西方文化导论——文艺复兴
文艺复兴
核心
文艺复兴的心脏——佛罗伦萨人文主义精神，人文主义精神的核心是提出以人为中心而不是以神为中心，肯 定人的价值和尊严。主张人生的目的是追求现实生活中的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想，认为 人是现实生活的创造者和主人。
产生的根本原因 生产力的发展，新兴的资产阶级不满教会对精神世界的控制。 本质 新兴资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想文化的反封建的新文化运动。
但丁（Dante）（1265－1321）。文艺复兴的先驱，文艺复兴运动起源于意大利北部，一般认为第一个代表 人物是但丁，其代表作为《神曲》。
但丁被誉为中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。他所创作的长诗《神曲》（全诗为三 部分）：《地狱Inferno》、《炼狱Purgatorio》和《天堂Paradise》，明确表达了自己对天主教会的厌恶，率 先对教会提出批评。
11世纪后，随着经济的复苏与发展、城市的兴起与生活水平的提高，人们逐渐改变了以往对现实生活的悲观 绝望态度，开始追求世俗人生的乐趣，而这些倾向是与天主教的主张相违背的。在14世纪城市经济繁荣的意大利， 最先出现了对天主教文化的反抗。当时意大利的市民和世俗知识分子，一方面极度厌恶天主教的神权地位及其虚 伪的禁欲主义，另一方面由于没有成熟的文化体系取代天主教文化，于是他们借助复兴古希腊、罗马文化的形式 来表达自己的文化主张。因此，文艺复兴着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面，而并非单纯的古典复兴，实际上 是资产阶级反封建的新文化运动。
外国文学讲义-文艺复兴时期的文学
外国文学讲义-文艺复兴时期的文学第一节概述一、“文艺复兴”与“人文主义”1、文艺复兴：十四世纪到十六世纪在欧洲兴起的一场以新兴资产阶级人文主义为指导思想的反封建、反教会神权的思想解放运动。
最初兴起于意大利，逐渐扩大到法、德、英、荷、西班牙等其它欧洲国家。
2、人文主义（Humanism)又称人本主义、人道主义，是文艺复兴时期形成的资产阶级世界观，是与神学世界观相对立的世俗世界观。
其基本内容是：提倡以人为中心，反对以神为中心；提倡个性解放，反对禁欲主义；提倡现世的积极享乐，反对为来世的苦修行，认为“幸福在人间”；提倡自由平等，反对封建等级制度；提倡科学研究，崇尚理性，反对蒙昧主义，提出“知识就是力量”的口号。
这一切贯穿着一个总精神，即提倡人权，反对神权；提倡人性，反对神性；提倡人道，反对神道。
思想的核心是个性解放，个性自由。
人文主义文学是这一时期文学的主流。
二、“文艺复兴”在各国的特征意大利：诗歌、音乐、绘画、雕刻有突出成就，产生了诗人但丁、作家薄伽丘、画家达芬奇、拉斐尔、雕塑家米开朗琪罗、音乐家拉索等；A、彼特拉克：抒情诗人，第一个人文主义者。
代表作是抒情诗集《歌集》，献给恋人劳拉的诗。
袒露内心真挚的情感，大胆而直率。
B、薄迦丘：惊世骇俗之作——短篇小说集《十日谈》，被誉为“人曲”。
英国：诗歌、戏剧达到空前繁荣，有乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》、托马斯•莫尔《乌托邦》、斯宾塞《仙后》、“大学才子派”的剧作、莎士比亚的创作。
西班牙：流浪汉小说《小癞子》、塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》、维伽《羊泉村》法国：表现为自由思想和怀疑思想的流行，有“七星诗社”、蒙田的《随笔集》、弗朗索瓦•拉伯雷《巨人传》成就较高。
第二节塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》一、生平和创作塞万提斯（1547——1616）是西班牙文艺复兴时期最伟大的现实主义作家。
他一生坎坷，饱受痛苦。
曾经参加西土战争并因伤致残失去左手，还在土耳其人的监狱中度过了五年牢狱生活。
回国后过着穷困潦倒的生活，几次遭人诬陷而入狱，在狱中开始构思《堂吉诃德》。
西方文化导论
西方文化导论一、概述西方文化是指欧洲及其后裔国家的文化，是世界上最为重要和广泛影响的文化之一。
本文将介绍西方文化的起源、特点、发展以及对全球文化的影响。
二、起源与发展1. 古希腊文化的影响古希腊文化是西方文化的重要起源之一。
古希腊在哲学、政治、艺术、体育等方面取得了重大成就，对后世产生了深远影响。
2. 罗马帝国的传承罗马帝国继承并发展了古希腊文化，形成了独特的罗马文化。
罗马法律、建筑、工程、道德观念等对西方文化产生了重要影响。
3. 基督教的兴起基督教的兴起标志着西方文化的新阶段。
基督教的价值观念、道德准则对西方社会产生了深远影响，并成为西方文化的重要组成部分。
4. 文艺复兴与启蒙运动文艺复兴和启蒙运动是西方文化发展的重要阶段。
文艺复兴时期，人们对古希腊和罗马文化进行了重新学习和研究，推动了艺术、文学、科学等领域的进步。
启蒙运动则强调理性、自由和人权，对政治和社会产生了重要影响。
三、西方文化的特点1. 个人主义西方文化强调个体的独立性和自由意志，鼓励个人追求幸福和成功。
2. 科学与技术的重视西方文化崇尚科学与技术的发展，注重实证主义和理性思维，推动了现代科学的进步。
3. 民主与法治西方文化倡导民主政治和法治社会，注重个人权利和平等，推动了现代民主制度的发展。
4. 艺术与文学的创新西方文化在艺术与文学领域具有创新精神，不断探索新的表达形式和艺术风格。
四、西方文化对全球的影响1. 语言和文学英语作为西方文化的代表语言，成为国际交流和商务的重要工具。
西方文学作品如莎士比亚的戏剧、浪漫主义文学等对全球文学产生了深远影响。
2. 科学与技术西方文化的科学与技术成果对全球产生了广泛影响，如工业革命、电子技术、计算机科学等。
3. 政治与法律西方文化的民主制度和法治观念对全球政治和法律体系的发展产生了重要影响。
4. 艺术与娱乐西方音乐、电影、时尚等艺术与娱乐形式在全球范围内受到广泛欢迎，成为全球流行文化的一部分。
五、结论西方文化作为世界上最重要和广泛影响的文化之一，其起源、发展、特点以及对全球的影响都具有重要意义。
文艺复兴知识点
文艺复兴知识点文艺复兴是指发生在15世纪末至17世纪初的欧洲一系列文化和艺术变革的运动。
它标志着中世纪的结束和现代时代的开始。
