托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文文本： Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles. 托福TPO45综合写作听力原文文本： ProfessorIt's perfectly possible that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were made by bees 200 million years ago. The arguments used by the skeptics are not convincing. First, it's true we have no fossil remains of actual bees that date to 200 million years ago, but maybe the reason for that is that bees could not be preserved as fossils at that time. Fossil bees have typically been preserved in fossilized tree resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees. However, trees with this type of resin were very rare 200 million years ago. Such trees became common much later. So the fact that we have no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn't mean that bees did not exist at that time. Maybe bees existed, but since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, the bees could not be preserved. Second, while it's true that bees have a close mutual relationship with flowering plants today, it's quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. Those very early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants thatpreceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. The early bees could have fed on non- flowering plants such as ferns or pine trees. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them! And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants may have remained stable ever since. Third, even though the fossilized chambers lack spiral caps, there's chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. Modern bees protect their nest chambers against water by using a special waterproofing substance that has a distinctive chemical composition. When the fossilized chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that's used by modern bees. 托福TPO45综合写作满分范文： In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were not created by bees. The professor asserts that the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. To begin with, according to the reading passage, no fossil remains of actual bees have been found that date to 200 million years ago. The professor argues that no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn’t mean that bees didn’t exist at that time. He says maybe bees couldn’t be preserved as fossils at that time. Since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees, the bees could not be preserved. On top of that, the reading passage states that flowering plants were in absence 200 million years ago. On the contrary, the professor claims that it’s quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. The professor points out that early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants that preceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them. And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants have remained stable ever since. Lastly, the professor rebuts the reading’s point that the fossilized structures lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests such as the chambers lacking caps by stating that there’s chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. The professor points out that when the fossilized chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that’s used by modern bees. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福阅读tpo45R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
tpo45阅读-3Feeding Strategies In The Ocean原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文Feeding Strategies In The Ocean①In the open sea, animals can often find food reliably available in particular regions or seasons (e g., in coastal areas in springtime). In these circumstances, animals are neither constrained to get the last calorie out of their diet nor is energy conservation a high priority. In contrast, the food levels in the deeper layers of the ocean are greatly reduced, and the energy constraints on the animals are much more severe . To survive at those levels, animals must maximize their energy input, finding and eating whatever potential food source may be present.②In the near-surface layers, there are many large, fast carnivores as well as an immense variety of planktonic animals, which feed on plankton (small, free-floating plants or animals) by filtering them from currents of water that pass through a specialized anatomical structure. These filter-feeders thrive in the well-illuminated surface waters because oceans have so many very small organisms, from bacteria to large algae to larval crustaceans. Even fishes can become successful filter-feeders in some circumstances. Although the vast majority of marine fishes are carnivores, in near-surface regions of high productivity the concentrations of larger phytoplankton (the plant component of plankton) are sufficient to support huge populations of filter-feeding sardines and anchovies. These small fishes use their gill filaments to strain out the algae that dominate such areas. Sardines and anchovies provide the basis for huge commercial fisheries as well as a food resource for large numbers of local carnivores, particularly seabirds. At a much larger scale, baleen whales and whale sharks are also efficient filter-feeders in productive coastal or polar waters, although their filtered particles comprise small animals such as copepods and krill rather than phytoplankton.③Filtering seawater for its particulate nutritional content can be an energetically demanding method of feeding, particularly when the current of water to be filtered has to be generated by the organism itself, as is the case for all planktonic animals. Particulate organic matter of at least 2.5 micrograms per cubic liter is required to provide a filter-feeding planktonic organism with a net energy gain.This value is easily exceeded in most coastal waters, but in the deep sea, the levels of organic matter range from next to nothing to around 7 micrograms per cubic liter. Even though mean levels may mask much higher local concentrations, it is still the case that many deep-sea animals are exposed to conditions in which a normal filter-feeder would starve.④There are, therefore, fewer successful filter-feeders in deep water, and some of those that are there have larger filtering systems to cope with the scarcity of particles. Another solution for such animals is to forage in particular layers of water where the particles may be more concentrated. Many of the groups of animals that typify the filter-feeding lifestyle in shallow water have deep-sea representatives that have become predatory. Their filtering systems, which reach such a high degree of development in shallow- water species, are greatly reduced. Alternative methods of active or passive prey capture have been evolved, including trapping and seizing prey, entangling prey, and sticky tentacles.⑤In the deeper waters of the oceans, there is a much greater tendency for animals to await the arrival of food particles or prey rather than to search them out actively (thus minimizing energy expenditure). This has resulted in a more stealthy style of feeding, with the consequent emphasis on lures and/or the evolution of elongated appendages that increase the active volume of water controlled or monitored by the animal. Another consequence of the limited availability of prey is that many animals have developed ways of coping with much larger food particles, relative to their own body size, than the equivalent shallower species can process. Among the fishes there is a tendency for the teeth and jaws to become appreciably enlarged. In such creatures, not only are the teeth hugely enlarged and/or the jaws elongated but the size of the mouth opening may be greatly increased by making the jaw articulations so flexible that they can be effectively dislocated. Very large or long teeth provide almost no room for cutting the prey into a convenient size for swallowing, the fish must gulp the prey down whole.译文海洋中的捕食策略①在开阔的海域，动物们经常能在特定的区域或季节找到稳定的食物来源（比如在春天的沿海地区）。
托福TPO45口语Task6听力文本题目满分范文
托福TPO45口语Task6听力文本题目满分范文在托福 TPO45 的口语 Task6 中，我们所听到的听力文本主要探讨了两个有趣且实用的概念。
第一个概念是关于动物的伪装策略。
以变色龙为例，它能够根据周围环境的颜色变化来调整自身的肤色，从而达到隐藏自己的目的。
这不仅仅是简单的颜色改变，更是一种精妙的生存技巧。
变色龙的皮肤中含有特殊的细胞，这些细胞能够感知周围环境的色彩，并迅速做出反应。
这种能力使变色龙在面对潜在的捕食者时，能够悄然融入背景之中，增加生存的机会。
另一个概念则是植物的防御机制。
有些植物为了防止被动物啃食，会发展出特殊的防御手段。
