Discourse_Analysis_语篇分析
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2012 Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis 语篇分析
2 Information Structure
❖How do language users arrange information within discourse?
❖2.1 Given and new information ❖Alice: Who ate the bread? ❖Tom : Mary ate the bread.
given/ comment
2.2 Topic and comment
❖Topics are not so important to the grammar of English.
❖There is only one grammatical structure which marks topics in English. ▪ As for me, I’m gonna go to bed.
❖Mark the topic ▪ Place topic in the initial position in English. ▪ A beautiful dress she did make.
2.2 Topic and comment
❖Topic is not necessarily a property of the sentence; it may be a property of the discourse context: ▪ Oh, look! ▪ (an unexpressed topic “the setting sun” or “the sky”)
❖Given information can be something closely related to the mentioned information (e.g. meronymy) ▪ Kent returned my car last night after borrowing it for the day. One of the wheels was about to fall off and the dashboard was missing.
语篇分析讲义Discourse Analysis(课堂PPT)
Implications about the definition:
1) It is the use of language that makes
2)
human beings human;
2) Language seems to be as old as our species;
3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
6
Discourse Analysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;
c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write;
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
8
Discourse Analysis (9)
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
7
Discourse Analysis (8)
DiscourseAnalysis
2.3 Discourse Pattern
2.3.2The general particular pattern The typical textual patterns are those as follows: General statement General statement
↓
↓
Specific statement 1 ↓ Specific statement 2
2.3 Discourse Pattern
2.3.3 The hypothetical-real pattern or the claimcounterclaim pattern [2.10] Every other critic has said that On Food and Cooking is brilliant, a revelation, and a unique combination of scientific insight and literacy which sweeps aside all myth and jargon as none have done before. Mcgee‘s book is indeed well written, is full of good things and is good to have on the shelves as a continuing source of reference and quotes . But it also has its fair share of mistakes, omissions and misalignments of emphasis.
2.3 Discourse Pattern
批评语篇分析的社会和认知取向
批评语篇分析的社会和认知取向一、本文概述批评语篇分析（Critical Discourse Analysis, CDA）是一种语言学研究方法，旨在揭示语言使用与社会、政治、文化等因素的交互关系。
它关注语言如何构建现实，如何反映和塑造社会不平等和权力关系，以及如何影响人们的认知和行为。
本文将对批评语篇分析的社会和认知取向进行概述，探讨其理论背景、研究方法和应用领域，以期深化对语言与社会、认知关系的理解。
在社会取向方面，批评语篇分析关注语言在社会结构中的作用。
