3D打印专业英语课文翻译_共5页
3D printing
3D打印或者说增材制造（AM）指的是各种多样的打印三维物品的操作。
主要是使用增材制作，这种技术在计算机的控制下材料一层一层地放置下去。
这些物品可以是利用3D模型或者电子数据资源生产的各种形状。
3D打印机是
一种工业化的机器人，但是最近因为英国开发的RepRap3D打印机使其兴起成
为一种成本低，开源的资源。
1.利用3D打印制作物品
使用增量的方法制造物品就是一次构建物品的一层。
一层模型粉末被自动
的覆盖到模型盘上，然后打印头以实物的形状喷涂树脂。
这一层树脂层会立刻
干燥，然后模型盘会下降一层的距离，然后下一层粉末就会覆盖到模型盘上。
然后打印头就会再次喷涂物体的形状并且绑定到前一层上。
这个操作按照顺序
一次执行一层直到整个物体完成。
2.基本原理
建模
3D打印模型可以由电脑辅助设计包或者通道扫描技术联合制作。
3D绘图的几何图形数据准备由纯手工完成，是一种类似于雕刻的塑料制品艺术。
3D扫描
是一种分析和收集实体物品的形状和外观的过程。
基于这些数据被打印物品的
3D模型可以被制作出来。
手工的和自动的3D打印模型的构建对于大多数顾客来说都比较复杂。
这就是这些年有很多3D打印的工厂涌现出来的原因，这其中最受欢迎的有例如：外形方式，给予物品和我的迷你工厂等几家公司。
打印
在从一个STL文件打印出一个3D模型之前，首先必须由一个成为切片程序的软件来处理它，切片程序会把该模型转换成一系列薄层，并产生一个包含有
特定打印机指令的G—CODE文件。
已经有一些开源的切片软件存在了，包括Skeinforge,Slic3r,KISSlicer,Cura。
3D打印机根据一系列Gcode指令来放置接连不断的液体，粉末和金属材料
来从一系列横截面来制作模型。
这些从CAD回应虚拟连接选项的层被自动化的
链接去创造实际的物品。
这种技术最大的优势就是可以几乎创建任何形状和外观。
层的解决方案以像素和微米为单位描述每层的厚度和坐标。
典型的层的厚
度大约是100微米或者250像素，尽管有些激起可以打印大约1600像素的实物。
坐标解决方案可以和镭射打印进行对比，大约可以以50至100微米为单位。
现代打印方法可以在任何地方进行打印，大约会花费大约数小时到数天时间。
这取决于打印的方法和模型的大小和复杂性。
通过添加剂通常可以缩短这个时
间至几小时，尽管时间的变化很大，不过这同时取决于所使用的机器的类型和
模型的大小和数量。
像注射成型的传统技术对于制造大量聚合物产品可能花钱比较少，但是当
生产相对少量的部件时，增材制造可能更快，更灵活，更便宜。
3D打印机给设
计师和概念开发团队以桌面尺寸的打印机生产零部件和概念模型的能力。
整理
虽然打印机生产方式的分辨率对于许多应用已经足够，然而用标准分辨率
打印出比实物大一点的同样的物品，然后用更高的分辨率去除处理去掉某些材
料可以达到更高的精度。
一些3D打印技术有能力在制造部件时运用多种材料，并且有一些具有使用多种材料和混合颜色的能力。
有些打印技术需要内部支持，并且这些载体必须
以机械的方式在打印完成时去除，在制作的期间还要以悬垂的特性来进行构建。
在21世纪初期，一些工业生产角色首次在金属加工工业中达到了显著规模。
进入21世纪以来开始AM机的销量大幅增长，其价格已经大幅下降。
据沃勒斯Associates咨询公司统计，市场对3D打印机和其在2012年在世界范围内值22亿美元，同比增长29％。
从2011年开始，包括建筑施工，工业设计，汽车，
航空航天，军工，工程，牙科和医疗等行业，生物技术（人组织替代），服装，鞋类，珠宝，眼镜，教育，地理信息系统，食品等许多领域运用到3D打印技术。
在2005年，随着开源的RepRap和Fab@Home项目的开展，批号成瘾者和家用市场迅速扩展更新。
实际上，至今发布的所有家用3D打印机的技术的根基是不断发展的RepRap项目和相关的开源软件倡议。
在分布式制造领域，一项研究发现3D打印技术可以成为一个大众市场产品使用户在购买普通家用物品时节约钱。
例如，用户可以自己在家中利用从网络上下载的3D打印模型打印出所需物品，而不是从厂商手中购买。
3d打印英语术语
3d打印英语术语全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇13D printing is so cool! Have you ever heard of it before? I bet you have seen those awesome 3D-printed toys and models. But do you know what all those fancy words mean? Don't worry, I will explain them to you!First, let's talk about the term "3D printing." It's like magic - you can create three-dimensional objects just by using a special printer and some material. The printer builds up the object layer by layer, following a digital design. It's like building a castle with tiny bricks!Next, let's learn about some common 3D printing terms. "Filament" is the material that the printer uses to create the object. It's like the ink in a regular printer. There are different types of filament, like PLA and ABS, which have different properties."Extruder" is another important term. It's like the nozzle of the printer that melts the filament and deposits it on the buildplate. It's like a hot glue gun! The build plate is where the object is being printed. It's like the stage for a play."Layer height" is how thick each layer of the object is. The smaller the layer height, the smoother the object will be. It's like painting with a fine brush instead of a roller."Support structure" is like scaffolding that holds up the object while it's being printed. It's like training wheels for a bike. Once the object is finished, you can remove the support structure."Bed leveling" is making sure the build plate is flat and at the right height. It's like making sure the dance floor is even. If it's not level, the object won't print correctly.So, that's the basics of 3D printing! It's like creating your own toys and gadgets. Who knows, maybe one day you can design and print your own inventions! Isn't that amazing?篇23D printing is like magic! It's this cool technology that lets you create 3D objects with a special printer. But wait, what are all those fancy words people use when they talk about 3D printing?Don't worry, I'm here to help you understand some of the most common 3D printing terms.1. Filament: Filament is like the ink for your 3D printer. It's a long, thin strand of material, usually plastic, that gets melted and extruded through the printer nozzle to create your 3D object.2. Extruder: The extruder is the part of the 3D printer that melts the filament and pushes it out through the nozzle. It's like the magic wand that brings your design to life!3. Build plate: The build plate is the surface where your 3D object is created. It's like the canvas for your masterpiece. Make sure it's nice and clean before you start printing!4. Layer height: 3D printers create objects layer by layer. The layer height is how thick each layer of filament is. A smaller layer height means more detailed and smooth prints, but it also takes longer to print.5. Support structures: Sometimes, your 3D object needs a little extra support while it's being printed. Support structures are temporary scaffolding that holds up overhanging or complex parts of your design.6. Raft: A raft is a layer of material that's printed underneath your object. It helps your object stick to the build plate and provides a stable base for printing.7. Infill: Infill is the pattern of material inside your 3D object.A higher infill percentage means more material inside the object, which makes it stronger but also uses more filament.8. Slicer: The slicer is a software program that takes your 3D design and turns it into instructions for the printer. It slices your design into thin layers and generates the code needed to print each layer.Wow, that's a lot of cool 3D printing terms! Now you're ready to impress your friends with your 3D printing knowledge. Keep exploring and experimenting with this awesome technology!篇33D printing is super cool! If you don't know what it is, it's basically this amazing technology that lets you createthree-dimensional objects layer by layer. It's like magic!First off, let's talk about the term "3D printing". It's also known as additive manufacturing because it adds material tocreate an object, unlike traditional manufacturing which subtracts material.There are so many cool terms in the world of 3D printing. One of them is "filament", which is the material that is melted and extruded through a nozzle to create the object. Filaments come in all sorts of colors and materials, like PLA, ABS, and PETG.Another important term is "bed leveling". This is when you make sure the build platform is perfectly flat so that the layers of your object stick together properly. It's like making sure your cake is baked evenly!One term that sounds fancy but is really fun is "infill". This is the pattern inside your object that gives it structure and strength. You can choose different percentages of infill depending on how strong you want your object to be.And let's not forget about "support structures". These are temporary structures that hold up parts of your object that hang in mid-air while printing. It's like building a scaffold for your object!Overall, 3D printing is an awesome technology with so many cool terms to learn. It's like being a magician and creating thingsout of thin air! So if you're interested in tech and creating things, give 3D printing a try. You won't be disappointed!篇43D printing is so cool, it's like magic! With a 3D printer, you can make all sorts of things out of plastic, metal, or even food! But before you start printing, you need to know some fancy words to talk about 3D printing. Let's learn some 3D printing English terms together!First off, we have "filament." Filament is like the ink for your 3D printer. It's a long, thin strand of material that gets melted and extruded to create your 3D print. There are all kinds of filaments out there, like PLA, ABS, and even wood or metal filaments!Next up is "extruder." The extruder is the part of the 3D printer that melts the filament and pushes it out onto the print bed. It's like a hot glue gun, but way cooler! The extruder is controlled by the printer's software to create different shapes and designs.Then we have "bed leveling." Bed leveling is super important for a successful 3D print. The print bed needs to be perfectlylevel so that the first layer of your print sticks to it properly. If the bed isn't level, your print might not turn out right!Another important term is "infill." Infill is the pattern of material inside your 3D print. It helps to support the structure of your print and save on material and print time. You can choose different infill percentages and patterns to customize your print.Lastly, we have "slicer." The slicer is a software program that translates your 3D model into instructions for the printer. It slices your model into thin layers and generates the code that tells the printer how to build each layer. The slicer is like the brains behind the operation!So there you have it, some 3D printing English terms to help you talk about this amazing technology. With these words in your vocabulary, you'll be a 3D printing pro in no time! Happy printing!篇5Title: Let's Learn 3D Printing Terminology!Hey everyone! Today I'm going to talk about some really cool stuff - 3D printing! Have you ever heard of it? It's like magic - you can create all sorts of things just by using a special printer.But before we get started, let's learn some important words that we need to know when we talk about 3D printing.First off, we have "filament." Filament is like the ink for the 3D printer. It's a long, thin material that gets melted and extruded to create the object you want to make. It can be made of all sorts of materials, like plastic, metal, or even wood.Next, we have "extruder." The extruder is the part of the 3D printer that heats up and pushes the filament through a tiny nozzle to create the object layer by layer. It's like the chef of the printer, carefully putting everything together.Another important term is "bed leveling." Bed leveling is when you make sure that the surface where the object is being printed is flat and even. If the bed isn't level, your object might end up looking all wonky and weird.And let's not forget about "CAD software." CAD stands for Computer-Aided Design, and it's the program you use to create the digital model of the object you want to print. It's like a virtual playground where you can design anything you imagine.Last but not least, we have "slicing." Slicing is when the CAD software breaks down the digital model into thin layers to tell theprinter how to build the object. It's like cutting a cake into slices before you eat it.So there you have it - some important 3D printing terms to get you started on your 3D printing journey. Have fun exploring the world of 3D printing, and remember to keep on learning and growing!篇63D printing is super cool, guys! It's like magic, but with machines! Let me tell you all about some 3D printing English words that you might hear when people talk about this awesome technology.First up, we have "filament." Filament is the material that gets melted and squeezed out of the 3D printer to make the object. It's like the ink in a regular printer, but in a different form. So cool!Next is "extruder." The extruder is the part of the 3D printer that pushes the filament through a tiny hole to make it come out in the right shape. It's like the chef in a kitchen squeezing frosting out of a piping bag to decorate a cake. Yum!Then we have "bed leveling." This is when you make sure that the platform where the object is being made is straight and level. It's super important because if it's not level, the object might turn out all wonky and not look right. Nobody wants that!Another cool word is "overhang." This is when part of the object being printed sticks out into the air without any support underneath. It's like trying to build a tower out of blocks but the blocks keep falling over. Tricky stuff!And finally, we have "infill." Infill is the pattern of material that fills up the inside of the object being printed. It's like filling up a balloon with water to make it round and squishy. So interesting!So there you have it, guys! Some super cool 3D printing English words to help you understand this amazing technology. Keep on learning and exploring, and who knows what you might create with a 3D printer one day!。
3D打印技术 -英文1
Increase material manufacturing
4