比如，某些带刺的植物，其尖刺不仅能够直接阻止动物的靠近，还能对试图啃食它们的动物造成伤害。
此外，还有一些植物会产生有毒的化学物质。
当动物食用这些植物时，可能会感到不适甚至中毒，从而让动物记住并远离这些植物。
动物的伪装策略和植物的防御机制，这两个概念看似不同，实则都反映了生物在自然界中为了生存和繁衍所做出的适应性改变。
变色龙的肤色变化，是对环境的主动适应，以便在捕食者的眼皮底下“消失”；而植物的尖刺和有毒化学物质，则是它们被动但有效的自我保护方式，防止被过度啃食而影响生存。
从更广泛的角度来看，这些现象也揭示了自然界中生物之间相互作用和相互影响的复杂性。
动物需要寻找食物，而植物需要防止被过度消耗，这种微妙的平衡在漫长的进化过程中逐渐形成。
对于我们人类而言，研究这些生物现象具有重要的意义。
在军事领域，动物的伪装技术启发了人们研发更先进的迷彩服和隐形装备，以提高士兵在战场上的隐蔽性。
在农业方面，了解植物的防御机制可以帮助农民更好地保护农作物，减少害虫和动物对庄稼的损害。
此外，这些生物现象也让我们更加深刻地认识到自然界的神奇和美妙。
每一种生物都有其独特的生存之道，都在为了适应环境而不断进化和改变。
这不仅让我们对生命的多样性充满敬畏，也激励着我们不断探索和学习，从自然界中获取更多的智慧和灵感。
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文文本：Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. T oday's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of t he finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests thefossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.托福TPO45综合写作听力原文文本：ProfessorIt's perfectly possible that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were made by bees 200 million years ago. The arguments used by the skeptics are not convincing.First, it's true we have no fossil remains of actual bees that date to 200 million years ago, but maybe the reason for that is that bees could not be preserved as fossils at that time. Fossil bees have typically been preserved in fossilized tree resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees. However, trees with this type of resin were very rare 200 million years ago. Such trees became common much later. So the fact that we have no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn't mean that bees did not exist at that time. Maybe bees existed, but since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, the bees could not be preserved.Second, while it's true that bees have a close mutual relationship with flowering plants today, it's quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. Those very early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants thatpreceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. The early bees could have fed on non- flowering plants such as ferns or pine trees. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them! And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants may have remained stable ever since.Third, even though the fossilized chambers lack spiral caps, there's chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. Modern bees protect their nest chambers againstwater by using a special waterproofing substance that has a distinctive chemical composition. When the fossilized chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that's used by modern bees.托福TPO45综合写作满分范文：In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were not created by bees. The professor asserts that the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. T o begin with, according to the reading passage, no fossil remains of actual bees have been found that date to 200 million years ago. The professor argues that no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn’t mean that bees didn’t exist at that time. He says maybe bees couldn’t be preserved as fossils at that time. Since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees, the bees could not be preserved. On top of that, the reading passage states that flowering plants were in absence 200 million years ago. On the contrary, the professor claims that it’s quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. The professor points out that early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants that preceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them. And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants have remained stable ever since. Lastly, the professor rebuts the reading’s point that the fossilized structures lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests such as the chambers lacking caps by stating that there’s chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. The professor points out that when the fossilized chambers werechemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that’s used by modern bees.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福阅读tpo45R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
tpo45阅读-2Wind Pollination原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)原文Wind Pollination①Pollen,a powdery substance,which is produced by flowering plants and contains male reproductive cells,is usually carried from plant to plant by insects or birds,but some plants rely on the wind to carry their pollen.Wind pollination is often seen as being primitive and wasteful in costly pollen and yet it is surprisingly common,especially in higher latitudes.Wind is very good at moving pollen a long way;pollen can be blown for hundreds of kilometers,and only birds can get pollen anywhere near as far.The drawback is that wind is obviously unspecific as to where it takes the pollen.It is like trying to get a letter to a friend at the other end of the village by climbing onto the roof and throwing an armful of letters into the air and hoping that one will end up in the friend's garden.For the relatively few dominant tree species that make up temperate forests,where there are many individuals of the same species within pollen range,this is quite a safe gamble.If a number of people in the village were throwing letters off roofs,your friend would be bound to get one.By contrast,in the tropics,where each tree species has few,widely scattered individuals,the chance of wind blowing pollen to another individual is sufficiently slim that animals are a safer bet as transporters of pollen.Even tall trees in the tropics are usually not wind pollinated despite being in windy conditions.In a similar way,trees in temperate forests that are insect pollinated tend to grow as solitary,widely spread individuals.②Since wind-pollinated flowers have no need to attract insects or other animals, they have dispensed with bright petals,nectar,and scent.These are at best a waste and at worst an impediment to the transfer of pollen in the air.The result is insignificant-looking flowers and catkins(dense cylindrical clusters of small, petalless flowers).③Wind pollination does,of course,require a lot of pollen.Birch and hazel trees can produce5.5and4million grains per catkin,respectively.There are various adaptations to help as much of the pollen go as far as possible.Most deciduous wind-pollinated trees(which shed their leaves every fall)produce their pollen in the spring while the branches are bare of leaves to reduce the surroundingsurfaces that“compete"with the stigmas(the part of the flower that receives the pollen)for pollen.Evergreen conifers,which do not shed their leaves,have less to gain from spring flowering,and,indeed,some flower in the autumn or winter.④Pollen produced higher in the top branches is likely to go farther:it is windier (and gustier)and the pollen can be blown farther before hitting the ground. Moreover,dangling catkins like hazel hold the pollen in until the wind is strong enough to bend them,ensuring that pollen is only shed into the air when the wind is blowing hard.Weather is also important.Pollen is shed primarily when the air is dry to prevent too much sticking to wet surfaces or being knocked out of the air by rain.Despite these adaptations,much of the pollen fails to leave the top branches, and only between0.5percent and40percent gets more than100meters away from the parent.But once this far,significant quantities can go a kilometer or more. Indeed,pollen can travel many thousands of kilometers at high altitudes.Since all this pollen is floating around in the air,it is no wonder that wind-pollinated trees are a major source of allergies.⑤Once the pollen has been snatched by the wind,the fate of the pollen is obviously up to the vagaries of the wind,but not everything is left to chance. Windborne pollen is dry,rounded,smooth,and generally smaller than that of insect-pollinated plants.But size is a two-edged sword.Small grains may be blown farther but they are also more prone to be whisked past the waiting stigma because smaller particles tend to stay trapped in the fast-moving air that flows around the stigma.But stigmas create turbulence,which slows the air speed around them and may help pollen stick to them.译文风媒传粉①花粉是由开花植物产出的、含有雄蕊生殖细胞的、外观呈粉末状的物质。
托福阅读真题第45篇TheDoc...
