美国奴隶制度【英文】
奴隶制用英语怎么说
奴隶制用英语怎么说奴隶制，是指奴隶主拥有奴隶的制度。
劳力活动须以奴隶为主，无报酬，且无人身自由。
那么，你知道奴隶制的英语怎么说吗?奴隶制的英文释义：slaveryhelotism奴隶制的英文例句：我的最高目标是拯救美国，摧毁奴隶制度。
My paramount object is to save the union and destroy slavery.反对奴隶制的人则不想让(奴隶制)蔓延开去。
People who opposed slavery did not want it to spread.就是林肯把黑人从奴隶制下解放出来的。
It was abraham lincoln who freed the black from the slavery.古埃及金字塔是奴隶制帝王的陵墓。
Pyramids functioned as tombs for pharaohs.所有人道主义者都反对奴隶制。
All humanitarians are against slavery.奴隶制为古代社会提供了基Slavery provided the foundation for many ancient types of society.应该彻底废除奴隶制。
The slavery should be abolished completely.这项法令废除了奴隶制。
The law does away with slavery.奴隶制在世界一些地方仍然存在着。
Slavery still exists in some parts of the world.他领导我们废除了奴隶制。
He headed us abolishing the slavery.在南北战争结束之后，美国的奴隶制被废除了。
The slavery was overthrown after the Civil War in U.S.A.我是否感到这个国家的奴隶制和种族歧视史与我有关?Do I identify with the legacy of slavery and discrimination in this country?嗯，他是怎样为奴隶制辩护的?Well, what is his defense of slavery?他说，在我们这个国家的一部门地区认为奴隶制是正确的，而且应该扩张。
slavery system 奴隶制度
The slavery systemSlavery is an extreme form of inequality in which some individuals are owned by others as their property. The slave owner has full control, including using violence over the slaves. In cases, they are wholly without rights and have no independence. They are in lower condition as compared with freemen. Moreover, the slaves have no political rights they do not choose his government, they do not attend the public councils.Socially they are treated in a unfriendly way, They are compelled to work. The slavery system has existed spreadly at many times and places but there are two major examples of slavery - societies of the ancient world based upon slavery (Greek and Roman) and southern states of USA in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slavery predates written records, has existed in many cultures and in some historical situations. The number of slaves today remains as high as 12 million to 27 million, though this is probably the smallest proportion of the world's population in history. Most are debt slaves, largely in South Asia, who are under debt bondage controlled by lenders, sometimes even for generations. Human trading is primarily for prostituting women and children into sex industries. Comparing the Asian slavery system with the American slavery system, they have different cultures, however, they still have some common points. the origin of the slaves, most of them are prisoners of war, criminals or those who were lower position person. there are some common priciples that the slaves must toobey, the slaves are willing to serve the master, comply with master's order unconditionally, try to please the master. When the slaves made mistakes, they must confess immediately to the master, the master will decide that the slaves should receive what kind of penalty for this reason, the slaves must accept the master's decision.Regardless of slave's master whether near by side, the slaves must to obey the rules at any time, whenever or wherever the slaves will frequently prepare to satisfy master's request..Slave's children generally were still slaves the fact will never change.The law confirmed that the slave for slave-owner's private property, theslave-owner holds the authority which to it has absolute power over somebody, may enslave, buy and sell and kills at willIn conclusion, the slaves have no independence ,have no rights to do anything. As for them, life has no sense, surviving just for the families. just stuggling for the rare hope.The difference between the Asian slavery system and the American slavery system:The process of the development, the time in America is longer than in Asia. in addition, in Asia, imperial government abolished slavery, in the contrary, in America, the leader abolished the slavery by fighting with the different races.As late as 1908, A slave market for captured Russian, slaves were centred in the Central Asian there were an estimated 8 million or 9 million slaves in 1841. Slavery was abolished in British India by the Indian Slavery.In East Asia, the Imperial government formally abolished slavery in China in 1906, the law became effective in 1910. Slave rebellion in China at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century was so extensive that owners eventually converted the institution into a female-dominated one. In late 16th century Japan, slavery was officially banned. the forms of contract , labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labor.In America slavery had a continous history, played a major role in the history the evolution of some