3D printing is one kind of rapid prototyping technology, It is based on a digital
model file, use metal or plastic powder for bonding, the way to construct objects by layer printing.
3D print car--Urbee
Rocket engine
Made in Space
18
Furniture, Decoration
19
entertainment
X-cube
Iron Man
Guitar
20
et human skull
Ancient biology
It can produce that the traditional process can not produce the work piece, and improve process capability
8
3D printing can realize the sustainable development of manufacturing
3Dprint production
Material
3D printer
Assemble
User
11
Application of 3D printing
12
Medical
kidney
leg
Blood vessel
13
Ornaments
3d打印英语阅读
3d打印英语阅读以下是一篇关于 3D 打印的英语阅读材料：**3D Printing: Revolutionizing Manufacturing and Beyond**3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a revolutionary technology that is transforming the way we create and produce objects. This innovative process enables the fabrication of three-dimensional objects by depositing layers of materials, typically plastic, metal, or composites, one on top of the other.One of the most significant advantages of 3D printing is its ability to produce customized and personalized objects. Unlike traditional manufacturing methods that often require large-scale production runs, 3D printers can create single or limited-quantity items with ease. This opens up new possibilities for industries such as healthcare, where personalized prosthetics and implants can be fabricated to precisely match an individual's unique anatomy.Another advantage of 3D printing is its potential for rapid prototyping and design iterations. By quickly creating physical prototypes, designers and engineers can evaluate and modify theircreations in a short amount of time, reducing the overall development cycle and costs. This capability is particularly valuable in industries that require frequent innovation and product development.Furthermore, 3D printing has the potential to democratize manufacturing by enabling individuals and small businesses to produce their own products on a limited scale. With the availability of affordable 3D printers and online design platforms, entrepreneurs and hobbyists can bring their ideas to life without the need for large-scale production facilities.While 3D printing offers numerous benefits, it also presents some challenges and considerations. The quality and strength of printed objects may vary depending on the materials used and the printing process. Additionally, intellectual property concerns and the potential for the illegal reproduction of copyrighted designs pose legal and ethical considerations.Despite these challenges, the potential of 3D printing is immense. From aerospace and automotive to healthcare and consumer goods, this technology is poised to revolutionize the way we design, manufacture, and customize products. As the technology continues to evolve, we canexpect to see even more innovative applications and advancements in the field of 3D printing.I hope this reading material provides you with an overview of 3D printing and its impact on various industries. If you have any further questions or would like more specific information, please let me know.。
3D打印英文文献+翻译
Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31 (2011) 2543–2550Inkjet printing ceramics: From drops to solidB. DerbySchool of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,Manchester M13 9PL, UKAvailable online 16 February 2011AbstractInkjet printing is a powerful microfabrication tool that has been applied to the manufacture of ceramic components. To successfully fabricate ceramic objects a number of conditions must be satisfied concerning fluid properties and drop placement accuracy. It has been proposed that fluids are printable within the bounds 1 < Z < 10 (where Z is the inverse of the Ohnesorge number) and these limits are shown to be consistent with ceramic suspensions delivered by piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printers. The physical processes that occur during drop impact and spreading are reviewed and these are shown to define the minimum feature size attainable for a given printed drop diameter. Finally the defects that can occur during the drying of printed drops are reviewed (coffee staining) and mechanisms and methodologies to reduce this phenomenon are discussed.Keywords: Inkjet printing; Shaping; Drying; Suspensions1. IntroductionInkjet printing has major commercial applications in graph-ics output and other conventional printing operations. However, there has been developing interest in using inkjet printing to manufacture components with applications for: displays,1 plas-tic electronics,2 rapid prototyping,3 tissue engineering,4 and ceramic component manufacture.5 A significant and fundamen-tal difference between these new applications and the more widespread application of printing text or images is the behaiour of the printed ink droplets on the printed substrate. Most images are constructed by the deposition of discrete droplets and, in order to optimise resolution and contrast, these droplets are iso-lated and do not contact each other. In contrast, many of the new applications for inkjet printing envisage the manufacture of continuous 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional structures (1-, 2-, or 3-D). Such structures require a continuous distribution of material and this necessitates contact and adhesion between individual drops after printing.Inkjet printing constructs objects by the precision placement of picolitre volumes of liquid and thus the initial interac-tion between printed material and a substrate is a liquid/solid interaction. Ultimately, the printed deposit undergoes a solid-ification process that can occur through solvent evaporation,temperature induced solidification/gelation or chemicalreac-tion.Considerations of the relative timescales of drop spreading and solidification indicate that there will be a significant period of time afterprinting when a liquid is present on a surface6 and thus the morphological stability of coallescing liquid films