【精品】PPT课件 Scales and MeasurementChapters 11, 12

第五章测量与操作化PPT课件

第五章测量与操作化
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第一节测量的概念与层次化
一、测量基本知识
（一）测量的概念
就是根据一定的法则，将某种物体或现象所具有的属性或特征用数字或符号表示出来的过程。
作用：在于确定一个特定的分析单位的特定属性的类别或水平。
不仅可以对事物的属性做定量的说明，也能对
2 事物的属性做定性的说明。
本质：（分类体系）将调查对象的不同属性或特征加以区分，标以不同的名称或符号，以确定其类别。
数学特征：等于、不等于
属性：
对称性：甲对乙的关系也就是乙对甲的关系。
传递性：如甲和乙同类，乙与丙同类，则甲与丙同类。
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定类测量举例：性别
男性
女性
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二、定序测量 (ordinal measurement)
比社会秩序的指标:犯罪率、自杀率、案发率等
（注意：指标通常有具体数值或符号来表示）
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概念、变量与指标的关系图
概念-----
变量--------------------指标--------------------取值：事物1 （具有多个取值的概念）（表示变量取值的具体事物）事物2
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现代化的生存环境
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操作化
溺爱孩子（抽象概念）
不注意培养孩子的生活自理能力
不注意培养孩子的劳动习惯
对孩子过分迁就
物质上尽量满足
（具体指标）
图5-3操作化
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“溺爱孩子”
风笑天教授在研究独生子女的教育问题时，需要了解和比较独生子女父母与非独生子女父母在溺爱孩子方面的行为表现和心理状态

and Measurement Error, Part 2

putting both together
rearranging to achieve a result called Bayes theorem
rearranging to achieve a result called Bayes theorem
three alternate ways to write p(d2)
Lecture 3 Probability and Measurement Error, Part 2
Syllabus
Lecture 01 Lecture 02 Lecture 03 Lecture 04 Lecture 05 Lecture 06 Lecture 07 Lecture 08 Lecture 09 Lecture 10 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Describing Inverse Problems Probability and Measurement Error, Part 1 Probability and Measurement Error, Part 2 The L2 Norm and Simple Least Squares A Priori Information and Weighted Least Squared Resolution and Generalized Inverses Backus-Gilbert Inverse and the Trade Off of Resolution and Variance The Principle of Maximum Likelihood Inexact Theories Nonuniqueness and Localized Averages Vector Spaces and Singular Value Decomposition Equality and Inequality Constraints L1 , L∞ Norm Problems and Linear Programming Nonlinear Problems: Grid and Monte Carlo Searches Nonlinear Problems: Newton’s Method Nonlinear Problems: Simulated Annealing and Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Factor Analysis Varimax Factors, Empircal Orthogonal Functions Backus-Gilbert Theory for Continuous Problems; Radon’s Problem Linear Operators and Their Adjoints Fré chet Derivatives Exemplary Inverse Problems, incl. Filter Design Exemplary Inverse Problems, incl. Earthquake Location Exemplary Inverse Problems, incl. Vibrational Problems

测量与量表技术.课件

在这种情况下，要求将研究对象的主观特征转化为可以用数字表示的强度关系。为了做到这一点，营销诃研人员必须构建能够让研究对象清楚分辨的问答形式，这一过程就称为量表设计。
1.2Measurement测量
1.2.2Scale characteristics determine the level of measurement （决定测量水平的四个尺度特征）:
1.2Measurement测量
1.2.3Primary Scales of Measurement （主要的四类测量尺度类型）
1 Nominal Scales（定类尺度） 2 Ordinal Scales（定序尺度） 3 Interval Scales（定距尺度） 4 Ratio Scales（定比尺度）
号、受访者性别分众数、卡方检验、
类
二项检验
顺序等距等比
除识别外，数字表示测量对象的相对顺序，但不表示差距
的大小
除顺序外，可比较对象间差距的大小，但原点不固定
具有上面三种类型的性质，并有固定原点
判断较大或较小判断间距相等性判断等比相等性
产品质量等级评价、百分位数、中位对商店的偏好程度数、秩次数或社会阶层的划分
Nominal Scales（定类尺度）
定义：也称类别尺度或名义尺度，是将调查对象分类，标以
各种名称，并确定其类别的方法。它实质上是一种分类体系。即将调查对象的不同属性或特征加以区分，标以不同的名称或符号，确定其类别。数学特征：
主要是：“等于”与“不等于”(或者“属于”与 “不属于”) 例子：
在一个有限的,通常小数量的可能的值。其数值只能用自然数或整数单位计算例如:企业个数,职工人数,设备台数等,只能按计量单位数计数,这种变量的数值一般用计数方法取得.

