采矿工程英语
英语演讲——采矿工程专业简介
From Mining Engineering of School of Mines: 矿业学院采矿工程专业 贺雪峰 HeXuefeng 孙超群 SunCaoqun 安成龙 AnChenglong 张国营 ZhangGuoying 梁 栋 Liangdong 刘 伟 Liuwei 卢志鹏 LuZhipeng
Mining Engineering采矿工程
Mining Engineering采矿工程
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Introduction of Mining Engineering采矿工程概论
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Mining Technology挖掘技术
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Coal Mining Production System煤矿生产系统
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Roadway Supporting Patterns巷道的支护方式
中国13大煤炭基地： 神东，山西北部，山西东部和内蒙古东部，云南，贵州，河南， 山东西部，山西西部，山西中部，北部和南部的安徽，河北中部， 宁夏东部，山西北部。
Mining technology挖掘技术
Blasting mining technology 爆破开采技术
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Conventionally mechanized mining technology传统的机械化开采技术 Fully mechanized mining technology 综采技术
采矿业本身是工业的 龙头行业，承担为工 业企业提供能源及动 力的重任，在国民经 济发展中地位据重要。
Introduction介绍
According to the statistics, Chinese miner deaths each year about 6000, but certainly far more than this number, it is USA 100 times, even 10 times of India. Some people say: "the death of a American soldiers, will die 7 China miners". 对公统计，中国矿工 每年死亡人数大概有 6000，但肯定远远不 止这个数，就目前都 是美国100倍，甚至是 印度的10倍。 有人说：“死一个美 国士兵，就会死7个中 国矿工”。
采矿工程英语面试及笔试资料
采矿工程英语面试及笔试资料Introduction:Mining engineering is a field that involves the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth. It requires a combination of technical skills, knowledge of geology, and an understanding of mining operations. This document provides a comprehensive guide for conducting interviews and written tests for candidates applying for mining engineering positions. The content is purely fictional and should be used for illustrative purposes only.1. Interview Questions:1.1 Technical Skills:1.1.1 Can you explain the process of mineral exploration and how it differs from mining?Answer: Mineral exploration involves searching for deposits of minerals in the ground. It includes geological mapping, geophysical surveys, and drilling to determine the presence and extent of mineral resources. Mining, on the other hand, involves extracting the minerals from the ground and processing them for various uses.1.1.2 What are the different methods of mining? Can you explain each briefly?Answer: There are several methods of mining, including underground mining, open-pit mining, placer mining, and mountaintop removal mining.- Underground mining involves extracting minerals from beneath the earth's surface, using tunnels and shafts.- Open-pit mining is the process of extracting minerals from a large, open excavation.- Placer mining involves extracting minerals from alluvial deposits, such as rivers or beach sands.- Mountaintop removal mining is a method used to extract coal by removing the summit of a mountain.1.1.3 How do you ensure the safety of mining operations?Answer: Safety is a top priority in mining operations. Measures such as regular inspections, proper training of workers, implementation of safety protocols, and use of protective equipment are crucial. Additionally, conducting risk assessments, maintaining proper ventilation, and monitoring gas levels are essential to ensure a safe working environment.1.2 Knowledge of Mining Regulations and Environmental Impact:1.2.1 Can you explain the role of mining regulations in the industry?Answer: Mining regulations are put in place to ensure responsible and sustainable mining practices. These regulations cover areas such as safety, environmental protection, labor rights, and community engagement. Compliance with these regulations is essential for maintaining the industry's social license to operate.1.2.2 How can mining operations minimize their environmental impact?Answer: Mining operations can minimize their environmental impact through various measures, including:- Implementing proper waste management and reclamation plans to restore the land after mining activities.- Using advanced technology and best practices to reduce air and water pollution.- Engaging in biodiversity conservation efforts and minimizing disturbance to ecosystems.- Promoting sustainable water management practices and reducing water usage.1.3 Problem-Solving and Analytical Skills:1.3.1 Can you provide an example of a challenging problem you encountered in a mining project and how you resolved it?Answer: During a mining project, we encountered a sudden increase in water inflow into the underground mine, which posed a significant risk to the safety of workers and the stability of the mine. To resolve this issue, we implemented emergency dewatering measures, including the installation of additional pumps and the reinforcement of underground support structures. We also conducted a thorough investigation to identify the root cause and implemented preventive measures to avoid such incidents in the future.1.3.2 How do you approach risk assessment in mining projects?Answer: Risk assessment is crucial in mining projects to identify potential hazards and develop strategies to mitigate them. I approach risk assessment by conducting comprehensive site inspections, analyzing historical data, and engaging with experts in geotechnical engineering and safety. By identifying potential risks early on, we can implement appropriate control measures to minimize their impact on the project.2. Written Test:2.1 Multiple Choice Questions:2.1.1 Which mining method involves extracting minerals from beneath the earth's surface?a) Open-pit miningb) Placer miningc) Underground miningd) Mountaintop removal mining2.1.2 What is the purpose of mining regulations?a) Ensuring maximum profitability for mining companiesb) Protecting the rights of mining workersc) Minimizing the environmental impact of mining operationsd) Promoting community engagement in mining projects2.1.3 What is the primary objective of risk assessment in mining projects?a) Maximizing the productivity of the mineb) Identifying potential hazards and developing strategies to mitigate themc) Reducing the cost of mining operationsd) Ensuring compliance with mining regulations2.2 Short Answer Questions:2.2.1 Define mineral exploration and explain its significance