countries, triggering at least one revolution ,one civil war, as well as numerous rebellions.slavery was prominent in Africa, across the Atlantic Ocean from the America Europe, was the first slave market created in Portugal (one of the earliest colonizers of the Americas) for the sale of imported African slaves –especially Brazil. In the 15th century one third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold. In 1860, the election of Abraham Lincoln as President on a program of limiting slavery led to the secession of Southern States, the outbreak of the US Civil War. Although Lincoln initially disclaimed any intention to interfere with slavery, the progress of the war produced the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves in Southern states still in revolt, ultimately the Thirteenth Amendment to the United StatesConstitution in December 1865, which ended legalized slavery in the United States.㈡the role of the slaves palyed in different waysAmerica carrys the capitalist system ,they develop plantation economy . Along with plantation development, labor force serious insufficient, therefore the European colonizers could not but seek for the new labor force origin, Africa's blacks then become them to seek the labor force the main object. Use the slave labor in the plantation or the mine to use the Caucasian indentured servant to be much cheaper than, is also advantageous for the management. Therefore the slave trade becomes business which a pile makes money later with the development of industry the slaves became the workers in the factories. However, in Asia many countries carry Socialist system, agriculture played an important role in economy. they main served the masters work in the filed The slaves maybe better than the slaves in America, because there has religious oppression in Asia.㈢The level of slavery systemAmerican slavery system developed better than Asian slavery system, because they had advanced economy.the slavery trade was prosperous.There still have many different characters in the slavery system, such as the punishment, the exchange ways, the origin of slaves.Contemporary slavery, according to the United States Department data, an "estimated 600,000 to 820,000 men, women, and children are trafficked acrossinternational borders each year, approximately 70 percent are women, the amount up to 50 percent are minors. However, they go on to say that "the alarming enslavement of people for purposes of labor exploitation, often in their own countries.the slavery system tells us the world still exists race discrimination , what we need to do is justiced to treat different races people.With the development of the society, it forms a trend. the range of the slavery has already got rid of the former primitive definition. Gradually they have been restrained from some kind of the thing and the behavior, they live in a “enslaved” life,nowadays, Fang Nu, card slave, child slave, net slave, handset slave, degree slave, sentiment slave play an important role in our life.。
美国奴隶制——精选推荐
美国奴隶制奴隶制即奴隶主拥有奴隶的制度。
奴隶须为奴隶主干活，无报酬，且无人身自由。
一个人类社会中，如果大部分物质生产领域劳动者是奴隶，这样的社会，叫奴隶社会。
奴隶一般来源于战俘、被占领地区原住民、负债者和罪犯，也有从非洲等地方拐卖到奴隶市场的人。
奴隶制一般出现在农业社会里。
以封建地主阶级占有土地，剥削农民剩余劳动为基础的社会制度。
其基本剥削形式是封建地租，农民耕种封建地主的土地，绝大部分产品作为地租被封建地主剥夺。
上层建筑主要是以等级制为特点的封建制国家。
占统治地位的意识形态是以维护封建剥削制度和封建等级制，宣扬封建道德为主要内容。
在封建制度下，社会基本的对立阶级是地主阶级和农民阶级。
农民生活贫困，无政治权利，他们与地主阶级之间的阶级矛盾和阶级斗争十分尖锐。
美国没有经历封建社会，但是其奴隶制依然根深蒂固。
在北美殖民地时期，对非洲黑人奴隶的贩卖和奴役构成了资本原始积累的重要内容。
黑人奴隶制在北美殖民地发展的直接原因是殖民地急需大批劳动力。
从1686—1786年的100年间，约有25万非洲黑人被贩卖到英属北美殖民地。
黑人奴隶在北美殖民地的地位极其悲惨，特别是那些在田间终日劳动的黑奴，每天被迫劳动18—19个小时。
美利坚合众国成立后，制定了联邦宪法。
但宪法保留了奴隶制，维护了奴隶贸易1861年，美国南北战争爆发。
1862年，美国总统林肯发表《解放黑奴宣言》，宣布黑人奴隶获得自由，从而从根本上瓦解了南方叛乱各州的战斗力，扭转了战局。
1865年1月，美国国会通过了《宪法第13条修正案》，规定奴隶制或强迫奴役制，不得在合众国境内和管辖范围内存在。
1865年12月18日，《宪法第13条修正案》正式生效，从此，奴隶制在美国被废除了。
从1776年北美13州殖民地宣告独立，成立了美利坚合众国到林肯废除奴隶制，这种状况一直延续了86年之久。
19世纪初拉美独立革命后新建的国家几乎都废除了奴隶制，而唯独美国保留了奴隶制。
美国奴隶制度的反抗(英语论文)
美国奴隶制度的反抗(英语论文)LTThe resistance of slavery1 introduction1.1 Background of the studySlavery of the United States set up in the 17th century, for the reason that British colonists settled in the North American. Not until the 1960s the slavery was abolished by the only war in the history of the United States- civil war. Fortunately, the war was end up with the peace negotiation and set up Emancipation Proclamation.The slavery of the United States sustained more than two hundreds years and this institution is filled with the savagery, cruelty and profit as a whole. It’s totally dark process for the people particular the Negro, the negative impacts embodiment the absence of the human rights linked to African American slavery.In order to plunder for more nature resource, lacking of the labor force was extremely tough problem, in this seriousness situation, hire the slave was a informed decision. However they did n’t treat me as a human, even if pass a lawforce on the tenure of African-American slave was lifelong work. This thesis will quote the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin as the point of penetration to further analysis the slavery of the United States and the resistance of the harsh institution in late period.1.2 The purpose of significances and studyUncle Tom's cabin, comprehensive reflects the living condition of African-American slaves in the southern plantation of the United States. This novel is not only speak highly of the literary value but also due to the promotion of the resistance of the slavery it’s also has intense social realistic meaning and cultural connotation. Taking this novel as a opportunities, to understand the slavery and the process of the history in more profound way.1.3 The layout of the study.The thesis is based on the novel which named is Uncle Tom's cabin to objective reveal many significant aspects such as the characteristics of African American slavery fate, the culture of the black American slaves in theTom’s lifetime. However, a good life didn’t last long，many slaver holders strongly condemned liberate the slaves in the case of the girl’s father had a opposite opinion. Thereupon, many slaver holders exposed the girl’s father to mortal danger. There was no denying the truth that the girl’s father was murder in the end. From this moment on, Uncle Tom’s life became really tough. One day in order to saved a girl who didn’t surrender by landlord; Uncle Tom had a car accident and got serious hurt. When he was dying in his house, he realized the truth that only persists fighting there is a possibility of freedom. He appealed to slavers leaving the hell place as soon as possible, and with the help of the white people the slavers rose up to fight with the slaver holder, in this time, Uncle Tom was a great consolation to his compatriots and support by many whites. Even though Uncle Tom died in the end, he must be leave without any regret but endless appreciates.2.2 The Introduction of Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe, the author of UncleTom's cabin. She was born in the famous priest family in June 14th1811 and passed away in 1896. Civil war, in a other words, Emancipation war was launched in 1860s’ , nevertheless in the beginning of the 1820s’abolishment of the slavery had gradually became the main centre issue in the field of the development public opinion in the United States. At that time, there were a large number of social elites and writers stand by the side of the abolish slavery, appealed to liberate the slavers also should give foundational respect and guaranteed human right. Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of the most outstanding fighters in these writers.As someone said, with more people realizing the inhumanity of slavery in the 19th century, slavery became one of the most important issues and it became more violent year by year in American society. However, slavery was not abolished irrevocably until ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, following the Civil War. After the passage ofFugitive Slave Act of 1850, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote this novel Uncle Tom's Cabin which publicized the evil of slavery to a wide audience.Now we are in the 21st century, we may never come across such kind of thing. However, this b ook can always remind of us that there ever has existed this evil and we can not let it happen again. And equality and human right can be not just suit for the slogan; we should make it come true really and always.3. The development and characteristics of African-American slavery 3.1 The origin of the slavery in the United StatesWhen Columbus discovered the new continent, there was only approximately more than one million people on this ground, so when the great landlords and capitalists which was come from North American were eager to obtain the local nature resource and exchange it to the profits in the limited period, the substance of human resource was one of the most prominently and obviously problems, in this seriousness situation, so many measures should be taken to solved it, so settle up the colonialsystem not only figured out the issue of the labor force but also can make profit from the labor by slavers more easily. On the other face, according to the Christian religion in that period dark history, slavery institution was rational without any doubt. In these particular cases, in the landlords and capitalists in North America took native North American Indian as the original slavers in the first place. At this point, the slavery was established.3.2 The development and characteristics of African-American slaveryAt first, in order to gave the most effective solution linked to the lack of human resource, capitalists set up slavery on a large scale of the United States and this institution had strong compulsive, apart from the African American slaver, even if the group of the white people themselves was not immune, on this occasion, created new system called white indentured servitude, this indentured servitude had service duration. In most situations, the terms of serve were about five to seven years, after that theywould achieve the freedom once again; the slave holders also had responsibility and obligation to give them some expenses and life necessities in return. It goes beyond any dispute that this kind of slavery was posed threat to most of the landlords, therefore, they changed their strategies, they were assent and consent the new law which was expressly agreed terms the change on social position of the black people into slave tenure. The advantage of this issue is that they could treat separately by complexion for ease of further deepening the discrimination to Negro. Besides, it was also cement the dominant position of the capitalist.Along with the developing of the slavery, most of the slavers were unable to escape the net of the painful punishment. In addition to this, literally buy and sell slavers was really normal phenomenon. For this reason, many African American families were broken up. However, in the world of the African American, interpersonal relationship was concentratedreflect by family even though this was illegal at that time. This kind of relationship was destroy by the rule of the slave trade at any moment but the marriage attitude of them were serious, even if the couple was broke up for many years, they would also maintain this stable relationship as well. This firm marital relationship played a positive and significant role for the later resistance.By reading and discuss the novel Uncle Tom's cabin. It can greatly reflect that a large scale number of African American’s fate could be separate by two forms. One of them were so fortunate that came across the kind owner, for instance, the girl who saved by Uncle Tom, her father is typical landlord with the character of kindness and heartwarming. The other form of the slavers are not so lucky, if the landlord is violence man, they will punished and killed at any way in any way. In the end of the story, we also can safety draw the conclusion that the brutal slavery contributes directly to the painfuldeath of Uncle Tom.4. The impact of resistance of slavery in the United States4.1 The civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states. Union states were loosely referred to as "the North".In the presidential election of 1860, the Repub lican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campa igned against the expansion of slavery beyond th e states in which it already existed. The Republic an victory in that election resulted in seven Sout hern states declaring their secession from the Un ion even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing and incoming US admin istrations rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion.Without any doubt, the reason of the war was that the slavery of the United States was the source of the racial discrimination. Fortunately, the abolishment of the slavery offered the enough labor force and created the new marketing for the development of the capitalism in the United States. However, the racial discrimination was not end up with the abolishment of the slavery; in spite of the great progress has making, it’s also evolved as a very tough and complicated social problem in the modern society.The civil war is the turning point in the history of the African American; this war was last about four months. In this period, everyone in the war were withstanding strong pain regardless of you were African American slavers or not. In this war, the soldiers who were come from both sides looted everywhere, confiscation of property and food; furthermore theycommitted outrages on innocent citizens. The African Americans also took part in this war, in this meaningful process, between the white and black people, demonstrated different and unusual relationship, in some situation; they supported each other, Some slave has