测量2(物理)英文课件

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Topic 1: Measurement and uncertainties 1.1 – Measurements in physics
Significant figures (1) All non-zero digits are significant.
438 g 26.42 m 0.75 cm (2) All zeros between non-zero 12060 m digits are significant. 900.43 cm 220 L (3) Filler zeros to the left of an understood decimal place are not 60 g significant. 30. cm (4) Filler zeros to the right of a 0.006 L decimal place are not significant. 0.08 g (5) All non-filler zeros to the right 8.0 L of a decimal place are significant. 60.40 g 3 4 2 4 5 2 1 2 1 1
Topic 1: Measurement and uncertainties 1.1 – Measurements in physics
Orders of magnitude Mass of universe Diameter of universe Diameter of galaxy Age of universe Speed of light Diameter of atom Diameter of nucleus Diameter of quark Mass of proton Mass of quark Mass of electron Planck length 10 50 10 25 10 21 10 18 10 8 10 -10 10 -15 10 -18 10 -27 10 -30 10 -31 10 -35 kg m m s m s-1 m m m kg kg kg m

测量1(物理)英文课件

Isaac Newton A PHYSICIST
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Topic 1: Measurement and uncertainties 1.1 – Measurements in physics
The physics we will study this year and next was pioneered by the following four individuals: Other greats will be introduced when the time comes.
pounds
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Topic 1: Measurement and uncertainties 1.1 – Measurements in physics
Physics is the study of forces, and matter’s reaction to them. All of the sciences have examples of force: In physics, we have the biggest forces of all:
Kilo pounds
N2
W1 W2
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Topic 1: Measurement and uncertainties 1.1 – Measurements in physics
Physics is the study of forces, and matter’s reaction to them. All of the sciences have examples of force: In chemistry, we have the popping can:
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Topic 1: Measurement and uncertainties 1.1 – Measurements in physics

Chapter 1 Sensors and Measurement.ppt

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1.1 Fundamentals of Sensor Technology
Dynamic Range The stated dynamic range for the ADXL322 is ±2g. For signals outside this range, the signal will continue to rise or fall, but the sensitivity is not guaranteed to match 167mV/g by the manufacturer. Hysteresis There is no fundamental source of hysteresis in this device. There is no mention of hysteresis in the data sheets. Temperature Coefficient The sensitivity changes with temperature in this sensor, and this change is guaranteed to be less than 0.025%/C. The offset voltage for no acceleration (nominally 1.5 V) also changes by as much as 2 mg/C. Expressed in voltage, this offset change is no larger than 0.3 mV/C. Linearity In this case, the linearity is the difference between the actual transfer function and the best straight line over the specified operating range. For this device, this is stated as less than 0.2% of the full-scale output.