in the mining industry.Answer: Mineral exploration is the process of searching for deposits of minerals in the ground. It is significant in the mining industry as it helps identify the presence and extent of mineral resources, allowing mining companies to make informed decisions regarding the feasibility and profitability of mining projects.2.2.2 List three measures that mining operations can take to minimize their environmental impact.Answer: Mining operations can minimize their environmental impact by:- Implementing proper waste management and reclamation plans.- Using advanced technology and best practices to reduce pollution.- Engaging in biodiversity conservation efforts and minimizing disturbance to ecosystems.Conclusion:This comprehensive guide provides a framework for conducting interviews and written tests for candidates applying for mining engineering positions. It covers variousaspects, including technical skills, knowledge of mining regulations and environmental impact, and problem-solving abilities. Employers can use this guide as a reference to ensure a thorough evaluation of candidates' suitability for mining engineering roles.。
有关采矿工程专业英语词汇册
采矿工程专业英语词汇手册（ Glossary of Special English in Mining Engineering）采矿工程专业内部讲义二零零七年三月ContentChapter3 .1 Miningmethod⋯⋯⋯⋯.. ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯. ⋯⋯⋯.. ⋯⋯2Chapter Mine preplanning⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.. ⋯⋯3Mine development⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯. ⋯4Chapter Wall mining introduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯5Chapter Groundcontrol aspects ⋯.. ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6Chapter Roof support system⋯. ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.. ⋯7Chapter Longwall coal-getting machine⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8Chapter Convey system⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..8Chapter Mine Vetilation ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.. ⋯⋯⋯ (10)Chapter5Pillaring system..........⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯. (11)Chapter6Roadway excavation and support⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.... ⋯ (12)Chapter7Novel methods of mining⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.. ⋯⋯ (16)Chapter 3 .1 Mining methodmining method采方法；mining operation采作；transportation运；ventilation通；ground control板管理；the cost of per ton of coal 吨煤成本；recovery 回采率；subside v.subsidence n.地表沉陷；subsidence control地表沉陷控制cover覆盖；overburden上覆地；immediate roof直接；floor底板；dip（Pitch）角；hardness硬度；strength度；cleavage解理；gas ， methane 瓦斯daily operation平时工作single operation一工序unit operation元作auxiliary operation助作cutting n.切割，掏槽；blasting n.爆破loading n.装煤haul v. 运，搬运drainage n.排水power n.力 power Supply力供communication n.通lighting n.照明。
《采矿工程英语》蒋国安主编翻译解读
LESSON 1 煤炭开采史人类首次使用煤炭的时期可能追溯到原始社会，确定这种黑色石头能够燃烧肯定是偶然的，这个现象可能是在几千年间世界上（不同地方的人们）独立发现的。
这些独立的发现极可能是这样产生的：原始人碰巧在暴露出黑色石头的矿上营火。
这是他们惊讶的发现那儿生出了火。
基督徒时代，我们在圣经上得知所罗门王（即现在的亚兰人王）时，用煤是相当熟悉的，而在此之前1100 年，中国就有使用煤炭的记录，在wales，有证据显示，在青铜时代的人们把火葬用柴堆，而且众所周知，使用了这种能源。
