1-2+科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧s
《专业英语（制药工程）》【科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧】一、概述1. 翻译的要求The Criteria of Translation：信、雅、达2. 科技英语词汇（上节课已经介绍）3. 科技英语句子的特点二、科技英语常用句型及翻译1. 被动语态1）被动语态的常用原因常用被动语态主要见于以下几个方面：①不必或无法说出主动者For a long time aluminum has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal corrosion.长期以来，铝被当作一种有效的防止金属腐蚀的材料。
►The book has already been translated into many languages.②强调行为对象，而非行为者，将行为对象作为句子的主语Three machines can be controlled by a single operation.三台机器能由一个操作者操纵。
►The work must be finished at once.③为了更好的联系上下文►They are going to build a library here next year. It is going to be build beside the classroom building.2）被动语句的翻译方法（1）仍译为被动句最常见的是在谓语前加上助词“被”，也可使用“受到，遭到，得到，叫，称，让，给，加以，为……所”等句式。
偶尔也可不加任何词直接译出。
We remember how air can be made into a liquid. If the liquid is warmed again, it “boiled”and turns back into a gas.我们记得是如何把空气制成液体的。
如果给这种液体重新加热，它“沸腾汽化”，就又还原成气体。
►Every thing is built up of atoms.►The process by which energy is changed from one form into another is called the transformation of energy.Water is usually considered as being a compound of two elements.（2）译为主动句，中国汉语的习惯①译成无主语的主动句Measures have been taken to diminish air pollution.已经采取了一些措施来减少空气污染。
►If the product is a new compound，the structure must be proved independently．►Quality must be guaranteed first.②加上不确定主语的主动句Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。
►All bodies are known to possess weight.►If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged．③由by短语中的动作发出者作为主语Heat and light are given off by the chemical reaction.这种化学反应能发出热和光。
►The planets are held together by attractive forces.►Every day, new compounds are produced in the laboratory by the synthetic organic chemist. （3）译成判断句Currently most solar cells are made from crystals of high-purity silicon.目前，绝大多数太阳能电池是用高纯度的硅晶体制成的。
►Large quantities of oil are refined locally at Abadan, Iran, in Bahrain and elsewhere.Produced by electrons are the x-ray, which allow the doctor to took aside a patient’s body. （4）译成因果句The crops were badly damaged by a flood. 农作物因水灾而毁坏。
The multiplicity of carbon compounds is explained in the exceptional ability of carbon atoms to combine with one another.碳化合物之所以为数众多，是因为碳原子相互结合的能力特别强。
►The existence of organic chemistry is further justified by the importance of carbon compounds or mixtures in our lives.2. 从句科技英语大量使用复合句是其重要的特征之一，一个复合句可能由主句和多个主句组成。
理解和掌握各种从句的译法对理解和翻译科技英语是非常重要的。
1）主语从句①基本句型：连词（连接代词、连接副词）+主语+谓语+谓语Why dinaucers became extinct remained a mystery for a long time.恐龙为什么绝迹长期以来是个谜。
►Whether there is life on the Mars is a disputable topic.②用what引起的主语从句What we call weight is really the gravitational pull on an object.我们所称之重量实际上是对某一物体的地心引力。
►What cannot be seen with the eye can be easily found with a radar instrument.③用it做主语的复合句►It is important that the metal for making aeroplanes should resist corrosion.☺It is said that all matters is made up of atoms.2）宾语从句①带有宾语从句的复合句：一般按原句顺序翻译A product must be carefully tested to determine if it will perform its job properly and reliably.产品必须自己检查，以确定是否合格可靠。
►Newton believed that gravitation is everywhere——that is, it is universal.②用what引起的宾语从句常有“the thing which”的含义，译为“所……的东西（或事物）”：The computer can only do what they are told to do.计算机只能做人们所要它做的事情。
►When the atoms of different elements combine or react chemically, they form what are called “molecules”.③介词所带的宾语从句除动词外，介词也可带有宾语从句，这时从句不能用that引导，而是连接代词或连接副词引导，翻译时要把宾语从句处理成一个短语。
Energy is rather difficult to define, but most of us have a concept of what it is.给能量下定义是相当不容易的，但我们大多数人对这一概念都有所了解。
►The value of a machine depends on how much work it can do per hour, or per second.④符合宾语中的宾语从句►Time and again Newton made it clear that motion is relative.☺Ancient people believed it to be true that the sun turned around the earth.3）表语从句①表语从句一般译法►One of the most important facts about light is that it travels in straight line.☺Why don’t we fall off the earth? The answer is that gravity keeps us from falling off.②由what引起的表语从句Oil coming from the ground is what we call crude oil.从地下喷出的石油就是我们所说的原油。
►Carbon is what makes up a major ingredient in coal, wood, gasoline, oil, or any other fuel. 4）同位语从句①把同位语从句译在其先行词之前，二者之间用“这一”或“的”连接。
The question whether there is life on Mars is still disputable.火星是否有生命这一问题仍在争论之中。
►The distilling unit separates oil into different products by taking advantage of the fact that the hydrocarbons boils at different temperatures.②按照原文顺序翻译，在先行词前加“这一”等次，其后加冒号或破折号，然后译出同位语从句，这种方法只能用在同位语从句及其先行词不在句首的复合句中。
EST_9
试译
The Bessemer Process(贝塞麦炼钢法/酸性转炉炼钢法) uses a furnace called a “converter”. The outside of the converter is made of steel plates. The inside is lined with bricks. The converter is tipped on to its side and the charge of molten iron is poured into the top. Then the converter is put upright again. A blast of air is blown through holes in the base of the converter. 有一种高炉称为“转炉”，采用酸性转炉法。转炉的外壳 由钢板制成。内部用耐火砖衬砌。把转炉向一侧倾转后， 从炉顶上把铁水倒入炉中。再把炉子转回直立位置。从炉 子底部的孔中把空气吹入炉中。
Net is best suited for small and medium enterprises to band together and break the monopolies of the “giants”. The year 2000 problem is not only limited to what happens with computers between December 31, 1999 and January 1, 2000. The World Health Organization estimates that 1.7 billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The basic theory of the traditional Chinese medicine is adopted from the theory of yin and yang theory of the five elements. In our factory, automation has been substituted for mechanization. 网络是中小型企业共同合作、打破大公司垄断的最好工具。 2000年问题不只限于1999年12月31日和2000年1月1日间发生在 计算机上的问题。 世界卫生组织估计有17亿人感染上了肺结核。 中医的基本理论取自阴阳五行学说。在我们厂，自动化已经代 替了机械化。
科技英语翻译
被动语态的翻译
译成汉语主动句： These materials are increasingly being used for commercial purposes such as fillers,opacifiers, catalysts, semiconductors, cosmetics, microelectronics, and drug carriers. 纳米材料不断在商业领域得到应用。比如：填充剂、遮光 剂、催化剂、半导体、化妆品、微电子、药物载体等领域 。 译成汉语被动句 The current era is that of passive nanostructures, materials designed to perform one task. 现在所处的阶段是被动的纳米结构，纳米材料被用来完成 一项任务。
意义上的否定
通常由单词否定前缀（im-, un-)或者否定单词(little,few)形 成 Although this scenario is implausible from an energy as well as a structural assembly viewpoint… 虽然这场景从能量和结构组件的角度看是令人难以置信的 …… Although very little is currently known about this area… 尽管现在对这一领域知之甚少……
词汇特点
通过构词法形成科技术语，采用原有的单词构成词组来形 成新的概念。 1.名词+名词：particle toxicology 粒子毒理学 Size effect 尺度效应 2.形容词+名词particulate matter 颗粒物质 biological effects 生物效应 3.常用词缀 nano- nanolevel 纳米层次 nanomaterials纳米材料nanostructure纳米结构 4.多复合词：physicochemical 物理化学性质的 5.多缩略词：NM（nanomaterials 纳米材料） UV(ultraviolet紫外线的）
科技英语
• 《Gone with wind》：
Home! I‘ll go home, and I‘ll think of some way to get him back. After all, tomorrow is another day.
• 《Titanic》：
Jack: Listen, Rose. You're going to get out of here. You're going to go on. You're going to make lots of babies, and you're going to watch them grow. You' re going to die and old, an old lady in her warm bed, not here, not this night, not like this. Do you understand me?
Word building（构词法）
• A common way of making new words in English is by adding standard combinations of letters to existing words, either at the beginning (prefixes) or at the end (suffixes).
