15 Smart Growth Principles
利用smart原则制定学习计划
利用smart原则制定学习计划英文回答：SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. When creating a study plan, it's important to follow these principles to ensure that the plan is effective and achievable.Specific: The first step in creating a study plan is to be specific about what you want to achieve. Instead of saying "I want to do better in math," a specific goal would be "I want to improve my math grade from a C to a B by the end of the semester."Measurable: It's important to have a way to measure your progress. This could be through test scores, grades, or other measurable outcomes. For example, you could set a goal to complete a certain number of practice problems each week to improve your math skills.Achievable: Your study plan should be realistic and achievable. Setting unrealistic goals will only lead to frustration and disappointment. Take into account your other commitments and make sure your study plan is manageable.Relevant: Your study plan should be relevant to your overall academic goals. It should align with your long-term objectives and help you make progress towards them. For example, if your goal is to get into a top university, your study plan should focus on achieving the grades and test scores necessary for admission.Time-bound: Finally, it's important to set a timeline for your goals. This will help you stay on track and monitor your progress. For example, you could set a goal to complete a certain number of practice tests by a specific date.By following the SMART principles, you can create a study plan that is effective, focused, and achievable.中文回答：SMART原则代表具体的（Specific）、可衡量的（Measurable）、可实现的（Achievable）、相关的（Relevant）和有时限的（Time-bound）。
增加土地的利用率英语作文
增加土地的利用率英语作文Title: Enhancing Land Utilization: A Necessity for Sustainable Development。
In today's rapidly urbanizing world, optimizing land utilization has become imperative for ensuring sustainable development. The efficient use of land resources not only fosters economic growth but also mitigates environmental degradation and enhances social well-being. This essay delves into the significance of increasing land utilization and explores strategies to achieve this goal.Firstly, enhancing land utilization is crucial for addressing the growing population's needs for housing, infrastructure, and amenities. With the global population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, the demand for land will intensify, particularly in urban areas. Efficient land use planning can facilitate the construction of high-density housing, mixed-use developments, and compact infrastructure, thereby accommodating more people withinlimited spaces.Secondly, maximizing land utilization promotes environmental sustainability by curbing urban sprawl and preserving natural habitats. Unplanned urban expansion not only encroaches upon valuable ecosystems but also exacerbates pollution, traffic congestion, and resource depletion. By adopting smart growth principles and promoting infill development, communities can protect green spaces, reduce car dependency, and minimize the ecological footprint associated with urbanization.Furthermore, optimizing land use contributes to economic resilience by unlocking the latent value of underutilized land parcels. Brownfield redevelopment, for instance, revitalizes abandoned industrial sites into vibrant mixed-use neighborhoods, generating jobs, tax revenues, and investment opportunities. Likewise, repurposing vacant lots for urban agriculture, renewable energy installations, or recreational amenities can foster local economic development while enhancing community resilience to climate change.Moreover, increasing land utilization fosters social inclusivity by creating diverse, vibrant, and accessible urban environments. Mixed-income housing developments, for example, promote socio-economic integration and reduce spatial segregation, fostering social cohesion and cultural exchange. Additionally, allocating public spaces for community gardens, parks, and recreational facilities promotes active lifestyles, social interaction, and mental well-being among residents.To achieve optimal land utilization, policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders must collaborate to implement multifaceted strategies:1. Comprehensive Land Use Planning: Develop land use plans that prioritize compact, mixed-use developments, transit-oriented design, and green infrastructure to maximize land efficiency and promote sustainable urban growth.2. Regulatory Reforms: Reform zoning ordinances,building codes, and land-use regulations to streamline the development process, encourage infill development, and incentivize sustainable land use practices.3. Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaborations between government agencies, developers, and community organizations to leverage resources, expertise, and funding for land redevelopment projects that align with sustainable development goals.4. Community Engagement: Engage local residents, businesses, and stakeholders in the planning and decision-making processes to ensure that land use policies reflect community needs, preferences, and values.5. Incentive Mechanisms: Offer financial incentives, tax breaks, density bonuses, and grants to encourage developers to invest in underutilized land parcels and adopt sustainable land use practices.In conclusion, increasing land utilization is essential for promoting sustainable development, addressing urbanchallenges, and enhancing quality of life for present and future generations. By adopting holistic approaches to land use planning, regulation, and redevelopment, communitiescan optimize land resources, mitigate environmental impacts, and foster inclusive, resilient, and prosperous cities.。
smart目标管理原则读后感
smart目标管理原则读后感英文版Reflections on "Smart Goal Setting Principles"After reading the article "Smart Goal Setting Principles," I was struck by its simplicity yet profound impact on how we approach goal setting in our daily lives. The principles outlined in the article provide a clear and concise framework for setting effective goals that not only align with our values and aspirations but also help us achieve our desired outcomes.The first principle, Specificity, reminded me of the importance of being clear and precise when defining our goals.A vague or ambiguous goal is difficult to measure and even harder to achieve. By being specific about what we want to accomplish, we are able to focus our efforts and measure our progress more accurately.The second principle, Measurable, underscores the need for quantifiable goals. Goals that can be measured allow us to trackour progress and see the tangible results of our efforts. This, in turn, motivates us to continue working towards our goals and stay on track.The third principle, Achievable, reminds us to set realistic goals that are within our reach. It's essential to challenge ourselves, but it's also important to recognize our limitations and set goals that are achievable given our current skills, abilities, and resources.The fourth principle, Relevant, emphasizes the importance of goals being aligned with our values and aspirations. When our goals are relevant to our personal and professional development, we are more likely to stay motivated and engaged in the pursuit of those goals.Finally, the fifth principle, Time-bound, reminds us to set a timeline for achieving our goals. Deadlines help us stay focused and prioritize our efforts. By setting a clear timeline, we are able to plan our actions and allocate our resources more efficiently.Overall, the "Smart Goal Setting Principles" article provided me with a valuable framework for setting effective goals. By applying these principles in my personal and professional life, I am confident that I will be able to achieve my desired outcomes more efficiently and effectively.中文版“SMART目标管理原则”读后感读完“SMART目标管理原则”这篇文章后，我深受启发。