must be examined, as must the effects of the solidification process.There has been a considerable number of publications on the use of inkjet printing in the manufacture of ceramics.7–17 These prior studies have used all inkjet drop generation technologies (continuous, thermal drop-on-demand and piezoelectric drop-on-demand) to successfully produce ceramic objects using both solvent evaporation and phase-change solidification. Industrial inkjet printing technology now uses piezoelectric drop-on-demand (DOD) generation technology and this is the chosen method for most applications in printing functional materials. The physical operation of these different printing technologiesand the reasons for the choice of piezoelectric DOD printing have been discussed in detail elsewhere6,18; hence here we willconfine our considerations to this technology. We will also only consider the printing of ceramic inks that solidify through sol-vent evaporation. Despite earlier work demonstrating that it is possible to successfully print cm scale objects using a wax based phase change ceramic ink,11–13 ceramic inks contain relatively low volume fractions of solid and thus there is considerable shrinkage and potential for distortion during dewaxing and sintering.14In order to fabricate ceramic objects using inkjet printing, it is necessary to satisfy a number of requirements. First there isa need to produce stable ceramic suspensions with defined fluid properties such that they can be passed through a droplet gener-ator and formregular drops. Second, these suspensions need to be delivered onto a substrate or onto a previously printed layer of solidified ceramic ink, with drops in sufficient proximity to each other to allow them to interact and form desired 2-D features. Next, the printed ceramic ink must undergo phase transition to a solid deposit. Finally, to produce 3-D structures the deposi-tion and drying/solidification processes need to be repeated on a layer of pre-deposited and dried material. Here we will consider each of these requirements and their optimization for the direct printing of ceramics.2. Ceramic inksManufacturers of DOD inkjet printing equipment normally state a range of viscosity and surface tension within which inks may be successfully printed. However, this information is nor-mally provided for the benefit of formulating graphics inks and may not be directly applicable to the development of ceramic inks. This is because inks containing a significant volume frac-tion of ceramic particles in suspension have much higher density values than typical graphics inks, which typically have densities in the range 800–1000 kg m−3 and the behaviour of a fluid during printing depends strongly on its inertial behaviour.The fluid rheological requirements for a printable ink are determined by the physics and fluid mechanics of the drop gen-eration process.6,18 The behaviour of fluids during inkjet printing can be represented by the Reynolds, Weber and Ohnesorge num-bers (Re, We, Oh):Re = vρa , (1a)ηWe = v2ρa(1b),γ√ηOh = We = (1c),Re (γρa)1/2where ρ, η and γ are the density, dynamic viscosity and surface tension of the fluid respectively, v is the velocity and a is a characteristiclength.Fromm identified the Ohnesorge number, Oh, as the appro-priate grouping of physical constants to characterise drop generation in an inkjet printer.19 Oh is independent of fluid velocity and is commonly used in analyses describing the behaviour of li quid drops. However, in Fromm’s publication, he defined the parameter Z = 1/Oh and from a simple model of fluid flow in a drop generator of simplified geometry, he pro-posed that Z > 2 for stable drop generation.19 Reis extended this through numerical simulation and proposed the following range, 10 > Z > 1, for stable drop formation.20 If Z < 1, viscous dissipa-tion prevents drop ejection from the printer and if Z > 10, droplets are accompanied by unwanted satellite drops. Jang et al. studied the DOD printability of a number of fluid mixtures of ethanol, water and ethylene glycol. Through this they explored a range of values of Oh and determined that the range of printability wasFig. 1. Fromm’s parameter Z (Z = 1/Oh) influences the printability of fluids. Dashed lines identify the limits for printability proposed by Reis et al.20 Experi-mental points are plotted for a number of ceramic suspensions/inks: grey symbols indicate successful inkjet printing, blacksymbols indicate that no drops were formed, and white symbols indicate the presence of satellite drops along with the main printed drop.4 < Z < 14,21 which is very similar to that determined by Reis’s numerical simulation.There is now a substantial body of literature describing the inkjet printing of a number of ceramic suspensions and other fluids for non-graphics applications; unfortunately not all publications report sufficient information on the rheologi-cal properties of the ceramic suspensions to test this proposed criterion for printability in all cases. Fig. 1 presents such data that either reported the value of Oh (or Z) or reported sufficient data that it is easily calculated. The vertical dashed lines on the figure at Oh = 1 and Oh = 10 represent the limits for stable inkjet printing calculated by Reis.20 The experimental data is presented from eight fluid systems with a grey symbol indicat-ing the successful printing of individual drops, a black symbol indicates that fluids with these properties could not be printed, and finally a white symbol shows the cases where a fluid drop was successfully ejected but accompanied by one or more satel-lite drops. It is useful to separate these data into two sets: fluid systems 1–6 were delivered using piezoelectric DOD printers, while fluid systems 7 and 8 were delivered using a thermal DOD printer. The data obtained from experiments using piezoelectric DOD printing shows reasonably good agreement with Reis’s model, however that obtained in the one study using a thermal DOD printer shows very poor agreement,17 at least with the upper bound for the