这儿还有其他的古代参考资料。
所以煤炭能够燃烧（甚至一些相关的应用）的知识，流传了几千年。
然而，实际上人们公认首先利用煤炭的是中世纪的英国。
在美国，有证据表明印第安人最先碰巧使用了煤炭。
然而，美国第一次有记载的利用煤炭的是人是法国探险家，他在1679 年报道了一个在伊利诺斯河边的暴露的露头。
仿效这样，其他的探险家取得了一个又一个发现，但是，第一个有记载的实际使用时在1702 年的维吉尼亚州。
早期有记载的煤炭大规模开采是1750 年。
煤田从詹姆斯河延伸到里士满伊利诺斯附近，现在那儿被遗弃了。
除了当地的消费，煤炭还被运往philadelphia,New York 和Boston. 起始，所有煤炭都是用销和钎从固体矿床上砍下来的，然后它们被工人用铲掘到篮子、箱子和推车上，运到外面或井底车场。
随后，车子有了改进，但仍需工人拽木板。
随着时间推移，铁皮，铁轨被用到矿车上，骡子矮马和普通马被用于拉运。
逐渐地，黑火药被用于爆破煤炭，但底部掏槽，侧面掏槽和钻孔仍需要人工进行，在17 世纪和18 世纪，采矿业取得一系列重大发展，1775 年，第一台蒸汽机在英国被瓦特发明，它被用于抽出开采过程中的地下水，非常重要的，它使矿井有可能开采更深的部分，第一条轨道修成了，第一台用煤的蒸汽机车在1814 年的英国被乔治。
斯蒂芬逊改进了，第一辆电动机车在1883 年的德国用于地下交通。
采矿工程英语考试点缩印版
名词翻译（20）井工开采underground mining 露天开采strip(open pit) mining 长壁开采longwall mining 房柱开采room-and-pillar mining 运输巷道travelling roadway 地表下沉surface subsidence 矿山压力underground pressure支撑压力abutment pressure矿压显现strata behavior 地板隆起floor heave 顶板控制ground control 通风管理ventilation control前进式回采advancing woking 煤炭自燃spontaneous combustion of coal 直接顶immediate roof 岩层力学strata mechanics正断层normal fault 逆断层reversed fault 采区working area/section 采空区mined-out gob液压支架powered support 后退式回采retreating woking 支护系统support system 运输系统haulage system垛式支架chock support 老顶main roof 掩护式支架shield-type support 额定工作阻力yield loads岩理结构rock structure 工作面运输巷headentry 工作面回风巷tailentry汉译英（20）+英译汉（30）1、The discovery that certain black rock would burn was undoubtedly accidental and probably occurred independently and many times in the world over thousands of years.发现这种黑色石头能够燃烧肯定是偶然的，这个现象可能是在几千年间世界上（不同地方的人们）独立发现的。
采矿专业英语
bed, deposit, field 书馆矿床outcrop 露头fault 断层vein, sean, lode 矿脉gold reef 金矿矿脉pocket 矿穴reservoir 储藏water table 潜水面，地下水面mine 矿stratum, layer 矿层quarry 露天采石clay pit 粘土矿坑peat bog 泥炭沼gold nugget 块金gangue 脉石，矿石，尾矿prospector 探矿者prospecting 探矿boring, drilling 钻探auger, drill 钻excavation 发掘quarrying, extraction 采石borer, drill, drilling machine 钻机stonemason 石工锤stonecutter 切石机miner 矿工mining engineer 采矿工程师pan 淘金盘氨基三乙酸(NTA) || aminotriacetic acid 胺基 || amino铵基 || ammonium安全地层 || safe formation安全试破 || safe destruction安全钻井 || safe drilling坳陷 || down warping region螯合 || chelation凹陷 || sag凹陷地层 || subsidence formation奥陶系 || Ordovician systemAPI模拟法 || API recommened methodB多靶点 || multiple target point白沥青 || white asphalt白油 || mineral oil白云母 || white mica半透膜 || semipermeable membrane包被絮凝剂 || flocculant包被 || envelop包被抑制性 || encapsulating ability 饱和度 || saturation饱和度剖面图 || pro of degree of saturation饱和盐水 || saturated salt water背斜 || anticlinal钡 || barium苯环 || benzene ring苯酚 || phenyl hydroxide本质区别 || essential difference泵压过高 || overhigh pumping pressure 比表面积 || specific surface area比吸水量 || specific absorption比重瓶法 || density bottle method避免 || avoid蓖麻油 || ricinus oil边界摩擦 || boundary friction扁藻（浮游植物） || algae变化趋势 || variation trend标准化 || standardization标准粘度测量 || standard visicosity measure表面粗糙度 || roughness of the surface 表面电位 || surface electric potential 表面活性剂 || surfactant ,surface active agent表面能 || interface energy表面粘度 || surface viscosity表面抛光 || sample surfaceAibbs表面弹性 || Aibbs surface elasticity表面张力 || surface tension表明 || verify /reveal表皮系数(S) || skin