix.12.Take is the lexeme of taking, taken and took.13.Bound morphemes are classified into 2 types: affix and bound root,.14.A word formed by derivation is called a derivative, and a word formed by compounding is called a compound.Chapter 41.IC is the short form of immediate constituent used in the study of syntax.2.Coordination and subordination belong to endocentric construction.4.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".5.A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a finite clause.6.IC analysis emphasizes the hierarchical structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups7.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.8.Syntactic relations include positional relation, relation of substitutability,relation of co-occurrence. three of SVO languages:English, Chinese, French2.IC is the short from of immediate constituent used in the study of syntax.3.The category of case is prominent in the grammar of Latin, with six distinctions of nominative vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and ablative.4.The generative approach to linguistics refers to the theory originated with the American linguist Norm Chomsky, who published his book Syntactic Structures in 1957.5.When the affirmative sentence “Jack sold his linguistics textbooks to Jill after the final examination” is transformed into “When did Jack sell his linguistics textbooks to Jill?”,three transformational rules are applied. They are Do -insertion, Subject-aux Inversion and Wh-movement.6.The sentence “It was John who wore his best suit to the dance last night.” is called a cleft sentence by traditional grammarians.7.Exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb+object) construction, and connective(be complement)construction.8.According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able to generate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language.Chapter 51.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection betweena particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.2.Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents:argument and predicate3.The sense relation between “A lent a book to B” and “B borrowed a book from A” is synonymy4.Antonyms like ”husband” vs. ”wife” are converse antonyms.5. Terms like ”desk” and ”stool” are hyponyms of the term “furniture”.6.According to D. Leech, conceptual meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.7.We use the term presupposition to refer to the relation between the following two sentences:A. Jack‟s bike needs repairing.B. Jack has a bike.8.The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined the principle of compositionality.9. Inspired by the medieval grammarians, Ogden and Richard (1923) present the classic“semantic triangle” in their book The Meaning of Meaning.Chapter 61.Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind.2.According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.3.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain,called the cerebral cortex4.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemispheres, one on the right and one on the left.5.Brain arterialization is genetically programmed, but takes time to develop,6.In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.7.The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite arbitrary.8.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought assub-vocal speech as overt thought.9.Because language differs in many ways, Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background. This notion is called linguistic relativity.10.Psycholinguists consider that the first language is acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the critical period of the first language acquisition.11. The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two aspects: linguistic determinism and linguistic reality.12. The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition, whose process features that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input.13.Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain.14.Children frequently say tooths and mouses, instead of teeth and mice. These are examples of overgeneralization16.Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.17.According to critical period hypothesis, in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around 12or 13 years), and is due to biological development.Chapter 71.Idiolect refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In fact, no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking.2.We witnessed a change in language teaching in the middle of the 1970s when Hymes’ theory of communicative competence was introduced into the field as an antagonism to the traditional philosophy in language teaching.3.The social group isolated for study is any given study is called the speech community.4.Speech variety refers to any distinguishable from of speech used by speaker or group of speakers.5.From the sociolinguistic perspective,a speech variety is no more than a dialectual variety of a language.nguage standardization is also called language planning.7.Social variation gives rise to sociolects which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background,etc.8.Stylistic variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.9.A reginal dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or official language of a country.10.Variety is a neutral term, and it can be used instead of regional or official dialect, or pidgin.11.Sociolinguistics is a multidisciplinary research field focusing on the relationship between language and society.12.The differences between men and women’s language can be traced to many biological, psychological and social reasons.13.The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situation.14.Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.15.A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.16.Social variation gives rise to sociolects which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background.。
morphology 词态学
To convey meaning, sounds are combined into words. However, words are not the smallest unit of meaning The smallest meaning-bearing unit of language is called morpheme（词素）. A morpheme cannot be divided without drastically altering or destroying its meaning. Morphology is the study of the meaning-bearing unit of word (morphemes)and the governing rules
How about the function words like the and of?
Is “aren’t” one word or two?
In writing, word boundaries are usually recognized by spaces between words
What about in speeches?
Noun + -ful: Adjective + -ly: Verb + -ion: Verb + er / or: 动词 + 者:
How Do Sounds and Syllables Make up Words?
------ Morphology
5.1 The definition of the term “word”
Word is “the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing”
语言学第三章笔记和习题
Chapter 3 MorphologyLexicon is the collection of all the words of a Ianguage. It is synonymous with “vocabulary ”Words are the focus of the study of lexicon, so the emphasis of this chapter falls upon words,., the an alysis and creati on of words.Linguists define the word as the smallest free form found in Ianguage. The features of wordWordis meaningful; word is a grammatical unit; word can be used independently; word is relatively stable and unin terruptible.Morphology refers to the study of the in ternal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.The total nu mber of words stored in the brain is called the lexic on. _________Words are the smallest free un its of Ian guage that un ite sounds with meaning.Morphology is a branch of lin guistics, whereas lexic on is a comp onent of Ian guage in stead of a branch of lin guistics.Open class word and closed class wordOpen class words----content words of a Ian guage to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, . beatnik(a membeiof the Beat Generation), hacker, email, intern et, “做秀，时装秀…” in Chin ese.Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles,prepositi on and pronouns.Morpheme-the minimal unit of meaning. The smallest meaningful unit of Ianguage is called a morpheme.Words are composed of morphemes. Words may con sist of one morpheme or more morphemes,.1- morpheme 2- m orpheme 3- m orpheme 4- m orpheme 5- m orpheme 7-morpheme boy, desireboy+ish, desir(e)+bleboy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+itygen tle+ma n+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity un+ge ntle+ma n+li+ness an ti+dis+establish+me nt+ari+a n+ismMorph: whe n people wish to dist in guish the sound of a morpheme from the en tire morpheme, they may sued the term. It is the pho netic realizati on of a morphemeAllomorph: A morpheme may be represe nted by differe nt forms, called allomorphs. It is the phon etic varia nt of a morpheme.Some morphemes have a sin gle form in all con texts, such as “ dog, bark, cat ” ,etc. In otherin sta nces, there may be some variati on, that is, a morphememay have alter nate shapes or ph on etic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morphememaybe represented by:map----maps_ [s]dog----dogs _[z]watch----watches [iz]mouse----mice [ai]ox----oxen_[ n]tooth----teethsheep——sheep_Each of the un derl ined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.AffixPrefix ---- morphemes that occur on ly before others,.un-, dis, an ti-, ir-, etc.Suffix ---- morphemes that occur only after others,.-ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc.Root: The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity.A root may be free or bound (such as mit, tain, cur,ceive). An affix is naturally bound.Free morpheme & bound morphemeFree morpheme----is one that may con stitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dan ce, etc.Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not sta nd by themselves, such as -s in dogs , al in national , dis - in disclose , ed in “recorded ” , etc.Some morphemes constitute words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are n ever used in depe nden tly in speech and writ ing. They are alwaysattached to free morphemesto form new words. These morphemesare called bound morphemes. The distinction between a free morphemesand a bound morphemeis whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemesare the roots of words, while bound morphemesare the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Derivatio nal morpheme & in flect ional morphem eDerivati onal morphemes---- the morphemes which cha nge the category, or grammatical class of words, . modern---moder ni ze, length---len gthe n, fool---foolish, etc.Inflectional morphemes---- the morphemeswhich are for the most part purely grammatical markers,sig nifying such con cepts as ten se, nu mber, case and so on; they n ever cha nge their syn tactic category, n ever add any lexical meanin g,.a) number: tables apples cars _ _b) pers on, fin ite ness and aspect: talk/talks/talk in g/talkedc) case: Joh n/John 'sInflectional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivati onal morphemes are bound morphemes added to exist ing forms to con struct new words.En glish affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some Ian guages have in fixes, bound morphemes which are in serted into other morphemes.Noun+ -' s, -s/es [possessive; plural] Verb+ -s/es, -ing, -ed, -ed/-en [3 rd person singular; present participle; past tense, past participle] Adj+ -er, -est [comparative; superlative]In flecti onal morphemes n ever cha nge the grammatical category of a wordIn flecti onal morphemes in flue nee the whole category;Derivati onal morphemes are oppositeOrder: root (stem) + derivati onal + in flect ionalCon clusi on: classificati on of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesIn flexi onalDerivati on al: affixesPrefixesSuffixesMorphological rulesThe rules that govern the formation of words, . the “ un- + ---- ” rule.un fair un thi nkable un acceptable …Compo unding is ano ther way to form new words,.Ian dlady rain bow un dertake …The process of putt ing affixes to existi ng forms to create new words is called derivati on Words thus formed are called derivatives.Compo undsNoun compo undsdaybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V)callgirl (V+N) wi ndmill (N+N)Verb compo undsbrainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V)Adjective compo undsma neat ing (N+Vi ng) heartfelt (N+Ved)dutyfree (N+adj.)Prepositi on compo undsinto (P+P)throughout (P+P)Some points about compo undsWhenthe two words are in the samegrammatical category, the compoundwill be in this category, postbox, landlady, icy-cold, blue- black …When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compo un d, . head- stro ng, pickpocket …Compo un dsiave differe nt stress patter ns from the non-compo un dedword seque nee, . red coat, gree n house…The meaning of a compo und is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.Formati on of new words1. 