英语语法精讲
英语语法精讲（名词性从句和定语从句）
英语语言的基本句式就四种---主谓句式，主谓宾句式，主系表句式和There be...句式。一个无论结构多么复杂的英语语句，也不过是主句中附带了多个不同类型的从句。主句和所有的从句都是上边的四种句式。要准确地理解语句的意义，就要将主句及所有的从句的相互修饰关系整理清楚。
英语的从句是不可能单独使用的，它必须附属于主句。英语的从句有以下几种类型：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句。
名词性从句
顾名思义，名词性从句是在语句中作为名词功能使用的。名词可以作主语，宾语，表语，同位语以及定语，因此，名词性从句可以在语句中作主语，称为主语从句；作宾语，称之为宾语从句；作同位语，称之为同位语从句。很显然，这是依照名词性从句的功能来划分的，但名词性从句不能作定语，定语从句是另外一个类别的从句。
?主语从句?
主语从句的位置可以在句首，也可以在句首使用形式主语‘It’，然后将过于厚重的主语从句置于句尾，让语句不至于头重脚轻，例句：
What is the priority in life is troublesome to every one of us.
Where and how he can rest his restless heart has long been troubling himself. Who will be elected as chairman of the board draws lots of attention.
That seek for ease and comfort at our young age shrinks our lifelong happiness is a lesson to learn.
以上例句可以使用形式主语，肯好地表述为：
It is troublesome to every one of us what is the priority in life.
It has long been troubling himself where and how he can rest his restless heart. It draws lots of attention who will be elected as chairman of the board.
It is a lesson to learn that seek for ease and comfort at our young age shrinks our lifelong happiness.
?宾语从句?
在句子中作谓语动词的宾语，例句：
He dares to question what is taught in books and lessons.
He follows whoever takes the leading position in the company.
We are looking forward to what is to come next.
They don’t doubt that Chinese national power and strength is growing at a fantastic speed.
?表语从句?
在主系表句式句子中作表语，例句：
The top concern in our life has been how we should explore ourselves,sometimes but not always,to strengthen our ability to expand wealth.
Our question is why we have to go to our greatest length at our young age to study
and learn and avoid some of the pleasure life has been offering us.
特别提示：带有表语从句的特殊句式‘It seems that...’和‘It looks/seems as though/if...’，例句：
It seems that he covers a larger range of books in his reading than those of his age.
It looks as if we are gaining our leading position in the fierce competition. ?同位语从句?
同位语是紧跟在名词或者代词之后，补充说明这个被修饰对象的一些信息，它就是这个对象本身。同位语从句即是解释被修饰对象本身的信息内容，可以为了英语句子结构的紧凑性，不直接跟在被修饰对象后边。例句：
The concern is bothering most people in western countries whether the Covid-19 health crisis will be put under control sometime soon.
He is losing his patience to seek for an answer to the question what has been the working measure to expand his own range of reputation in the materialistic world. They have chosen to ignore the fact that their move to reopen working places in such a widespread severe infectious disease is costing more citizens’ lives.
以上是名词性从句按照功能的分类，它还可以按照从句的构成分为两类：由‘that’构成的名词性从句和由疑问词构成的名词性从句。
▲‘that’构成的名词性从句：
‘that’在从句中没有表达任何意义，也不担任任何句子成分，构成主语从句和同位语从句的‘that’不能省略。当然美式英语中，尤其是非正式语言场景中，这条规则被忽略。
跟在谓语动词之后的‘that’构成的宾语从句中的‘that’可以省掉，但是，如果一个谓语动词后边跟两个以上的‘that’构成的宾语从句，从第二个从句开始，‘that’不能省掉。
▲疑问词构成的名词性从句：
这类名词性从句中要特别注意，从句虽然表达的是疑问意义，但从句本身不是独立的句子，不能使用疑问句式，例句：
Where and when an effective cure to the Covid-19 will come out is still vague. 为了更好的语句工整性，表述为：
It is still unclear where and when an effective cure to the Covid-19 will come out.
He raised a question at the conference whether the funding for the project would be accomplished on their own.
?定语从句?
在汉语和英语语言中，做定语的既可以是形容词，也可以是名词，但是英语语言的定语从句是独立于名词性从句的另外一个类别的从句，定语从句是个形容词性的语言结构。
定语从句的构成要借助于关系代词或者关系副词。关系代词是指代定语从句所修饰的先行词的，关系代词有：who/whom,which,that.关系代词在语句中起到连接定语从句和主句中的先行词的作用，也在定语从句中担任句子成分，作从句中的主语，宾语或者表语。例句：We are looking for someone who is well able enough to settle the existing problem. (who是定语从句的主语，只能用主格形式且不能省略，不能用宾格whom。关系代词的人称及单复数取决于先行词，定语从句中的主谓一致表达要当心，不能出错。)
The other day,I bumped into a superstar(who/whom)many followers are pursuing at the airport. (关系代词作定语从句的宾语，对主格或者宾格形式没有严格要求，还可以省略。)
Our city is no longer the one that it used to be ten years ago.
Ann can’t be the innocent girl girl who she used to be.
(关系代词作定语从句的表语的语言场景很少见。先行词是物时，关系代词只能使用that，且不能被省略；先行词是人时，关系代词用who,不能省略。)
当先行词是人或者物时，关系代词可以使用that；先行词是人时，关系代词还可以使用who/whom；先行词是物时，关系代词也可以使用which,关系代词which没有主格和宾格的区分。
定语从句分为两个种类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
▲限定性定语从句
一个句式单位的语句结构在句子中作为定语使用，以表述被修饰对象的属性特征，归属的群体或者类别，或者将修饰对象指定在具体的谈论目标上。限定性定语从句是主句必不可少的一个附属部分，没有了它，语句不能表述明确的信息，直接用于句子中，不能被逗号间隔开。例句：
Our team which has been joined in by a couple of top players is heavily expected to come out first in this season.
(句子中的team是参加竞技的队伍，视为物且是单数，故关系代词用which；先行词和关系代词分别作主句和从句的主语，谓语都是第三人称单数。)
The team who are now at their highest spirit are planning a celebration event for their first championship.
（句子中的team是全体队员，是复数意义，先行词和关系代词都是主语，主句和从句都是第三人称复数。）
特殊的关系代词as的用法：
如果先行词前带有such，定语从句的关系代词必须使用as，且无论as在定语从句中作主语还是宾语，都不能省略；如果先行词前出现的了修饰词the same，定语从句的关系代词可以是as，也可以用that，但表达的意义有所区别。请看例句说明：
It is hard to tell what is to expect for the USA，when such an irrational and rude man as Donald Trump has been elected as president of the country.
We are not at all informed of anything about such a new project as has been proposed by the representative at the grand meeting.
(这两个句子中的关系代词必须是as,因为先行词前有such。)
Marry is wearing the same dress that I did the other day.
(玛丽现在穿的是我前些天穿过的同一条裙子。)
Marry is wearing the same dress as I did the other day.
(玛丽现在穿的是我前些天穿过的同类别或者款式的一条裙子。但她的和我的裙子不是同一条。)
另外的几种关系代词只能使用that的情况：
1.当先行词是不定代词anything，nothing,everything,some,any,each,none时(不定代词something除外),它们所跟的定语从句的关系代词必须使用that,that在定语从句中作宾语时，也可以省略。例句：
Get a clear idea of everything that is mentioned in the notice.
Books are a real treasure for us, but some that are just for killing time are exceptions.
None that are listed here are for sale.
2.先行词（事物）前有最高级形容词或者序数词时，关系代词只能使用that,例句：
Success of vaccine to covid-19 is the first great news that calms people’s disturbed nerves.
3.先行词是由人和物组成的短语时，例句：
The covid-19 infection is blackening the highly admired pride of western politicians and countries that have long been boasting themselves of their own superiority in social system.
4.先行词是主句的表语，关系代词是定语从句的表语时：
America is not the country that it used to to be, which always appeared to be tolerant and sought for something of grand interest far into the future.
构成定语从句的关系副词有when，where和why。
当先行词是时间名词，且需要关系副词when引导构成定语从句，且在从句中作状语。例句：
A discussion about the proper time is on at the meeting when the promising new project will be launched.
当先行词是地点名词时，且需要关系副词where引导构成定语从句，且在从句中作状语。例句：
I was born in a distant mountainous village,where people lived on farming work but now tourist business.
当先行词是reason时，且需要关系副词why引导构成定语从句，且在从句中作状语，例句：
We have not been informed of anything about the reason why our department manager was fired without any notice.
▲非限定性定语从句:
非限定性定语从句是为了补充说明先行词的相关信息，要用逗号和先行词分隔开，没有非限定性定语从句并不影响主句表述清晰完整的信息，只是讲话人认为有必要告知一些先行词的其它信息。
除了必须使用逗号和主句间隔开来，非限定性定语从句的构成方式和限定性定语从句没有区别，只是有些特定的要求如下：
A.非限定性定语从句的关系代词不能使用that，如果先行词是人时，只能严格按照主格和
宾格形式使用who或者whom。如果先行词是物时，使用which,没有主格和宾格的区分，例句：
Benjamin Franklin,who is recognized as a founding father of the US,was a fruitful writer,a publisher,a scientist,a thinker and politician and also a diplomat.
You have to develop your excellent skill of dealing with those mean people at the working place,whom you disgust in the depth of your heart,and who may have possessed some sort of priority to you out of ugly sources.
The newly married couple are at the moment working on the decoration of the old house inherited from the bridegroom’s parents,which sits by the seaside is located in fine surroundings.
B.作非限定性定语从句宾语的关系代词which不能省略。例句：
（后边的例句中尽量为大家呈现从句里套用从句的复杂句式）
The news report that Donald Trump has gained a sharp rise again in the poll of this year’s presidential election,which is set in November,is bothering nerves of many high-tech companies worldwide, not just those of Chinese giants.
C.which作关系代词构成的非限定性定语从句表达的特殊意义，先看例句：
They didn’t bow to any difficulty,stuck to their own schedule and carried on the project,which won themselves final success and honor.
非限定性定语从句不修饰任何先行词，而是整个主句。
D.关系代词as在非限定性定语从句里的使用：由as关系代词构成的非限定性定语从句可以置于句首，也可以在句中或者句尾，例句：
As has been foreseen,he is going to the greatest length of his efforts to fulfill the duty.
也可以是以下的语序：
He is going to the greatest length of his efforts to fulfill the duty,as(which) has been foreseen.
学位英语语法练习题(附答案解析)
语法练习（分词和定语从句） 1. She apologized for _____ the party. A. not her being able to attend B. her not being able to attend C. her being able not to attend D. her being notable to attend 2. I advised _____ ， but he turned me a deaf ear. A. him not to smoke again B. him to smoke not again C. him to not smoke again D. not him to smoke again 3. Weighing five hundred pounds， _____. A. the cupboard could not be moved. B. she could not move the cupboard. C. the cupboard was too heavy for one person to move. D. the cupboard was unable to move. 4. Asked about the new play， ____. A. his answer was confident B. he was confidently answered C. he answered confidently D. his answers were confident 5. _____ black clouds covering the sky， he stopped his work and went home. A. To see B. Having been seeing C. Seeing D. having to see 6. _____ ， the inhabitants fled. A. The city taken B. The city having been taken C. Having taken the city D. The city being taken 7. _____ ， he works very late at nigh. A. Having been choosing director B. Choosing director C. Having chosen director D. Being chosen director 8. Does he have difficulty _____ English？ A. to speak B. speak C. speaking D. spoke 9. In winter we go _____ on the hill. A. skiing B. to ski C. ski D. for ski 10. She _____ playing volley-ball very much. A. has B. wants C. lets D. enjoys 11. The reason _____ I can‘t come is that I have to prepare for the coming exam. A. for B. as C. because D. why 12. She studied hard at school when she was young； _____ contributes to her success in her career. A. that B. so that C. so D. which 13. Sound waves travel in the air in much the same way _____ water waves spread on the water. A. as B. that C. where D. in which
初中英语语法知识点总结
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
英语语法大全下载
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北京学位英语语法精讲：名词性从句
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