coefficient憋钻 || bit bouncing宾汉方程 || bingham equation丙三醇 || glycerine丙烯情 || acrylonitrile丙烯酸 || acrylic acid丙烯酸盐 || acrylate丙烯酰胺 || acrylamide薄而韧的泥饼 || thin,plastic and compacted mud-cake ||薄片 || flake薄弱地层 || weak formation泊松比|| poisson’s ratio剥离 || peel off补救 || remediation不分散泥浆 || nondispersed mud不干扰地质录井 || play no role in geological logging不均质储层 || heterogeneous reservoir 不均匀 || uneven不可逆 || irreversible不同程度 || inordinately部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHPA) || partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamideC参数优选 || parametric optimization 残酸 || reacted acid残余饱和度 || residual staturation残渣 || gel residue , solid residue测量 || measure侧链 || side chain侧钻水平井 || sidetrack horizontal well 层间 || interlayer层间距 || the distance between the two crystal layer, layer distance层理 || bedding层流 || layer flow差减法 || minusing尝试 || trial柴油 || diesel oil长连缔合物 || long chain associated matter操作方法 || operation method超伸井 || high deep well超深预探井 || ultradeep prospecting well超声波 || ultrasonography超高密度泥浆 || extremely high density mud超细碳酸钙 || super-fine calcium carbonate产层 || production/pay zone产层亏空 || reservoir voidage产量 || production ,output沉淀 || precipitation沉降 || subside沉降速度 || settling rate沉砂 || sand setting衬套 || sleeve程序 || program采矿mining地下采矿underground mining露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining , surface mining采矿工程mining engineering选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiatio n, mineral processing矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy过程冶金（学）process metallurgy提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy 化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy 物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process met allurgy冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering 冶金工程metallurgical engineering 钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy 真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy 喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy 焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy铸造学foundry火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy电冶金(学)electrometallurgy氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utili zation of mineral resources中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals 中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China采矿采矿工艺mining technology有用矿物valuable mineral冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw material s矿床mineral deposit特殊采矿specialized mining海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining矿田mine field矿山mine露天矿山surface mine地下矿山underground mine矿井shaft矿床勘探mineral deposit exploration 矿山可行性研究mine feasibility study矿山规模mine capacity矿山生产能力mine production capacity矿山年产量annual mine output矿山服务年限mine life矿山基本建设mine construction矿山建设期限mine construction period矿山达产arrival at mine full capacity开采强度mining intensity矿石回收率ore recovery ratio矿石损失率ore loss ratio工业矿石industrial ore采出矿石extracted ore矿体orebody矿脉vein海洋矿产资源oceanic mineral resources矿石ore矿石品位ore grade岩石力学rock mechanics岩体力学rock mass mechanics选矿选矿厂concentrator, mineral processing