文艺复兴涵盖了艺术、文学、科学和哲学等领域的重大变革，对欧洲乃至整个世界的文化发展产生了深远影响。
本文将介绍文艺复兴的主要知识点，包括其起源、特点、代表人物以及对艺术和科学的影响。
一、起源文艺复兴起源于意大利，并逐渐传播到欧洲其他地区。
在14世纪末，意大利的城市国家开始繁荣起来，商业和金融活动的兴起带来了人们对自由和个人权利的追求。
同时，古希腊和古罗马的文化遗产也逐渐被重新发现和重视。
这种对古典文化的热爱和对世俗主义的推崇成为文艺复兴的基石。
二、特点1. 人文主义：人文主义是文艺复兴的核心思想。
它强调人的尊严和价值，追求人的全面发展。
人文主义者研究古代文化，关注人类的能力和潜力，提倡人的自由和个性的发展。
他们反对教条主义和追随权威，主张人们应该通过理性思考来认识世界。
2. 艺术的重视：文艺复兴时期的艺术家们对艺术的追求达到了前所未有的高度。
他们追求真实和自然的表现方式，注重透视和光影效果的运用。
文艺复兴的绘画作品以人体为中心，追求人体的比例和解剖学的准确性。
著名艺术家达·芬奇和米开朗基罗就是文艺复兴时期的代表人物。
3. 科学的进步：文艺复兴时期的科学家们对自然界的研究也取得了重大突破。
他们通过观察和实验，提出了一系列新的科学理论和发现。
尼古拉·哥白尼提出了地心说的观点，开创了现代天文学；伽利略·伽利莱通过望远镜的观察，证实了地球围绕太阳运转的理论。
三、代表人物1. 达·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci）：达·芬奇是文艺复兴时期最具代表性的艺术家之一。
他是一位画家、雕塑家、建筑师、发明家和科学家。
他的作品《蒙娜丽莎》和《最后的晚餐》等至今仍然被誉为艺术的杰作。
2. 米开朗基罗（Michelangelo）：米开朗基罗是文艺复兴时期最伟大的雕塑家和画家之一。
文艺复兴的起源
文艺复兴的起源文艺复兴是欧洲历史上一个重要的时期，它不仅对艺术和文化产生了深远的影响，也对人类思维方式和社会结构产生了重大的冲击。
本文将讨论文艺复兴的起源，并分析其对欧洲乃至全球的影响。
一、社会背景文艺复兴诞生于15世纪末至16世纪初的意大利，并逐渐扩展至其他欧洲国家。
在这个时期，欧洲社会正在经历巨大的变革。
经济的繁荣和贸易的发展带动了城市的兴起，催生了新的社会阶层——资产阶级。
同时，人们开始对中世纪的信仰体系产生怀疑，并开始对古代文化和知识进行重新评估。
二、古典文化的引入文艺复兴时期，古典文化的研究成为了一种潮流。
人们开始对古希腊罗马的文学、哲学和艺术产生浓厚的兴趣，并试图恢复古典时代的文化传统。
这种对古典文化的推崇和追求成为了文艺复兴的核心思想。
三、知识的传播与创新文艺复兴时期，印刷术的发明和书籍的大规模印刷，大大促进了知识的传播。
人们可以更加方便地获取到古代文化的经典著作，与此同时，也更加容易传播自己的思想和创新。
众多的学者和艺术家开始不断地发表他们的作品，推动了文艺复兴时期的文化繁荣。
四、宗教改革的冲击文艺复兴同样受到了宗教改革的冲击。
早期的宗教改革者如马丁·路德和约翰·加尔文提出了对教会教义和做法的质疑，引发了欧洲各地的宗教改革运动。
这些改革使得人们对宗教权威的盲从开始动摇，同时也对宗教艺术和教会的文化产生了重大影响。
五、对艺术的影响文艺复兴对艺术的影响是巨大的。
在这个时期，艺术家追求真实、理性和人文主义的思想，艺术作品更加注重人体的形象和自然的再现。
例如，达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》和米开朗基罗的《大卫》等作品，都体现了文艺复兴时期对人体构造和美学的独特追求。
六、对思维方式的影响文艺复兴对人类思维方式的影响同样不可忽视。
文艺复兴时期的人们强调人类自身的价值和能力，开始关注个体的意识和自由。
这种思想倾向为近代启蒙运动的兴起提供了基础，同时也为人类社会的进步和发展奠定了思想基础。
文艺复兴PPT课件
文艺复兴持续了约一个世纪， 对欧洲文化和艺术产生了深远 的影响。
经济背景
14世纪欧洲经济开始复苏，商 品经济迅速发展，促进了城市
的发展和繁荣。
欧洲贸易逐渐扩大到海外，推 动了航海技术和贸易的发展。
资本主义经济的萌芽为文艺复 兴提供了物质基础和动力。
社会背景
14世纪欧洲社会发 生了重大变革，出 现了新的社会阶层 和观念。
对现代社会的影响
教育普及
文艺复兴时期欧洲开始普及义务教育，推动了现代教育的形成和发展，为现 代社会的教育普及奠定了基础。
现代科技理念
文艺复兴时期欧洲的科技理念至今仍然影响着现代社会的发展，如以人为本 、实验科学等理念在现代科技发展中依然发挥着重要作用。
05
文艺复兴代表人物
达芬奇
达芬奇是文艺复兴时期最杰出的艺术家之一，他是一位画家、雕塑家、建筑师、 工程师和发明家。
发展树立了新的标杆。
对世界的影响
文化交流
文艺复兴时期的欧洲是世界文化交流的中心之一，欧洲 文化通过贸易、外交等途径传播到世界各地，对各地的 文化发展产生了深远影响。
科技创新
文艺复兴时期欧洲的科技创新取得了重大突破，如印刷 术的发明、航海技术的改进等，对世界文明的进步产生 了重大影响。
宗教改革
文艺复兴时期欧洲的宗教改革运动对世界宗教发展产生 了重要影响，推动了基督教的世俗化和世界化进程。
》。
米开朗基罗的作品以精湛的技艺 和深刻的思想内涵而著名，他通 过自己的创作表达了对人类精神
和肉体的赞美和敬意。
米开朗基罗还从事绘画和建筑工 作，他的作品在艺术史上具有重
要的地位。
拉斐尔
拉斐尔是文艺复兴时期最受欢迎的画 家之一，他的代表作品包括《圣母子 》、《雅典学院》和《草地上的圣母
文艺复兴课件
2、兴起：先进知识分子对宗教文化不满 3、实质和目的：宣传新的资产阶级思想
反对教会思想文化统治
（二）为什么说“文艺复兴”不是对古典文化的简 单复兴？
当时人们广泛搜集、整理、研究古代希腊和罗马的 哲学、艺术、文学作品及历史文物，在文学艺术和 思想领域取得了突出成就，涌现出一批杰出的艺术 家和思想家，比古代希腊罗马文化成果和水平有大 的发展。复兴并不是复辟，因为文艺复兴把人放在 中心位置，这就是人文主义精神。所以说“文艺复 兴”不是对古典文化的简单复兴。
达芬奇设计的 螺旋桨直升机
耶 稣 受 洗
蒙娜丽莎 达芬奇
鉴赏：