托福阅读真题第45篇TheDoc...In the United States, the nonfiction film was primarily defined and sustained by the travelogue, which was filmed in foreign lands and shown at lectures and sideshows to introduce audiences to different cultures and exotic locations. In 1904, at the St. Louis Exposition, George . Hale's Tours and Scenes of the World was particularly successful but did not reach the mythic proportions of the film made from President Teddy Roosevelt's frican safaris or Robert Scott's expedition to the South Pole. These kinds of travelogues appealed to the merican public because they demonstrated a spirit of enterprise and adventure. This outlook underpins the Romantic tradition of filmmaking that begins with travelogues of the merican West and comes to its fullest expression in the films of Robert Flaherty. It is he who most embodies the development of the documentary form as an objective tool of ethnography- -the scientific study of other cultures from a position "within" the community- -and anthropology.His film Nanook of the North (1922), a study of Inuits of northern anada, is acknowledged as one of the most influential films within the genre. It perhaps provides us with all the clues we require to define both the documentary and its acceptable limits. Flaherty's films, which have been called“authored" films, are made with a specific intent: not merely to record the lives of the Inuits but to recall and restage a former, more“p rimitive" era of Inuit life. This nostalgic intent only serves to mythologize Inuit life and to some extent remove it from its real context, thus calling into question some of the inherent principles that we may assume are crucial in determining documentary "truth."lthough Flaherty was an advocate of the use of lenses that could view the subject from a long distance so as not to affect unduly the behavior of the natives, and he filmed long, uninterrupted scenes at one time without stopping the camera instead of using complex editing, it is his intervention in the material that is most problematic when evaluating Nanook as a key documentary. Flaherty was not content merely to record events; he wanted to dramatize actuality by filming aspects of Inuit culture that he knew of from his earlier travels into the Hudson ay area between 1910 and 1916. For example, he rebuilt igloos to accommodate camera equipment and organized parts of Inuit lifestyle to suit the technical requirements of filming under these conditions. In another of his documentaries, Moana (1926), Flaherty staged a ritual tattooing ceremony among the Samoan Islanders, recalling a practice that had not been carried out for many years. In Man of ran (1935) shark hunts were also staged and did not characterize the contemporary existence of the ran Islanders.John Grierson, the ritish documentary maker, argues that Flaherty becomes intimate with the subject matter before he records it and thus,“He lives with his people till the story is told 'out of himself' and this enables him to 'make the primary distinction between a method which describes only the surface value of a subject and a method that more explosively reveals the reality of it."" This seems to legitimize Flaherty's approach because Nanook, Moana, and Man of ran all succeed in revealing the practices of more“primitive”cultures- cultures which in Flaherty's view embody a certain kind of simple and romanticized social perfection.learly then, Flaherty essentially uses actuality to illustratedominant themes and interests that he is eager to explore. In some ways, Flaherty ignores the real social and political dimensions informing his subjects' lives and indeed does not engage with the darker side of human sensibility, preferring instead to prioritize larger, more mythic and universal topics. There is almost a nostalgic yearning in Flaherty's work to return to a simpler, more physical, preindustrial world, where humankind could pit itself against the natural world, slowly but surely harnessing its forces to positive ends. Families and communities are seen as stoic and noble in their endeavors, surviving often against terrible odds. Flaherty obviously manipulates his material and sums up one of the apparent ironies in creating documentary“truth" by suggesting that“Sometimes you have to lie. One often has to distort a thing to catch its true spirit."1.In the United States, the nonfiction film was primarily defined and sustained by the travelogue, which was filmed in foreign lands and shown at lectures and sideshows to introduce audiences to different cultures and exotic locations. In 1904, at the St. Louis Exposition, George . Hale's Tours and Scenes of the World was particularly successful but did not reach the mythic proportions of the film made from President Teddy Roosevelt's frican safaris or Robert Scott's expedition to the South Pole. These kinds of travelogues appealed to the merican public because they demonstrated a spirit of enterprise and adventure. This outlook underpins the Romantic tradition of filmmaking that begins with travelogues of the merican West and comes to its fullest expression in the films of Robert Flaherty. It is he who most embodies the development of the documentary form as an objective tool of ethnography- -the scientific study of othercultures from a position "within" the community- -and anthropology.2.His film Nanook of the North (1922), a study of Inuits of northern anada, is acknowledged as one of the most influential films within the genre. It perhaps provides us with all the clues we require to define both the documentary and its acceptable limits. Flaherty's films, which have been called“authored" films, are made with a specific intent: not merely to record the lives of the Inuits but to recall and restage a former, more“primitive" era of Inuit life. This nostalgic intent only serves to mythologize Inuit life and to some extent remove it from its real context, thus calling into question some of the inherent principles that we may assume are crucial in determining documentary "truth."3.lthough Flaherty was an advocate of the use of lenses that could view the subject from a long distance so as not to affect unduly the behavior of the natives, and he filmed long, uninterrupted scenes at one time without stopping the camera instead of using complex editing, it is his intervention in the material that is most problematic when evaluating Nanook as a key documentary. Flaherty was not content merely to record events; he wanted to dramatize actuality by filming aspects of Inuit culture that he knew of from his earlier travels into the Hudson ay area between 1910 and 1916. For example, he rebuilt igloos to accommodate camera equipment and organized parts of Inuit lifestyle to suit the technical requirements of filming under these conditions. In another of his documentaries, Moana(1926), Flaherty staged a ritual