p lant工艺矿物学process mineralogy开路open circuit闭路closed circuit流程flowsheet方框流程block flowsheet产率yield回收率recovery矿物mineral粒度particle size粗颗粒coarse particle细颗粒fine particle超微颗粒ultrafine particle 粗粒级coarse fraction细粒级fine fraction网目mesh原矿run of mine, crude 精矿concentrate粗精矿rough concentrate混合精矿bulk concentrate 最终精矿final concentrate 尾矿tailings粉碎comminution破碎crushing磨碎grinding团聚agglomeration筛分screening, sieving分级classification富集concentration分选separation手选hand sorting重选gravity separation, gravity concen tration磁选magnetic separation电选electrostatic separation浮选flotation化学选矿chemical mineral processing 自然铜native copper铝土矿bauxite冰晶石cryolite磁铁矿magnetite赤铁矿hematite假象赤铁矿martite钒钛磁铁矿vanadium titano-magnetite 铁燧石taconite褐铁矿limonite菱铁矿siderite镜铁矿specularite硬锰矿psilomelane软锰矿pyrolusite铬铁矿chromite黄铁矿pyrite钛铁矿ilmennite金红石rutile萤石fluorite高岭石kaolinite菱镁矿magnesite重晶石barite石墨graphite石英quartz方解石calcite石灰石limestone白云石dolomite云母mica石膏gypsum硼砂borax石棉asbestos蛇纹石serpentine阶段破碎stage crushing 粗碎primary crushing中碎secondary crushing细碎fine crushing对辊破碎机roll crusher粉磨机pulverizer震动筛vibrating screen筛网screen cloth筛孔screen opening筛上料oversize筛下料undersize粗磨coarse grinding细磨fine grinding球磨机ball mill衬板liner分级机classifier自由沉降free setting沉积sedimentation石灰lime松油pine oil硫化钠sodium sulfide硅酸钠（水玻璃）sodium silicate, water glass 过滤filtration过滤机filter给矿，给料feeding给矿机feeder在线分析仪on line analyzer在线粒度分析仪on line size analyzer超声粒度计ultrasonic particle sizer, superso nic particle sizer。
采矿工程专业英语词汇
Introduction (绪论)mine n. 矿山，矿井。
v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤underground mining 地下开采surface mining 露天开采reserve n. 储量coal-bearing adj. 含煤的high production and high efficiency 高产高效development n. 开拓preparation n. 准备mining method 采煤方法subside v. 下沉，沉陷subsidence n. 沉降，沉陷mining subsidence n. 开采沉陷mechanize v. 使…机械化mechanization n. 机械化Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Mine (矿井基本概念) coalfield n. 煤田mining area n. 矿区mine field n. 井田divide v. 划分division n. 划分mine production capacity （MPC）矿井生产能力mine service life 矿井服务年限production scale of mine 井型small mine 小型矿井middle mine 中型矿井large mine 大型矿井huge mine 特大型矿井strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向dip angle 倾角workable adj. 可采的workable reserve n. 可采储量opening n. 通道，开口mine opening n. 矿山井巷passageway n. 通道shaft n. 立井roadway n. 巷道chamber n. 硐室main shaft 主立井auxiliary shaft 副立井air shaft 风井blind shaft 暗立井drawn shaft 溜井chute n. 溜煤眼adit n. 平硐drift n. 平硐crosscut n. 联络巷；石门coal crosscut煤门entry n. 平巷haulage n. 运输main haulage roadway 主要运输平巷main return-air roadway 主要回风平巷head entry 区段运输平巷tail entry 区段回风平巷slope n. 斜井rise n. 上山dip n. 下山rock rise 岩石上山coal rise 煤层上山coal haulage rise 运煤上山material transporting rise 运料上山return-air rise 回风上山men-walking rise 行人上山inclined roadway of a strip 分带斜巷inclined coal haulage roadway of a strip 分带运煤斜巷inclined material haulage roadway of a strip 分带运料斜巷development roadway 开拓巷道preparation roadway 准备巷道gateway 回采巷道pit bottom 井底车场shaft bottom 井底车场station n. 车场，车站mining district station 采区车场horizon n. 阶段level n. 水平haulage level 运输水平return-air level 回风水平mining level 开采水平interval between levels 阶段垂高mining district 采区panel n. 