《蒙娜丽莎》是一幅享有盛誉的肖像 画杰作。现藏于法国卢浮宫。它代表 达·芬奇的最高艺术成就，成功地塑 造了资本主义上升时期一位城市有产 阶级的妇女形象。画中人物坐姿优雅， 笑容微妙，背景山水幽深茫茫，淋漓 尽致地发挥了画家那奇特的烟雾状 “无界渐变着色法”般的笔法。画家 力图使人物的丰富内心感情和美丽的 外形达到巧妙的结合，对于人像面容 中眼角唇边等表露感情的关键部位， 也特别着重掌握精确与含蓄的辩证关 系，达到神韵之境，从而使蒙娜丽莎 的微笑具有一种神秘莫测的千古奇韵， 那如梦似的妩媚微笑，被不少美术史 家称为“神秘的微笑”。
为什么要复兴古典？
1、天主教会势力强大，资本主义发展还不充 分，资产阶级力量还比较弱小。
2、还没有形成比较新的完整的思想体系。
（三）核心：人文主义 （humanism）
（1）人文主义是文艺复兴指导思想，贯穿文艺复兴始终。 （2）含义:主张以人为中心，而不是以神为中心，提倡
人性，认为人是现实生活的创造者和主人，要求肯定人 的价值和尊严。
西方文化导论第六单元文艺复兴练习题
Unit 6 Culture During the RenaissanceI Translate the words and phrasesThe Renaissance，the bourgeoisie，feudal monarchy，national monarchies ,guild, monastic chapters , asceticism, Scholasticism,Bologna University, humanism, feudal obscurantism, ideological emancipation,fresco ,Sistine Chapel，The Divine Comedy，the Decameron，Boccaccio，Canterbury Tales，Gargantua and Pantagruel ，Michelangelo，Classicism,Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Mannerism,Baroque style , proto-renaissance, Calvinism，Hedonism , religious reformation, Copernican system(Copernican Heliocentrism) , experimental science ,mechanical materialism , modern metaphysics ,René Descartes, pantheistic doctrine ,Cartesianism文艺复兴，资产阶级，封建君主制，国家君主制,行会或协会, 教会或修道院管理处，苦行，禁欲主义, 经院哲学；博洛尼亚大学, 人道主义/人本主义/人文主义,封建蒙昧主义,思想解放, 壁画；湿壁画技法，西斯廷教堂，神曲，十日谈，薄伽丘，坎特伯雷故事集，巨人传，米开朗基罗，古典主义, 托斯卡纳风格,多立克风格,爱奥尼亚风格,科林斯风格, 风格主义, 巴洛克风格, 文艺复兴初期, 加尔文主义，享乐主义, 宗教改革，哥白尼体系/哥白尼日心说, 实验科学(by Francis Bacon)机械唯物主义(by Thomas Hobbes), 现代形而上学, 笛卡尔, 泛神论，笛卡尔主义/笛卡尔哲学II Fill in the blanks1.The Renaissance was first and foremost a kind of _______of mind，the seeking of_______.The achievements of it were seen principally in six areas, namely, __________and __________as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.2.The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.3. The Renaissance was the ____ stage of the Middle Ages before the modern epoch.4. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .5. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________ century.6. The Renaissance first emerged in the city of _______in Italy before it made its way to Milan，Venice and Naples. Then it spread to France，Spain，Germany and England.7. The Renaissance is characterised by seeking________, _______and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation.8. Humanism perhaps began in ______and its most famous predecessors were men like ______and Petrarch.9.The core idea of the Renaissance was _____.10.The major boost of Humanism is _______ .11. The Renaissance was to recover ancient _______ ; while the Religious Reformation was to recover ancient ________ .12. With far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation becamea basis for the founding of_______ , which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.13. _______was the founder of experimental science and materialism.14. Martin Luther developed the idea of