它认为，语言是社会现实的建构工具，不同群体通过语言来表达和维护自身利益。
批评语篇分析旨在揭示语言背后的社会不平等和权力关系，分析语言如何被用来合法化不平等、压制异议、维护特定利益。
通过对社会现象的语言分析，批评语篇分析能够揭示出隐藏在语言背后的社会问题和矛盾。
在认知取向方面，批评语篇分析关注语言如何影响人们的认知过程。
它认为，语言不仅仅是交流工具，还是塑造人们思维和观念的重要因素。
批评语篇分析关注语言如何构建现实、影响人们的认知框架和思维方式，以及如何通过语言来引导和控制人们的注意力、记忆和判断。
通过对语言与认知关系的分析，批评语篇分析能够揭示出语言如何影响人们的思维和行为，进而揭示出语言与认知之间的复杂关系。
本文将对批评语篇分析的社会和认知取向进行详细介绍，包括其理论背景、研究方法和应用领域。
通过本文的阐述，读者将能够更深入地了解批评语篇分析的基本概念和理论框架，以及其在社会、政治、文化等领域的应用价值。
本文还将探讨批评语篇分析所面临的挑战和未来发展方向，以期推动该领域的深入研究和应用。
二、批评语篇分析的社会取向批评语篇分析的社会取向着重于语言与社会结构、权力关系以及意识形态的紧密联系。
在这一取向中，语言被视为一种社会实践，通过话语的构建和传播，反映并塑造着社会的各种关系和权力结构。
批评语篇分析的社会取向强调了话语的社会功能和影响，特别是话语如何参与塑造社会不平等、歧视和压迫等问题。
语篇分析
• 3 省略（ellipsis） • 讨论省略的出发点可以是大家熟悉的“没 有说出来的某些事”，而且“某些事”是 人们能理解的事物。我们也可以把省略理 解为“零替代”。 • 例如：——How did you enjoy the paintings? —— A lot were very good, though
连接关系表(Halliday & Hasan 1976)
增补
简单增补： 简单增补：and, and also； ； further more;……. 否定： 否定： nor, and…not;… 选择: 选择 or, or else;… 对比： 对比：similarly, likewise;…
关于术语“语篇”
• 语篇的英语术语是discourse，“语篇分析”是从 英语的“discourse analysis”译过来的。但是也有 不少学者把discourse analysis 译为“话语分析”。 与“discourse”有关的另一术语是text，有人把 text译为“篇章”、“语篇”或“话语”。因此， text linguistics有人译为“篇章语言学”（胡壮麟 1994:2-3）。一般说来，英美学者喜欢用 discourse，而欧洲大陆学者喜欢用text和text linguistics。但有些学者认为这两个术语在意义上 有区别，而另一些则不把他们做严格区分（黄国 文 1988:3-4）
语篇分析的基本概况 语篇的定义 语篇特征 语篇分析的平面 Some books for further Study
语篇分析的基本概况
•
• • • •
• • •
语篇分析吸收了包括语言学、符号学、心理学、人类学、社会学、文 学等学科的研究成果，逐渐形成一门专门研究交际中的语言使用情况 并涉及多个学科的学问。 对语篇研究可以从多个角度入手。例如，Hymes(1964)从社会学的角 度研究社会环境中的言语使用问题； 语言哲学家Austin(1962), Searle(1969)和Grice(1975)等人从言语行为 理论和会话含义等角度研究语言的使用； Hylliday（1973）的功能语言学特别强调语言的社会功能和纯理功能； Leech（1969）对诗歌进行了语言学方面的研究；
语篇分析与话语分析(讲稿)
语篇分析与话语分析从文献上看，学者们对text，discourse和discourse analysis或对“语篇分析”和“话语分析”的使用没有一致的看法，这是因为大家对这些术语的内涵和外延没有一致的或比较一致的观点。
因此，有些学者在使用这些术语时做了界定，有些则不做区分、互换使用。
在中国的英语界，语篇分析和话语分析这两个术语都是译自discourse analysis。
通过查阅相关资料，下面简单区分三种不同的discourse analysis。
1.三种discourse analysis根据Guy Cook的观点，可以根据不同的目标、研究方法、理论来源、研究重点等把discourse analysis分为三种：英美学派（the British-American school）, 以法国哲学家福柯（Michel Foucault）的理论为基础的学派，批评话语学派（critical discourse analysis）。
⑴英美学派①研究重点：语言和语言的使用，从历史发展的角度看，研究重点从语言结构的使用（如上下文语境和情景语境）逐渐向图式、体裁（如文化语境）转移，但语言使用始终是研究的重点。
②所做的discourse analysis: 从功能语言学（如Halliday,1994）角度看，英美学派所做的discourse analysis不是一种“说明性活动”（interpretive activity），而是一种“解释性活动”（explanatory activity）。
⑵福柯学派①研究重点：话语秩序（order of discourse）、意识形态（ideology）、社会关系（social relationships）、社会联盟(social practices)等有关社会实践和社会变革问题。
②所做的discourse analysis: 相对于英美学派所做的discourse analysis，在我国，属于福柯学派的研究比较少，尤其在语言学、应用语言学和外语教学界。
Discourse_Analysis_语篇分析
6
1: Introduction —characteristics
• discourse must be grammatically correct and semantically coherent.