盘区sublevel n. 分段strip district n. 带区inclined length 斜长strike length 走向长度district sublevel区段Open-off cut n. 切眼coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面production n. 生产；产量production system 生产系统coal haulage system 运煤系统ventilation n. 通风ventilation system通风系统fresh air 新鲜风dirty air 乏风，污风refuse n. 矸石material and refuse transportation system 运料排矸系统drain v. 排水drainage system 排水系统power supply system (electric power, compressed air) 动力供应（电、压风）communication and monitoring system 通讯、监测系统drive v. 掘进excavate v. 开挖，开掘hoist v. 提升winch n. 绞车Chapter 2 Coal Mining methods (采煤方法)stope 采场mining works/units 回采工作basic operation 基本工序break v. 破碎load v. 装载haul v. 运输auxiliary operations 辅助工序roof support 顶板支护gob treatment 采空区处理auxiliary transportation 辅助运输ventilation 通风drainage 排水power supply 供电,emulsion supply 供液（乳化液）等。
地质资源与地质工程专业英语
地质资源与地质工程专业英语Geological Resources and Geological Engineering专业英语是指与地质资源和地质工程相关的学科专业的英语表达。
以下是一些常用词汇和词组：1. Geological resources: 地质资源2. Mineral resources: 矿产资源3. Energy resources: 能源资源4. Water resources: 水资源5. Geological survey: 地质调查6. Geological mapping: 地质编图7. Geological exploration: 地质勘探8. Geological hazard assessment: 地质灾害评估9. Geological engineering: 地质工程10. Geotechnical engineering: 岩土工程11. Geochemistry: 地球化学12. Sedimentology: 沉积学13. Mining engineering: 采矿工程14. Environmental geology: 环境地质学15. Geological hazard mitigation: 地质灾害防治16. Geological modeling: 地质建模17. Geological mapping software: 地质编图软件18. Geological data analysis: 地质数据分析19. Geological fieldwork: 地质实地工作20. Geological research: 地质研究需要注意的是，地质资源与地质工程专业英语还包括一些特定领域和技术的术语，因此具体词汇表达可能会因不同学校和地区而有所不同。
以上仅是一些常用词汇，对于应对这个专业的英语学习有一定的帮助。
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采矿外语LESSON 1煤炭开采史人类首次使用煤炭的时期可能追溯到原始社会，确定这种黑色石头能够燃烧肯定是偶然的，这个现象可能是在几千年间世界上（不同地方的人们）独立发现的。
这些独立的发现极可能是这样产生的：原始人碰巧在暴露出黑色石头的矿上营火。
这是他们惊讶的发现那儿生出了火。
基督徒时代，我们在圣经上得知所罗门王（即现在的亚兰人王）时，用煤是相当熟悉的，而在此之前1100年，中国就有使用煤炭的记录，在wales，有证据显示，在青铜时代的人们把火葬用柴堆，而且众所周知，使用了这种能源。
这儿还有其他的古代参考资料。
所以煤炭能够燃烧（甚至一些相关的应用）的知识，流传了几千年。
然而，实际上人们公认首先利用煤炭的是中世纪的英国。
在美国，有证据表明印第安人最先碰巧使用了煤炭。
然而，美国第一次有记载的利用煤炭的是人是法国探险家，他在1679年报道了一个在伊利诺斯河边的暴露的露头。
仿效这样，其他的探险家取得了一个又一个发现，但是，第一个有记载的实际使用时在1702年的维吉尼亚州。
早期有记载的煤炭大规模开采是1750年。
煤田从詹姆斯河延伸到里士满伊利诺斯附近，现在那儿被遗弃了。
除了当地的消费，煤炭还被运往philadelphia,New York和Boston.起始，所有煤炭都是用销和钎从固体矿床上砍下来的，然后它们被工人用铲掘到篮子、箱子和推车上，运到外面或井底车场。
随后，车子有了改进，但仍需工人拽木板。
随着时间推移，铁皮，铁轨被用到矿车上，骡子矮马和普通马被用于拉运。
逐渐地，黑火药被用于爆破煤炭，但底部掏槽，侧面掏槽和钻孔仍需要人工进行，在17世纪和18世纪，采矿业取得一系列重大发展，1775年，第一台蒸汽机在英国被瓦特发明，它被用于抽出开采过程中的地下水，非常重要的，它使矿井有可能开采更深的部分，第一条轨道修成了，第一台用煤的蒸汽机车在1814年的英国被乔治。
斯蒂芬逊改进了，第一辆电动机车在1883年的德国用于地下交通。
工作面的机械化操作在1900年前就开始了，它体现冲压机和链条式切割机的发展（冲压机，链条式切割机用于爆破，爆炸前的煤层和岩层）、电动式和压缩空气式机车的使用，甚至有人做了关于连续采矿机械的一些早期实验。
长臂开采直到1910年才在美国普遍使用，尤其是在伊利诺斯州。
但后来它在开采厚煤层方面逐渐填法和房柱法竞争，因为房柱法借助了机械。
与此同时，长臂开采在欧亚继续占有主要地位，因为那里主要是瘦煤和深埋的煤层。
在第二次世界大战中，德国在工作面改进了长臂开采的铲送机，它可以连续把煤加载到链式运输机上。
这得益于几个世纪发展起来的各式割煤机。
然而，这最重要的发展史液压支架。
他们大大减小了在人工设置单体支柱和木垛时所需的体力。
随着以上技术的发展，美国煤炭公司又一次长臂开采产生了兴趣。
对美国而言，大量改变和一般性的加强市必须的。
在一些失败和误用后，长臂开采在这个国家被实际运用，提供开采条件是正确的。
这也被逐渐增加的产量所证实。
露天开采是最早的采煤方法。
它被考虑用于煤床暴露于地表、上覆物只有几英寸厚的情况，在深部岩层和岩石下，最经济的方法是地下开采，事实上这也是唯一的方法，所以，露天开采直到1910前还是微不足道的。
从大范围看，被骡子拉着的刮土铲运机和铲运车普及程度很低。