justification by faith and attacked the sale of indulgences by Tetzel from the Vatican Church by _______at Wittenberg15. Five dominant types of architecture during the Renaissance are__________, and Composite.16.Francis Bacon was the founder of _____ and _____.17._____ established mechanical materialism. .18. “I am thinking, therefore I exist” was spoken by _____. He also provided the mechanistic method of reasoning called _______. .1. emancipation, intellectual freedom, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama, religious reformation ;2. mass3. last4. Bologna5. 13th6. Florence7. ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom 8. Italy, Dante 9. Humanism10. the fall of Constantinople 11. culture and art, Christian theology 12. Protestantism 13. Francis Bacon 14. nailing his famous 95 theses on the church door15.Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian 16. experimental science, materialism17. Thomas Hobbes, 18. René Descartes,CartesianismIII Answer the questions:1. What factors contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance?the break-up of feudal structures; the strengthening of city-states in Italy; the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England; the thrive of many different kinds of social structures; the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries; changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities.2. What are the major features of the Renaissance ?Feature: The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The most striking feature of the Renaissance was doubtlessly the flourish of humanism.3. What are the reasons for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy?(1) Italy’s prosperous trade and production of handicraft, which furnished a material basis for cultural development(2) its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emergence of more cities where manufacturing and commercial activities called for the vigorous development of cultural life(3) the wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome(4) the use of Latin as a common language in the Italian society, which helped to retain a good memory of classical culture4. What are the main demands of humanism?a. literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans;b. science should produce benefits for mankind;c. education should develop individual personality and free human feelings and intelligence from divine bondage;d. man should become central in everything;e. human right should be against divine right, human nature against divine nature, and individuality against medieval religious bondage.4Please match the following artists and writers with their representative works.Please match the following scientists with their great achievement.5.Please introduce William Shakespeare, the most accomplished writer during the Renaissance, and his great works.William Shakespearewas an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre -eminent dramatist. He is often called England’s national poet and the “Bard of Avon”. His surviving work s, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into everymajor living language and are performed more often than those ofany other playwright.His writing career falls into three phases. His early phase coincided with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, marking the ascent of capitalist development. The major works he wrote in this period include A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream and Twelfth Night .The 2nd phase occurred in a period when political conflicts and contradictions were intensified between the feudal forces headed by the royal family on one side and the newly emerging capitalist forces and the ordinary people on the other. Most of his writings during the period were tragedies, embracing Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and Anthony and Cleopatra.The 3rd phase focused on the writing of plays related to myths, such as The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest. Shakespeare’s success came from his understanding of historical, social and intellectual circumstances of England, based on his humanist values and pursuit and represented by a large number of impressive characters with a strong sense of individual identity.6. Please analyze the features of classicism.a. Drama and other forms of arts tended to imitate and reflect those of the Graeco-Roman civilization.b. Literature of this period is termed neoclassical, because it sought beauty of form rather than the content.c. Culture in this period not only exhibited the productions of artistic works, but promoted the development of life styles, such as dress and speech.d. As commonly opposed to Romanticism, the 17th-century classicism in France implies a social ideal.e. Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms.IV True or False Questions.(1) Individualism was the foundation of social ideology during the Renaissance.(2) Dante’s most important works On Monarchy shows most of his humanist ideas over which he was meditating during years of exile.(3) Petrarch opposed the papal authority and other supreme authorities by exemplifying his attitudes towards Aristotle.(4) The Renaissance and humanism greatly contributed to the occurrence of Enlightenment and bourgeois revolution.(5) Humanism helped spark the Reformation, while the latter hindered thedevelopment of the former.