tattooing ceremony among the Samoan Islanders, recalling a practice that had not been carried out for many years. In Man of ran (1935) shark hunts were also staged and did not characterize the contemporaryexistence of the ran Islanders.4.lthough Flaherty was an advocate of the use of lenses that could view the subject from a long distance so as not to affect unduly the behavior of the natives, and he filmed long, uninterrupted scenes at one time without stopping the camera instead of using complex editing, it is his intervention in the material that is most problematic when evaluating Nanook as a key documentary. Flaherty was not content merely to record events; he wanted to dramatize actuality by filming aspects of Inuit culture that he knew of from his earlier travels into the Hudson ay area between 1910 and 1916. For example, he rebuilt igloos to accommodate camera equipment and organized parts of Inuit lifestyle to suit the technical requirements of filming under these conditions. In another of his documentaries, Moana (1926), Flaherty staged a ritual tattooing ceremony among the Samoan Islanders, recalling a practice that had not been carried out for many years. In Man of ran (1935) shark hunts were also staged and did not characterize the contemporary existence of the ran Islanders.5.lthough Flaherty was an advocate of the use of lenses that could view the subject from a long distance so as not to affect unduly the behavior of the natives, and he filmed long, uninterrupted scenes at one time without stopping the camera instead of using complex editing, it is his intervention in the material that is most problematic when evaluating Nanook as a key documentary. Flaherty was not content merely to record events; he wanted to dramatize actuality by filming aspects of Inuit culture that he knew of from his earlier travels into the Hudson ay area between 1910 and 1916. For example, he rebuilt igloos to accommodate camera equipment and organized partsof Inuit lifestyle to suit the technical requirements of filming under these conditions. In another of his documentaries, Moana (1926), Flaherty staged a ritual tattooing ceremony among the Samoan Islanders, recalling a practice that had not been carried out for many years. In Man of ran (1935) shark hunts were also staged and did not characterize the contemporary existence of the ran Islanders.6.John Grierson, the ritish documentary maker, argues that Flaherty becomes intimate with the subject matter before he records it and thus,“He lives with his people till the story is told 'out of himself' and this enables him to 'make the primary distinction between a method which describes only the surface value of a subject and a method that more explosively reveals the reality of it."" This seems to legitimize Flaherty's approach because Nanook, Moana, and Man of ran all succeed in revealing the practices of more“primitive”cultures- cultures which in Flaherty's view embody a certain kind of simple and romanticized social perfection.7.learly then, Flaherty essentially uses actuality to illustrate dominant themes and interests that he is eager to explore. In some ways, Flaherty ignores the real social and political dimensions informing his subjects' lives and indeed does not engage with the darker side of human sensibility, preferring instead to prioritize larger, more mythic and universal topics. There is almost a nostalgic yearning in Flaherty's work to return to a simpler, more physical, preindustrial world, where humankind could pit itself against the natural world, slowly but surely harnessing its forces to positive ends. Families and communities are seen as stoic and noble in their endeavors, surviving often against terrible odds. Flaherty obviouslymanipulates his material and sums up one of the apparent ironies in creating documentary“truth" by suggesting that“Sometimes you have to lie. One often has to distort a thing to catch its true spirit."8.learly then, Flaherty essentially uses actuality to illustrate dominant themes and interests that he is eager to explore. In some ways, Flaherty ignores the real social and political dimensions informing his subjects' lives and indeed does not engage with the darker side of human sensibility, preferring instead to prioritize larger, more mythic and universal topics. There is almost a nostalgic yearning in Flaherty's work to return to a simpler, more physical, preindustrial world, where humankind could pit itself against the natural world, slowly but surely harnessing its forces to positive ends. Families and communities are seen as stoic and noble in their endeavors, surviving often against terrible odds. Flaherty obviously manipulates his material and sums up one of the apparent ironies in creating documentary“truth" by suggesting that“Sometimes you have to lie. One often has to distort a thing to catch its true spirit."9.His film Nanook of the North (1922), a study of Inuits of northern anada, is acknowledged as one of the most influential films within the genre.⬛It perhaps provides us with all the clues we require to define both the documentary and its acceptable limits.⬛Flaherty's films, which have been called“authored" films, are made with a specific intent: not merely to record the lives of the Inuits but to recall and restage a former, more“primitive" era of Inuit life. ⬛This nostalgic intent only serves to mythologize Inuit life and to some extent remove it from its real context, thus calling into question some of the inherent principles that we mayassume are crucial in determining documentary "truth."⬛10.。
tpo45三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo45三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (16)原文 (16)译文 (19)题目 (23)答案 (30)背景知识 (31)阅读-3 (32)原文 (32)译文 (35)题目 (37)答案 (45)背景知识 (45)阅读-1原文The Beringia Landscape①During the peak of the last ice age,northeast Asia(Siberia)and Alaska were connected by a broad land mass called the Bering Land Bridge.This land bridge existed because so much of Earth’s water was frozen in the great ice sheets that sea levels were over100meters lower than they are today.Between25,000and10,000years ago,Siberia,the Bering Land Bridge,and Alaska shared many environmental characteristics.These included a common mammalian fauna of large mammals,a common flora composed of broad grasslands as well as wind-swept dunes and tundra,and a common climate with cold,dry winters and somewhat warmer summers.The recognition that many aspects of the modern flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea as remnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia.②It is through Beringia that small groups of large mammal hunters, slowly expanding their hunting territories,eventually colonized North and South America.On this archaeologists generally agree,but that is where the agreement stops.One broad area of disagreement inexplaining the peopling of the Americas is the domain of paleoecologists,but it is critical to understanding human history:what was Beringia like?