prediction of the onset of satellite drop for-mation. Özkol considered that one reason for the discrepancy between Reis’s prediction and their results could be the differ-ence in actuation between piezoelectric and thermal DOD inkjet droplet generators.17The hypothesis that changes in actuation explain the dif-ferent behaviourobserved between thermal and piezoelectric DOD inkjet printing is supported by an experimental study of drop and satellite formation in a piezoelectric DOD printer by Dong et al.22 They found that the drop formation mechanism and the conditions under which a given fluid formed satellites is also controlled by the shape and amplitude of the drivingpulse applied to the piezoelectric actuator. The driving pulsein DOD printing is also known to control both the size of the ejected drop and its velocity.12,22,23 Reis demonstrated that forthe formation of drops using highly loaded ceramic suspensions, acoustic phenomena are important and that there are maxima in inkjet performance that correlate with acoustic resonances in the printhead.23 These are particularly important consider-ations given that typical industrial DOD printheads operate in the kHz regime. Other studies of inkjet printing for applications in graphics also emphasise the importance of acoustic phenom-ena and the need for these to damp before the drop generator is refilled prior to delivering subsequent drops.18 Indeed the shape and form of the actuating waveform is considered an important aspect of the design of piezoelectric DOD printing systems.However, from Fig. 1, we can see that for the studies that used piezoelectric DOD printers, Reis’s criterion for a printable fluid20 seems to show reasonable agreement with data and it is also in broad agreement with the only explicit study of inkjet printability of fluids by Jang et al.21 Thus despite a possible oversimplification of the conditions that lead to the formation of satellite drops, we suggest the condition 10 > Z > 1 (where Z = 1/Oh) can be used as a guide to the development of fluids for ink jetprinting.The suitability of a fluid for inkjet printing can be roughly assessed by its Ohnesorge number. However there are other lim-its of fluid behaviour that impose additional limits to practical drop generation. In order to generate a small radius drop, the sur-face tension and associated Laplace pressure must be overcome before a drop can be ejected from a printer. Duineveld proposed that this can be described by a minimum value of the Weber number, We > 4, below which there is insufficient fluid flow to overcome surface tension.24 A final bound to printability is given by the onset of splashing that occurs if a drop hits the substrate with velocity above a critical threshold. From the work of Stowe and Hadfield,25 this occurs when We1/2Re1/4 > 50. These limit-ing bounds define a region of the parameter space of We and Re, within which DOD inkjet printing is possible.5,6 Fig. 2 showsFig. 2. Inkjet printing is practical for a limited range of fluids and printing con-ditions. This is illustrated here in a parameter space defined by axes of Reynolds and Weber numbers. Based on a diagram originally published in Ref. 5.this parameter space and the region suitable for DOD inkjet printing. Drop velocity increases diagonally, as indicated and has lower and upper bounds that are defined by the appropriate limits of drop ejection and splashing, orthogonal to velocity is the Ohnesorge number, which defines the limits of the fluid prop-erties, thus Fig. 2 can be considered representing a guide to the limits of both fluid characteristics and drop dynamics consistent with the practical use of piezoelectric DOD inkjet printing.3. Drop impact, spreading and coalescenceAs discussed earlier, an important aspect of inkjet printing in manufacturing technology is the process by which adjacent drops interact to form a solid. In all cases the liquid drop will interact with a solid substrate. Following deposition there will be a period when the drop’s shape is controlled by fluid pro-cesses prior to solidification. Thus an important consideration is the appropriate time constants that apply to the mechanisms of surface spreading and solidification. Here we are confining our discussion to solidification through evaporation. Given that droplet solidification time scales are normally in the regime of around 1 s and droplet deposition rates are >1 kHz, we need to consider the interaction between many liquid droplets on the surface of the substrate. It is possible to use interlacing and sequential printing passes to deposit isolated drops, allow them to solidify and then fill in the gaps to produce a printed plane. However, thismethodology produces an irregular deposit with poor surface roughness for each printed layer,9 with a conse-quent risk of defects from poor penetration of the liquid. If printing occurs with appropriate drop spacing to allow over-lap before solidification, the interaction between adjacent liquid drops and the consequent influence of surface tension will tend to produce smooth surfaces and eliminate possible defects between solidified drops.When a liquid drop impacts a planar substrate it will deform and spread to cover the substrate, ultimately achieving an equi-librium sessile drop configuration. Yarin has recently reviewed the impact of drops over a size and velocity range that intersects those relevant to DOD printing.26 The typical range of drop size (radius from 5 to 50 mm) and velocity (1 < v < 10 m s−1) issuch that the initial deformation of the drop will be controlled by dynamicimpact and viscous dissipation processes.6,18,26 How-ever, this initial stage of drop deformation is expected to have finished after a few ms and subsequent spreading to equilibrium will be driven by capillary forces.27 A schematic representa-tion of the timescales associated with drop deformation after impact is presented in Fig. 3. The dynamic processes of drop impact occur over a time scale of ms.26 First the drop deforms on impact with its kinetic energy converted into new surface area as the drop deforms, some energy is absorbed through viscous dissipation. If the impact conditions are such that splashing does not occur (as is normal with the conditions of inkjet printing), the drop may recoil after expansion and oscillate briefly dissipating energy. Meanwhile the process of capillary spreading will occur, this has a time scale of ms for drop dimensions consistent with inkjet printing and the final equilibrium drop shape is normally controlled by this process.2546 Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of the time scales appropriate to the processes of drop deformation and spreading on a substrate after impact. Axes of diameter and time are to arbitrary non-linear scales. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 6.Once equilibrium has been reached, the drop can be modelled as a spherical cap because the Bond number is sufficiently low that we may ignore the influence of gravity. In which case the equilibrium contact diameter of the drop, deqm, can be calculated withdeqm = βd0,(2a)where β = 2tan θeqm 3 + tan2 θeqm−1/3(2b),2 2where d0 is the diameter of the drop in flight and θeqm is the equilibrium contact angle. For an isolated drop of pure solvent, we would expect the drop diameter to decrease and the contact line to retract at a constant receding contact angle during evap-oration. However, for the case of particles in suspension, the behaviour of a liquid drop is different. Solvent evaporation does not occur uniformly from the sessile drop. At low contact angles, the fluid close to the contact line is adjacent to a large dry surface and this enhances the transport of the solvent vapour promoting faster evaporation. This leads to a ring of particles coming out of suspension and the presence of this dried deposit pins the contact line and prevents it retracting. This contact line pinning results in the receding contact angle decreasing as solvent is removed. It can also result in a flow of particles to the contact line, leading to suspension segregation and a ring deposit; this is a phenomenon known as the coffee stain effect.28 We will return to the coffee stain phenomenon later in this article. One effect of contact line pinning during drying is that the footprint or equi-librium diameter of the spread drop of ceramic ink will define the diameter of the dried deposit on the surface after solvent evaporation.In order to print two-dimensional patterns it is necessary to allow adjacent droplets to interact and coalesce. It is advanta-geous for these drops to interact while in a liquid state because surface tension forces will result in a smooth deposit surface. If we consider the interaction of adjacent liquid drops in the absence of contact line pinning, two drops on merging would tend to form a large spherical cap to minimise surface area. However, if contact lines are pinned, fluid flow is limited anda train of interacting drops will form a linear feature. This was formalised by Davis who demonstrated that a liquid bead was stable against breakingup into isolated spherical caps if the receding contact angle was free to change but the contact line was pinned29; this was confirmed experimentally by Schiaffino and Sonin.30 Given this assumption of line stability it is possible to compute the width, w, of a stable liquid bead formed by theFig. 4. Schematic illustration of the coalescence of individual drops to form a track or liquid bead with a uniform cross section of a circular sector. Based on an illustration originally published in Ref. 31.Fig. 5, taken from the publication of Soltman and Subramanian,33 shows the behaviour of inkjet printed tracks as the drop spacing reduces. In Fig. 5(a), p > deqm, resulting inisolated and separated drops; while in Fig. 5(c), p < pmax and aparallel sided track is formed. Fig. 5(b) shows the intermediatestate where the pinned contact line results in an irregular contactline bounding the track. It should be noted that Fig. 5(d) showsthat, as the drop spacing reduces further, another limiting valueof drop spacing is encountered. When the drop spacing reducesbelow some minimum value, the track width no longer increasesuniformly but now a series of bulges appear along the previouslyparallel sided track. This bulge instability was first investigatedin detail by Duineveld, who modelled its features as the result of adynamic instability that occurs because of competing flow pathsfor a newly arrived drop.34 When a newly arrived drop begins tospread across the substrate and intersects the pre-existing liquidbead, fluid flow can either drive the spreading or else flow downthe bead. Duineveld demonstrated that at low drop centre spac-ing and when the drops arrived at relatively long time intervals,flow down the liquid bead was preferred. Conversely at largerdroplet spacing and rapid drop arrival rates, spreading flow was favoured. Bulging occurs because flow down the liquid beadleads to an increase in the local contact angle removing oneof the constraints that induces stability, proposed by Davis.29Thus this bulging instability is dynamic and the threshold for itsonset is a function of both drop spacing and the rate of arrivalof drops, which is the velocity at which the printhead traversesthe substrate, UT, divided by the drop spacing.Stringer adapted Duineveld’s model to obtain an analyticalexpression for the onset of the bulging instability,32 which canFig. 