• discourse should have an argumentative structure and logical structure
3
1: Introduction — development of DA
• 2. Stages • (1) The Preparatory Stage (1950s): Harris • (2) The Developmental Stage (or The Emergence of
Discourse Analysis As A New Discipline) (1970s) : Halliday • (3) The Matured Stage (1980s):G. Yule, T. Givon, S. Thompson, J. S. Petofi, W. Chafe, W. Mann, R. Longacre, etc. in America; G. Brown, Van Dijk, M. Coulthard, J. Sinclair, E. Ventola, etc. in western Europe; M. A. K. Halliday, R. Hasan, J. Martin, C, Matthiessen, etc. in Austalia; M. Bakhtin in Russia; 廖秋忠, 陈平, 胡壮 麟, 沈家煊, 顾曰国, 任绍曾, 申丹，黄国文, 张德禄, 朱永 生等。
reference, substitution and ellipses, etc.) and lexical devices (e.g. reiteration and collocation, etc.) • A tangible network of the text
1: Introduction —characteristics
• discourse must be grammatically correct and semantically coherent.
• discourse should have an argumentative structure and logical structure
3
1: Introduction — development of DA
• 2. Stages • (1) The Preparatory Stage (1950s): Harris • (2) The Developmental Stage (or The Emergence of
Discourse Analysis As A New Discipline) (1970s) : Halliday • (3) The Matured Stage (1980s):G. Yule, T. Givon, S. Thompson, J. S. Petofi, W. Chafe, W. Mann, R. Longacre, etc. in America; G. Brown, Van Dijk, M. Coulthard, J. Sinclair, E. Ventola, etc. in western Europe; M. A. K. Halliday, R. Hasan, J. Martin, C, Matthiessen, etc. in Austalia; M. Bakhtin in Russia; 廖秋忠, 陈平, 胡壮 麟, 沈家煊, 顾曰国, 任绍曾, 申丹，黄国文, 张德禄, 朱永 生等。
reference, substitution and ellipses, etc.) and lexical devices (e.g. reiteration and collocation, etc.) • A tangible network of the text
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND SPEECH APPLICATION 语篇分析与其在演讲中的应用
context, co-text）,它可以指语篇的周围情况，事件的性质，参与者的关系，时间，地点，方式等，即情景语境。它可以指说话人所在的言语社团的人一般能够理解的历史文化风土人情，属该社团的人一般能够理解其在语篇中的意义，可称之为“文化语境”（cultural context）(胡壮麟 , 1994)。 不管是“ 上下文 ” 语境 ,还是“ 情景语境 ” 或“ 文化语境“,它们对正确理解语篇的意义和交际意图都有极大的帮助。
（From the two speech paragraph which regarded as the two most successful and were uoted most freuently, we can concluded that both were concise in language and simple vocabulary and do not shadowed their powerful effect is for the reason that they concurred in the special period during the American history. Gave the speech to the public in that sensitive and difficult period always help the speaker an exclusive supports from the listeners for they are easy to be persuaded.）The speaker
The first story is about connecting the dots…………………………….
The Commencement address by Steve Jobs
（From the two speech paragraph which regarded as the two most successful and were uoted most freuently, we can concluded that both were concise in language and simple vocabulary and do not shadowed their powerful effect is for the reason that they concurred in the special period during the American history. Gave the speech to the public in that sensitive and difficult period always help the speaker an exclusive supports from the listeners for they are easy to be persuaded.）The speaker
The first story is about connecting the dots…………………………….
The Commencement address by Steve Jobs
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1
1: Introduction-- A general understanding
When? • Came into being since 1950s; as an independent
discipline since 1970s. • What to study? • Language units larger than sentences, including both
11
2: Basic issues in DA
• 1. Cohesion • 2. Coherence • 3. Sentence, sentence group and text • 4. Patterns of sentential relationships • 5. Discourse structure • 6. DA levels
14
2: Basic issues in DA
Cohesion: • A: Whose is this pen? • B: Oh, it’s the one I lost. Coherence: A: That’s the telephone. B: I’m in the bath. A: O.K.