计量经济学PPT-4.2

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Multiple Regression Analysis
Simple vs Multiple Regression Estimate
Example:Why are these results different? Regression of Wages on Education
Regression of Wages on Education and Experience
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Multiple Regression Analysis
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Estimator
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ To estimate β0 , β1 , β2 , ..., βk we choose β0 , β1 , β2 , ..., βk that minimize 1 n ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ S( β0 , β1 , β2 , ..., βk ) = ∑i=1 (yi n The ﬁrst order conditions are 2 n ˆ u n ∑ i=1 i 2 n ˆ ux n ∑i=1 i ij j ˆ where ui = yi ˆ β0 ˆ β1 xi1 ˆ β2 xi2 ˆ β0 ˆ β1 xi1 ˆ β2 xi2 ... ˆ βk xik )2
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Multiple Regression Analysis
Now we extend the simple linear regression model to allow for more than one independent variable(more than one regressor) to inﬂuence the dependent variables: Example 1: wages = β0 + β1 education + β2 exper + u where wages hourly wages education schooling years exper years of experience Example 2: housep = β0 + β1 size + β2 bdrms + β3 bthrms + u where housep house price size size of the house bdrms number of bedrooms bthrms number of bathrooms

测量的概念与方法(PPT)

• 比较(bǐjiào)性方法-根据不同对象的比较(bǐjiào) 获得某一特征的相对值
• 非比较方法-对每一对象进行独立测量
• 例：对可口可乐和百事可乐口味偏好的
测量
第十四页，共四十二页。
第十五页，共四十二页。
Paired Comparison Scaling
The most common method of taste testing is paired comparison. The consumer is asked to sample two different products and select the one with the most appealing taste. The test is done in private and a minimum of 1,000 responses is considered an adequate sample. A blind taste test for a soft drink, where imagery, self-perception and brand reputation are very important factors in the consumer’s purchasing decision, may not be a good indicator of performance in the marketplace. The introduction of New Coke illustrates this point. New Coke was heavily favored in
测量
Measurement
第一页，共四十二页。
内容提要(nèi rónɡ tí yào)

第五章-测量PPT课件

化的含义与方法。
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第一节测量的概念与特征
• 狭义的社会测量： • 心理学家莫里诺（J．L. Moreno）于1934
年提出的一种研究方法。它主要用于研究团体内（特别是小团体）成员之间人际关系和人际相互作用的模式 • 广义社会测量(Social Measurement) ： • 指在社会调查中对社会现象之间性质差异和数量差异的度量。
态度总得分，并依据总分多少将受测者划分为高分组和低分组。
•
（6）选出若干条在高分组和低分组之间有较大区分能力的
项目，构成一个李克特量表。如可以计算每个项目在高分组和低
分组中的平均得分，选择那些在高分组平均得分较高并且在低分
组平均得分较低的项目。
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• 李克特量表的应用
• 市场调查
• 考试焦虑测验表
• 3．因子分:HAMD可归纳为7类因子结构:1）焦虑／躯体化:由精神性焦虑，躯体性焦虑，胃肠道症状，疑病和自知力等5项组成;2）体重:即体重减轻一项;3）认识障碍:由自罪感，自杀，激越，人格解体和现实解体，偏执症状，和强迫症状等6项组成;4）日夜变化:仅日夜变化一项;5）阻滞:由抑郁情绪，工作和兴趣，阻滞和性症状等4项组成;6）睡眠障碍:由入睡困难，睡眠不深和早醒等3项组成;7）绝望感:由能力减退感，绝望感和自卑感等3项组成。这样更为简捷清晰地反映病人的实际特点。
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第二节测量层次
• 五，比较p。101 测量层次定类测量定序测量定距测量定比测量
类别
y
次序
距离
比例
Y
Y
y
Y
y
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Y Y Y y
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chapt1--Fundamentals of measurements放映1

检测是更广泛的测量概念检测是更广泛的测量概念
确定基准单位，确定基准单位，将被测变量与基准单位比较，将被测变量与基准单位比较，估计测量结果的误差
信息转换
1.1.2 Definition of Instrument (仪表) (仪表仪表)
A device for recording, measuring, or controlling, especially such a device functioning as part of a control system.
– A sensor converter of one type of energy into another – A transmitter converts any type of energy into electrical.
1.2 Instrument classification
– According to input parameters of sensor ndamentals of Measurements
class01.ppt
Objectives
When you finish this chapter, you will be able to:
– Understand the definition of measurement and instrument; – Have a general grasp of measuring system; – Master the error theory and their corresponding usages; – Understand the characteristics of instruments and their usages.