城市规划计划作文英语
Urban planning is a complex and multifaceted process that involves the strategic development and design of cities and towns to accommodate the needs of their inhabitants while ensuring sustainable growth and environmental protection.Heres an essay on urban planning that touches on various aspects of the subject:Title:The Importance of Urban Planning for Sustainable CitiesUrban planning is an essential component of modern city management,aimed at creating vibrant,efficient,and sustainable urban environments.As the worlds population continues to urbanize,the need for thoughtful urban planning has never been more critical.This essay will explore the significance of urban planning,the challenges it faces, and the strategies employed to create sustainable cities.IntroductionUrbanization has led to the growth of megacities,which are home to millions of people. With this growth comes the need for infrastructure,housing,transportation,and public services that can support the burgeoning population.Urban planning is the discipline that addresses these needs by creating comprehensive plans for the development and management of urban areas.The Role of Urban Planning1.Infrastructure Development:Urban planners are responsible for designing and implementing the necessary infrastructure,such as roads,bridges,and public transportation systems,that facilitate movement within the city.nd Use Management:Decisions regarding the allocation of land for residential, commercial,industrial,and recreational purposes are made by urban planners to ensure a balanced and efficient use of space.3.Environmental Sustainability:Urban planning incorporates principles of sustainability, focusing on reducing the environmental impact of urban development through green spaces,energyefficient buildings,and waste management systems.4.Economic Viability:Planners work to create economic opportunities within cities, encouraging business growth and job creation while maintaining affordability for residents.5.Social Equity:Urban planning aims to create inclusive communities where all residents have access to essential services,quality housing,and opportunities for social and economic advancement.Challenges in Urban Planning1.Population Growth:Rapid urbanization can strain existing infrastructure and services, leading to congestion,pollution,and inadequate housing.2.Resource Scarcity:Limited resources,such as water and energy,can pose significant challenges for urban planners striving to meet the needs of growing populations.3.Cultural and Historical Preservation:Balancing modern development with the preservation of cultural and historical landmarks is a delicate task that requires careful planning.4.Climate Change:Urban areas must be designed to withstand the effects of climate change,such as rising sea levels,increased temperatures,and extreme weather events.5.Fiscal Constraints:Limited budgets can hinder the implementation of comprehensive urban plans,particularly in developing countries.Strategies for Sustainable Urban Planning1.Smart Growth:Encouraging compact,mixeduse development can reduce urban sprawl and promote walkability,reducing reliance on automobiles and associated emissions.2.Green Infrastructure:Incorporating green spaces,such as parks and green roofs,can improve air quality,manage stormwater,and provide recreational areas for residents.3.Public Transportation:Investing in efficient and accessible public transportation systems can reduce traffic congestion and lower carbon emissions.4.Energy Efficiency:Promoting the construction of energyefficient buildings and the use of renewable energy sources can significantly reduce a citys environmental footprint.munity Engagement:Involving local communities in the planning process ensures that their needs and aspirations are considered,leading to more equitable and successful urban environments.ConclusionUrban planning is a critical tool for shaping the future of our cities.By addressing the challenges of urbanization and implementing sustainable strategies,urban planners can create cities that are not only functional and economically viable but also environmentally responsible and socially inclusive.As the world continues to urbanize, the role of urban planners in shaping our cities will only grow in importance.This essay provides a comprehensive overview of urban planning,highlighting its importance,the challenges it faces,and the strategies that can be employed to create sustainable and livable cities for the future.。
smart原则工作总结
smart原则工作总结Title: Working Smart: A Summary of the SMART Principles。
In today's fast-paced and competitive world, it's more important than ever to work smart, not just hard. The SMART principles provide a framework for setting and achieving goals in a way that is efficient, effective, and sustainable. In this article, wewill explore the key components of the SMART principles and how they can be applied to work and life.Specific: The first step in working smart is to be specific about what you want to achieve. Vague or general goals can be difficult to measure and track progress. Instead, clearly define what you want to accomplish, why it's important, and what steps you need to take to get there.Measurable: It's important to be able to measure your progress towards your goals. This allows you to track your success, identify areas for improvement, and stay motivated. Whether it's through numbers, milestones, or other metrics, having measurable goals provides a clear roadmap for success.Achievable: Setting realistic and achievable goals is crucial for working smart. While it's important to aim high, it's also important to be honest with yourself about what is feasible given your resources, time, and skills. Setting unrealistic goals can lead to frustration and burnout, while achievable goals provide a sense of accomplishment and motivation.Relevant: Goals should be relevant to your overall objectives and aligned with your values and priorities. It's important to consider the bigger picture and ensure that your goals are meaningful and contribute to your personal and professional growth. By focusing on relevant goals, you can avoid wasting time and energy on pursuits that don't align with your aspirations.Time-bound: Finally, setting a deadline for your goals creates a sense of urgency and helps you stay focused and accountable. Without a timeline, it's easy to procrastinate andlose sight of your goals. By setting specific deadlines, you can create a sense of urgency and motivation to work towards your objectives.In conclusion, working smart is about setting clear, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals. By applying the SMART principles to your work and life, you can increase your productivity, achieve greater success, and maintain a healthy work-life balance. So, let's work smart and make our goals a reality!。
关于城镇发展的英语作文
关于城镇发展的英语作文The Evolution of Towns: Navigating the Complexities of Urban GrowthThe development of towns has long been a topic of fascination, as these hubs of human activity have undergone remarkable transformations throughout history. As population growth and urbanization continue to shape the global landscape, understanding the nuances of town development has become increasingly crucial. From the emergence of early settlements to the modern metropolises that dot the world, the evolution of towns reflects the ingenuity, resilience, and adaptability of the human spirit.At the heart of town development lies the interplay between economic, social, and environmental factors. The earliest towns often arose around strategic locations, such as fertile agricultural lands, trading routes, or natural resources. These settlements served as centers of commerce, where goods and ideas were exchanged, fostering the growth of specialized industries and the accumulation of wealth. As towns prospered, they became magnets for peopleseeking economic opportunities, leading to the gradual expansion of residential areas and the development of infrastructure to support the growing population.One of the key drivers of town development has been the pursuit of economic prosperity. Towns have long been hubs of commercial activity, serving as marketplaces where producers, traders, and consumers converge. The establishment of thriving industries, such as manufacturing, agriculture, or service-based enterprises, has been instrumental in attracting people and capital to these urban centers. The concentration of economic resources and the division of labor have enabled towns to become engines of economic growth, offering a diverse range of employment opportunities and fostering the development of specialized skills and expertise.Alongside economic factors, the social and cultural dimensions of town development have played a pivotal role. Towns have historically served as centers of learning, innovation, and cultural exchange, attracting intellectuals, artists, and thinkers who have shaped the intellectual and creative landscape. The clustering of educational institutions, cultural venues, and social networks has fostered the cross-pollination of ideas, leading to the emergence of vibrant intellectual and artistic communities. Furthermore, the diversity of populations within towns has contributed to the richness of cultural expression, as people from various backgrounds bring their uniquetraditions, customs, and perspectives to the urban landscape.The environmental aspect of town development is another crucial consideration. The location and design of towns have been heavily influenced by the natural landscape, with settlements often emerging in areas with access to water, fertile land, or other natural resources. However, the rapid growth of towns has also led to significant environmental challenges, such as air and water pollution, waste management, and the depletion of natural resources. Sustainable urban planning has become a pressing concern, as towns strive to balance economic development with environmental stewardship, ensuring a livable and resilient future for their inhabitants.In recent decades, the pace of town development has accelerated, driven by global trends such as urbanization, technological advancements, and shifting economic patterns. The rise of megacities and the emergence of new urban centers have transformed the global landscape, presenting both opportunities and challenges. On the one hand, the concentration of population and resources in urban areas has enabled the efficient provision of services, the fostering of innovation, and the creation of vibrant cultural hubs. On the other hand, the rapid growth of towns has also led to issues such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, social inequalities, and the strain on public infrastructure.To address these complexities, town development has become a multifaceted endeavor, requiring the collaboration of policymakers, urban planners, community leaders, and citizens. Sustainable urban development strategies have emerged, emphasizing the integration of economic, social, and environmental considerations. This holistic approach aims to create towns that are livable, resilient, and equitable, catering to the diverse needs of their inhabitants while minimizing the impact on the natural environment.One key aspect of sustainable town development is the promotion of smart growth principles. This involves the strategic planning and design of towns to encourage compact, mixed-use development, the efficient use of land and resources, the integration of public transportation, and the preservation of green spaces and natural habitats. By adopting these principles, towns can strive to create more walkable, bikeable, and transit-oriented communities, reducing reliance on private vehicles and fostering a more sustainable lifestyle for residents.Another crucial element of town development is the emphasis on community engagement and social inclusion. Successful towns recognize the importance of involving residents in the decision-making processes that shape their local environments. This includes soliciting feedback, encouraging citizen participation in urbanplanning, and ensuring that the needs and perspectives of diverse populations are taken into account. By fostering a sense of ownership and belonging among residents, towns can cultivate a stronger social fabric and promote a greater sense of community.Furthermore, the integration of technology and innovation has become a driving force in town development. The advent of smart city technologies, such as sensor networks, data analytics, and digital infrastructure, has enabled towns to optimize the delivery of public services, enhance urban mobility, and improve the overall quality of life for residents. By leveraging these technological advancements, towns can become more efficient, responsive, and adaptive to the evolving needs of their communities.As towns continue to evolve, the challenges and opportunities they face will undoubtedly become more complex. However, the lessons learned from the past and the innovative approaches emerging in the present provide a solid foundation for shaping the towns of the future. By embracing a holistic and inclusive vision of town development, communities can work towards creating vibrant, sustainable, and resilient urban centers that serve as beacons of progress and prosperity for generations to come.。
全国步行指数方法和用户指南说明书
June 2021/smartgrowthNational Walkability Index Methodology and User GuideAcknowledgmentsThis guide was prepared by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Project Leads: John Thomas (*******************)andLoriZeller(ORISEProgramParticipant)in2017andupdatedin2021by Urban Design 4 Health under contract with EPA and EPA Project Leads: John Thomas(*******************)andAlexisRourkReyes(********************).Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.License information for photos used under a Creative Commons License:https:///licenses/by-sa/2.0/Cover photo by Megan Susman, EPA. All photos and maps not attributed to other sources are provided by EPA.Table of ContentsI. Introduction (1)II. Methodology (4)III. The National Walkability Index in Action (6)A. Rural Area: National Walkability Index Score = 1.2 (7)B. Suburban Residential Area: National Walkability Index Score = 8.3 (9)C. Historic Main Street/Downtown: National Walkability Index Score = 13.7 (10)D. City Center/Suburban Town Center: National Walkability Index Score = 17.5 (11)I. Introduction Across the United States, many neighborhoods are experiencing dramatic transformations. In large cities and small towns, parking lots, underused commercial properties, and former industrial sites are being replaced by condominiums, apartments,townhouses, and small-lot single-family homes. People are moving to these locations for the convenience of being able to walk from their homes to nearby train stations, restaurants, jobs, schools, and other community amenities.A 2015 survey by the National Association of Realtors and Portland State University found that 48 percent of respondents would prefer to live incommunities containing houses that have small yards but are within easy walking distance of the community’s amenities, as opposed to living in communities with houses that have large yards and require residents to drive to all amenities.1 Figure 1: The very walkable 16th Photo Credit: Amy Aletheia Cahill via Flickr Formerly vacant office buildings are being repurposed into mixed-use buildings, with apartments and condos on upper floors and office space and retail on lower floors. Companies of all sizes are choosing to locate in walkable downtown areas where their employees can get to work by transit, walking, biking, or driving shorter distances and can walk to local businesses during their lunch hour.2,3 All of these changes demonstrate a growing demand for walkable communities.The definition of walkability is simple: a walkable place is easy to walk around. Walkable communities come in various sizes and styles depending upon where they are located in the country; whether they are in a city, suburban area, or small town; and whether they have public transit. A walkable community in a small Northeastern village could look very different from a Southwestern city.1 National Association of Realtors. “Millennials Favor Walkable Communities, Says New NAR Poll.” Press release, Jul. 28, 2015. /sites/default/files/reports/2015/nar-psu-2015-poll-press-release.pdf.2 Smart Growth Online. “Smart Growth Principles.” /smart-growth-principles. Accessed Jun. 28, 2016.3 EPA. Smart Growth and Economic Success: The Business Case. 2013. https:///smartgrowth/smart-growth-and-economic-success-business-case.Walkable neighborhoods make it easier to walk to stores, jobs, and other places, which encourages people to be more active and can help them stay healthier. These individual benefits add up to more widespread public health benefits such as reduced obesity and diabetes rates.4 When people choose to walk, bike, or take transit, they drive less, which reduces pollution from vehicles and improves human and environmental health.5 Additionally, compact, walkable neighborhoods can help conserve natural resources and reduce infrastructure costs because more spread-out areas need more land, roads, and utility lines per household.6,7Walkable communities also encourage social interaction, which engenders a sense of community and improves people’s mental health—when people are walking to the grocery store or movie theater, they might encounter neighbors or friends, and those types of interactions are far less common and less personal when people travel in automobiles.8,9 A walkable community is safer for pedestrians because narrower streets with shorter crosswalks will reduce vehicle speed and increase pedestrian visibility. WALKABILITY RESOURCESPrograms are available from all levels of government are in place to support more walkable built environments and communities. A few of these resources from federal agencies include:Resources to Encourage and Promote Safe Bicycling and Walking from the US Department of Transportationhttps:///mission/health /Encourage-and-Promote-Safe-Bicycling-and-WalkingWebsites, guides, and campaigns from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Department of Health and Human Services https:///physicalactivity/walking/i ndex.htmData and tools on physical activity from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Healthhttps:///brp/hbrb/phy sical-activitySmart Growth Technical Assistance from the US Environmental Protection Agencyhttps:///smartgrowth/smart-growth-technical-assistance-programs4 Glazier, R.H., et al. “Density, Destinations or Both? A Comparison of Measures of Walkability in Relation to Transportation Behaviors, Obesity and Diabetes in Toronto, Canada.” PLoS ONE 9.1 (2014)./plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0085295.5 Younger, M., et al. “The Built Environment, Climate Change, and Health: Opportunities for Co-Benefits.” Journal of Preventive Medicine 35.1 (2008): 517-526.6 EPA, Smart Growth and Economic Success: The Business Case.7 Norman, J., H. MacLean, and C. Kennedy. “Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Journal of Urban Planning and Development 10.1061 (2006): 10-21.8 Leyden, K.M. “Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods.” American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003): 1546-1551.9 Umberson, D. and J.K. Montez. “Social Relationships and Health: A Flashpoint for Health Policy.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51(Suppl) (2010): S54-S66.Many community leaders and residents, as well as public health officials, planners, and other municipal staff, want to make communities more walkable because of these benefits. However, there are no universal tools that provide transparent insight into what makes a community walkable, which makes it challenging to analyze and compare communities’ walkability.To help fill this gap, EPA developed the National Walkability Index, a tool that measures the relative walkability of our nation’s communities. Users can view the index on an online interactive map or download the data.10 The dataset covers every block group11 in the nation, providing a basis for comparing walkability from community to community. This dataset’s universal coverage at the block group level makes it easy to use as input into scenario planning, modeling, and other community analysis. Other tools and datasets to explore walkability do not allow such easyincorporation into other analyses. Users can display the National Walkability Index data on a map or incorporate it as input into other calculations using GIS software, database software, or spreadsheets. Figure 2: AARP sums up the road safety benefits that a walkable community can create: “A street that's made safer for an older adult to cross is also safer for a child, a parent pushing a stroller, a bicyclist, a jogger. In other words, a walkable community benefits everyone.”Source: AARP. “Walkability Archive: Reports, case studies, surveys and more.” /livable-communities/archives/info-2014/walkability.html. Accessed Jun. 28, 2016.10 Links to the National Walkability Index’s map and data are on EPA’s “Smart Location Mapping” webpage athttps:///smartgrowth/smart-location-mapping#walkability.11 A block group is a statistical division of a census tract. More information from U.S. Census Bureau. “Geographic Terms and Concepts -Block Groups.” https:///programs-surveys/geography/about/glossary.html#par_textimage_4. Accessed Jun. 4, 2021.National Walkability Index Introduction II.MethodologyThe National Walkability Index data are available at the block group level, a unit of census geography that is smaller than a census tract and larger than a census block.12 Every block group in the United States is assigned a National Walkability Index score. The National Walkability Index is based on measures of the built environment that affect the probability of whether people walk as a mode of transportation: street intersection density, proximity to transit stops, and diversity of land uses.13 Although numerous factors influence walking, these measures were chosen for the National Walkability Index because they can be measured using variables in the Smart Location Database (SLD),14 which has nationwide data availability and consistency at the block group level. This limited set of variables also helps make the index simple and easy for a general audience to understand.15The selected variables from the SLD are:•Intersection density (SLD variable D3b): Higher intersection density is correlated with more walk trips.•Proximity to transit stops (SLD variable D4a): Distance from population center to nearest transit stop in meters. Shorter distances correlate with more walk trips.•Diversity of land useso Employment mix (SLD variable D2b_E8MixA): The mix of employment types in a block group (such as retail, office, or industrial). Higher values correlate with morewalk trips.o Employment and household mix (SLD variable D2a_EpHHm): The mix of employment types and occupied housing. A block group with a diverse set ofemployment types (such as office, retail, and service) plus many occupied housingunits will have a relatively high value. Higher values correlate with more walk trips. To determine the walkability scores, these variables were used to rank every block group in the United States. Each block group was assigned four ranked scores, one for each of the variables above. To score block groups, the block groups were placed into 20 quantiles by variable value (quantiles are groupings with equal numbers of records), each containing 5 percent of the total block groups. The block groups were then assigned a rank from 1 to 20 depending upon their quantile position. A ranked score of 1 was assigned to the block groups with the lowest relative values influencing walking, and a ranked score of 20 was assigned to the block groups with the highest relative values influencing walking, with intermediate scores in between.12 Block groups vary in size based on population density. In a dense urban area, a block group can be as small as one or two acres. In rural areas, block groups can encompass thousands of acres.13 Ewing, R. and R. Cervero. “Travel and the Built Environment: a Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the American Planning Association 76 (2010): 265–294.14 The Smart Location Database, a dataset compiled by EPA, contains more than 90 variables describing transportation and land use characteristics at the block group level for the entire nation. See https:///smartgrowth/smart-location-mapping#SLD.15 The variable descriptions are simplified in this report to help make the National Walkability Index accessible to a general audience. Detailed information about these variables, including their original data sources and the methods used to construct them, are available in: EPA. Smart Location Database Technical Documentation and User Guide. 2021.National Walkability Index Introduction For example, if a block group has a relatively high value for street intersection density, it might receive a ranked score of 18 for that variable. If a block group has a relatively low value for employment and household mix, it might receive a ranked score of 3 for that variable.The ranked scores were then weighted by the following formula:16Final National Walkability Index score =Where w = block group’s ranked score for intersection densityx = block group’s ranked score for proximity to transit stopsy = block group’s ranked score for employment mixz = block group’s ranked score for employment and household mixThe block groups are assigned their final National Walkability Index scores on a scale of 1 to 20 (Figure 3). The scores are categorized as follows:1 – 5.75 Least walkable5.76 – 10.5 Below average walkable10.51 – 15.25 Above average walkable15.26 – 20 Most walkable16 The elasticities (magnitude of impact) of intersection density, land use mix, and proximity to transit were all significant and similar in magnitude (Ewing and Cervero 2010). To keep the methodology behind the National Walkability Index as simple as possible while still incorporating the known impact of the built environment on walkability, the variables were weighted as follows: 1/3 to each of the three categories of street intersection density, land use mix, and proximity to transit. The land use mix category was divided into two to account for the two different techniques of measurement; employment mix andNational Walkability Index Introduction III.The National Walkability Index in ActionFigure 3: National Walkability Index for Chicago and surrounding region (index values 1-20).Four examples demonstrate how to calculate the National Walkability Index. The examples illustrate the range of National Walkability Index scores and show how the index varies with the built environment. The examples are based on four block groups in the state of Virginia. Each example includes images that show the on-the-ground conditions of the block groups, tables that display the ranked scores and the final National Walkability Index score calculations.The examples are:A.Rural Area: National Walkability Index Score = 4.2B.Suburban Residential Area: National Walkability Index Score = 9.5C.Historic Main Street: National Walkability Index Score = 13.7D.City Center/Suburban Town Center: National Walkability Index Score = 17.5National Walkability Index Introduction A.Rural Area: National Walkability Index Score = 1.2This block group scores very low on the National Walkability Index and is not very walkable compared to other block groups in the surrounding region, though it is known for its ample outdoor recreation assets. This type of rural development pattern rarely has adequate infrastructure for pedestrians. Few destinations, such as stores, schools, or workplaces, are within walking distance, and therefore most of the 1,400 residents of this block group own vehicles. The raw data and ranked indicators are in the table below. Overall, this block group scores very low on all four indicators: it has no transit access and a spread-out street network, and even though there is a slight mix of businesses and households, the area is still relatively low-scoring in overall walkability.Associated Field from Smart Location Database Ranked score Intersection density: D3b w = 2 Proximity to transit stops (meters frompopulation center to nearest transit stop): D4a x = 1 Employment Mix: D2b_E8MixA y = 6 Employment and household mix: D2a_EpHHm z = 13 Calculations: Final National Walkability Index score = Final National Walkability Index score = Block group ID :510719302003Pembroke, VA CBSA: Blacksburg-Christiansburg, VANational Walkability Index IntroductionFigure 7. View of downtown Williamson, WV from EPA’s Local Foods, Local Places video (2017)National Walkability Index Introduction B.Suburban Residential Area: National Walkability Index Score = 8.3This block group in Loudoun County, Virginia illustrates a below-average walkability score in a typical inner suburban neighborhood. This block group has single-family and multifamily housing with an average street intersection density and very low land use mix values.The lack of access to transit is the deciding factor in the National Walkability Index score for this block group, when ranked among others in the Washington DC metropolitan region. A neighborhood like this one might have adequate sidewalks and other infrastructure that lets people walk safely, though 82% of households have two or more vehicles. Therefore, the National Walkability Index score is lower despite good access to employment and services andaverage street intersection density.Figure 8. Suburban street in Loudoun County, VA, Photo credit: SDobie Flickr https:///photos/sdobie/36378005110 Figure 9. Walkability Index score shown on EPA NWI map viewerAssociated Field from Smart Location Database Ranked score Block group ID:511076110253Brambleton, VACBSA: Washington-Baltimore-Arlington-DC-MD-VA-WV-PAIntersection density: D3b w = 11Proximity to transit stops (meters frompopulation center to nearest transit stop): D4a x = 1Employment Mix: D2b_E8MixAEmployment and household mix: D2a_EpHHmy = 18z = 15 Calculations:yyFinal National Walkability Index score =Final National Walkability Index score =National Walkability Index Introduction C.Historic Main Street/Downtown: National Walkability Index Score = 13.7This block group is an interesting example of a development patterns existing all over the United States in which historic and longstanding Main Street areas still function as effective downtowns for resident’s daily needs and entertainment preferences. Staunton’s Main Street area is very walkable—it has shops lining the street, sidewalks, and other pedestrian amenities. While the design and density scores are highly ranked for the surrounding county, the resulting National Walkability Index score is lowered by the transit ranking, although the ranked scores for the other three variables are high. Figure 11. Staunton, VA’s Main Street Block group ID :517900001001 Staunton, VA CSA: Harrisonburg-Staunton CSA Associated Field from Smart Location Database Ranked score Intersection density: D3b w = 20 Proximity to transit stops (meters frompopulation center to nearest transit stop): D4a x = 1 Employment Mix: D2b_E8MixA y = 20 Employment and household mix: D2a_EpHHm z = 20 Calculations: Final National Walkability Index score = Final National Walkability Index score =National Walkability Index Introduction D.City Center/Suburban Town Center: National Walkability Index Score = 17.5This is one of the high-scoring block groups in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, which presents many highly ranked groups given the mix of uses, transit systems, and intersection density found in many parts of the region. In Arlington County, Virginia, while the density and diversity of uses in the broader area is high, neighborhoods are kept in scale through adaptive reuse of key historic buildings and programming. For example one of several metro station entrances used in creative ways to promote walking and cycling includes a farmers market offering for locally-sourced produce within easy reach for transit riders. Figures 13, 14, and 15. Various parts of Arlington County. Photo credit: Arlington County https:///photos/arlingtonva Block group ID :510131015003 Arlington, VA CBSA: Washington-Baltimore-Arlington-DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Associated Field from Smart Location Database Ranked score Intersection density: D3b w = 19 Proximity to transit stops (meters frompopulation center to nearest transit stop): D4a x = 19 Employment Mix: D2b_E8MixA y = 13 Employment and household mix: D2a_EpHHm z = 16 Calculations: Final National Walkability Index score = Final National Walkability Index score =。
土地问题英文作文
土地问题英文作文Title: Addressing Land Issues: A Call for Sustainable Solutions。
Land issues have become increasingly prominent intoday's world, posing significant challenges to communities, governments, and environmental sustainability. From urban sprawl to rural land degradation, the misuse and mismanagement of land have far-reaching consequences. Inthis essay, we delve into the complexities of land issues and propose sustainable solutions to address them.One of the primary concerns regarding land is urbanization. Rapid urbanization leads to the expansion of cities at the expense of agricultural land and natural habitats. This phenomenon not only contributes to the lossof biodiversity but also exacerbates environmental problems such as air and water pollution. To tackle this issue, city planning must prioritize sustainable development practices, including compact urban design, mixed land use, and greeninfrastructure. By promoting smart growth principles,cities can mitigate the negative impacts of urban sprawl and preserve valuable land for future generations.In addition to urbanization, land degradation poses a significant threat to global food security and ecosystem health. Unsustainable agricultural practices, such as deforestation, overgrazing, and monoculture farming, contribute to soil erosion, desertification, and loss of fertility. To combat land degradation, there is a need for widespread adoption of sustainable land management techniques, such as agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and rotational grazing. These practices not only improve soil health and water retention but also enhance biodiversity and resilience to climate change.Furthermore, land tenure insecurity remains apersistent issue in many parts of the world, particularly in rural areas. Insecure land rights undermine agricultural productivity, inhibit investment in land improvements, and perpetuate poverty and social inequality. To address this challenge, governments must enact and enforce equitableland tenure laws that protect the rights of smallholder farmers, indigenous communities, and marginalized groups. Additionally, innovative approaches such as community land trusts and participatory land mapping can empower local communities to assert their land rights and promote sustainable land use practices.Moreover, the unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, such as minerals and forests, exacerbates land degradation and environmental degradation. Irresponsible mining practices not only result in habitat destruction and water pollution but also displace indigenous communities and exacerbate social conflicts. Similarly, illegal logging and deforestation contribute to biodiversity loss, carbon emissions, and climate change. To promote responsible resource management, governments must strengthen regulations, enforce environmental safeguards, and engage with stakeholders to ensure that land resources are managed sustainably for the benefit of present and future generations.In conclusion, addressing land issues requires aholistic and multidisciplinary approach that integrates environmental, social, and economic considerations. By promoting sustainable land use practices, protecting land rights, and fostering responsible resource management, we can mitigate the adverse impacts of urbanization, land degradation, and resource exploitation. Together, we can build a more equitable, resilient, and sustainable future for all.。
学期计划运用smart原则
学期计划运用smart原则英文回答：SMART is an acronym that stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound. It is a goal-setting framework that helps individuals and organizations set realistic and achievable objectives. By applying the SMART principles to my semester plan, I can ensure that my goals are clear, quantifiable, achievable, relevant to my studies, and have a specific timeframe for completion.First, I need to make my goals specific. Instead of setting a vague goal like "improve my grades," I can set a specific goal such as "achieve a GPA of 3.5 or higher." This specific goal gives me a clear target to work towards and allows me to measure my progress.Next, I need to make my goals measurable. By setting a specific GPA target, I can easily measure my progress bytracking my grades throughout the semester. This allows meto see if I am on track to achieving my goal or if I needto adjust my study habits.In addition to being specific and measurable, my goals need to be attainable. It is important to set goals thatare challenging but realistic. For example, setting a goalto achieve a perfect 4.0 GPA may not be attainable for everyone. Instead, I can set a goal that pushes me to work hard and improve my grades, but is still within reach.Furthermore, my goals need to be relevant to my studies. It is important to set goals that align with my academic aspirations and contribute to my overall educational growth. For example, if my goal is to pursue a career in engineering, setting a goal to improve my math and science grades would be relevant and beneficial to my future career.Lastly, my goals need to be time-bound. By setting a specific timeframe for achieving my goals, I create a sense of urgency and accountability. For example, I can set agoal to achieve a GPA of 3.5 or higher by the end of thesemester. This gives me a clear deadline to work towardsand helps me stay focused and motivated.中文回答：SMART是一个首字母缩写，代表着具体的（Specific）、可衡量的（Measurable）、可实现的（Attainable）、与目标相关的（Relevant）和有时间限制的（Time-bound）。
smart原则的学习计划
smart原则的学习计划IntroductionLearning is a lifelong process that requires dedication, commitment, and planning. In order to achieve academic success, it is essential to set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals. By creating a learning plan based on the SMART principles, individuals can effectively organize their studies, monitor their progress, and stay motivated to accomplish their academic objectives. This SMART learning plan will outline the steps and strategies to achieve academic excellence in a specific area of study.Specific GoalThe specific learning goal for this plan is to improve proficiency in mathematics. This involves understanding key mathematical concepts, solving complex problems, and applying mathematical principles to real-world situations. The specific focus will be on mastering algebra and calculus, as these are fundamental areas of mathematics that are essential for advanced studies and future career opportunities.MeasurableIn order to measure progress towards the specific goal, it is important to establish criteria for success. Measurable outcomes for this learning plan may include achieving a certain grade on math assignments and exams, completing a set number of practice problems, and demonstrating the ability to apply mathematical concepts in practical scenarios. By quantifying these benchmarks, it will be easier to track progress and evaluate the effectiveness of the learning plan.AchievableThe goal of improving proficiency in mathematics is achievable through dedication, consistent effort, and effective study strategies. By utilizing resources such as textbooks, online tutorials, and practice problems, it is possible to develop a solid understanding of algebra and calculus. Additionally, seeking support from teachers, tutors, and peers can provide valuable guidance and assistance in mastering mathematical concepts.RelevantImproving proficiency in mathematics is relevant to academic success and future career opportunities. Many fields, such as engineering, physics, and computer science, require a strong foundation in mathematics. Therefore, enhancing mathematical skills is directly applicable to achieving academic excellence and pursuing a rewarding career in a math-intensive profession.Time-boundSetting a realistic timeline for achieving the learning goal is essential for maintaining motivation and focus. This learning plan will be implemented over the course of one academic year, with specific milestones and deadlines for completing various study tasks. By breaking down the goal into manageable steps and adhering to a structured timeline, it is possible to make steady progress towards improving proficiency in mathematics.Strategies and Action PlanThe following strategies and action plan will guide the implementation of the SMART learning plan for improving proficiency in mathematics:1. Establish a study schedule: Create a weekly study schedule that allocates dedicated time for practicing math problems, reviewing concepts, and seeking help from teachers or tutors. This schedule should be adhered to consistently in order to develop a habit of regular studying and learning.2. Utilize resources: Make use of textbooks, online resources, and educational videos to gaina deeper understanding of mathematical concepts. Additionally, seek out supplementary materials such as practice problems, worksheets, and sample exams to enhance problem-solving skills and test preparation.3. Seek support: Build a support network of peers, teachers, and tutors who can provide guidance, clarification, and feedback on mathematical topics. Collaborating with others and asking for help when needed can facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of complex mathematical concepts.4. Practice consistently: Engage in regular practice of math problems to reinforce understanding and improve problem-solving abilities. Setting aside dedicated time for practicing various types of problems, including algebraic equations, calculus problems, and real-world applications, will contribute to proficiency in mathematics.5. Monitor progress: Regularly assess progress towards the learning goal by tracking improvements in test grades, completion of practice problems, and application of mathematical concepts. Adjust study strategies and time allocation as needed based on the outcomes of progress monitoring.6. Reflect and adjust: Reflect on the effectiveness of study strategies and adjust the learning plan as necessary to address any challenges or areas of improvement. Constantly evaluate the approach to studying mathematics and make necessary changes to optimize learning outcomes.ConclusionBy implementing the SMART learning plan outlined above, it is possible to make significant progress towards improving proficiency in mathematics. By setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals, individuals can effectively organize their study efforts, track progress, and stay motivated to achieve academic success. Through consistentdedication, utilization of resources, seeking support, and monitoring progress, it is feasible to enhance mathematical skills and excel in this critical academic discipline. With the structured approach of the SMART learning plan, attaining the goal of proficiency in mathematics is within reach.。
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Good planning practice should generate patterns of growth that will benefit the people of Greater Boston and the communities where they live. With such growth comes new jobs, opportunities for advancement,homes for people of various incomes, and many other amenities of life.By contrast, current growth patterns often waste precious resources, degrade the natural and built environ-ment, and exacerbate inequality throughout the region. Over time, this can harm the region’s competitive-ness and damage many of the characteristics that make Greater Boston a special place to live.“Smart growth” is designed to promote development while protecting the environment, encouraging social and economic equity, and conserving energy and water resources. Smart growth will refocus a larger share of regional growth within central cities, urbanized areas, near transportation nodes, and in communities already served by infrastructure. It will reduce the share of regional growth that occurs on newly urbaniz-ing land, farms, and environmentally sensitive areas. It will encourage more density in some places, to save precious land in other places. Such principles, if applied conscientiously throughout the region, will pro-mote the long-term sustainability of the Greater Boston area. They will help to ensure that decisions made today do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs.As the regional planning agency for Greater Boston, the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) adopts the following smart growth principles to guide our work.Encourage community & stakeholder collaboration in development decisions.Smart growth should respond to a community’s own sense of how and where it wants to grow.The needs of every community and the programs to address them are best defined by the peoplewho live and work there. An open public process that facilitates the participation of communityresidents and organizations provides community members with a direct stake in ensuring thesuccess of revitalization efforts, and can lead to creative resolution of development issues.Integrate people and place.Smart growth must integrate people-focused strategies —efforts that support communityresidents and families—with place-focused strategies —those that support physical develop-ment and stabilize the community environment. This integrated approach is necessary to maxi-mize community impact and to reduce unintended negative consequences to either the commu-nity or the environment.Promote regional equity and reduce local and regional disparities.Everyone wants to live in a community where the quality of life is high. If we cooperate acrosscommunities and plan carefully for the future, we can achieve a situation where neighborhoodsshare fairly in the benefits of development and none bears an unfair burden of the social costsassociated with planning decisions. Metropolitan regions and communities that reduce localand regional disparities are more likely to compete successfully for national and internationaleconomic opportunities.Strengthen regional cooperation.Most community assets and problems do not recognize municipal boundaries. Regional coop-eration is needed to address common concerns, such as traffic, and to protect common re-sources, such as watersheds. Regional solutions can also encourage the efficient use of funds.Smart growth encourages communities to work together collaboratively to enhance their assetsas well as to solve their problems.S mart Growth Principles for theMetropolitan Area Planning CouncilPromote distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place. Smart growth promotes development that respects and enhances natural and built features and landmarks to create a sense of defined neighborhoods, towns, and regions. It fosters physical environments that reflect the culture and values of the people who live there, while supporting a more cohesive community fabric. It encourages localities to plan wisely for the future, and gives them the power and resources to implement those plans over time.Preserve open space, farmland, and critical environmental resources.Open space, both within and surrounding developed areas, enhances quality of life by providing community space, recreation opportunities, critical habitat for plants and wildlife, working lands for farming and forestry, and preserves the quality of critical environmental resources such as wetlands, watersheds, and drinking water supplies.Encourage development in currently developed areas to take advantageof existing community assets.Smart growth encourages development in areas where public investments have already been made in infrastructure, parks, schools, and other facilities, seeking to utilize these resources and to conserve open spaces and natural resources in undeveloped areas. In cities, this can mean focus-ing development on infill sites and abandoned brownfields; in towns, this can mean clustering development around town centers and transportation nodes. Recognizing that the extension of roadways, sewer lines, and other forms of infrastructure can often “drive” sprawl, government agencies should coordinate decisions about public investment in infrastructure in ways that pre-vent this unintended consequence and encourage smart growth.Mix land uses.Smart growth supports the integration of mixed land uses (such as residential, commercial, and civic uses) into neighborhoods, communities and the region as critical components of achieving better places to live and work. By locating a variety of uses in close proximity to each other at an appropriate scale, alternatives to driving, such as walking, bicycling and transit become viable. Diverse, well designed, mixed use development also enhances the vitality and quality of life in our communities and the region as a whole, eventually weaving a fabric that supports broader hous-ing, economic development and transportation goals.Take advantage of compact development design and create walkable neighborhoods.Smart growth provides a means for communities to incorporate more compact development design as an alternative to conventional, land consumptive development. This permits more open space to be preserved, which also reduces the impacts of storm water runoff and flooding. By drawing uses into closer proximity to each other, compact development is essential to support broader transportation choices such as transit, bicycling and walking. It also reduces the cost of providing and maintaining services such as such as water, sewer, utilities and communications.Promote economic development in ways that produce jobs, strengthen low and moderate-income communities, and protect the natural environment. Economic development is a critical objective for our region’s future. Families and individuals throughout Greater Boston need new jobs and opportunities for advancement in order to enhance their futures and to make the region stronger and more competitive. Good planning practice encourages economic development in ways that minimize disruption of the natural environment. We should also strive to direct a reasonable proportion of such development to areas that pres-ently suffer from poverty, a weak job market, and abandoned or undeveloped “brownfield” sites. Programs that provide adequate training and retraining for workers will also help to encourage employers to locate or expand in Greater Boston.Create a range of housing opportunities and choices in cities and towns throughout the region.Promote diverse housing types in all communities to enable persons and households from a wide range of economic levels, cultures, and age groups to live and work within their boundaries. No single type of housing can serve the varied needs of today’s diverse households. Smart growth represents an opportunity for communities to increase housing choice not only by modifying land use patterns on newly-developed land, but also by increasing housing supply in existing neighbor-hoods already served by infrastructure.Promote more transportation choices through the appropriate development of land.The ability to provide people with more choices in transportation is a key element of smart growth. Better connections between appropriate land use and transportation can support the provision of alternatives to auto use, including transit, para-transit, walking, and bicycling and serve as a guide for effective transportation investments.Develop predictable, fair and cost effective regulatory approvals for smart growth oriented developments.Developments that adhere to smart growth guidelines should be allowed to proceed through public review and regulatory evaluation with a minimum of delay and cost. This will encourage developers to “build smart” while it enhances the relationship among developers, residents, and government agencies.Encourage fiscal policies that support smart growth.Federal, state and local tax policies should encourage communities to base development decisions on sound planning principles, not tax benefits. Smart growth is best supported by tax policies that encourage careful planning and inter-local cooperation, and discourage “fiscal zoning,” inter-local competition, and sprawl. Since sprawl often results in expenses that must be borne by the entire Commonwealth, the formula for the distribution of local aid, the “new growth” provisions of Proposition 2 ½, and other tools should be examined for mechanisms that might encourage smart growth and discourage sprawl.Enable smart growth by reforming existing zoning.Many of the principles of smart growth, such as mixed uses and higher densities, are difficult or impossible to achieve in Massachusetts under the state’s zoning enabling law and current local zoning codes. For smart growth to succeed, reforms to zoning are needed to remove disincentives to smart growth.。