5. Four morphologies possible when individual drops are printed ontoa be expressed in terms of a dimensionless traverse velocity, UT ,falling below a function of the advancing contact angle, θadv andsurface at regularly spaced intervals: (a) drops are spaced p > deqm : no interactiona dimensionless drop spacing, g(p*, θ). Thus the condition for aoccurs, (b) pmax < p < deqm: a continuous track is formed but contact line pinningstable line is given byresults in an irregular edge, (c) p < pmax: parallel sided track is formed, (d) whendrop spacing is below a threshold determined by both contact angle and printing UT > g(p , θadv),(5a)speed, a bulge instability develops. Reproduced with permission of the AmericanChemical Society from Ref. 33. UT ηwith UT = (5b).overlap of a train of drops of diameter d0 and spacing p (Fig. 4), γwith31: The function g(p * , θ) is related to the inverse of the dropw = spacing and the contact angle and is given explicitly as Eq.2πd03(3) (16c) in Ref. 33. Fig. 6 shows Stringer’s formulation of Duin-3p((θeqm/ sin2 θeqm)−(cos θeqm/ sin θeqm)). eveld’s instability model, superimposed upon which are the datafrom three different fluids on a range of substrates including:Clearly if p > deqm n o continuous track or liquid bead isAg nanoparticle ink,33 polymer solution (PEDOT/PSS),34 andformed. Stringer developed this expression further to show that a ZrO2 ceramic suspension.35 With the exception of one setbecause the receding contact line is pinned, Eq. (3) is only valid of experiments from Duineveld’s initial study, the experimen-if w > deqm.32 If the drop spacing is such that w < deqm, thetal data shows excellent agreement with Stringer’s predictions.individu al drops have to recede to form a parallel sided track butThe data that does not fit the model comes from a fluid/substratebecause the contact line is pinned (the condition for stability ofsystem with a very low advancing contact angle and there isa liquid bead), the resulting liquid track has non-parallel sidesevidence that Duineveld’s model may not be applicable in such(Fig. 5(b)). Thus the maximum spacing of drops, pmax, to pro-cases; this is discussed in more detail elsewhere.32,34,36 How-duce a parallel sided liquid bead can be obtained by inserting ever, when the advancing contact angle is very low the minimumw = pmax into Eq. (3) and solving to givefeature dimension (as defined by Eq. (3)) will be very largepmax = 2πd0. (4) and such fluid substrate combinations are unlikely for practicalmanufacturing applications.3β 2 ((θeqm/ sin2 θeqm) − (cos θeqm/ sin θeqm))It is possible to combine the expressions for the two limit-ing bounds for droplet spacing by determining an appropriate value for g(p*, θa) at the value of p* that describes the max-imum allowable droplet spacing for parallel track formation,在网上欧洲陶瓷学会杂志》31(2011)2543 - 2550陶瓷喷墨打印:从下降到固体b .德比曼彻斯特大学材料学院,牛津大学,英国曼彻斯特M13 9 pl,网上2011年2月16日文摘喷墨印刷是一种强大的精密加工工具,已被应用于制造陶瓷组件。
陶瓷3d打印材料 英语
陶瓷3d打印材料英语全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：3D printing technology has revolutionized the way we manufacture products, and one of the most exciting advancements in this field is the development of ceramic 3D printing materials. Ceramic materials have been used in various industries for centuries due to their unique properties, such as high hardness, heat resistance, and biocompatibility. With the emergence of 3D printing, ceramic materials can now be used to create complex, intricate shapes that were previously impossible to achieve through traditional manufacturing methods.第二篇示例：Ceramic materials have been used for thousands of years in various applications due to their unique properties, such as high strength, hardness, and heat resistance. With the advancement of technology, a new method of producing ceramic products has emerged - 3D printing.第三篇示例：Alumina is a popular choice for ceramic 3D printing materials due to its excellent mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity. It is often used in the production of complex mechanical components and industrial parts. Zirconia, on the other hand, is known for its high strength and resistance to wear and corrosion, making it an ideal material for dental implants and prosthetics.第四篇示例：With the advancement of technology, 3D printing has taken the world by storm, revolutionizing the way we manufacture and create products. One of the most exciting developments in the field of 3D printing is the use of ceramic materials. Traditional ceramic production methods require complex molds andhigh-temperature firing processes, but with 3D printing, it is possible to produce intricate ceramic objects with much more efficiency and precision.。
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
文献出处:Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application[J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is being a trend and hot topic.Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis pany (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion. Keywords: 3D printing;Application; Trend13D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology.And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on thetechnology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue.At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state.After each spray layer, the processing platform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of puter chip cycle, until the real finished.After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path.Then hot nozzle will be controlled by puter according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform.Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section.The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space pany using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike.The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials.More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture parts first, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely.Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other. 2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials bination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and patibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, bined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drugdevelopment.Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment.The "3D food printer" used similar routine puter printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out".For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food ing the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc.Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT ing 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chess pieces can detect and display the current location.Although the monochrome screen pared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it hasa 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process.In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors.These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has bee a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap.It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production.In the next 10 years on the puter to plete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model.Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to plex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days.Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months.The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’ imagination space.As long as you can on the puter design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better municate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description. Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。
介绍3d打印技术作文英文
介绍3d打印技术作文英文英文：3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a revolutionary technology that has been gaining popularityin recent years. It allows for the creation of three-dimensional objects by layering materials such as plastic, metal, or ceramics. The process begins with a digital model of the object, which is then sliced into thin horizontal layers. The 3D printer then builds the object layer by layer, following the instructions from the digital model.There are several types of 3D printing technologies, including stereolithography (SLA), selective lasersintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). Each of these technologies has its own unique advantages and applications. For example, SLA is often used for creating highly detailed and intricate objects, while FDM is more commonly used for rapid prototyping and creating functional parts.One of the most exciting aspects of 3D printing is its versatility. It can be used to create a wide range of objects, from simple toys and household items to complex medical implants and aerospace components. For example, in the medical field, 3D printing has been used to create customized prosthetics and implants that perfectly fit the patient's anatomy. This level of customization and precision was previously impossible with traditional manufacturing methods.Another benefit of 3D printing is its ability to reduce waste and energy consumption. Traditional manufacturing processes often result in a significant amount of material waste, whereas 3D printing only uses the exact amount of material needed to create the object. Additionally, 3D printing can be more energy-efficient, especially when using sustainable and biodegradable materials.In addition to its practical applications, 3D printing has also sparked creativity and innovation in various industries. Artists and designers are using 3D printing tobring their ideas to life, creating unique sculptures, jewelry, and fashion pieces. Engineers and architects are using 3D printing to quickly prototype and test their designs, leading to faster and more efficient product development.Overall, 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize the way we design, manufacture, and consume goods. Its ability to create customized, complex, and sustainable objects makes it a powerful tool for the future.中文：3D打印技术，也被称为增材制造，是一项近年来备受关注的革命性技术。
专业英语(机械制造及其自动化)
Special Process Control
Automated systems monitor and control special process parameters to ensure consistent quality and material properties.
Special processing technology
Special processing technology refers to a group of advanced manufacturing processes that are not widely used in traditional manufacturing but are essential for specific applications or industries.
Automated inspection techniques using vision systems and sensors to detect defects and measure dimensions.
Casting Material Handling
Robots are used to handle and move casting materials, reducing manual labor and improving safety.
Casting Process Control
Automated systems monitor and control the casting process, ensuring consistent quality and material properties.
关于3D打印技术(中英文)
关于3D打印技术（中英文）3D打印技术3D打印，即快速成型技术的一种，它是一种以数字模型文件为基础，运用粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料，通过逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术。
3D打印通常是采用数字技术材料打印机来实现的。
常在模具制造、工业设计等领域被用于制造模型，后逐渐用于一些产品的直接制造，已经有使用这种技术打印而成的零部件。
该技术在珠宝、鞋类、工业设计、建筑、工程和施工(AEC)、汽车，航空航天、牙科和医疗产业、教育、地理信息系统、土木工程、枪支以及其他领域都有所应用。
3D打印机3D打印机(3D Printers)是一位名为恩里科?迪尼(Enrico Dini)的发明家设计的一种神奇的打印机，它不仅可以“打印”一幢完整的建筑，甚至可以在航天飞船中给宇航员打印任何所需的物品的形状。
不要走开,英文介绍在下边哦2015年我国3D打印技术发展前景分析随着3D打印技术的深入，目前已有上汽、大众等部分整车企业联合零部件企业制作汽车内外饰件的3D产品。
这说明制造商们已经开始接受3D打印技术。
《计划》的发布将促使汽车制造企业能够抛开传统加工生产思路，运用科技创新思路，把3D打印与汽车行业联系起来，完成体系创新。
如果政府能够协助行业建立一个有效平台，把高校、企业与零部行业联合，则可以快速有效推动3D打印技术在零部件行业的应用与发展。
据宇博智业市场研究中心了解，尽管3D打印前途光明，但仍是一条充满挑战的创新之路。
设计师需要极高的想象力。
同时，市场的供应链条也将受到挑战:交付周期、设计策略每一个环节都必须尽善尽美。
而3D打印市场也将不可避免地走向个性化，如何利用定制和本地资源，将成为3D打印成功的关键。
3D打印服务企业无疑会较快地带来收益。
因为应用推广期间，本质上是一个市场创造的过程。
下游企业出于风险的考虑，不会贸然采购设备，改变已有的制造流程。
因此，需要专业的3D打印服务商提供服务，除了产品的直接打印制造之外，还包括CAD模型辅助设计服务，模具开发制造等。
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文3D XXX years。
especially in the field of industrial product design。
The manufacturing of digital product models through 3D printing has e a trend and a hot topic。
With the gradual maturity of -level 3D printing devices。
the rise of the global 3D printing market has been promoted。
According to a research report by Global Industry Analysis Inc。
the global 3D printing market XXX n by 2018.2 The ns of 3D printingThe ns of 3D XXX。
In the medical field。
3D printing has been used to create prosthetics。
implants。
XXX industry。
3D printing has been used to create XXX industry。
3D printing has been used to create unique and XXX possibilities of 3D printing seem endless。
and it is expected to XXX industries.3 The future of 3D printingThe future of 3D printing is promising。
with the potential to transform the way we XXX 3D XXX advance。