been loyal to his owner for long years, during the war the landlords took protection measures to the family and slavers as a whole; Corresponding, the behavior of the Africa American slaves were actually very contradictory, the same slaver, he ought to saved the owner who get injured back the battlefield, hidden in a safe place and fled toward the opposite way. At the same time, the longing for the freedom was also very strong, so that after the war even some slaver owners was willing to spend money to hired the them again, they also didn't want to stay .4.2 job opportunityThe black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors were brought to America as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all their descendants were keptin legal slavery in the South until 1865. The southern states were defeated in the Civil War and were forced to abolish slavery and set the slaves free.For long terms of slavery to African American were not only reflected in the damage of the body, but also on the spirit. Even thought they finally achieved the freedom, another difficult life position was also a tough work, many of them sent him into exile in order to found the relative who lost for a long time, in another part of the slavers, in search of the new place to begin with the brand new day. The southerners were determined to keep the Negroes from becoming equal in anything but constitutional law. Therefore, there were no different between the periods of the slavery for a huge number of the African Americans on the point of the job choice. One of them also relied on the government aids.In the slavery, many slavers fall into the terrible habits, such as carelessness, lack of theforesight and depend on the white people, these seriousness habits also result in the obstruction of the black civilization over a long time. But as the time goes on, in the market of human resource, the balance between the black and white prompted the development the country, the black people also could get the proper salary to improve the quality of the daily life. Even racial discrimination is still a problem to be solved. in fact, this were only reflect on the employment aspect that a variety of the high income position usually refuse to give offer to the black people, rather than unequal pay for equal. So, comprehensive all the factors, the gap of the income could be ignored.4.3cultureAlmost all the slaves were illiterate under the tormented by the slavery. Although there were so many formidable obstacles, blacks in the United States still have a long and outstanding history. In the late 18th century, all kinds of philanthropists and created from the south set up a large scale of charity school for blacks.Especially in the south of the postwar, just get free blacks have beyond imagination desiring to seeking knowledge, in the United States , in 50 years after the liberation, from 100% illiteracy to around 75% of the people could read, achievement is truly objective. Although the progress of formal education was slow and difficult, developed a new type of cultural style, they reflect in speech, dress, and daily life, etc. Promotion of cultural literacy gives more space and the possibility of a black to create all kinds of the fields. In the process of economic status slowly rising a new middle class, members most come from the black people; become a significant part of the social elite.5 conclusionsThrough the analysis of uncle Tom's cabin, we can totally draw the conclusion in the course of history without any human rights institution must be eliminated, such as slavery. So the American civil war as a landmark turning point in the profound influence to the futuredevelopment of the United States.5.1 institutionsBefore the civil war, slavery in the south was a kind of extreme backwardness savage system, the civil war ended in the victory of the north; this itself was a triumph of democracy. The democracy of the United States are getting more entrenched, and to obtain a broader space for development as well.5.2LaborBecause of the abolishment of the black slavery, a great process was that black could free to hire. So, this phenomenon makes American capitalism industry and commerce to obtain sufficient and low cost labor.5.3CapitalAfter the abolition of slavery and the plantation slavery was abolished either, some ex-slave owners who had the character of the open minded begin to change the other way to involved with the capitalist industry and commerce. In this degree, they were a significant part to strengthen the development of American capitalism economy.5.4 revelationsIn