- acryl-意为“丙稀”, -nitrile意为“腈”。通过词素语义 的分析“polyacrylonitrile”一词的汉意就弄清楚了,即“聚丙 烯腈”。
一些化合物的名称： methyltrichlorosilane 甲基三氯硅烷 聚四氟乙烯
polytetrafluoroethylene
科技英语翻译方法
常用前后缀、词根
科技英语翻译
词类转化的译法 句子成分转换的译法 词序转变的译法 被动语态的译法 后置定语的译法 长句的译法
词类转化的译法
名词的转译
动词的转译
形容词的转译
英语中有些形容词（短语）表示“愿望、心理、情感” 等一类概念，相当于汉语的动词
专 业 英 语 Specialized English
——科技英语翻译方法
科技英语 English for Science and Technology 简称EST 是一种用英语阐述科学技术中的理论、技术、实验和现 象等的英语体系，它在词汇、语法和文体诸方面都有自 己的特点，从而形成一门专门学科。
副词的转译
介词的转译
句子成分转换的译法
所谓句子成分转换的译法，是把句子的 某一成分（如主语）译成另一成分（如宾语 等）。在多数情况下，词类转译必然导致句 子成分的转译，例如：当英语的动词转译为 汉语的名词或副词时，该动词的谓语成分也 就相应地转译为汉语的主语．宾语或状语等。 成分转换的目的是使译文通顺，符合汉 语习惯。
混成法（blending）
把两个词的一头一尾连在一起．构成一个新词。
positron=positive＋electron 正的＋电子=正电子 medicare=medical十care 医学的+照管=医疗保障 aldehyde=alcohol十dehydrogenation 醇十脱氢=醛
符号法（signs） 字母形象法（letter symbolizing） X-ray U-pipe
后置定语多
后置定语是位于其所修饰的名词之后的定语，汉语常用前 置定语或多个简单句来说明某概念或某术语，而科技英语 则更多地使用后置定语。 If we now visualize a region of space filled with a tremendous number of charges separated by minute distances. We see first that the field cannot vary with y or with z, and then that the y and z components arising from differential elements of charge symmetrically located with respect to the point at which we wish the field will cancel.
科技英语翻译中的常用技巧
1、定语倒置
•
▫
i、后置定语译为前置定语
在英语中，有时会出现两个单个词同时修饰同一 名词的情况。这时一般是形容词或名词性修饰词 在被修饰词前，分词性修饰词在被修饰词之后。
例如：
The heat energy produced is equal to the electrical energy utilized. 所产生的热能与所使用的电能相等。
设计电机
同一的 惟一的
练习
(1) All the metals are good conductors because there is a great number of free electros in them. (2) The unit smaller than a meter is called a decimeter. (3) The Industrial Revolution started in England at the second half of the 18the century. (4) The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is, the more energy it radiates. (5) The three gas laws are true of gases as well as of air.
2、状语倒置
• ii、状语语序的倒置 例如： I was working with my two assistants (方式) in our laboratory(地点) at that moment(时间). 我那时（时间）正在实验室（地点） 与两个助手 一道（方式）工作。
3、同位语语序的倒置
科技英语翻译总结(刘文东 亲自整理)
————edited by Liu Wendong Time:2012-12-3 13:03:54
’s do some translation first. (Take out a sheet of scratch paper, please.) 一、 Now let let’
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the superiority (优势)of A to B the relationship of A to B the attraction（引力）of A for B the susceptibility (磁化系数)of A to B the sensitivity (敏感性)of A to B the applicability (适用性)of A to B the perpendicularity (正交性)of A to B the immunity (免疫力)of A to [from] B the familiarity (熟悉、亲密)of A with B 2. The “noun” comes from an intransitive(不及物的) verb, in which case “A” is the logical subject of the logical action expressed by the “noun.” Translation pattern: “A。 。 。B 的～” 例：This curve shows the dependence of the output on [upon] the input. 译：该曲线画出了输出对于输入的依赖关系。 例：图 1 画出了电流随阻抗的变化情况。 译：Fig. 1 shows the variation of current with impedance (as a function of impedance)(the graph of current against impedance.)(versus[vs.] impedance.) the passage (走廊、通路)of A through B the motion of A round [around] B the departure of A from B the deviation of A from B 偏离 the reaction of A to B the interaction of A with B 3.A special case: the increase/reduction (decrease)[rise (fall)] in [of] A with B 译：“A 随 B 的～” 4.The “noun” comes from a transitive verb, in which case “A” is the logical object of the action expressed by the “noun.” ” is put into a transitive verb so that the “V-O ” pattern is Translation technique: The “noun noun” V-O” used. 例：In solving the problem, the resolution of this force into x- and y-components is necessary. 译：在解这个题的时候，需要把这个力分解为 x 分量 y 分量。 例：Gradually, the usefulness of microprocessors as central processing unit was realized. 译：人们逐渐地实现了把微分处理器用作中央处理器。 a comparison of A with B the transformation of A into [to] B the use of A as B the exposure of A to B the separation of A from [into] B the protection of A from B the isolation of A from B the transfer of A to B the conversion of A to [into] B 三、what 从句 what 从句属于名词性从句，它可以作主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。what 在引导 名词性从句时被称为连接代词，它在从句中充当句子成分。 （1）what 在从句中表示疑问词的含义，把它翻译成“什么”，“何”，“哪个”，“哪些”，“多大”等。 例：What particular properties this kind of particle has had not been found out. 译：尚没有发现这种粒子有什么样的特殊性质。