③The Beringian landscape was very different from what it is today. Broad,windswept valleys;glaciated mountains;sparse vegetation;and less moisture created a rather forbidding land mass.This land mass supported herds of now-extinct species of mammoth,bison,and horse and somewhat modern versions of caribou,musk ox,elk,and saiga antelope.These grazers supported in turn a number of impressive carnivores,including the giant short-faced bear,the saber-tooth cat,and a large species of lion.④The presence of mammal species that require grassland vegetation has led Arctic biologist Dale Guthrie to argue that while cold and dry, there must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support herds of mammoth,horse,and bison.Further,nearly all of the ice-age fauna had teeth that indicate an adaptation to grasses and sedges;they could not have been supported by a modern flora of mosses and lichens. Guthrie has also demonstrated that the landscape must have been subject to intense and continuous winds,especially in winter.He makes this argument based on the anatomy of horse and bison,which do not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover.They needlandscapes with strong winds that remove the winter snows,exposing the dry grasses beneath.Guthrie applied the term“mammoth steppe"to characterize this landscape.⑤In contrast,Paul Colinvaux has offered a counterargument based on the analysis of pollen in lake sediments dating to the last ice age.He found that the amount of pollen recovered in these sediments is so low that the Beringian landscape during the peak of the last glaciation was more likely to have been what he termed a"polar desert,"with little or only sparse vegetation,in no way was it possible that this region could have supported large herds of mammals and thus,human hunters. Guthrie has argued against this view by pointing out that radiocarbon analysis of mammoth,horse,and bison bones from Beringian deposits revealed that the bones date to the period of most intense glaciation.⑥The argument seemed to be at a standstill until a number of recent studies resulted in a spectacular suite of new finds.The first was the discovery of a1,000-square-kilometer preserved patch of Beringian vegetation dating to just over17,000years ago—the peak of the last ice age.The plants were preserved under a thick ash fall from a volcanic eruption.Investigations of the plants found grasses,sedges,mosses,and many other varieties in a nearly continuous cover,as was predicted by Guthrie.But this vegetation had a thin root mat with no soil formation,demonstrating that there was little long-term stability in plant cover,a finding supporting some of the arguments of Colinvaux.A mixture of continuous but thin vegetation supporting herds of large mammals is one that seems plausible and realistic with the available data.译文洞察白令地貌①在上一次冰期的高峰，东北亚地区（西伯利亚）和阿拉斯加曾由一片广阔的陆地相连，这片土地被叫做白令陆桥。
托福TPO45口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO45口语Task3阅读文本： Close the Coffeehouse Like many people, I was happy when the university opened a coffeehouse. A good coffeehouse is a perfect place to meet people or to study while having a coffee. Unfortunately, our coffeehouse usually empty, so it’s not a good place to meet people And the lighting there is very poor, so it's not a good place to study, either. A coffeehouse seemed like a great idea, but it just hasn't worked out, and the time has come for the university to close it. Sincerely, Marvin Baker 托福TPO45口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the letter. Woman：I disagree with his idea. Man：Why? It doesn't sound like if s doing very much business. Woman：That's probably because he goes during the day, but in the evening... Man：Oh. People go. Woman：A lot of people. Students are really busy during the day, with classes, jobs and study. But at night the place is often pretty full. Students get together there all the time. Man：Really? Woman：Yeah. It's not until nighttime that students actually have the time to sit down and relax, you know, enjoy a hot drink and something to eat while hanging out or reading for class. Man：So you can read in there. Woman：Yeah. I mean, he's right that it used to be a problem, but recently they did some renovations and now I think the lighting is as good as it is in the library. Man：Really? Woman：Yeah. And not just at a few tables, just about every table has got good lighting now. Sounds like this guy doesn't know what he's talking about. Man：Definitely not. 托福TPO45口语Task3题目： The woman disagrees with the student’s proposal for the coffeehouse. Explain the proposal and the reasons she gives for disagreeing with it. 托福TPO45口语Task3满分范文： The student proposes that the university close the coffeehouse because it is usually very empty and the lighting there is very poor. However, the woman disagrees with the student’s proposal for the following two reasons. Firstly, she says that only during daytime the coffeehouse is empty because students are busy with their classes, jobs and study but it is pretty full at night when students have time to sit down and relax. Secondly, the lighting in the coffeehouse is as good as it is in the library as they did some renovations recently. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO45口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
tpo45task3范文(实用6篇)
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、合同协议、条据文书、策划方案、句子大全、作文大全、诗词歌赋、教案资料、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, contract agreements, doctrinal documents, planning plans, complete sentences, complete compositions, poems, songs, teaching materials, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!tpo45task3范文(实用6篇)tpo45task3范文第1篇Reading Part:Method of LociSpecial techniques， or memory devices， are oftenused to help us recall information.One technique， the method of loci (.，method of location)，isparticularly helpful for remembering several pieces ofinformation in a particular order.To use thistechnique， we first imagine a familiar place such asa building or an outdoor area.This familiar place should have a series of landmarks or locationswithin it that we can imagine walking past in a predictable ，logical order.Once the landmarkshave been identified in a given order， we assign one piece of the information that we want tolater recall to each location.The information should be assigned in the order in which we wantto remember it.To later recall the new information in order， we imagine walking through thefamiliar place，recalling what is stored at each location along the way.Question:Using the professor’s eXample， eXplain how the method of loci is used to recall information in sequence.