this monetary world dominated by materials, few people really care their spirit and soul. If the world was only composed of materials, without morality, would it exist, develop and prosperous? Of course not, material and spirit coexist just as a person is consisting of body and soul. The world would to into a mess without the restraint of morality, so was every country includes our own homeland which had its law to enforce on its people. The world is a peaceful one under the lead of morality, and in this rampant world, what it really needs is not strength and war, but people setting up their outlook of morality and faith, and leading the world to a more civilized one. So Uncle Tom’s spirit is exactly what spirit the world needs nowadays.。
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除
奴隶制的矛盾与南北战争的背景
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除
奴隶制在美国社会中存在了近一个世纪，其矛盾在19世纪中叶日益尖锐。一方面，奴隶制被视为一种不公正的制度，它剥夺了黑人自由，且这种制度严重阻碍了国家的经济和人口发展。另一方面，南方地区的种植园经济对奴隶劳动力的需求量大，且认为奴隶制是一种自然的、符合上帝意愿的制度。此外，奴隶主们认为奴隶的价值远高于黑人自己认为自己的价值。这种矛盾不仅导致黑人奴隶的不满和反抗，也引发了白人之间的紧张关系。
从经济角度看，奴隶制的存在严重影响了美国的经济发展。在奴隶制下，奴隶劳动被视为生产成本的一部分，而不是生产力的来源。据统计，1860年，奴隶制经济占美国全国经济的40%，而同期英国工业革命的工业生产已经超过奴隶制经济。奴隶制经济对美国经济的发展造成了严重的阻碍。
其次，奴隶制对人类尊严的侵犯。奴隶制剥夺了人的自由、人的尊严和平等权利，造成了极大的伤害和痛苦。在南北战争之前，美国的黑人奴隶人口达到400万以上，这些人在生活中备受压迫和剥削，生命和健康得不到保障。
2. 北方经济的转型与南方不同，北方经济的发展以工业为主。
随着工业革命的发展，北方对自由劳动力的需求增加，而奴隶制度限制了北方对自由劳动力的获取。北方开始担心奴隶制度的存在会对美国的统一和稳定造成威胁。
3. 种族歧视的存在在南北战争前的美国，黑人奴隶制度被视为合法，而黑人则被视为劣等种族。这种种族歧视的存在导致黑人无法享有与白人平等的权利和机会，为后来的南北战争埋下了伏笔。
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除过程
The American Civil War and the Abolition of Slavery
02
南北战争
奴隶制
中世纪
奴隶制英文介绍
奴隶制英文介绍奴隶制是封建社会特有的制度，你了解奴隶制吗？是不是急需一篇关于奴隶制的英文介绍啊?下面是分享的奴隶制英文介绍，一起来看看吧。
Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of chattel slavery that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries.Slavery had been practiced in British North America from early colonial days,and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.When the United States was founded,even though some free persons of color were present,the status of slave was largely coincident with being of African descent,creating a system and legacy in which race played an influential role.After the Revolutionary War,abolitionist laws and sentiment gradually spread in the Northern states,while the rapid expansion of the cotton industry from 1800 led to the Southern states strongly identifying with slavery,and attempting to extend it into the new Western territories.The United States was polarized by slavery into slave and free states along the Mason-DixonLine,which separated Maryland (slave) and Pennsylvania (free).Although the international slave trade was prohibited from 1808,internal slave-trading continued,and the slave population would eventually peak at four million before abolition.As the West opened up,the Southern states believed they needed to keep a balance between the numbers of slave and free states,in order to maintain a balance of power in Congress.The new territories acquired from Britain,France and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises.By 1850,the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union,and tensions continued to rise.With church ministers under pressure to preach slavery doctrine conforming to the local politics,the Baptist and Methodist churches split into regional organizations.When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of no new slave states,the South finally broke away to form the Confederacy.This marked the start of the Civil War,which caused a huge disruption of Southern life,with many slaves either escaping or being liberated by the Union armies.The war effectively ended slavery,before the Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865) formally outlawed theinstitution throughout the United States.知识拓展：奴隶社会奴隶社会：从公元前21世纪夏朝建立开始，到公元前221年秦王嬴政统一中国结束。
The history of the liberation of black slaves
The American Civil War
Text of the Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply. Lincoln issued the Executive Order by his authority as "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy" under Article II, section 2 of the United States Constitution. 《解放黑人奴隶宣言》分成两个部分发布：第一部分发布于1862年9月22日，是 份概述第二部分目的的准备公告；第二部分正式生效于1863年1月1日，此时正处于南 北战争的第二年，其中包含亚伯拉罕· 林肯的声明：所有脱离联邦并回到联邦掌控下的 州之奴隶最迟于1863年1月1日后当被解放。有十个州的名字在第二部分公布时被逐一 提及，可有意忽略了马里兰州、德拉瓦州（当时皆未脱离联邦）、田纳西州（已确实 在联邦控制之下）、密苏里州以及肯塔基州（已存有几个被邦联接受的派系政府，但 仍未正式脱离联邦）。特别豁免权由48个连署成立西维吉尼亚州以及其他被举列的维 吉尼亚州郡表述；另外还包含新奥尔良和几个被列举为联邦掌控之下的路易斯安亥俄州辛辛那 堤的国家地下铁路自由中心）
【美国历史】美国奴隶制的兴衰 the growth of slavery
Slavery in a society that insisted on its own independe nce was rank hypocrisy.