（TFTTT）题源：1. The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.A. massB. agriculturalC. industrialD. Commercial2. The Renaissance was the ____ stage of the Middle Ages before the modern epoch.A. transitionalB. lastC. initialD. preparatory3. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .A. BerlinB. RomeC. BolognaD. Oxford4. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________.A. 14th centuryB. 13th centuryC. 12th centuryD. 11th century5. Which of the following is not the inspiration for the Renaissance?A. The break-up of feudal structures.B. The emergence of national monarchies.C. The rise of folk culture and popular literature.D. The revival of religious beliefs.6.Which of the following is not the major principle of humanism?A. Literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans.B. Science should produce benefits for mankind.C. Education should develop divine spirit and classical culture.D. Man should become central in everything.7.The Renaissance made its first appearance in the city of _______ .A. VeniceB. ParisC. FlorenceD. London8.The core idea of the Renaissance was _____A. rationalismB. realismC. humanismD. classicism9.The major boost of Humanism is _______ .A. the fall of ConstantinopleB. the prosperity of the city of FlorenceC. the prosperous trade and production of handicraftD. the rich variety of urban social life10.The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______ .A. Italy’s prosperous tradeB. the variety of urban social lifeC. the use of Latin as a common languageD. that the newly emerging capitalists sought to oppose feudal and divine dominance of society文艺复兴时期各领域代表人物及其代表作Representatives and their representative works in the Renaissance高乃依拉辛莫里哀Fill in the blanks:1.______was considered to be the founder of Renaissance painting in Italy.2.Five dominant types of architecture during the Renaissance: ___________.3.Translate1)Mannerism 2) Polyphonic music 3) proto-renaissance4) Hedonism 5) Calvinism 6) The Theory of Predestination7) Pendulum 8) Copernican system 9) classicism。
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The virgin of the rocks （岩
间圣母 ）
Mona Lisa
The last supper
• Michelangelo (米开朗琪罗，1475--1564) His paintings, showing the humanist spirit of the civilian class, were represented by the large groups of frescoes of the Sistine Chapel, such as Genesis and Final Judgment and the sculpture David. His earlier work reveals a breathtaking technical ability in concert with 和……相呼应a disposition气质 to bend rules of anatomy and proportion in the service of greater expressive power. • Raphael (拉斐尔，1483--1520) established his reputation with his famous fresco The School of Athens which included over fifty figures altogether. In his The Virgin Mary he successfully united in one image the dual nature of the good mother and wife admired by his home city of Urbino’s citizens.