练习译文第一种For many years the continually improving productivity in US coal mining was the envy of the world.( 多年来,不断提高的美国煤矿效益令人羡慕)。
Such steady improvementmeant a fairly level, or even slightly declining,price to the consumer despite large increases in wages,materials,taxes,and other costs of production.（这样的稳步提高意味着相当的水平,或甚至轻微下降,给消费者尽管价格大幅上涨工资、材料、税收、和其他生产成本。
）However,this trend has drastically declined since 1968 because of the new stringent Federal safety regulations;rigid controls on surface water,and air pollution;and the mass of newly introduced,and constantly changing,bureaucratic reports. （然而,这种趋势自1968年以来数量急剧下降,因为新的严格的联邦安全法规,严格控制地表水,空气污染,及新引进的各种标准,并且不断在改变着,官僚主义报告）。
The problem now is to not only meet the new safety and environmental requirements but,at the same time,to revive the steady progress of the past. (现在的问题是,不仅要满足新的安全、环保要求,而且,与此同时,还要来恢复过去稳步前进的步伐。
) Reserves of all fossil fuels are limited,but the United States has more reserves in coal than in oil,gas,oil shale,and tar sands combined.( 所有化石燃料储量是有限的,但美国有更多的储备在煤比石油、天然气、石油页岩,沥青沙的总和。
) Even if coal reserves are over estimated ,as some in the industry believe,the relative dominance compared to other fossil fuels is apparent.(即使煤炭储量在估计, 如果像一些业内人士相信, 相对优势比其它化石燃料是很明显的.) Reserves of all fossil fuels are finite,so far the long pull the world is forture in having nuclear energy.( 储备的化石燃料是有限的,到目前为止,世界的长远计划是寄托在核能。
) The distant future may see all fossil fuels consumed for higher uses than boiler fuel,for example,petrochemicals,lubricants,gasoline,chemicals,etc. (在遥远的未来可能会看到所有化石燃料在其他方面的消耗比锅炉燃料的使用更高,例如、石化、润滑油、汽油、化学品等。
)Table 1.1 US Reserves of Fossil Fuels Expressed in Heat Value.( 表1.1美国储备的化石燃料热值表达)Reserves储量Coal煤Oil石油Natural gas天然气 Tar sands油砂Oil shale油页岩Total总量Quadrillions of Btu 17307 2373 1906 7 4064 25653表1.1 productivity per man day.(人均日产量) Metric equivalent:（公式等效）1 stX0.9071847=tDespite the tremendous importance of coal,the industry is faced with serious problems,such as；(尽管有重大意义的煤、产业正面临著严峻的问题,如)1) Air and water pollution both at the mines and at the consuming end. (空气和水的污染在矿山和消费两者间结束。
)2) The onerous new Federal safety regulations.（繁重的新的联邦安全条例。
）3) Public outcry against surface mining and lack of satisfactory restoration in some cases.（公众强烈抗议露天采矿和一定程度上缺乏满意的地表修复。
）4) A shortage of qualified supervisory and engineering personnel,as well as mine workers,to meet the growing demand for coal and the increasingly more difficult mining conditions.（缺乏合格的监督和工程人员,以及煤炭工人,来满足日益增长的煤炭需求和越来越多的困难开采条件。
）5) A need to improve machinery,techniques,and managerial ability to resume the former yearly improvement in productivity and cost.（需要改进机械、技术与管理能力,以恢复前些年度在生产力和成本上的增值。
）There are certainly solutions to all of these problems, which are challenges that a young person entering the industry should welcome as great opportunities.（当然要解决所有这些问题,对于一个年轻人进入这个受欢迎的行业有更多的机会但是富有挑战的。
）练习译文第二种第一课的exercise（page3）有很多年美国煤炭产业生产率的不断提高令世界羡慕。
这种稳定的增长意味着尽管在出资，原料，税收和其他生产花费上增长很大但是对消费者的价格却保持相当的水平甚至相对下降。
然而，据官方报道，从1968年以来这种趋势急剧下降因为联邦新的严格的安全规定；地表水的严格控制以及空气污染和大量新引进的不断进行的改革。
看图表1.1现在的问题是面对新的安全和环保需求的同时去复苏过去稳定的增长。