17
2: Basic issues in DA
• Basic types of clause complexes
18
(i) paratactic
(ii) hypotactic
(a) elaboration
John didn’t wait; 1
he ran away. =2
John ran away, α
12
2: Basic issues in DA
• Cohesion: • A important feature of texture realized at the surface
structure of a text. • To be realized by using grammatical devices (e.g.
• it is generally held that the boundary of discourse analysis should exceed the limit of a simple sentence
• Halliday and Hasan (1976) propose that discourse is a semantic unit, not a unit of form.
3
1: Introduction — development of DA
• 2. Stages • (1) The Preparatory Stage (1950s): Harris • (2) The Developmental Stage (or The Emergence of
Discourse Analysis As A New Discipline) (1970s) : Halliday • (3) The Matured Stage (1980s):G. Yule, T. Givon, S. Thompson, J. S. Petofi, W. Chafe, W. Mann, R. Longacre, etc. in America; G. Brown, Van Dijk, M. Coulthard, J. Sinclair, E. Ventola, etc. in western Europe; M. A. K. Halliday, R. Hasan, J. Martin, C, Matthiessen, etc. in Austalia; M. Bakhtin in Russia; 廖秋忠, 陈平, 胡壮 麟, 沈家煊, 顾曰国, 任绍曾, 申丹，黄国文, 张德禄, 朱永 生等。
written and spoken language.
2
1: Introduction — development of DA
• 1.Text Linguistics • Text linguistics (or discourse linguistics) developed
on the basis of syntax (句法学). So it is also called text grammar (篇章语法) or discourse analysis （语篇 分析，话语分析）.
6
1: Introduction —characteristics
• discourse must be grammatically correct and semantically coherent.
• discourse should have an argumentative structure and logical structure
15
2: Basic issues in DA
• Sentence, sentence group and text • Sentence: the largest grammatical unit • SG: composed by 2 or more sentences • Clause: ?? • Clause complex
• Coherence: • The semantic relation in a text; lying in not on the
surface but the deep level of the text; realized by logical reasoning; an intangible network of the text
10
1: Introduction — Varieties of Approaches Towards DA
• In sociology • In philosophy • In cognitive psychology • In literature • In linguistics • In critical linguistic study • In cognitive linguistics
interaction, or vice versa? • How do aspects of interaction influence how
people speak? • How do beliefs control language use and
interaction？ • What are the relationships among language
16
2: Basic issues in DA
• Sentential relationships: • The structural and semantic relations between
sentences in a coherent text. • Clause complexes: • A sentence can be interpreted as a clause
use, beliefs and interaction?
9
1: Introduction —The Task of DA
• From the micro-perspective : • (a) the semantic links between sentences, (b)
textual cohesion and coherence, (c) conversational principles, (d) the relationship between discourse and context, (e) the relationship between the discourse semantic structure and ideology, (f) the relationship between discourse and thinking patterns, etc.
t
John was scared, 1
so he ran away. ×2
John ran away, α
4
1: Introduction —definition?
• 1. The Common-Sense Definitions • 2. The Theoretical Definitions : • formalist : discourse us a particular unit of language
for spoken • 3. Leech et al.(1985): discourse for both • 4. Widdowson (1975): discourse for written
8
1: Introduction —The Task of DA
• From the macro-perspective : • How does language use influence beliefs and
Discourse AnaБайду номын сангаасysis
• 1: Introduction • 2: Basic issues in DA • 3: Texture (Halliday’s Theory) • 4: Texture (Beaugrande & Dressler’s Theory) • 5: Cohesion and coherence • 6: Thematic and information structure • 7: Tense and Aspect • 8: Discourse structure • 9: Conversation analysis • 10: Discourse and context • 11: DA in application
(above the sentence) • functionalist : discourse is defined as a particular focus
1: Introduction-- A general understanding
When? • Came into being since 1950s; as an independent
discipline since 1970s. • What to study? • Language units larger than sentences, including both
11
2: Basic issues in DA
• 1. Cohesion • 2. Coherence • 3. Sentence, sentence group and text • 4. Patterns of sentential relationships • 5. Discourse structure • 6. DA levels
14
2: Basic issues in DA
Cohesion: • A: Whose is this pen? • B: Oh, it’s the one I lost. Coherence: A: That’s the telephone. B: I’m in the bath. A: O.K.