亚伯拉罕· 林肯是美国第 16 任总统，是世界历史中最伟大的人物之一，领 导了拯救联邦和结束奴隶制度的伟大斗争。人们怀念他的正直、仁慈、和坚 强的个性，他一直是美国历史上最受人景仰 的总统之一。尽管他在边疆只受 过一点儿初级教育，担任公职的经验也很少，然而，他那敏锐的洞察力和深 厚的人道主义意识，使他成了美国历史上最伟大的总统。
美国政界人物、女权运动先 驱、书简作家，美国第2任 总统约翰· 亚当斯的夫人。
1764年10月25日与约翰· 亚 当斯结为夫妇，先后育有5 个孩子。
阿比盖尔是一位彻底的联邦 制拥护者。人们普遍认为她 对丈夫和儿子的政治生涯有 着极大的影响。1803年她的 大儿子约翰· 昆西· 亚当斯当 选上议员，并于她逝世后的 第6年，即1825年当选为美 国总统。
America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds.“ But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight? "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.
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Slave Codes
Slaves wore slave gs.
This slave collar was equipped with bells.
• Slaves were bound to a life of servitude.
• Slaves resisted in a number of ways: escaping, slowing down on the job, intentionally doing a job wrong, or participating in violent rebellion.
• Slaves were packed tightly on ships, shackled, and fed very little for the three- to five-month journey.
• About eighteen million Africans were transported between 1600 and 1800, and about three million died on the journey.
• The first African slaves arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, on a Portuguese ship in 1609.
• Shortly before their arrivals, slaves usually were fed better to make them look healthy.
Slavery in America
1609–1865
Origins
• Slavery has existed since the beginning of human history.
• People were enslaved for a number of reasons: they were captured in battle, they owed a debt, or they were born to slave parents.
• The penalty a slave faced for learning to read was to have his or her thumb cut off.
• These laws also made children born to slaves for life (generational slavery).
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Middle Passage
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Doorway of no return
El Mino Slave Castle Ghana
Slave Auction
Arrival in America
• Europeans originally enslaved American Indians, but after many died from diseases, they began importing African slaves who were resistant to European diseases.
• The word slave comes from the Slavic people of Eastern Europe who were conquered so often that their name became synonymous with servitude.
• Most cultures have practiced slavery in one form or another.
• One of the most famous slave revolts was in Virginia. Nat Turner led seventy other slaves to kill fiftyfive white men, women, and children. Turner and his men were later captured and hanged.
• Slaves also resisted by singing spirituals, or religious folk songs that contained coded messages.
Captured African Slave
CICERO © 2010
The ends of a whip were tipped with iron barbs.
Slaves Resisted!
Nat Turner
Reward Poster
Southern Account of Turner’s Rebellion
Middle Passage
• This was the section of the Atlantic slave trade that transported African people from Africa to slave markets in the Americas.
• It was called the Middle Passage because it was the second of the three-part triangle trade route.
A slave yolk was used to bind two slaves together.
• Slave codes were laws to control slaves.
• These codes forbid slaves from learning to read, owning firearms, or marrying a white person.