大学英语专业语言学.ppt
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《英语语言学》ppt课件
区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的 语音）
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
Chapter 2.The sound of language 英语专业语言学PPT
2020/7/3
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
英语专业语言学课件
sentence ✓ or a particular part of a sentence.
Construction and constituent
IC analysis
S NP
VP NP
Det N
V
Det
A
boy found the
N evidence
Syntactic constructionsCPS源自CNPDet
N Infl
the
train will
V arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
S
C
NP
Infl Det Will the
N Infl train e
V arrive
Do insertion
Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl
Chomsky and transformationalgenerative grammar
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
Transformational rules
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the
Construction and constituent
IC analysis
S NP
VP NP
Det N
V
Det
A
boy found the
N evidence
Syntactic constructionsCPS源自CNPDet
N Infl
the
train will
V arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
S
C
NP
Infl Det Will the
N Infl train e
V arrive
Do insertion
Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl
Chomsky and transformationalgenerative grammar
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
Transformational rules
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件_期末考试必备语言学Chapter_2_sound(1)
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aparting)
Voiced Sounds
Voiceless Sounds
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Its main principles of IPA:
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
Phonetics
Study of Speech Sound Phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
英语专业语言学Psyling2011-1ppt课件
• （applied psycholinguistics） • D．如何建立心理语言学的计算机模型---计算心
理语言学（computational psycholinguistics）
• 心理语言学研究对象： • 语言习得及语言使用的心理过程 • 理论语言学：研究语言结构 • 社会语言学: 研究语言功能 • 收音机（结构：原件、材料和线路图） • ---话语（语音、词汇和语法系统） • 功能：接收声波（长中段波）---表达、交
流思想（陈述、感情、疑问等）
心理学根源
• 1879， Wundt, Leipzig university, psycholab
• 认为：像感觉、情感、意象那样的心理现 象都可以用自然科学的研究方法进行观察 和研究。
• 心理学家可以像物理学家把复杂的化合物 分解为一样，研究经验的元素，把复杂的 感觉和感情分解为人类经验的“原子”。
• 相关性研究（correlational study） • 也是自然观察。 • 2个或多个属性的相互关系。 • 如抽烟与肺癌的关系。 • 1-2 实验方法 • 是有控制的观察。 • 任何一种行为都是多种因素起作用的结果。 • 控制其他因素，专门操纵某一因素，使它做系统
的改变，从而观察其作用。
• 如学习时间、方法、材料、年龄、老师等与英语 考试成绩的关系。
• A．人们是怎样理解和产生语言的---实验心理语 言学（experimental psycholinguistics）
• B．儿童是怎样习得母语的---发展心理学 （developmental psycholinguistics）
• C. 心理语言学的研究成果是怎样应用到其他领域 的---应用心理语言学
手段，主要研究个体心理差异。 • 主要内容：测量阈限和等价刺激等的心理物理法；感觉量
理语言学（computational psycholinguistics）
• 心理语言学研究对象： • 语言习得及语言使用的心理过程 • 理论语言学：研究语言结构 • 社会语言学: 研究语言功能 • 收音机（结构：原件、材料和线路图） • ---话语（语音、词汇和语法系统） • 功能：接收声波（长中段波）---表达、交
流思想（陈述、感情、疑问等）
心理学根源
• 1879， Wundt, Leipzig university, psycholab
• 认为：像感觉、情感、意象那样的心理现 象都可以用自然科学的研究方法进行观察 和研究。
• 心理学家可以像物理学家把复杂的化合物 分解为一样，研究经验的元素，把复杂的 感觉和感情分解为人类经验的“原子”。
• 相关性研究（correlational study） • 也是自然观察。 • 2个或多个属性的相互关系。 • 如抽烟与肺癌的关系。 • 1-2 实验方法 • 是有控制的观察。 • 任何一种行为都是多种因素起作用的结果。 • 控制其他因素，专门操纵某一因素，使它做系统
的改变，从而观察其作用。
• 如学习时间、方法、材料、年龄、老师等与英语 考试成绩的关系。
• A．人们是怎样理解和产生语言的---实验心理语 言学（experimental psycholinguistics）
• B．儿童是怎样习得母语的---发展心理学 （developmental psycholinguistics）
• C. 心理语言学的研究成果是怎样应用到其他领域 的---应用心理语言学
手段，主要研究个体心理差异。 • 主要内容：测量阈限和等价刺激等的心理物理法；感觉量
chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学PPT
Sentence types
Binary division in terms of structure:
Simple Non-simple
– Complex – Compound
Extension of sentence
Conjoining (Coordination) 并列句 Embedding (Subordination)嵌入句 Recursiveness (Layers of
Most constructions are exocentric.
Prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
IC analysis 直接成分分析法1
Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分 分析法—a descriptive approach
IC Analysis 4
The word groups in a sentence are called its constituents 成分.
Constituents as parts of a bigger word group are called its immediate constituents (ICs).直接成分
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic Relations 2
The syntagmatic relation is the relation between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.
The father of American structuralism — Leonard Bloomfield.
语言学--2.Speech sounds(课堂PPT)
■We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
■Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
2020/4/4
李金妹制作
10
The diagram of speech organs
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar)齿龈 4. Hard palate 硬腭 5. Soft palate (velum) 软腭 6. Uvula 小舌 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 声带 11. Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 12. Nasal cavity 鼻腔
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of
view, “how sounds are perceived” 听觉语音学
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or
means by which sounds are transmitted from one
idea about phonetics and phonology
Teaching Focus: description of consonants and vowels;
basic knowledge about phonology
■Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
2020/4/4
李金妹制作
10
The diagram of speech organs
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar)齿龈 4. Hard palate 硬腭 5. Soft palate (velum) 软腭 6. Uvula 小舌 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 声带 11. Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 12. Nasal cavity 鼻腔
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of
view, “how sounds are perceived” 听觉语音学
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or
means by which sounds are transmitted from one
idea about phonetics and phonology
Teaching Focus: description of consonants and vowels;
basic knowledge about phonology
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Speech organs
A. The initiator of the airstream B. The vocal cords C. The resonating cavities
The initiator of the airstream
The vocal cords
Cords closed
The places of articulation
• bilabial: [p], [b], [m], [w] in “ pie, buy, my”. • labiodental: [f], [v] in “fie, vie”. • dental: [θ], [δ] in “ thigh, thy”. • alveolar: [t], [d], [l], [n], [s], [z] in “tie, die….”
Cords open
Larynx
Three resonating cavities
• Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat • The oral cavity ---- the mouth • Nasal cavity ---- the nose
Three cavities
Classification of consonants
---- English consonants can be classified according to two dimensions:
• The places of articulation • The manners of articulation
Classification of English speech sounds
---- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories:
• Vowels • Consonants
Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.
10.Vocal cords
11.Pharyngeal cavity
12.Nasal cavity
More exactly
Terms: places of articulation
1. Bilabial; 2. Labiodental; 3. Dental or
interdental; 4. Alveolar; 5. Palatoalveolar; 6. Palatal; 7. Velar; 8. Uvular; 9. Glottal.
Some major articulatory variables
---- dimensions on which speech sounds may vary:
• Voicing---- voiced & voiceless
• Nasality ---- nasal & non-nasal
• Aspiration ----- aspirated & unaspirated
The diagram of speech
1. Lips
organs
2. Teeth
3. Teeth ridge (alveolar)
4. Hard palate
5. Soft palate (velar)
6. Uvula
7. Tip of tongue
8. Blade of tongue
9. Back of tongue
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one toБайду номын сангаасanother.
Articulatory phonetics
• word |'w∂:d| |'w∂:rd| • pass |pa:s| |pæ s| • box | bכks | |baks| • interesting |'intristiŋ| |'int∂ristiŋ| • system |'sistim| |'sist∂m|
Scope of phonetics
• Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”.
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”.
Lecture 2 Phonetics
• Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication.
What is phonetics ?
----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.