翻译学导论期末考试术语解释

1. word-for-word/literal translation and sense-for-sense/free translation

1)it refers to the replacement of each individual word of the ST with its closest grammatical

equivalent in target language.

2) It swings towards yiyi. This method consisted of translating “sense-for-sense” creating fluent

target texts which conveyed the meaning of the original without distorting the target language.

2. metaphrase, paraphrase, imitation

1)word by word and line by line? translation, which corresponds to literal translation.

2) translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view by the translator, so as never to be

lost, but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense?. This involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation.

3) …Forsaking? both words and sense. This corresponds to Cowley?s very free translation and is

more or less adaptation

3. Formal equivalence and dynamic/functional equivalence

1) Formal equivalence is keenly oriented towards the ST structure.

2) Dynamic equivalence is based on …the principle of equivalent effect?, which means that …the

relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message?.

4. Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation

1)

Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation or data model to another representation or data model.

2)

Communicative translation is freer, and gives priority to the effectiveness of the message to be communicated.

5. documentary translation and instrumental translation

Documentary translation…serves as a document of a SC communication between the author and the ST recipient

Instrumental translation…serves as an independent message-transmitting instrument in a new communicative action in the TC, and is intended to fulfill its communicative purpose without the recipient being conscious of reading or hearing a text which, in a different form, was used before in a different communicative situation?.

6. translational action views translation as purpose driven, outcome-oriented human interaction, the aim is to provide a model and guidelines applicable to professional translation situations.

7. skopos theory

Skopos theory deals with a translational action which is ST-based, which has to be negotiated and performed, and which has a purpose and a result.

8. polysystem theory

The polysystem is conceived as a heterogeneous, hierarchized conglomerate (or system) of

systems which interact to bring about an ongoing, dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole

9. Norms：the translation of general values or ideas shared by a community – as to what is right or wrong, adequate or inadequate –into performance instructions (行动指令) appropriate for and applicable to particular situations.

10. equivalence：in DTS，equivalence is functional-historical and related to the continuum of “acceptability” and “adequacy”.(这个好像是在这个DTS理论中的定义，其他定义没有啦) 11. foreignization and domestication

Foreignization :is a mode of translation designed to retain and assert difference and diversity by sticking closely to the contours of the source text.

Domestication refers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target readers.

Foreignization is a source-culture-oriented translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one.

12. translation/translating（见第三大题的第二个）Translating is interpreting. More specifically, translating is the process in which the translator with his history fuses his horizon with that of the source text in an across-cultural historical context and forms a new horizon, and then he constructs a new text, namely, the target text, by using the newly acquired horizon in the target language soaked with the target culture

13. Prescriptive Translation Studies and Descriptive Translation Studies

1) A term used by Toury (1980,1985) to refer to approaches to translation which are normative

in outlook, or in other words which impose criteria stipulating the way translation should be performed in a particular culture.

2) It refers to approaches to translation which is to describe the phenomena of translating and

translations as they manifest themselves in the world of our experience, and to establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted.