这是英国浪漫主义诗人济慈

这是英国浪漫主义诗人济慈
这是英国浪漫主义诗人济慈

英国浪漫主义诗人济慈简介(汉英对照)

这是英国浪漫主义诗人济慈(1795-1821)写给恋人芬妮·勃劳恩的情书。1818年,23岁的济慈认识并爱上了邻家少女勃劳恩,并在伦敦订婚。后来,他因看护弟弟而传染了肺结核病。1820年,他在友人的陪伴下去意大利休养,但还是于1821年2月23日在罗马去世。此信写于济慈去世前不久,表达了他对恋人的爱,以及对两人关系的担忧。”1818年的秋天,弗朗西丝·林顿的名字还是芬妮·布劳恩,在汉普斯蒂德她遇见了名叫约翰·济慈的诗人。这位默默无闻的林顿夫人,正是现在举世闻名的济慈未曾提起过的情人。

直到去世7年后,芬妮的身份才为人所知。尽管她曾把她和济慈的爱情故事讲给她的孩子们听,也向他们展示过济慈写给她的书信,但同时她也要他们保证不将此事告诉他们的父亲。然而当1872年路易斯·林顿逝世后,她的孩子们(主要是赫伯特)便将母亲的故事换为大笔收益。

他们确实大赚了一笔。虽然济慈死于1821年,年仅25岁,当时并不出名,但其后几年人们逐渐认识到了他的才华。现在他被认为是英国最伟大的诗人。他的诗作十分畅销,1848年,首部济慈传记出版发行,由理查德·蒙克顿·米尔斯和济慈的几位朋友写成,然而其内容也激怒了不少人。比如珀西·雪莱在挽歌《阿多尼斯》中指出,米尔斯的传记把济慈描绘成了一个被攻击性评论害死的病弱梦想家,这个形象过于感伤同时也犯了精神上的错误。虽然传记中有提到济慈与一个年轻小姐订婚,但未论及她的姓名。

芬妮见证了济慈的名声渐起,或许她也读了不少赞颂济慈的书籍。但她从没道出过自己身份,也没有对济慈的生活表现出很大兴趣。他的丈夫只知道她作为那位诗人的邻居在汉普斯蒂德见过面。

然而她一直把济慈写给她的情书留在身边,整整有三打;其中许多是短笺,其余则是长篇累牍的示爱,还有一些是出于嫉妒的胡言乱语,流露出济慈不为人知的一面。

济慈和芬妮相遇时,这位诗人正处在他人生中最混乱的时期。他最小的弟弟汤姆身患严重的肺结核,这种疾病夺去过他母亲的生命,如今也掌握着汤姆和济慈的。不过最初横亘在他与芬妮间的并不是疾病,而是贫困。

1818年秋,济慈刚与好友查尔斯·布朗从苏格兰游历归来。布朗之前把他那幢被称为维特沃茨的拼连住宅租了一半给布劳恩一家,他回来时,布劳恩家暂时搬去了榆木村。

在住在维特沃茨的那段时间里,他们和邻居戴尔克(他们也是济慈的朋友)成为了要好朋友。戴尔克家人经常聊起济慈,并对他称赞不已。因此早在布劳恩一家见到受人尊敬的年轻济慈本人前,就已经喜欢上了他。

布劳恩夫人是一位带着三个孩子的寡妇——18岁的芬妮,14岁的儿子山姆和9岁的女儿玛格丽特。正值青春年少的芬妮相貌并不出众,但性格活泼为人亲切。大概是自小家庭穷困的缘故,芬妮是个绝对的现实主义和实用主义者。她非常注意穿衣打扮,对年轻追求者的奉承也总是乐在其中。汉普斯蒂德离贵族军营很近,全年都有数场军营舞会,芬妮就是其中受欢迎的参加者。济慈第一眼看到芬妮时便被她迷人的好玩天性所深深吸引,“自从得知你惊恐地发觉自己倾心于克里希得,我是多么痛苦啊。”在一次乔叟(此乔叟非彼乔叟)对芬妮无耻的逗弄后,济慈这样对芬妮说。

后来芬妮回忆道,他们初次相见于戴尔克家,那天济慈精神不错,谈话也极为有趣,除了说到他弟弟的健康问题时大家都黯然神伤起来。诚然,无论年轻的布劳恩小姐给济慈留下了怎样的印象,当时的他正为弟弟的病情烦恼而没有对芬妮留心太多。直到11月底之前,济慈都是把他醒着的每一分钟花在陪伴病危的汤姆上的。那间位于威尔沃克的小小房间,一度是济慈兄弟相依为命的地方,现在则萦绕着沮丧,绝望和悲痛之情。当汤姆最终死于12月1日,济慈感到了疲惫与麻木。汤姆那可怕的,无法除去的病状深深烙印于济慈的记忆之中。

然而至少芬妮·布劳恩分散了他的痛苦。为了远远离开威尔沃克这块伤心地,济慈欣然接受布朗要他搬到维特沃茨的邀请。这并不完全是布朗的好心施舍,济慈支付了一定数额住宿费用。因为隔壁就住着戴尔克,济慈串门也就愈加频繁。而每次棕发碧眼的芬妮总是给他留下更深刻的印象。济慈常常对芬妮即不解又恼火,这也是她吸引他的因素之一,济慈完全不能理解芬妮。12月中旬,也就是汤姆去世两周后,他给远在美国的乔治和乔治安娜写了封长信,“夏天租下布朗房子的布劳恩夫人至今还住在维特沃茨。她是个好人,我觉得她的长女芬妮漂亮,优美,高雅,愚笨,时髦又古怪。我们时不时的就要吵架——现在她可规矩多了,否则我见到她就跑。”

偶尔济慈也会把芬妮从脑海中驱逐出去。在他二月中给乔治的信中只是随便提到几句(他和芬妮闲聊了又吵嘴了)。他再度对诗歌充满激情。不过芬妮和诗成为他生活的两大中心只是个或早或晚的问题。我们无从知道芬妮的文学倾向是什么,倒是一次济慈作了如下评论,“我真的认为我遇见的这位女士会在小说的护送下嫁给诗歌”虽然她阅读并称赞他的作品,她本人从未参与过诗歌创作。

1819年的整个冬季,济慈都在汉普斯蒂德伏案写作。1月份他完成了《圣艾妮丝节前夜》,一个月后,《圣马可节前夜》也大功告成,在春季到来前,他一直在写他的野心之作《海伯利安》,并故意没有把它写完。

1819年3月3日,济慈不得不住得离那位恼人的布劳恩小姐更近。因为戴尔克一家决定搬往市中心于是把他们原本的屋子转租给了布劳恩夫人和他的孩子们。现在芬妮成了济慈的隔壁邻居,她的魅力渐渐使他沉醉其中。从4月开始,恋情在两个人间萌发了。济慈中断了严肃题材诗歌的写作,转而为芬妮写起十四行诗,其中就包括著名诗歌《灿烂的星》。大部分诗都在详述芬妮的身形之美但也赞美了有芬妮相伴时的欢愉与放纵。不可避免的,初恋的经历消耗了他的生命,换回的是新的动力,新的灵感和对自身情感世界的新的洞察。他的诗歌由此开始焕发出新生的成熟与力量。

4月末,他开始写他最受人欢迎的作品之一,《无情的妖女》。诗歌讲述了一位妖女诱惑骑士走向灭亡的故事,全诗感情饱满,辞藻优美,论述恰如其分。不过其中并没有佳作连篇的迹象,济慈本人也觉得这不过是灵光一现,在一封寄给乔治的信里,他开玩笑地对此诗不屑一顾。接着,在几周的时间里,济慈创作出了他一生中所写的最美的诗歌——《希腊古瓮颂》,《夜莺颂》和《忧郁颂》。

这些诗作保持了济慈一贯的天才般的表达,无愧于他伟大诗人的称号。然而他的早期成就没有获得世人认可,没有称赞,甚至都没有立即出版。取而代之的是更长时间的写作,以及忙里偷闲地和芬妮、布朗共度美好时光。布劳恩夫人这才意识到济慈与芬妮间恋情所带来的一系列严重的问题;她对此非常不满。济慈是个聪明和善的年轻人,但他穷苦,所选的职业也没什么成功的希望。而她的善良天性又使她不忍拆散这一对佳人。她渐渐喜欢上了这位诗人,后来济慈病倒后也是由她一直照料。

倒是布朗对这段关系持反对态度。他讨厌芬妮,有可能是出于对芬妮占去济慈大量时间和思考的嫉妒。也有可能他了解济慈用情之深而芬妮又是如此轻佻。他反对济慈向她求婚,济慈所有的朋友(除了戴尔克)都对芬妮抱有蔑视之情。他们注意到她的戏弄行径使济慈既绝望又嫉妒,每天为这个分心,还让他怎么写出好诗呢?

对于此事,济慈并非没有觉察到朋友们的良苦用心,而是清楚地了解自己不可能被扰乱心神。自他向布劳恩表白爱意已有两年,他喜欢这种感觉,正是它给他的诗歌增添了些许力量。

他继续写作,于6月初完成《怠惰颂》。题目取自马太福音第六章28节,耶稣劝说他的追随者不要过于激进:“何必为衣裳忧虑呢?你想野地里的百合花怎么长起来;他也不劳苦,也不纺线。”3月中一封寄给乔治和乔治安娜的信中他提到了写这首诗的灵感:

“今天早上我觉得有点懒散和无忧无虑……诗歌,野心,爱情毫无预警地来到我的身旁:他们看起来更像是古希腊花瓶上的三尊人像——一个男人和两个女人——唯有我才能

认出他们。这是一种纯粹的快乐;一个为数不多的肉体超越意志的例子。”

随后《赛吉颂》完成。到夏日终于到来之时,济慈已经写下了一连串的佳作。然而金钱上的紧张问题仍然不容忘怀,这迫使他到怀特岛的尚克林度夏。假期的便宜旅舍可以省下不少钱,同时也让这位诗人得以不受干扰地继续写作。

那时他正在写《拉弥亚》的第一部分和《奥托大帝》,布朗鼓励济慈写这部戏剧,作为他们剧本创作事业的起点。他们希望写剧本会比诗歌更赚钱。《拉弥亚》则是一部优美的作品,其中毫不掩饰地表达了济慈对伍德豪斯的评价:“女人喜欢被迫做一些事,被一个好伴侣所迫。”这首诗写实地将爱情描述为一种猛烈且具有破坏性的力量。在此之后济慈与芬妮书信往来极为频繁,《拉弥亚》显露出这个诗人正沉浸在爱情的复杂感受之中。

8月,济慈离开怀特岛来到温切斯特。在那儿他写了《拉弥亚》的第二部分以及美丽的《秋颂》。10月他回到汉普斯泰德和芬妮正式订婚。久别3个月后的重逢让济慈喜不自禁;“你令我目眩”,他给芬妮这样写道。她依然嘲弄济慈,举止轻佻使他嫉妒吃醋。诗人在爱情和诗歌间忙得不可开交。当济慈见到芬妮,帮助写诗的假期中的宁静便立刻烟消云散了。婚姻是他们唯一的选择。

即将到来的婚姻使济慈重新考量经济上的危机。他不得不靠写作赚钱;即便数目极小。他在11月见了他的出版商拟定为一些诗出书的计划。他还向泰勒借了些十六世纪历史著作来研究莱斯特伯爵。早些时候布朗向他提出的写剧本赚钱也让他。现在他想着要写出一部关于伊丽莎白一世真爱的戏剧,选择这个莎士比亚所在的时代可能是他故意为之。他可以由人物的感情而不是从他们的举止创造出伟大的戏剧。现在他准备成为和他的偶像一样的剧作家,以多年写诗的经验作为基础,为前方的真正成功做准备。他写给泰勒说他希望尽快完成大作,“若上帝赦罪于我”。

1月,他的弟弟乔治从美国回来向济慈借了更多的钱,祖母的地产,济慈把大部分给了乔治

兄弟两的距离又加深一层。虽然比济慈年轻,乔治已经结婚并拥有自己的一番事业,而济慈甚至无钱迎娶芬妮。“乔治不应该这么做,”谈及借款时济慈这么对芬妮说,“他还不如叫我孤寡一辈子——对布朗说这件事时他更为刻薄:”布朗,他应该这么问我,你,约翰,有这么多朋友,他们一定会好好照顾你的。”

但是济慈也很清楚自己能够和芬妮结婚的唯一希望是他文学工作上的成功。而1820年2月,他们的未来被远比贫穷更凶险的事情威胁了。

那个月一开始就很糟,似乎预示着厄运的到来。布朗的女佣告诉他济慈正饮用鸦片酊。面对布朗,济慈发誓把它戒除。布朗相信济慈只是拿它来提神,但事实是他把它当做普通的镇痛药。偶尔困扰着他的喉痛和咳嗽如一场感冒病愈般的消失了,取而代之的却是胸闷。2月3日,济慈经历了第一次肺出血

Sonnet 18 One of the best known of Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sonnet 18 is memorable for the skillful and varied presentation of subject matter, in which the poet’s feelings reach a level of rapture unseen in the previous sonnets. The poet here abandons his quest for the youth to have a child, and instead glories in the youth’s beauty. Initially, the poet poses a question—”Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”—and then reflects on it, remarking that the youth’s beauty far surpasses summer’s delights. The imagery is the very essence of simplicity: “wind” and “buds.” In the fourth line, legal terminology—”summer’s lease”—is introduced in contrast to the commonplace images in the first three lines. Note also the poet’s use of extremes in the phrases “more lovely,” “all too short,” and “too hot”; these phrases emphasize the young man’s beauty. Although lines 9 through 12 are marked by a more expansive tone and deeper feeling, the poet returns to the simplicity of the opening images. As one expects in Shakespeare’s sonnets, the proposition that the poet sets up in the first eight lines—that all nature is subject to imperfection—is now contrasted in these next four lines beginning with “But.” Although beauty naturally declines at some point—”And every fair from fair sometime declines”—the youth’s beauty will not; his unchanging appearance is atypical of nature’s steady progression. Even death is impotent against the youth’s beauty. Note the ambiguity in the phrase “eternal lines”: Are these “lines” the poet’s verses or the youth’s hop ed-for children? Or are they simply wrinkles meant to represent the process of aging? Whatever the answer, the poet is jubilant in this sonnet because nothing threatens the young man’s beautiful appearance. Then follows the concluding couplet: “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” The poet is describing not what the youth is but what he will be ages hence, as captured in the poet’s eternal verse—or again, in a hoped-for child. Whatever one may feel about the sentiment expressed in the sonnet and especially in these last two lines, one cannot help but notice an abrupt change in the poet’s own estimate of his poetic writing. Following the poet’s disparaging reference to his “pupil pen” and “barren rhyme” in Sonnet 16, it comes as a surprise in Sonnet 18 to find him boasting that his poetry will be eternal. __________________________________________________________________ 2.Sonnet 18 Summary The speaker opens the poem with a question addressed to the beloved: "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" The next eleven lines are devoted to such a comparison. In line 2, the speaker stipulates what mainly differentiates the young man from the summer's day: he is "more lovely and more temperate." Summer's days tend toward extremes: they are shaken by "rough winds"; in them, the sun ("the eye of heaven") often shines "too hot," or too dim. And summer is fleeting: its date is too short, and it leads to the withering of autumn, as "every fair from fair sometime declines." The final quatrain of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in that respect: his beauty will last forever ("Thy eternal summer shall not fade...") and never die. In the couplet, the speaker explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this feat, and not perish because it is preserved in the poem, which will last forever; it will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see." Commentary This sonnet is certainly the most famous in the sequence of Shakespeare's sonnets; it may be the most famous lyric poem in English. Among

Shakespeare's works, only lines such as "To be or not to be" and "Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?" are better-known. This is not to say that it is at all the best or most interesting or most beautiful of the sonnets; but the simplicity and loveliness of its praise of the beloved has guaranteed its place. On the surface, the poem is simply a statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved; summer tends to unpleasant extremes of windiness and heat, but the beloved is always mild and temperate. Summer is incidentally personified as the "eye of heaven" with its "gold complexion"; the imagery throughout is simple and unaffected, with the "darling buds of May" giving way to the "eternal summer", which the speaker promises the beloved. The language, too, is comparatively unadorned for the sonnets; it is not heavy with alliteration or assonance, and nearly every line is its own self-contained clause--almost every line ends with some punctuation, which effects a pause. Sonnet 18 is the first poem in the sonnets not to explicitly encourage the young man to have children. The "procreation" sequence of the first 17 sonnets ended with the speaker's realization that the young man might not need children to preserve his beauty; he could also live, the speaker writes at the end of Sonnet 17, "in my rhyme." Sonnet 18, then, is the first "rhyme"--the speaker's first attempt to preserve the young man's beauty for all time. An important theme of the sonnet (as it is an important theme throughout much of the sequence) is the power of the speaker's poem to defy time and last forever, carrying the beauty of the beloved down to future generations. The beloved's "eternal summer" shall not fade precisely because it is embodied in the sonnet: "So long as men can breathe or eyes can see," the speaker writes in the couplet, "So long lives this, and this gives life to thee."

美国浪漫主义时期诗歌

Chapter 2 Literature of American Romanticism A Brief Introduction The American Romantic period is considered one of the most important periods, the first literary Renaissance, in the history of American literature. It stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass. American romantic literature is best explained by referring to certain stirring events of American national history. Historically, it was the time of western expansion. The western boundary had reached to the Pacific by 1860; the number of states had increased from the original thirteen at the time of independence to twenty-one by the middle of the 19th century; its total population increased from four million people in 1790 to thirty million in 1860. Economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation, which affected American people's lives. The growth of industrialization helped restructure economic life. The sudden influx of immigration gave a big push to the booming industry. Politically, democracy and political equality became the ideals of new nation, and the two-party system came into being. Literarily and culturally, the new nation needed to express its own experiences: their early Puritan settlements, their confrontations with the Indians, their frontiersmen's life, and the wild west. Besides, the ever-increasing numbers of newspapers, magazines, journals and books reviews provided a great market. All these produced a strong sense of optimism for American romanticism. This surging romanticism also had support abroad. In Europe, the Romantic Movement which had flourished earlier in the century both in England and Europe added incentive to the growth of Romanticists in America. The American writers who traveled to Europe and kept in touch with European Romanticism were greatly influenced. Washington Irving was the most important. The greatest benefit for Irving during his travels in Europe was his contact with Sir Walter Scott, one of the most important British writers of his period. Scott introduced Irving to the Tales of German Romances, upon which Irving wrote some of his best-known short stories. In addition, Scott's border tales and Waverley romances inspired such Americans as James Fenimore Cooper. The Gothic tradition and the cult of solitude and gloom came through interest in the works of writers like Mr. Radcliffe, E. T. A. Hoffman, James Thomson and the “graveyard” poets. Robert Burns and Byron both inspired and spurred the American imagination for lyrics and passion and despair. The impact of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads added, to some extent, to the nation's singing strength. American Romanticism was modeled on English and European works but exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. For instance, the American national experience of “pioneering” into the west proved to be a rich fount of material for American write rs to draw upon. Then, there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American moral values were essentially Puritan, and its influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. American romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers, and many American romantic writers intended to edify more than they entertained. Another thing merits attention with American Romanticism--the “newness” of America as a nation. The ideals of individualism and political equality, and the dream that America was to be a new Garden of Eden for man were distinctly American.

英国浪漫主义诗人

英国浪漫主义诗人 威廉·布莱克(William Blake,1757---1827),英国第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人、版画家。主要诗作有诗集《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》等。早期作品简洁明快,中后期作品趋向玄妙晦涩,充满神秘色彩。 威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth,1770-1850)与柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)、骚塞(Robert Southey)同被称为“湖畔派”诗人(Lake Poets)。他们也是英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家。他们喜爱大自然,描写宗法制农村生活,厌恶资本主义的城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系,他们远离城市,隐居在昆布兰湖区和格拉斯米尔湖区,由此得名“湖畔派”。华兹华斯的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》《丁登寺旁》《序曲》《革命与独立》《不朽颂》《远足》。 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772年10月21日-1834年7月25日),英国诗人、文评家,英国浪漫主义文学的奠基人之一。以〈古舟子咏〉(亦可称作〈古舟子之歌〉)(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)一诗成为名家,其文评集《文学传记》(Biographia Literaria)以博大精深见称,书中对想像(imagination)与幻想(fancy)的区别尤其著名。一生作诗不缀,但中年时自称弃诗从哲,精研以康德、谢林为首的德国唯心论。 罗伯特·骚塞(1774—1843)是“湖畔派”三诗人中才气较差的一位。年青时代思想激进,饱读伏尔泰、卢梭的著作,在威斯敏斯特学校学习时曾因撰文反对校方体罚学生而被开除学籍。进牛津大学后,他更醉心法国大革命,写史诗《圣女贞德》歌颂革命,后来还与柯尔律治计划在美洲的森林里建立乌托邦社会。但中年后骚塞的政治态度却变得十分保守,还热衷于趋附权贵,成了统治者的御用文人,并因此获得“桂冠诗人”的称号。1821年他以桂冠诗人身份作颂诗《审判的幻景》颂扬去世不久的英王乔治三世,攻击拜伦、雪莱等进步诗人,称他们是“恶魔派”(撒旦派)。拜伦作同名讽刺长诗一首,对乔治三世和骚塞作了尽情的揶揄奚落。 乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788—1824),是英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人。其代表作品有《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》、《唐璜》等。在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。拜伦不仅是一位伟大的诗人,还是一个为理想战斗一生的勇士;他积极而勇敢地投身革命,参加了希腊民族解放运动,并成为领导人之一。拜伦是多产诗人。拜伦著名的诗还有《当初我们两分别》《给一位淑女》《雅典的女郎》《希腊战歌》《她走在美丽的光彩里》《我见过你哭》《我给你的项链》《写给奥古斯塔》《普罗米修斯》《锡雍的囚徒》《给托马斯·穆尔》

英国诗人资料

Poetry All Religions Are One (1788) America, a Prophecy (1793) Europe, a Prophecy (1794) For Children: The Gates of Paradise (1793) For the Sexes: The Gates of Paradise (1820) Poetical Sketches (1783) Songs of Experience (1794) Songs of Innocence (1789) The Book of Ahania (1795) The Book of Los (1795) The First Book of Urizen (1794) The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) The Song of Los (1795) There Is No Natural Religion (1788) Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793) 中文介绍】 英國浪漫主義诗人William Blake 威廉·布萊克 人物简介 1757年,他出生于伦敦一个贫寒的袜商家庭。由于个性过于独特,不喜欢正统学校的压抑气氛拒绝入学,因而没有受过正规教育。他从小就喜欢绘画和诗歌。 11岁起就进入绘画学校学习了三年并表现出非凡的艺术才能。其父有意让他师从一位著名的画家继续深造,但他为了家庭及弟妹的前途而主动放弃了这次机会,去雕版印刷作坊当了一名学徒。 14岁当雕版学徒,后于1779年入英国皇家艺术学院学习美术。 1782年结婚。不久以后,布莱克印刷了自己的第一本诗集——Poetical Sketches。 1784年,在父亲过世后,布莱克开始与著名出版商约瑟夫·约翰逊合作。在约翰逊的合作者中包括当时英国许多优秀人物,如:约瑟夫·普莱斯利、玛莉·渥斯顿克雷福特和托马斯·佩恩等等。布莱克同玛莉·渥斯顿克雷福特很快成为了好友,并应邀为其作品创作插图。 1788年后,他陆续出版了四本诗集。 1825年开始,布莱克陷入疾病的折磨,之后,他决意要在死去之前完成为但丁《神曲》的插图工作,但是直到死去,他也未能完成这一浩大的工程。直到1827年8月去世前的几天,他仍然在工作,“叫人用最后的几个先令去买碳笔”,画完最后一幅画把它放下,说道“我已经尽力而为了”。 他一生中一面与妻子相依为命靠绘画和雕版的劳酬清贫为生,一面继续从事12岁就开始的诗歌创作并配上自己的插图出版。威廉·布莱克的一生极其简单,没有大书特书之处,只有一些一直延续的简单事实和紧迫的艺术创作活动。 人物解析

王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解(第8单元 浪漫主义诗人(2))【圣才出品】

第8单元浪漫主义诗人(2) George Gordon Byron She Walks in Beauty 1.What is the colour of the lady’s dress?How do you know? Key:The lady’s dress is black.Because“She walks in beauty,like the night/Of cloudless climes and starry skies”.We can see that she is dressed in black and looks like the dark night. 2.What does“their dwelling place”refer to in the last line of the second stanza? Key:It refers to the lady’s face.“Or softly lightens o’er her face;/Where thoughts serenely sweet express/How pure,how dear their dwelling-place.”From these lines,we can know that“their”refers to“thoughts’”. 3.Where are the lady’s winning smiles?How do they appear to the poet? Key:The winning smiles are on the lady’s face and over her brow. The poet observes the woman’s tints on the face,so he figures out the smile on it. When a Man Hath No Freedom to Fight for at Home 1.What should a man fight for according to the poet? Key:According to the poet,a man should fight for glories and freedom.“Let him

英国文学选读浪漫主义诗歌名家译文[1]

我好似一朵流云独自漫游 华兹华斯(英1770——1850) 我独自漫游!像山谷上空 悠悠飘过的一朵云儿, 蓦然举目,我望见一丛 金黄色的水仙,缤纷茂密; 在湖水之滨,树荫之下, 在随风摇弋,舞姿潇洒。 连绵密布似繁星万点 在银河上下闪烁明灭, 这一片水仙,沿着湖湾 排成延续无尽的行列; 一眼便瞥见万朵千株, 摇颤着花冠,轻盈飘舞。 湖面的涟漪也迎风起舞, 水仙的欢悦却胜似涟漪; 有了这样愉快的伴侣, 诗人怎能不心旷神怡! 我凝望多时,却未曾想到 这美景给了我怎样的珍奇。 从此,每当我倚榻而卧, 或情怀抑郁,或心境茫然, 水仙呵,便在心目中闪烁—— 那是我孤寂时分的乐园; 我的心灵便欢情洋溢, 和水仙一道舞蹈不息。 希腊古瓮颂 你委身“寂静”的、完美的处子, 受过了“沉默”和“悠久”的抚育, 呵,田园的史家,你竟能铺叙 一个如花的故事,比诗还瑰丽: 在你的形体上,岂非缭绕着 古老的传说,以绿叶为其边缘; 讲着人,或神,敦陂或阿卡狄? 呵,是怎样的人,或神!在舞乐前 多热烈的追求!少女怎样地逃躲! 怎样的风笛和鼓谣!怎样的狂喜!

听见的乐声虽好,但若听不见 却更美;所以,吹吧,柔情的风笛; 不是奏给耳朵听,而是更甜, 它给灵魂奏出无声的乐曲; 树下的美少年呵,你无法中断 你的歌,那树木也落不了叶子; 卤莽的恋人,你永远、永远吻不上, 虽然够接近了--但不必心酸; 她不会老,虽然你不能如愿以偿, 你将永远爱下去,她也永远秀丽! 呵,幸福的树木!你的枝叶 不会剥落,从不曾离开春天; 幸福的吹笛人也不会停歇, 他的歌曲永远是那么新鲜; 呵,更为幸福的、幸福的爱! 永远热烈,正等待情人宴飨, 永远热情地心跳,永远年轻; 幸福的是这一切超凡的情态: 它不会使心灵餍足和悲伤, 没有炽热的头脑,焦渴的嘴唇。 这些人是谁呵,都去赶祭祀? 这作牺牲的小牛,对天鸣叫, 你要牵它到哪儿,神秘的祭司? 花环缀满着它光滑的身腰。 是从哪个傍河傍海的小镇, 或哪个静静的堡寨山村, 来了这些人,在这敬神的清早? 呵,小镇,你的街道永远恬静; 再也不可能回来一个灵魂 告诉人你何以是这么寂寥。 哦,希腊的形状!唯美的观照! 上面缀有石雕的男人和女人, 还有林木,和践踏过的青草; 沉默的形体呵,你象是“永恒” 使人超越思想:呵,冰冷的牧歌! 等暮年使这一世代都凋落, 只有你如旧;在另外的一些 忧伤中,你会抚慰后人说: “美即是真,真即是美,”这就包括 你们所知道、和该知道的一切。 查良铮译 西风颂

英美文学浪漫主义

英美文学浪漫主义 【篇一:英美文学浪漫主义】 一、英美文学浪漫情怀的相同之处 中国论文网 /7/view-3799669.htm (一)文学作品的时间及其历史背景 “romanticim”(浪漫主义)这一形式的文学作品最早出现在英国。(frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm,faith in the value of inp>(二)浪漫主义情怀的定义与主题 从某种程度上看,英国浪漫主义文学在该形式的文学作品中是开山 鼻祖,而美国等其他国家则是在其基础上取其精华,再根据本国的 社会现状以及基本国情做出相应的创新发展,以激起国民对于革命 的爆发和对新生活的追求。所以从美国浪漫主义文学作品中很容易 看出英国浪漫主义文学的影子。英国木可勒律治的浪漫主义的超自 然主义,华兹华斯的英国国教的正统主义以及雪莱的无神论的精神 主义,司各特的对以往时代的缅怀,都充分表露出浪漫主义的主色 调就是反对现实社会的黑暗肮脏以及统治者的不满,而追求大自然、追求正义讲究实际的道德观与人生观。与此同时,看看美国的作家:欧文(irving)、库柏(cooper)、坡(poe)、布雷思特(bryant),则反对传统的文化思想,反对旧的封建殖民主义的思想,追求浪漫主义情怀,在这点上看来,英美文学在浪漫主义的情 怀上有着异曲同工之妙。 (三)浪漫主义情怀相同的特色 对美国的文学做深入的了解,就会很容易发现,英国的文学对于美 国的浪漫主义文学有着至关重要的影响。很多美国作家跟英国作家 都处于相同的历史文化背景下,所以有着很多相似的优秀文化传统 道德。毋庸置疑,在文学创作方面也有很多相似之处。美国浪漫主 义文学运动起源于新英格兰的(transcendentalism)超验主义,表 露的是不讲逻辑,不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和 世俗束缚的个人表达;呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义; 相信精神上的超越,相信无所不能的善的力量,强调善为万物之源。这个超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(emeroson)的人性本善(believed that man was a part of absolute good)和梭罗

英国浪漫主义时期的主要诗人和他们的代表作

On Major Poets and Masterpieces of English Romantic Period ChapterI:the background of the rise of English Romantic Period The French Revolution of 1789 (French Revolution) brought hope to the future of human,and it impacted on British Society ,too. The British Industrial Revolution not only created wealth, but also intensifyied the contradiction between labor and capital. The transformation of the social structure and changes in the relationship between people and the traditions, man and nature promoted intellectual differentiation. Then, a group of better educated people felt confused about the society and they were at a loss what to do .In this context, the British Romantic literature rose.It originated in the end of the eighteenth century and became prosperous in the first half of the nineteenth century. ChapterII:the classification of poet in English romantic period 2.1 the pioneer of English romantic literature The pioneer of romantic literature is poet Robert Burns who lived in late eighteenth century and William Blake. Burns draw nourishment from the folk songs in Scotland, ("Poems, chiefly in Scottish dialcet") is his masterpiece, specializing in Lyric and satire ; Blake's "songs of innocence" and "songs of experience" ,which describe the ideal society order,are creative and fresh,full of originality. 2.2 the two schools of British Romantic literature Two opposing schools were formed in the formation of the romanticism.They are active romanticism and passive romanticism. Active romanticism is a positive trend of progress.Active romantic poets dare to face up to reality, criticize the social darkness and lead people to look ahead.Passive r omanticism is a reactionary countercurrent negative trend, it takes a negative attitude to escape, against the status quo, cling to the past and leads people to look back. 2.2.1 the representatives of Active Romanticism The emerged poets put forward the British Romantic literature to a climax.The representative poets are Byron, Shelley and Keats,they are active romanticist.Unlike the lake poets, they put more fighting consciousness and politic trends in his works. Shelley (1792 - 1822) is the most concentrated romantic poet and a British Utopian.In

英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱

英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱 雪莱(1792年—1822年)生于古老贵族家庭。 自幼富于反抗精神,受卢梭、葛德文思想影响。 因此发表小册子《无神论的必然性》(1811年)被牛津大学开除。 1812年到爱尔兰去支持人民斗争,发表演说,散发《告爱尔兰人民》小册了。 1813年出版第一部长诗《仙后麦布》,批判专横的封建统治,宣扬了他空想社会主义的理想,遭到统治阶级迫害,于1814年被迫出国,到意大利和瑞士,与拜伦结为知已。 1816年英国法庭横蛮地剥夺雪莱教育前妻所生子女的权利,雪莱被迫于1818年永远离开英国,定居意大利,但仍密切关注祖国的政治形势。 1822年7月8日渡海时不幸溺死。 雪莱定居意大利前后创作力最为旺盛。 长诗《伊斯兰起义》(1817年)塑造了革命者莱昂和茜丝娜的形象。 他们领导民众,推翻暴君,但暴君卷土重来,杀害了这对情侣。 长诗写于法国革命遭受挫败之后,以蛇与鹰的搏斗象征善与恶、光明与黑暗的斗争,旨在鼓吹革命最终必将胜利,唤起人民对人类解放的信念。

著名长诗《解放了的普罗米修斯》(1819年)对古希腊神话作了新的处理。 被锁住的普罗米修斯不肯向暴君低头,最后依靠大自然的力量获得了解放。 这首长诗富于象征意义,展望了未来的世界。 诗体历史悲剧《钦契一家》(1819)根据16世纪意大利发生一件案子,写贵族女儿贝亚特丽绮杀死她淫乱暴虐的父亲钦契的故事,肯定了以暴力反抗专制奴役的必要性。 雪莱写了不少密切结合英国人民斗争的政治抒情诗,如《暴政的行列》(1819)抨击政府对要求取消谷物法的群众进行镇压;《致英国人之歌》(1819)、《1819年的英格兰》(1819)和《致自由主张者的颂歌》(1820),表达了诗人对专制统治的仇恨并号召人民起来战斗,后来这些诗中的名句被编成歌词,在宪章运动的工人行列中广为传诵。 雪莱著名的诗篇《西风颂》(1819)以西风扫落叶象征革命力量扫荡反动统治,诗篇结尾的预言:西风哟,如果冬天已经来到,春天还会遥远?表达了他对未来的革命乐观主义。 雪莱还写了大量优美的抒情诗,如《云》、《致云雀》、《致月亮》、《悲歌》等,雪莱最后一部作品是献给反对土耳其统治的希腊人民的抒情诗剧《希腊》(1822)。 另外还有长篇论文《诗之辩护》(1821),论述了诗人的社会作

英国浪漫主义文学.ppt.Convertor

第三节 英国浪漫主义文学 一、19世纪初期的英国 工业革命、海上霸权和殖民扩张 资产阶级民主运动高涨 二、英国浪漫主义文学概况 19世纪中期前,英国人一直用Romantic 来指中世纪的骑士故事,没有人自称是“浪漫派”的。 1813年,斯塔尔夫人的《论德国》在伦敦出版后,施莱格尔关于“古典的”和“浪漫的”的划分才为英国人所知。 19世纪末,“浪漫的”才为大家所悉用,运用到许多著名诗人的研究上。 直到现代,艾略特还指出“古典的”与“浪漫的”区别就是“完整和片断的,已成熟和未成熟的,有秩序和混乱的之间的区别”。 20世纪80年代出版的《英国文学史》,谈到19世纪初的诗歌派别,只指出具体的“湖畔派”、“恶魔派”,没有用“浪漫主义”一词。 主要成就是诗歌;表现为对18世纪理性主义的反动;与法国大革命同步,崇尚自然,推崇想象 (一)先驱作家 1、彭斯苏格兰民族诗人《一朵红红的玫瑰》 2、布莱克 英国浪漫主义文学先驱,他最早用浪漫主义手法写诗 《天真之歌》《经验之歌》 英国画家Thomas Phillips于1807年所绘的布莱克肖像 The Ancient of Days (aka God as an Architect) Jacob's Ladder William Blake, Pietà, 1795 天真的预示 一颗沙里看出一个世界, 一朵野花里一座天堂, 把无限放在你的手掌上, 永恒在一刹那里收藏。(梁宗岱译) Auguries of Innocence To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour. The Tige r Tiger! Tiger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire? And what shoulder, and what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand and what dread feet? What the hammer? What the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? When the stars threw down their spears, And water'd heaven with their tears, Did He smile His work to see?

英国浪漫主义诗歌欣赏

Choose one romantic poet and make your comment on one of his/her poem. A Red,Red Rose Robert Burns Robert Burns is an excellent native poet of Scotland. He had written many lyrics praising nature, love, and friendship, such as “A Red, Red Rose”,“My heart’s in the Highland”. And today I will express my comment on his lyric “A Red, Red Rose”. This poem was written in 1794 and published in 1796. It is one of the world famous love poems, and one of Burns’best poems. It is written by a man for his lover. In the last stanza we can see that he is going away somewhere and “fare the weel”. The narrator keeps the poem simple as he does not want to complicate the expression of his feelings, his only desire is to proclaim his love for his partner, like a rose, soft, delicate, beautiful and innocent, in its simplicity, it sums up this man’s feelings for someone he adores. With its simple Scotch language, Burns expresses his love with strong emotions in effective words and haunting rhythm. The language of the poem is quite simple and such Scottish words like “luve”, “las”, “gang”, make it melodious and immortal. So, the poet’s own emotions are expressed with such vividness and simplicity that they appeal directly to the readers’heart. The red rose is a lyric of genius, made out of the common inherited material of folk song. It is an example of something that is very old but which seems startlingly new because it manages to convey deep feeling without qualification or embroidery. The extreme simplicity of the language and the charming rhythmic beat of the verse express better than anything else the poet’s true sentiments toward his beloved. In a word,it is the most popular poem in the world without any doubt, and I love it so much. 专业:英语专业 学号:B12123104 姓名:王利莹

19世纪英国浪漫主义诗人的美学思想及其影响

19世纪英国浪漫主义诗人的美学思想及其影响
作者 :  杨莉 摘要:19世纪英国浪漫主义诗人都提出过自己的美学观点。华兹华斯和柯勒律治就诗的本质、目的、题材、形式、想象力等重大问题,提出了自己的美学主张。济慈的唯美主义、消极感受力与雪莱的柏拉图主义等为后世提供了极富价值的参考。梳理19世纪英国浪漫主义诗人的美学思想,从诗歌的题材、想象力和语言等角度讨论了华兹华斯与柯勒律治的美学主张,分别阐述济慈与雪莱的柏拉图主义与唯美主义以及济慈的消极感受力:从诗歌内容和形式的创新、文学审美价值观和自然观等几个方面分析了浪漫主义美学思想的影响。
关键词:美学思想;唯美主义;柏拉图主义;消极感受力
中图分类号:1106.2 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-2972(2010)02-0077-04

19世纪英国浪漫主义诗人大多集创作家与文论家于一身,他们不仅创作出一大批脍炙人口、流芳百世的诗歌作品,而且在诗学理论上他们也颇有建树。诗评家认为,在对待浪漫主义的美学原则这一问题上,浪漫主义诗人并未有过真正的一致,即使是同属第一代浪漫派的华兹华斯与柯尔律治也存在着不小的差异,同属第二代浪漫派的雪莱与济慈也不例外。华兹华斯、柯勒律治和雪莱以系统的论述提出了自己的美学思想,而济慈的诗学观点则散见于其致亲友的书信中。尽管形式不同,但有一点是毋庸置疑的,即他们的美学思想为后世提供了极富价值的参考,在英国文学史上,乃至世界范围都产生了极大的影响。

一、华兹华斯与柯勒律治的美学思想

1798年,华兹华斯与柯勒律治合作出版了《抒情歌谣集》,在其1800年版的“序言”中,二人就诗的本质、目的、题材、形式、想象力等重大问题,提出了自己的美学主张。这是华兹华斯与柯勒律治共同的美学纲领,也是英国浪漫主义的宣言。尽管如此,这样一次合作并不意味着二人在美学思想上的完全一致。
(一)关于题材
华兹华斯把题材的选择看作诗歌创作的一个重要环节。他以“日常生活里的事件和情节”入诗,选择微贱的田园生活作题材。原因在于,在这种生活里,人们的情感更单纯、更少约束,从而有利于确切地思考和有力地表达;在这种生活里,“人们的热情是与自然的美而永久的形式合而为一的。”
柯勒律治也热情关注题材的选择,他认为天才的征兆之一是“主题的选择和作者本人的兴趣或环境相去甚远”。以此为标准,柯勒律治对莎士比亚的《维纳斯与阿都尼》做出了高度评价,他认为该作品的诗才让读者“仿佛并没有听别人在叙述什么,而是看见了和听见了每一件事情”。柯勒律治认为这一效果的实现,部分是由于读者注意力的活跃,但更主要的是由于一种“疏远”,即诗人自己的情感完全超脱了他所描绘和分析的情感,而读者“被激动和被唤醒了的心灵”也能相应地摆脱低层次情感的束缚。即
(二)想象与幻想
如果说《抒情歌谣集》1800年版的序言更多地关乎诗歌的题材和语言,那么,1815年版的序言,华兹华斯则把重点放在了想象力上。尽管题材重要,但仅有事件和情境的叙述和描写还不够,华兹华斯认为还要加以“一种想象力的色彩,使日常的东西在不平常的状态下呈现在心灵之面前”。想象力在华兹华斯美学思想中的位置日益凸显。他的自传体长诗《序曲》,就记录了他作为诗人想象力的成长过程。华兹华斯甚至断言:“除了幻想和想象的诗以外,其他各类的诗都不需要任何特别的注意。”
华兹华斯对威?泰勒“想象力是一种描绘的能力,幻想力是一种唤起和结合的能力”的片面区分提出了质疑,在高低层次上,他与柯勒律治观点一致,他认为想象力是一种高层次的、有意识的精神活动,而幻想只是一种低层次的、随机的心智活动。进而华兹华斯得出的结论是,诗歌所表现的对象是由诗人的想象重新塑造的。想象力的产生并不借助于关联意象,它来自人的一种内在力量,在不需要外在刺激的情况下就能够进行他的心灵构造。
作为浪漫主义时期重要的理论家和评论家,柯勒律治非常看重想象力。他认为:“诗的天才以良知为躯体,幻想为服饰,行动为生命,想象为灵魂,这灵魂无所不在,它存在于万物之中,把一切形成一个优美而智慧的整体”。在此,柯勒律治确认了想象力作为其有机论美学的灵魂与核心的地位。此外,柯

英国文学浪漫主义时期作家.

William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 –23 April 1850 was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth's masterpiece is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi autobiographical poem of his early years which the poet revised and expanded a number of times. The work was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem "to Coleridge". Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three maen bec ame known as“Lake Poets”.骚塞,柯勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为“湖畔诗人”。 Wordsworth was a defining member of the English Romantic Movement. 华兹华斯是英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物之一。 Like other Romantics, Wordsworth’s personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country, in which he spent most of his mature life. 对自然的热爱以及他大部分人生所度过的地方--湖区--的风光景色都对他的性格和作品有着深远的影响。 A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness tempered with tenderness and a love of simplicity. 他是一位真挚深刻的思想者,作品在严谨中充满纯真质朴与敏感。 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤独地漫游,像一朵云 William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud 我孤独地漫游,像一朵云

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