科技英语翻译技巧
句子是由词汇组成，准确地理解词义是正确翻译句子的 基础。英语词汇非常丰富，在长期的演变中还吸收了大量外 来语，构词复杂，它们在语义范围、修辞特色等方面常常是 有区别的。因此，翻译时要仔细推敲恰当地表达。 英语一词多义的现象非常突出，如point就有20多个词 义：点，标点，地点，尖端，时刻，程度，要点，细目，意 义，目的，用途，切点（数），穴位（医），短促音调 （音）等。介词“of”在牛津大辞典上有64个词义。
科技词汇具有八种特征： 1. 确切性（accuracy） 2. 单义性（monosemy） 3. 系统性（systematization） 4. 语言的正确性（linguistically correct） 5. 简明性（consciences） 6. 理据性（motivation） 7. 稳定性（stability） 8. 能产性（productivity）
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3. 一词多译法 英语原文中的同一个词，汉译时可有多种表达，这就是 一词多译现象。它主要有以下几种情况。 ⑴多主一表，表语一词多译 Tensile strength, elasticity, tear and abrasion resistance and compression set are relatively low. 抗拉强度较低，弹性及抗撕裂与耐磨性较差，压缩永久变 形较小。（原句中表语是relatively low, 而主语分别是tensile strength, elasticity, tear and abrasion resistance and compression） 若原句译成“抗拉强度、弹性、抗撕裂、耐磨损性与压 缩永久变形较低”，就语义不通。
⑵ 一动多宾，动词一词多译 You cannot build a ship, a house, or a machine tool if you do not know how to make a design or how to read it. 如果你不知道怎样制图或怎样识图，你就不可能建船、 盖房或造机床。（原句中动词build之后有三个宾语a ship, a house, or a machine tool, 相 应 地 ， 动 词 build 分 别 译 成 “建”、“盖”和“造”。） ⑶一动多宾，宾语一词多译 The current increases faster than resistance decreases, leading to more heating and less heat radiation and resistance. 电流的增大比电阻的下降要快，这便导致发热增加，热 辐射减弱，热传导阻力减小。
英语科技文献的语言特点 科技英语翻译的基本方法和技巧
这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要， 短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。这则电讯只有 一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于 吸引力。
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装 置称之为电容器，具有储存电容的能力。电容的测量单位是法 拉。
三、非限定动词 由于科技文章要求书写简练、结构紧凑，因而常常使用
分词短语代替定语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从 句或并列分句；使用不定式代替各种从句，“介词+动 名词短语”代替定语从句或状语从句。这样，既可缩短 句子，又比较醒目。
A direct current is a current which flows always in the same direction.
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
我们可将电能储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。我 们称这样的装置为电容器，它可以储存电容。我们用法拉为单 位来测量电容。
Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in farads.
科技英语翻译
3. The actuator is very small and light. It can be used for incorporation in the space of the safety device. The small size and light weight of the actuator makes it suitable for incorporation in the space available in the safety device.
(3) The abundant use of Non-finite verb 科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短 语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句 或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短 语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。
2) lexical features of EST and the techniques of translation
3) sentence features of EST and the techniques of translation
4) discourse features of EST and the techniques of translation 课程的重点是科技英语文体的词汇和语篇特征。难点是科技 英语的翻译技巧。
A Practical Course on EST Translation
Questions: 1. What are the features of EST?
2. How to deal with the conflict between fidelity and fluency in EST translation? 3. What are the techniques of EST translation?
科技英语翻译技巧
without ever physically touching the material. 激光的妙处就在于它能进行机械加工而不必实 际接触加工材料。(不译“美丽”)
There are three steps which must be taken before
we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.
数学是所有其它科学的基础，而算术，即数的科学，则是 数学的基础。
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二、词的引申
所谓词的引申，指的是在一个词所具有的基本词义的 基础上，进一步加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语词来 表达，使原文的思想表现得更加准确，译文更加顺畅。 如heavy的基本词义是“重”，
heavy current heavy traffic heavy industry
(工业)电视摄像机 再如：base在下列各句中具有不同的意义。
The lathe should be set on a firm base.
车床应安装在坚实的底座上。
7
As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.
众所周知，碱与酸起反应生成盐。
在这种情况下，炉温就升高。
20
二、转换成汉语名词
1.某些英语动词的概念难以直接用汉语的动词表达，翻 译时可转换成名词。
Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性好。
If a box weighs 10 kilograms, an upward force of 10 kilograms must be exerted to lift it. 假定箱子的重量是10公斤，就必须施加10公斤向上 的力才能把它举起来。