范文：Method of Loci is particularly helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order.In the lecture， the professor uses learning the names of planets in order by distance from the sun as an eXample to illustrate this method.In order to do this， you memorize the landmarks from the dormitory to the student center.The first landmark is the front door of your dorm， which you assign as the Mercury， the closest planet to the sun.The second landmark is the tree in front of your dorm， which you assign as Venus.And the third landmark is the statue in front of the library， which you assign as Earth.In this way， when you take a test and have to write down the order of the planets from the Sun， you will recall the planet according to the association with the landmarks.tpo45task3范文第2篇Listen to a conversation between two studentsM : Hey， Sara， how is it going.W : Not great.Its the student film Ive beendirecting.You know that project Ive been working onfor my film class.M : Right.You said you were directing a film.Sowhats wrong?W : Well， the project is due in two days.We aresupposed to film a final scene today.But its raining.The scene is supposed to be set outsidewith two characters talking in thepark on a beautiful sunny day.M : Oh on.What are you gonna do?W: Well， I could rewrite the scene I guess.I could revise it so it takes place inside the buildinginstead.Maybe here in the student center or somewhere.M : Why dont you do that?W : I could， but， I am happy with the scene as its written now.The film has an optimistichappy ending.Thats why I want the last scene of the movie to be outside on a bright sunnyday because it sets a positive mood.M : Oh， I see.Well， the weather is supposed to be better tomorrow， sunny and warm.Whydont you film that scene tomorrow instead?W : Thought of that too.But since the project should due the day after tomorrow， I wasplanning on using tomorrow to review the film and do any final ending and， you know， all thelast minutes details.M : Thats true.There wouldnt much time for that.W: Yeah， filming tomorrow might mean turning in my project to my professor thats not aspolished， not as good Id like it to be.Question:Briefly summarize the problem the speakers arediscussing.Then state which solution you wouldrecommend.EXplain the reasons for yourrecommendation.范文：The woman is directing a film project which is due in two days.She is supposed to film a scene today but it is raining.In the conversation， they talk about two solutions.The first solution is that she rewrites the scene， but she is happy with the scene as it’s written now because it sets a positive mood.The second solution is that she films it tomorrow， when the weather is better.But she is just planning on using tomorrow to review the film and do any final ending.Well， I would recommend her to choose the second solution.She can tell her professor about the situation and ask for an eXtension， in this way， she can not only still use the scene that has been written but also have enough time to make the project polished.tpo45task3范文第3篇Listen to part of a lecture in a Marine BiologyclassSo weve talked a little about how fish use senses likevision，touch.But what I want to talk about now is aspecial ability some fish have，the ability to produceelectricity in their bodies.You are probably familiarwith these fish， these fishthat send out electriccurrents from their bodies naturally.So whats thepurpose of this.Well， as you might eXpect， it can serve some important roles in helping fishsurvive.First， fish， like all animals， need food to survive.Well，the ability to produce electricity helpsome fish to catch some prey.You know， other organisms in the water that they eat.Take theelectric eel for eXample， the eel produces a strong electric current in its body.When the eelcomes into contact with one of the smaller fish it depends on for food， the electric current thatit sends out， shocks the smaller fish and paralyzes it.It s not able to get away from the eel.The eel captures the fish easily and can eat it at its leisure.So this ability to use the electricityto capture prey ensures that the eel gets the food in need to survive.The ability to produce electricity also helps fish to successfully navigate their environmentby detecting nearby objectssome fish have poorly developed eyes and the water they live in canbe muddy and dark.Now there is the fish called the knifefish that produces electricity.Thiscreates an electric field around the knifefishs body.When a knifefish swims close to， say， a rock， it senses the disturbance， and interferes its electric field.The fish then realizes there is a rocknearbyand that it has to avoid crashing into it.Once this happens，the knifefish swings theway from the rock and also avoids harming itself.Question:Using the eXamples of the electric eel and the knifefish，eXplain how producing electricity benefits certain fish.范文：In the lecture， the professor talks about a special ability that fish has to produce electricity in their bodies.First，the ability to produce electricity helps some fish to capture prey.Take the electric eel for eXample.It can produce a strong electric current in its body.When it comes into contact with the smaller fish it depends on for food， it sends out electric current which shocks the smaller fish and paralyzes it.Second，the ability to produce electricity also helps fish to successfully navigate their environment by detecting nearby objects.Take knifefish for eXample.The fish creates an electric field around its body.When the knifefish swims close to a rock， it sends a disturbance.Then the fish realizes the rock nearby and avoid crashing into it.想要下载托福TPO大全的同学，请提交“姓名+电话+邮箱”，我们将于2小时内发送给你，周末节假日有延迟，请见谅!tpo45task3范文第4篇题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Artists and musicians are important to a society.Use details and eXamples to eXplain your answer.话题：lifestyle生活方式范文：Yes， I agree with the statement that artists and musicians are significant to a society.My reasons are as follows.Firstly，artists and musicians can make the society more colorful by enriching the variety of culture.Secondly， people can benefit a lot from the works of artists and musicians.For eXample， they can draw some pictures or listen to some favorite music to have a good relaXation after a day’s hardwork.tpo45task3范文第5篇题目：Which of the following qualities do you think is most important for a university student to be successful?●Highly motivated●Hard working●IntelligentChoose one of these qualities and eXplain why it is important.