• 1. Art in the Early Period • Realist tendency was obvious in the art of the early period of the Renaissance, and visible mostly in the use of religious subject matter drawn from Biblical and mythological legends and figures. Works such as those of Giotto di Bondone (1266-1337) in painting, Donatello and Ghiberti 吉贝尔蒂in sculpture are perfect examples.
Giotto(乔托)
• Giotto di Bondone • (c. 1266-1337)
• Italian painter Giotto is held in high regard as the artist who moved away from the traditional medieval technique of portraying the human figure as a stiff, flat, twodimensional character. An artist far ahead of his time, Giotto began to protray humans as rounded, proportioned, and naturalistic. His work influenced the development of Renaissance art more than a century after his death in Florence in 1337.
Masaccio
The TriБайду номын сангаасute Money贡金
High Renaissance art
• High Renaissance art emerged in the later period of the Renaissance. It flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, and revolved around three towering figures: • Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇，1452--1519) As a prolific artist and scientist, he demonstrated his talents in many areas, such as mathematics, anatomy解剖, biology, optics, dynamics and geology. The virgin of the Rocks, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are considered the most representative works of Da Vinci’s.
• The most famous artist of the proto-renaissance period is Giotto whose work revealed a new pictorial style demonstrated by a kind of clear, simple structure with great psychological penetration, rather than the flat, linear decorativeness and hierarchical按等级划分的 compositions of his predecessors and lesser 次要的contemporaries. • Giotto discarded the two-dimensionality advocated by the Byzantine painters and instead pioneered the representation of emotions such as grief and astonishment on the faces of his subjects. • The latter two both studied anatomy and based their art on the solid foundation of science. • Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) solved the problem of the pillarless dome.
The Mourn ing of Christ 《哀悼 基督》
Madonna Enthroned 登基
Ghiberti Gates of Paradise （吉伯 特天堂的大门 ）
Filippo Brunelleschi 布鲁内列斯基）
View of the Duomo's dome, Florence
Pieta 《圣母 怜子相》 Michelangelo
Statue of David 《大卫》
Sistine Chapel
西斯廷教堂
• Raphael’s（拉斐尔） greatest work, The School of Athens 雅典学院, was painted in the Vatican. In this large fresco, Raphael depicted many well-known representatives of the Aristotelian and Platonic schools of thought. Instead of the densely packed, turbulent骚动的 surface of Michelangelo’s masterpiece, Raphael placed his groups of calmly conversing philosophers and artists in a vast court with vaults拱顶 receding into the distance. • Titian（体香.韦切利奥） (1477--1576) His subject matter was of wide varieties, ranging from civilian life to religious tales and Greco-Roman myths. He was famous for his portraits in which he used highly effective proportions of colour and light, thus adding brighter and more vivid images to his work, like in The Assumption of the Virgin圣 母升天.
Chapter6 Culture During the Renaissance
• Cultural achievement of the Renaissance
Renaissance Art
• In every age, artistic achievement represents a combination of individual talent and predominant social ideals. Renaissance artists were attempting to solve problems about perspective and threedimensionality that had defeated their predecessors. The urban character of Italian government led to the need for civic architecture, public buildings in a grand scale. The celebration of individual achievement led to the explosive growth of portraiture.