1 nflectio n: it is the mani festatio n of grammatical relati on ships through the additi on of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case.2. Derivati onDerivation forms a word by addi ng an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend , we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of addi ng more tha n one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation. ________ Derivati on is also con stra ined by pho no logical factors.Some En glish suffixes also cha nge the word stress.3. CompoundingCompounding is ano ther com mon way to form words. It is the comb in ati on of free morphemes.The majority of En glish compo un dsare the comb in ati on of words from the three classes -nouns, verbs and adjectives - and fall into the three classes.In compo un ds, the rightmost morpheme determ ines the part of speech of the word.The meaning of compo unds is not always the sum of meaning of the comp onen ts.4. Conv ersi on (inven ti on)Conversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.Conv ersi on is usually found in words containing one morpheme.5. Clipp ing (abbreviati ons) front, back, front and backClipping is a process that shorte ns a polysyllabic word by delet ing one or more syllables.Clipped words are in itially used in spoke n En glish on in formal occasi ons.Someclipped words have becomewidely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus) , vet (veterinarian) , gym (gymnasium), fridge(refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.6. BlendingBlending is a process that creates newwords by putting together non-morphemic parts of existi ng words. For example, smog(smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morni ng, replaci ng both breakfast and lun ch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also aninteresting word in the textbook for junior middle school students —“ plike ” (a kind of mach ine that is like both a pla ne and a bike).7. Back-formati onBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television . Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix —sion in English indicating nouns. Then peopleconsider the - sion in the word television as that suffix and drop it to form the verbtelevise .Acronyms are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acro nyms can be read as a word and are usually Ion ger tha n abbreviati ons, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formatio n is com mon in n ames of orga ni zati ons and scie ntific termi no logy.Eponyms are words that origi nate from proper n ames of in dividuals or places. For example, the word san dwich is a comm onnoun orig in at ing from the fourth Earl of San dwich, who put his foodbetwee n two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambli ng.10. Coi nageCoin age is a process of inventing words not based on exist ing morphemes.This way of word formatio n is especially com mon in cases where in dustry requiresa word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola .11. Borrowing: English in its development has managedto widen its vocabulary by Borrowingwords from other Ianguages . Greek, Latin, French, Arabic and other Ianguages have all played anactive role in this process, such as “atom, electricity ” from Greek, “cancer, tumour” from Latin,“violin, pizza ” from Italian.12. Onomatopoeia: it is a way of creating words by imitating the sounds of the outside world. Supplementary Exercises Chapter 3 : MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:I. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. are the smallest meanin gful un its of Ian guage.3. Just as a phon eme is the basic unit in the study of phono logy, so is a morpheme the basic unitin the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes in clude two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories suchas nu mber, ten se, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that gover n which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed accordi ng to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second eleme nt receives sec on dary stress.II. Fill in each bla nk below with one word which beg ins with the letter give n:11. M ___ is the smallest meanin gful unit of Ian guage.12. The affix “- ish ” in the word boyish conveys a g ______ meaning.13. B __________ m orphemes are those that cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb inedwith other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d _________ affixes.15. D ______ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s _____ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it maycase change its part of speech.17. C ________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d _____________ can be viewed as the addition of affixesto stems to form new words.20. A s _____ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivationalaffix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme“vision ” in the common word “television ” is a(n) ___________ .A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore ” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _______________________ .A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compoundsis generally determined by the part of speech of _______________ .A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _____ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______ .A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that __________ .A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. __ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of theoriginal word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _______ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s ” in the word “books ” is ____________ .A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root43.What are the main features of the English compounds? 44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Suggested answers to supplementary exercises Chapter 3IV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemesare the morphemeswhich are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independentlybut have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixesmanifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to anexisting form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but theyusually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:IV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 33. derivational morphology 35. free morpheme 37. root 39. prefix 41. derivation V. Answer the following questions:32. inflectional morphology 34. morpheme 36. bound morpheme 38. affix 40. suffix 42. Compounding Morphology43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book- ” in the word “bookish ”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish ” in “bookish ”. Boundmorphemescan be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene -” in th e word“generate ”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “ -s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are ad ded to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform ”. Derivational affixes can also be dividedinto prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as word “dislike ”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “friendless“dis- ” in the -less ” in the word。