17
2: Basic issues in DA
• Basic types of clause complexes
18
(i) paratactic
(ii) hypotactic
(a) elaboration
John didn’t wait; 1
he ran away. =2
John ran away, α
12
2: Basic issues in DA
• Cohesion: • A important feature of texture realized at the surface
structure of a text. • To be realized by using grammatical devices (e.g.
• it is generally held that the boundary of discourse analysis should exceed the limit of a simple sentence
• Halliday and Hasan (1976) propose that discourse is a semantic unit, not a unit of form.
3
1: Introduction — development of DA
• 2. Stages • (1) The Preparatory Stage (1950s): Harris • (2) The Developmental Stage (or The Emergence of
Discourse Analysis As A New Discipline) (1970s) : Halliday • (3) The Matured Stage (1980s):G. Yule, T. Givon, S. Thompson, J. S. Petofi, W. Chafe, W. Mann, R. Longacre, etc. in America; G. Brown, Van Dijk, M. Coulthard, J. Sinclair, E. Ventola, etc. in western Europe; M. A. K. Halliday, R. Hasan, J. Martin, C, Matthiessen, etc. in Austalia; M. Bakhtin in Russia; 廖秋忠, 陈平, 胡壮 麟, 沈家煊, 顾曰国, 任绍曾, 申丹，黄国文, 张德禄, 朱永 生等。
written and spoken language.
2
1: Introduction — development of DA
• 1.Text Linguistics • Text linguistics (or discourse linguistics) developed
on the basis of syntax (句法学). So it is also called text grammar (篇章语法) or discourse analysis （语篇 分析，话语分析）.
6
1: Introduction —characteristics
• discourse must be grammatically correct and semantically coherent.
• discourse should have an argumentative structure and logical structure
15
2: Basic issues in DA
• Sentence, sentence group and text • Sentence: the largest grammatical unit • SG: composed by 2 or more sentences • Clause: ?? • Clause complex
• Coherence: • The semantic relation in a text; lying in not on the
surface but the deep level of the text; realized by logical reasoning; an intangible network of the text
10
1: Introduction — Varieties of Approaches Towards DA
• In sociology • In philosophy • In cognitive psychology • In literature • In linguistics • In critical linguistic study • In cognitive linguistics
interaction, or vice versa? • How do aspects of interaction influence how
people speak? • How do beliefs control language use and
interaction？ • What are the relationships among language
16
2: Basic issues in DA
• Sentential relationships: • The structural and semantic relations between
sentences in a coherent text. • Clause complexes: • A sentence can be interpreted as a clause
use, beliefs and interaction?
9
1: Introduction —The Task of DA
• From the micro-perspective : • (a) the semantic links between sentences, (b)
textual cohesion and coherence, (c) conversational principles, (d) the relationship between discourse and context, (e) the relationship between the discourse semantic structure and ideology, (f) the relationship between discourse and thinking patterns, etc.
t
John was scared, 1
so he ran away. ×2
John ran away, α
4
1: Introduction —definition?
• 1. The Common-Sense Definitions • 2. The Theoretical Definitions : • formalist : discourse us a particular unit of language
for spoken • 3. Leech et al.(1985): discourse for both • 4. Widdowson (1975): discourse for written
8
1: Introduction —The Task of DA
• From the macro-perspective : • How does language use influence beliefs and
Discourse AnaБайду номын сангаасysis
• 1: Introduction • 2: Basic issues in DA • 3: Texture (Halliday’s Theory) • 4: Texture (Beaugrande & Dressler’s Theory) • 5: Cohesion and coherence • 6: Thematic and information structure • 7: Tense and Aspect • 8: Discourse structure • 9: Conversation analysis • 10: Discourse and context • 11: DA in application
(above the sentence) • functionalist : discourse is defined as a particular focus