话题：person人物范文：Personally speaking， highly motivated quality is the most important for a university student to be successful.There are two reasons for this.Firstly， if a student is highly motived，he or she will have a strong ambition and set a goal for the future，which is a prerequisite for success.Secondly，students with highly motivated quality often participate in various kinds of social activities and work efficiently， which will lay a solid foundation for their future career development.tpo45task3范文第6篇阅读部分：Close the CoffeehouseLike many people， I was happy when the universityopened a coffeehouse.A good coffeehouse is a perfectplace to meet people or to study while having acoffee.Unfortunately， our coffeehouse usually empty， so it is not a good place to meet people.And thelighting there is very poor， so it is not a good place to study， either.A coffeehouse seemed likea great idea，but it just has not worked out， and the time has come for the university to close it.Sincerely，Marvin BakerListening 部分:W : I disagree with this idea.M : Why? It doesnt sound like its doing very muchbusiness?W: Its probably because it goes during the day butin the evening.M : Oh， people go.W : A lot of people.Students are really busy during the day with classes， jobs， studying.Goodnight places are often preformed.Students get together there all the time.M : Really?W: Yeah.Its not until night time students actually have a time to sit down and relaX， you know ， enjoy hot drink， getting something to eat or hanging out or reading for class.M : so you cant read there.W : yeah， I mean its right.That used to be a problem.But recently they did some renovationsand now I think the lighting is as good as it is in the library.M : really?W : yeah， and now just that there are few tables.Just divide every tables got good lightingnow.M : Sounds like this guy does nobodys talking about.W : Definitely not.Question:The woman eXpresses her opinion on the proposal to close the coffeehouse.EXplain the proposal and the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.范文：The student proposes that the university to close the coffeehouse because it is usually very empty and the lighting there is very poor.However， the woman disagrees with the student’s proposal for the following two reasons.Firstly， she says that only during daytime the coffeehouse is empty because students are busy with their classes， jobs and study but it is pretty full at night when students have time to sit down and relaX.Secondly， the lighting in the coffeehouse is as good as it is in the library as they did some renovations recently.第11页共11页。
托福听力tpo45 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo45 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (15)原文 (15)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (24)答案 (26)译文 (26)托福听力tpo45 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR: As I was saying, the Renaissance period—which started in the fourteen hundreds in Europe—the Renaissance was still a pretty religious period. And that's reflected in the artwork of that time.But artists were starting to experiment with a more secular point of view as well—a tendency to also use the natural world as the subject matter for their art.And there were different ways that these natural themes were explored. For instance, many artists would paint portraits, while others—although this was more common in northern Europe—would make landscapes the subject of their works.But today I'd like to consider an influential Italian Renaissance artist, Leon Battista Alberti, who took a slightly different approach.Leon Battista Alberti was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, poet—very wide-ranging interests—like daVinci or Michelangelo, the sort of guy for whom the term “Renaissance man” was in fact created.Alberti believed that the most important approach for a painter was to capture a story or narrative. Now, as I've indicated, this narrative could be either religious or secular, depending on what the work of art was for. If the work was to be placed in a church then obviously it'd have a religious theme, whereas if it was for someone's home then it could deal with a different subject matter. The exact narrative didn't really matter, so long as it was one that captivated the audience—that held the viewer's attention.So what is actually needed to tell a story?Well, Alberti needed characters, right? Human figures.And he wanted to represent them as realistically as possible to capture the viewer's attention. One way he achieved this was to make use of what's known as the contrapposto pose.A contrapposto pose basically entails showing a slight twist in the body. The shoulders and hips are usually bent in different directions. In other words, if the left shoulder is bent so that it's slightly higher than the right shoulder, then the hips will be bent so that the left side will be slightly lower than the right side. Similarly, in sculptures, most of the weight seems to be on one foot, which also results in this slanted position—making it seem like the figure is about to walk or move. This adds to the realistic aspect of the figure.But there are actually a lot of things that could go wrong in the attempt to create such a pose. You could make a figure’s arms bigger than its legs, or the head too small for the body. Messing up the proportions can leave a figure looking cartoon-like and unnatural. But Alberti had a solution: He encouraged artists to visualize a figure's bones and structure. This would give the artist an idea of the proportions of the figure. From there, Alberti suggested the artist imagine attaching the tendons and muscles, then covering those with flesh and skin.Now, although this method may seem complicated, artists since antiquity have used anatomical observations to try to get the proportions of the human figure as accurate as possible—though obviously not to the degree that Alberti was recommending.Now, in addition to characters, the setting is extremely important, especially when attempting to tell a story realistically. Renaissance artists essentially needed to create a three-dimensional scene on a two-dimensional surface. They accomplished this by the use of perspective—a relatively new idea for artists at the time. In particular, the type of perspective that Alberti advocated was called linear one-point perspective. In fact, Alberti was one of the artists who developed the geometry behind linear one-point perspective.Linear perspective basically consists of drawing straight lines that extend from the forefront of the painting into the background—lines that seem to be parallel to each other, but which actually converge on a single point in the horizon, called the vanishing point. By drawing figures and objects smaller and smaller as the lines get closer together, the artist is able to create depth in a painting. This gives the illusion of a third dimension and makes the work of art more realistic.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. Reasons for the transition from religious to secular themes in Renaissance artB. The disproportionate influence of Italian artists during the Renaissance periodC. Techniques used during the Renaissance to produce realistic works of artD. A comparison of themes in paintings and sculptures during the Renaissance2.What is the professor's opinion of Leon Battista Alberti as an artist?A. Alberti's interests were too diverse for him to succeed in any one field.B. Alberti was ineffective in imposing his own theories on other artists.C. Alberti was a much more skilled artist than da Vinci or Michelangelo.D. Alberti represents the Renaissance ideal of wide-ranging achievement.3.According to the professor, what did Alberti consider to be the most important aspect of a Renaissance painting?A. That it convey an appealing narrativeB. That its figures be posed symmetricallyC. That its theme not be religiousD. That its characters be positioned within a landscape4.Why did some artists begin to use the contrapposto pose?A. To create a cartoon-like effectB. To help viewers identify the main figure in a work of artC. To show the relative sizes of human figuresD. To make human figures appear more natural5.Why does the professor discuss tendons and muscles?A. To emphasize that Alberti's study of anatomy led to his interest in artB. To show the emphasis Alberti placed on using physically fit modelsC. To illustrate the difficulty of maintaining a contrapposto pose in real lifeD. To explain one of Alberti's methods for creating accurate proportions6.Why was the development of linear one-point perspective important to Renaissance artists?A. It helped painters to place figures more symmetrically within their paintings.B. It allowed painters to create an illusion of three dimensions.C. It enabled artists to paint large landscapes for the first time.D. It encouraged artists to take an interest in geometry.答案C D A D D B译文旁白：听一篇艺术史学科讲座。
托福TPO45阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Feeding Strategies in the Ocean In the open sea,animals can often find food reliably available in particular regions or seasons(e g.,in coastal areas in springtime).In these circumstances,animals are neither constrained to get the last calorie out of their diet nor is energy conservation a high priority.In contrast,the food levels in the deeper layers of the ocean are greatly reduced,and the energy constraints on the animals are much more severe.To survive at those levels,animals must maximize their energy input,finding and eating whatever potential food source may be present. In the near-surface layers,there are many large,fast carnivores as well as an immense variety of planktonic animals,which feed on plankton(small,free-floating plants or animals)by filtering them from currents of water that pass through a specialized anatomical structure.These filter-feeders thrive in the well-illuminated surface waters because oceans have so many very small organisms,from bacteria to large algae to larval crustaceans.Even fishes can become successful filter-feeders in some circumstances.Although the vast majority of marine fishes are carnivores,in near-surface regions of high productivity the concentrations of larger phytoplankton(the plant component of plankton)are sufficient to support huge populations of filter-feeding sardines and anchovies.These small fishes use their gill filaments to strain out the algae that dominate such areas.Sardines and anchovies provide the basis for huge commercial fisheries as well as a food resource for large numbers of local carnivores,particularly seabirds.At a much larger scale,baleen whales and whale sharks are also efficient filter-feeders in productive coastal or polar waters,although their filtered particles comprise small animals such as copepods and krill rather than phytoplankton. Filtering seawater for its particulate nutritional content can be an energetically demanding method of feeding,particularly when the current of water to be filtered has to be generated by the organism itself,as is the case for all planktonic animals.Particulate organic matter of at least 2.5 micrograms per cubic liter is required to provide a filter-feeding planktonic organism with a net energy gain.This value is easily exceeded in most coastal waters,but in the deep sea,the levels of organic matter range from next to nothing to around 7 micrograms per cubic liter.Even though mean levels may mask much higher local concentrations,it is still the case that many deep-sea animals are exposed to conditions in which a normal filter-feeder would starve. There are,therefore,fewer successful filter-feeders in deep water,and some of those that are there have larger filtering systems to cope with the scarcity of particles.Another solution for such animals is to forage in particular layers of waterwhere the particles may be more concentrated.Many of the groups of animals that typify the filter-feeding lifestyle in shallow water have deep-sea representatives that have become predatory.Their filtering systems,which reach such a high degree of development in shallow-water species,are greatly reduced.Alternative methods of active or passive prey capture have been evolved,including trapping and seizing prey,entangling prey,and sticky tentacles. ■A In the deeper waters of the oceans,there is a much greater tendency for animals to await the arrival of food particles or prey rather than to search them out actively(thus minimizing energy expenditure).■B This has resulted in a more stealthy style of feeding,with the consequent emphasis on lures and/or the evolution of elongated appendages that increase the active volume of water controlled or monitored by the animal.■C Another consequence of the limited availability of prey is that many animals have developed ways of coping with much larger food particles,relative to their own body size,than the equivalent shallower species can process.■D Among the fishes there is a tendency for the teeth and jaws to become appreciably enlarged.In such creatures,are the teeth hugely enlarged and/or the jaws elongated but the size of the mouth opening may be greatly increased by making the jaw articulations so flexible that they can be effectively dislocated.Very large or long teeth provide almost no room for cutting the prey into a convenient size for swallowing,the fish must gulp the prey down whole. Paragraph 1 In the open sea,animals can often find food reliably available in particular regions or seasons(e g.,in coastal areas in springtime).In these circumstances,animals are neither constrained to get the last calorie out of their diet nor is energy conservation a high priority.In contrast,the food levels in the deeper layers of the ocean are greatly reduced,and the energy constraints on the animals are much more severe.To survive at those levels,animals must maximize their energy input,finding and eating whatever potential food source may be present. 1.The word"severe"in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A.extreme plex C.basic D.immediate 2.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about why energy conservation is not a high priority for ocean animals in coastal waters during the spring?。