英文专业词汇学考试复习资料---精品管理资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words。
According to semanticists(语义学家), a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound，meaningand syntactic function（句法功能).2、 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary。
3、 Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、 Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English。
With the development of the language，more and more differences arose between sound and form.（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional。
Chapter-Morphology--形态学现代语言学
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules.形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学）。
前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language 词素：语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词Types of morphemes 词素的类型Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes. Such as help, table,room, mate, quick, able.这些词素是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们就被称作自由词素。
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
英语语言学形态学复习资料
英语语言学形态学复习资料Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so isa morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is calleda stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold.This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by thepart of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internalstructure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful unitsof language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix39. prefix 40. suffix41. derivation 42. CompoundingV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative 16. suffix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stem III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. C IV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies theinternal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study ofword- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which areindependent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannotbe used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never standby itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modifythe meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modifythe meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation:Derivation is a process of word formation by whichderivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of twoor sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can beused freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammati cal categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of noun s. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixesoccur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。
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The role of derivational morphology in word acquisition From the Wikipedia, we know that Derivational morphology changes the meaning of words by applying derivations. Derivation is the combination of a word stem with a morpheme, which forms a new word, which is often of a different class. Derivational morphology changes the meaning of words by applying derivations. Derivation is the combination of a word stem with a morpheme, which forms a new word, which is often of a different class, for example, develop(V) becomes development(N), developmental(ADJ) or redevelop(V). Thus, derivational morphemes makes new words from old ones as with the suffix of -ion when it is added to the word of create (V) to form another completely separate word of creation (N). Another example, the suffix -ation converts the verb nationalize, into the derived noun nationalization. The suffix -ize converts the noun plural, into the verb pluralize.
Great amount of research has indicated that a good command of native language derivational morphology can facilitate vocabulary acquisition. In word acquisition, people can expand their vocabulary quite dramatically, learning 3000 words a year which is partially attributed to the increased knowledge of derivational morphology. There is a close relationship between derivational morphology and vocabulary, which the affixation plays an important role.
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. For example, Change the underlying form of the word to make it into adjective, adverb, or another part of speech. Derivational morpheme make explicit the word class assignment of the word, which for example, the noun “illegality” is derived the adjective “legal” by the addition of the negative prefix -il and the noun forming suffix -ity.
Derivational morphology can not only help us study the developmental rules of word meaning and find out the tracks of word meaning's evolvement, but help us make a close study of the historical clues of language by learning the meaning of the affixes. It explains the meaning of words, reflecting the relation between the constitutive morphemes and the meaning of the word. There are lots of rules concerning word-formation process, so if these rules can be grasped, the meanings can be deduced from the lexical components or morphemes, which can be efficiently used in memorizing words.
Theoretically speaking, it can not only help us study the developmental rules of word meaning and find out the tracks of word meaning's evolvement, but help us make a close study of the historical clues of language and thought, and make the
historical comparative study of family languages as well.
In derivational words, two aspects should be concerned: (1) the meanings of each constitutive, and (2) the relationship between them. Derivational words show the relation between stems and affixes. And usually there are certain rules in derivational processes. For example, the derivation of "generation" from "generate" or "revision" from "revise" illustrates a formation rule, in which generally Noun forms are derived from Verb forms by the addition of "-ion". So it seems if we know the meaning or function of the affixes, the meaning of the stem, and also the rules of derivational processes, the meaning of a derivational word is clear to us.
Rapid vocabulary development was enhanced by morphological analysis. Derivational morphology can help the learners analyze words into morphemes, more specifically, to detect the root in the derived word forms and to give definitions on the basis of the root. So that only by increasing analysis among words can learners acquire more words. And the productivity of derivational words reflects the high possibilities in deducing the meaning of derivational words and the creation of new words in English.。